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OCR for page 659
Index
A
Acetaldehyde
adduct formation, 591, 597
animal studies, 584, 588
atmospheric concentrations, 144, 580-581
atmospheric lifetime, 107
carcinogenicity, 584, 588
in exhaust, concentrations, 581
formation, 120, 121
health effects, 583
indoor concentrations, 150
photolysis rate, 107
rate constant for gas-phase chemical
removal reactions, 106
respiratory tract disposition, 585
seasonal patterns, 145
sources, 580
Acetic acid, atmospheric reactions, 121
Acetone
atmospheric lifetime, 107, 119
dosimetry modeling, 376
photolysis rate, 107, 119
pulmonary absorption of, 358-359
rate constant for gas-phase chemical
removal reactions, 106
Acetyl radicals, atmospheric formation, 120
Acetylene
atmospheric lifetime, 107
pulmonary gas uptake measurements with,
358
rate constant for gas-phase chemical
removal reactions, 106
Acid deposition
aerosol role in, 125
atmospheric processes leading to, 109, 110,
125
emission control program for, 80-81, 192
hydrogen peroxide role in, 103
source-receptor relationships, 91
vehicular emission contribution to, 80,
102
Acrolein
adduct formation, 592, 597
atmospheric chemical reactions, 120
atmospheric concentration, 580
atmospheric lifetime, 107
carcinogenicity, 584-585, 590
conditioned responses to exposure to, 644
diesel-engine exhaust levels, 581
health effects, 302, 582-584
inflammatory response to, 583-584
irritant effects, 584-585
metabolism of, 590
neurotoxicity, 634, 645
rate constant for gas-phase chemical
removal reactions, 106
sources, 580-581
Acylperoxy radicals, atmospheric reactions, 119
Aerosols
atmospheric deposition, 176-177
carbonaceous component, 180, 189
coagulation, 20, 179
concentration trends, 142-143
constituents, 139-143, 153, 179-180, 189
definition, 251
diurnal behavior, 142
dynamics, 179-181
emissions inventory, 180-181
formation, 20, 169, 179-181, 185
growth, 179, 181
heterogeneous reactions with gases, 181
by g ro s co pi c , 25 2 , 280
indoor constituents and concentrations,
150, 151
metal component, 141-142
modeling, 165, 169, 176, 179-181, 185,
192
monodisperse, 252, 254, 257
nitrite component, 142, 180
polydisperse, 252, 254, 257, 261, 270
size distribution, 179-180, 251-252
sources, 20, 142, 188-189
sulfate component, 142, 180
tracer studies, 255
659
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660
Index
Air pollution, atmospheric
abatement and control expenditures in
U.S., 162
alerts, 4
components, 100-101
concentrations, 134-146; see also Concentra-
tions of pollutants, atmospheric
disasters, 4, 177
exposure to, see Exposure to pollutants
sources, 40, 147-148
in urban areas, 93, 100
Air pollution, indoor
concentrations, 146-151; see also Concentra-
tions of pollutants, indoor
constituents, 194
in motor vehicles, 149
nitrous acid formation, 105, 111
relationship to outdoor pollution, 19,
193-195
Air quality
control program planning, 173, 178, 181,
184, 187-189, 191, 195-196, 232
standards, see National Ambient Air Qual-
ity Standards
Air quality models/modeling
aerosol dynamics in, 169, 179-181, 196
analytical/deterministic, 163, 165, 169-173,
174, 195
applications of, 165, 173-174, 181, 184,
187-192, 194-196
approaches for different processes, 174-181,
194
box, 164, 172, 173
Caltech Airshed Model, 183, 185-186
carbon bond mechanisms in, 177, 178
categories of, 163-164, 167-174
chemical mass balance, 168-169, 188-189,
194-195
chemical mechanisms in, 177-179, 185-186
conservation-of-mass principles in, 170,
172, 185, 189
data requirements for evaluating, 182-184
decay factor in, 169, 172, 184
deposition parameters, 171, 175-177, 185
development, 162-165, 181, 191-192
dispersion, 188
Empirical Kinetic Modeling Approach, 185
empirical/statistical, 163, 165, 167-169, 174
Environmental Lagrangian Simulation of
Transport and Atmospheric Reactions,
183, 185, 190
Eulerian, 164, 172, 173, 185
evaluation of, 181-187
factor analysis, 169, 188
fog chemistry, 177
Gaussian plume, 82, 83-87, 90, 164,
171-172, 182, 184-185, 189
gradient diffusion hypothesis in, 174
grid, 172-175, 182, 184, 185, 193
historical perspective, 165
hybrid analytical and receptor, 168, 169
indoor/outdoor pollutant relationships,
193-195
inputs, 163-164, 172, 182-183, 185, 186,
195
K-theory in, 170, 174-175
Lagrangian, 164, 170-173, 185
large-scale processes, 165, 192-193
limitations, 168, 186, 188, 193, 194
Livermore Regional Air Quality model,
183, 185, 186
lumped mechanisms in, 177, 178, 186
marked-particle, 164, 170
measurements of pollutants compared to,
182, 193-196
meteorological parameters in, 172, 183
microscopic, 168, 169
mixing processes in, 170-171, 175, 193
multiple source treatment in, 172, 184
multivariate, 168, 169, 195
needs, 165, 166
nonreactive pollutants, 167, 186, 187, 189,
194-196
output, 163-164
ozone-precursor relationship, 165
particle-in-cell, 170, 185, 189
performance measures, 182-183
photochemical airshed, 111, 152, 164, 165,
167, 173, 184, 185, 190-193
point-source emissions in, 193
population exposure calculations from, 187
reactive pollutants in, 167, 172-173, 186,
189, 194
receptor, 164, 165, 167-169, 188-189,
194-195
removal processes, 175-177
rollback, 164, 165, 167-168
SAI Urban Airshed Model, 183, 185-187,
190, 193
sensitivity/uncertainty analyses, 184-187
small-scale processes, 86, 174-175, 193-195
source apportionment in, 163, 168, 169,
174-175, 178, 181, 184, 189-192,
194-195, 230
source fingerprint, 168, 169, 194
source/receptor, 168, 188-189, 194, 195
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Index
661
of street canyons, 174-175, 193
surrogate mechanisms in, 177-178
temporal and spatial resolution, 171, 173-
174
testing approaches, 182
tracer technique, 168-169
trajectory, 88, 91, 170-173, 185, 190-191
transport of pollutants, 78, 80, 82-91,
163-164, 170-172, 174-175, 185-186,
189, 191, 194
turbulent transport and diffusion, 174-175
uncertainties in, 182, 184, 186
unregulated pollutants in, 166
urban air basins, 174, 193
urban intersection concentrations, 86
validation, 182
wind treatment in, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 170-
171, 184
Airways
airflow patterns, 248-249, 474-475
cellular structure, 371-372, 442-443
C-fibers, 470, 471, 476, 477
chemical reactions in, 333-334
clearance rates for particles, 283
conducting, see Tracheobronchial tree
defense mechanisms, 264-266, 275-276,
278-279, 281, 443, 502-503, 507-508,
511-513
diffusion barriers, 336-337, 339
models of, 244, 261, 327-329, 342-344,
346-352, 358, 369, 376, 380
multicomponent diffusion effects, 333
particle deposition patterns in, 260
pathologic conditions, see Asthma; Asth-
matics; Chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease; Emphysema; Pulmonary
fibrosis; Small airways disease
reactivity, 324, 374, 375, 377, 418,
467-470, 472, 478-483
respiratory zone, see Pulmonary region
upper, see Upper respiratory tract
see also Respiratory tract
Alcohols
aliphatic, 121
atmospheric chemical reactions, 121, 146
atmospheric concentrations, 146, 150, 580-
582
cocarcinogenic effects, 588-589
indoor concentrations, 150
performance impairment by, 646
physiological reactivity, 594
sources, 58, 146, 150, 581-582
see also Butanol; Ethanol; Methanol
Aldehydes
adduct formation, 591-593
aliphatic, 118-119
aromatic, 118-119, 122
atmospheric chemical reactions, 103-104,
115, 117, 118-119, 120, 122
atmospheric concentrations, 144-145, 153,
582
carcinogenicity, 584-586, 588-589
effects on cultured cells, 586-587
in exhaust, concentrations, 581
formation, 117, 121, 122, 144, 580
free-radical formation, 593-594, 597
health effects, 144, 582-584
indoor concentrations, 150
metabolism, 591-594
photolysis of, 103-104, 118-119
sources, 144, 150
cz,,B unsaturated, 120, 586, 591-592, 596
see also Acetaldehyde; Formaldehyde
Alkanes, atmospheric chemistry, 114-116,
178
Alkenes, atmospheric concentrations and
reactivity, 116-118, 137
Alkoxy radical reactions, atmospheric, 114
115
Alkyl nitrates, atmospheric reactions, 115, 126
Alkyl peroxy radical formation, 178
Alkyl radicals, formation, 178
Alveolar macrophages
in asthmatics, 273
carcinogenic role, 524
cell culture studies, 278, 279, 422-424, 426,
487
characteristics, 264-265
defense role, 442, 443, 502, 512, 524
dissolution of metal particles by, 278
as dosimeters, 487
fibroblast interaction, 417, 419, 421-423,
426
impairment of, 278, 279, 312-313, 315, 502
mediators, 33, 266, 417, 419, 421-423, 444,
512
metabolism of particle-associated carcino
gens, 300, 305, 311-312
morphometric analyses of, 423
oxidant gas effects on, 273, 423, 507-508,
513
particle clearance by, 264-266, 271, 273,
275-276, 278, 281, 283, 300, 303
response to diesel-engine exhaust exposure,
312-313, 454-455
response to fibrotic insult, 417, 419-424, 452
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662
Index
Alveoli
cellular structure, 245, 443; see also Alveolar
m a cro p hag es
characteristics, 244, 328-329
species differences in, 246, 253
see also Pulmonary region
Amines
aliphatic, 112
aromatic, 307
indoor concentrations, 150
metabolism of, 307
reactions in chemical removal processes,
112-113
sympathomimetic, 636
Aminoanthracene, 303
4-Aminobiphenyl, biological marker of expo-
sure to, 225
Aminopyrene, metabolism of, 307-308
Ammonia
analytical methods for characterizing, 63
atmospheric lifetime, 107
neurobehavioral effects, 642
pulmonary reactivity, 374
rate constants for gas-phase chemical re-
moval reactions, 106
sources, 166
Ammonium nitrate aerosol concentrations,
modeling, 186
Analytical methodologies/techniques
for atmospheric reactions, 125
for exhaust, 63, 189
for exposure assessment, 211-218
for measurement of pollutants, 63-64, 69,
125
see also Air quality models/modeling
Anatomic models
airway geometry, 244, 261, 350
Bohr airway, 342-344, 358
of laboratory animals, 378-379
lower airways, 349-352
respiratory zone, 329
structural, 244, 353
tracheobronchial tree, 244, 327-328, 349,
353
upper airway, 346-349
use in dosimetry modeling, 368-369,
376-378
of vascular structure, 337
Weibel model A, 244, 327-329, 336, 346,
349-350, 369, 376, 380
Animal studies/models
of aldehyde exposure, 583-585
of asthma, 482, 485-487
of atherosclerosis, 609-615, 617-619
bioassays, 531-533, 546, 570-572
of carbon monoxide effects, 618-619
of carcinogenicity, 520-522, 525, 527, 531
539, 540-544, 558-560, 570-572, 584
chronic studies, 273, 276-277, 282,
429-430, 432, 453-454
collagen cross-linking, 426
of diesel-engine exhaust, 275-277,
454-455, 540-546
of DNA adduct formation from polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons, 569-570
dose-to-target measurements in, 22
of emphysema, 273, 444-445, 448-449,
454-455
extrapolation to humans, 25, 32, 253, 254,
260, 262, 283, 324, 352, 363, 368,
535-539, 547, 585
of gas adsorption dynamics, 354-358
irritant gas inhalation, 273
lung injury response, 417, 420-421,
425-427
mathematical model validation with,
354-358
metal emissions exposure, 278-280
of methanol exposure, 587
of neurotoxicity, 634, 636
of nitrogen dioxide-induced disease,
449-454, 506-507, 513
of nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,
562-563
of ozone exposure, 351-352, 356, 418,
427-433, 474, 506, 513
of particle clearance from respiratory tract,
273, 279-282, 302-303
particle deposition analysis, 254-259, 261,
262
of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,
558-562
of pulmonary fibrosis, 426-429
range in species responses, 427
of respiratory clearance mechanisms during
disease states, 273
of respiratory infections, 506-508, 510
risk assessment, 534-535
scaling procedures for, 23, 248, 262
of small airways disease, 449
strain differences, 527, 535, 538, 541, 561
sulfur dioxide exposure, 357
sulfuric acid effects on respiratory tract
clearance, 281-282
Animals, laboratory
airflow patterns in airways of, 249
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Index
663
anatomical measurements related to breath
ing in, 325
anatomical models, 378
birds, 427, 612-613, 617-620
bronchial tree models, 244
cats, 454
dogs, 242-244, 255-258, 262, 281, 325,
356-357, 428, 449-450, 453-454,
470-471, 475, 476, 478-479, 484, 486,
614
donkeys, 282
guinea pigs, 241-242, 244, 255-258, 262,
276, 281-282, 352, 421, 427, 431, 471,
478-479, 482-484, 583
hamsters, 241-244, 255-258, 262, 273, 277,
421-423, 431, 451, 454-455, 507-508,
521, 527, 540-543, 558-560, 562-563,
569-571, 584, 588
horses, 449-451
mice, 242, 256-257, 262, 276-277, 282,
325, 420, 421, 427, 430-431, 448, 451,
506-507, 521, 525, 527, 532, 535, 537,
540-544, 558-561, 570, 584, 590
molecular diffusion coefficients in tissues of,
373
ozone dose distributions in, 352
pigs, 612, 614
primates (nonhuman), 241-242, 325, 351,
422, 426-429, 433, 451, 474, 482, 506,
508, 587, 589, 609-611, 613, 615, 617,
619, 634, 647
rabbits, 241-244, 262, 278-279, 282, 325,
352, 357, 427, 450-451, 486, 508, 559,
612, 614, 619
rats, 241-244, 255-259, 262, 273, 276-278,
282, 302, 310, 313, 325, 378-379, Atherosclerosis
417-418, 420-421, 423, 425, 427-433,
450-452, 454, 521, 527, 532, 540-543,
559-562, 567, 583, 588-589
respiratory tract structural differences,
241-245, 248, 249, 255, 258, 281,
324-325, 369, 447
scaling procedures for, 23, 248, 262
sedation of, 25, 479
sheep, 277, 282, 471, 480, 484, 486
see also Species differences
Anthanthrene, 559-560, 571
Anthracene, 106, 107, 124, 559
Asbestos, 224, 305, 422, 524
Asthma
animal models, 485-487
automotive emissions and, 466-491, 583
cell culture studies, 487
. .
chemical mediators, 477-478
clinical spectrum, 467-468
controlled exposure studies of, 470-473
definition, 466
demography, 466-467
extrinsic and intrinsic, 467-469, 473
formaldehyde induction of, 583
human studies, 471-472, 485
nitrogen dioxide aggravation of, 472
nons pacific bronchial hyperreactivity with,
466-470, 478-479, 483
ozone aggravation of, 471-472, 478-485
pathogenesis, 33, 468-470
pathophysiology, 473-481
prevalence, 466-467
progression to chronic destructive pulmo-
nary disease, 403
reactions to allergens, 469
risk correlates, 399, 467, 503
specific airways reactivity, 479-480
Asthmatics
, .
airflow resistance in, 474-475
airway size assessment in, 474
bronchoconstriction in, 395, 466, 470-472,
474-477
epidemiological studies of, 395, 396-399,
403, 405-407, 473
epithelial permeability of, 481-485
ion transport in, 484
macrophage function in, 273
mucociliary clearance in, 273, 484-485
mucous production and secretion in, 476,
483-484
sensitivity to pollutant gases, 326, 466,
471-473
age and, 609-610
animal studies/models for, 609-615,
617-619
carbon monoxide and, 606, 612-613,
617-619
carcinogenic effects on plaques, 619-620
cigarette smoking and, 606, 612-617
clonal character of plaques, 619-620
dietary cholesterol, 610-611
epidemiologic studies, 610-612; 616-618
gender and, 610
genetic susceptibility, 610-611
macrophage role in, 607-609
mesenchymal susceptibility to, 611
monoclonal theory of, 607-608
natural history, 606
pathogenesis, 606-609
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664
plaque complications, 609
plasma lipoproteins, 613, 616-617
platelets and platelet function, 616
psychosocial influences, 611-612, 620
risk factors, 609-612
smooth muscle cell proliferation in,
607-609, 619-620
Atkinson, Roger, 99-132
Atmospheric transport and dispersion of pol
lutants
accretion of particles, 101
aerosols, 179
aqueous-phase reactions, 102-103, 109, 111,
113-114, 125, 126
from area sources, 81
chemical removal processes, 78, 102-105,
109-126; see also Photolysis
Cross Appalachian Tracer Experiment, 91
definition of, 78-82
diurnal variation in, 104-105, 110-113,
118-119, 124, 126, 176
dry deposition, 78, 81, 90, 92, 93, 101-102,
108-110, 170-171, 175-177
eddy diffusivity component, 79, 83-84,
170, 171-172
elevation of source and, 82
gaseous, 82-84
Gaussian line-source models, 82, 83-87,
90, 164, 171-172
hydrodynamic models, 80, 88-91
from line sources, 79, 81-84
meteorological parameters, 78-81, 86,
90-91, 93, 102
mixing factors in, 81, 83, 89, 91, 93,
170-171, 175
modeling, 23, 78, 80, 82-87, 90, 93, 170;
see also Air quality models/modeling
monitoring networks, 90
near-field, 79, 81-88
numerical simulations, 83
open-highway, 82-85
in parking structures, 85-88, 93
particles, 85, 101, 125, 126; see also Particu
late emissions/pollutants
physical removal processes, 78, 81, 90, 92,
93, 101-102, 108-110, 126, 170-171,
175-177
plume rise, 84, 85, 164, 166, 171-172
from point sources, 81
rainout, 102
regional scale, 79, 80-81, 89-93, 100, 185
resistance factors, 101, 176
Index
scales of motion in, 78, 81-82
simulation modeling of, 78, 80, 82-86, 93
in street canyons, 85-88, 93, 138, 174-175
theories of, 82-92
tracer gas studies, 82, 84, 85, 87, 88, 91,
93
trajectory analysis, 88, 91, 170-173
turbulence components, 78-79, 82-86, 91,
93, 166, 170, 171, 174-175
urban-scale, 81, 88-89, 93
vehicle wake contribution, 79-80, 82-85,
87, 93
wet deposition, 102, 108-110, 123, 177; see
also Acid deposition
wind flow components and measurements,
80, 82, 84, 86, 88-93, 171, 175
wind tunnel experiments, 84, 87, 163
see also Concentrations of pollutants
Automobiles/light-duty vehicles
durability testing, 46
emission control approaches, 40-41, 46-
49
emission standards, 44-45
engine characteristics, 50-52
evaporative emissions, 55-56
fuel economy standards, 46
measurement of emissions from, 61-64
methanol-fueled, 57-58
pollutant emission rates, 44, 65
tampering with emission control devices in,
50-52
vehicle weight, 43
see also Vehicles; Vehicles, heavy-duty
Automotive emissions
acid deposition from, 81-82
ambient levels, 580-582
asthma and, 465-491
as atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease
risk factors, 606-622
atmospheric lifetimes, 105-109
atmospheric transformations of, 20,
100-128
atmospheric transport and dispersion of
pollutants associated with, 78-94, 166
biological disposition of, 239-287, 300-
317
carcinogenesis mechanisms relevant to as-
sessment of, 520-530
chemical and physical properties, 20-22
contribution to pollution loading, 19-20,
93, 100
driving cycle and, 43
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Index
665
lung disease relationship to, 449-454 Benzene
mixing process, 81, 89
models, 52-54
monocyclic aromatic compounds, 122-123;
see also Amines; Cresols; Hydrocarbon
emissions; Phenols
neurobehavioral effects, 632-653
nitrites, 113
organic peroxides, 114; see also Hydrogen
peroxide
oxides of carbon, see Carbon monoxide
oxides of nitrogen, see Nitrogen oxides
oxyacids, 113
oxygen-containing organics, 118-123; see
also Alcohols; Aldehydes; Carbonyls;
Carboxylic acids; Esters; Ethers; Ketones
passenger car, 41, 43
photolysis of, 103, 109
rate constants for gas-phase reactions of,
105-106
reaction with stationary-source pollutants,
166
reduced nitrogen compounds, 112-113; see
also Amines; Ammonia; Hydrogen cya
nide; Nitriles
reduced sulfur compounds, 113-114
respiratory infections, 500-515
respiratory tract disposition of, 275-281
sources, 43, 82, 166
standards, compared to, 41
sulfur oxides; see Sulfur oxides
synergistic interactions, 100, 102
tampering with emission control devices
and, 52
test procedures, 42, 43, 45-46
transport and dispersion of, see
Atmospheric transport and dispersion of
pollutants
trends, 41, 43
whole, see Complex mixtures
see also Alkanes; Alkenes; Emission control
systems/technology; Emission standards
B
Bates, Richard R., 17-36
Behavior
coronary-prone, 611-612
see also Neurobehavioral effects
Benzaldehyde, 64, 106, 107, 119, 581
Benz~ajanthracene, 108, 124, 558-559, 566
atmospheric chemical reactions, 123
atmospheric concentration by regime, 137
atmospheric lifetime, 107
emission trends, 56
formation, 122
methyl-substituted, 123
mutagenic activity from, 225
rate constant for gas-phase chemical
removal reactions, 106
Benzocarbazole, 305
Benzofluoranthenes, 558-559, 566, 568, 570-572
Benzofluorenes, 559
Benzoperylenes, 145, 305, 559, 562, 571
Benzotciphenanthrene, 566
Benzo~aipyrene
animal bioassays, 559
atherosclerotic lesions from, 613, 620
biological marker of exposure to, 225
carcinogenicity, 305, 530, 558-562, 570
cellular uptake from hydrophobic donors,
614
cocarcinogens, 565, 588
DNA adduct formation, 310, 564,
565-566, 568
dose/response relationships, 560-561, 568
emission levels, 66
measurement of, 61-63
metabolic activation of, 307-311, 315, 530,
564-566
modifiers of carcinogenesis, 571
mutagenic activity, 540, 541
pulmonary clearance, 302-305, 310, 564
source contributions, 301-302
urban concentrations, 145
Benzo~e~pyrene, 313, 560, 562, 565
Biacetyl, atmospheric formation, 123
Bond, James A., 299-322
Bresnitz, Eddy A., 389-413
Bromberg, Philip A., 465-498
Bromine, 167, 169
Bronchiectasis, 273, 468, 502
Bronchiolitis, 466
Bronchitis, chronic, 258, 273, 393, 403,
405-407, 446, 468, 509
Buses, see Vehicles, heavy-duty
Butadiyne, 106, 107
Butane, 54-55, 68, 106, 107
Butanol, 150, 581
2-Butanone, 106, 107, 120
1-Butene, atmospheric, 106, 107
tra,Zs-2-Butene, atmospheric, 106, 107, 118
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666
Index
C
Cadmium, 273, 278-280
Calcium sulfate, 108
California
diurnal patterns in pollutant concentrations,
104, 140
emission standards, 40, 42-46, 48-49, 53
Pasadena aerosol constituents, 140
see also Los Angeles
Cancer
background level, 527
incidence, 300, 528, 531
see also Carcinogens/carcinogenesis
Carbon dioxide
concentration trends, 151-154
global effect of, 135, 151-152
indoor concentrations, 147, 154
standards, 147
Carbon, elemental
atmospheric concentrations, 139, 154
indoor concentrations, 151
measurement, 183
sources, 139, 151
in urban aerosols, 139, 154
see also Soot
Carbon monoxide
air/fuel ratios and, 40
animal models, 618-619
atherosclerosis, effects on, 606, 612-613,
617-619
atmospheric chemical reactions, 118, 152
atmospheric concentrations, 80, 135-136.
152-155, 167, 580
atmospheric lifetime, 114
biological tests for exposure to, 225
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ef-
fect on, 345
correlation of outdoor measurements with
individual exposure, 219-220
cumulative mileage correlated with, 52
determinants of concentrations, 165
emissions compared to standards, 41, 43
epidemiologic studies, 617-618
exposure estimation, 220-221, 229
global significance, 152
hemoglobin affinity, 306, 324, 342, 343, 358
indoor concentrations, 147, 154-155, 216
meteorological effects on concentrations of,
80
from misfueling, 50, 51
modeling, 170, 185, 189, 342
National Ambient Air Quality Standard,
135, 221, 500
neurobehavioral effects, 641, 644-646
personal monitoring of exposure to,
212-213, 219-221
pulmonary transport and uptake, 339-340,
342-345, 355, 358-359
rates by model years, 44-45, 65
reduction of, 4, 40
solubility, 343
sources, 19-20, 100, 135, 147, 152, 166,
167, 220-221, 223-224, 580
standards, 42, 44-47, 135, 221
surface resistance, 176
tampering with control devices and, 52
transfer coefficient in conducting airways,
338-340
in urban areas, 154-155, 175
vehicle contribution, 19-20
in vehicles, 154
Carbon, organic
emission trends, 138, 140
temporal patterns, 140-141
urban aerosol concentrations, 139-141, 154
volatile compounds, 138
Carbonyls, 120-121
Carboxylic acids, atmospheric reactions, 121
Carcinogens/carcinogenesis
aldehydes, 584-586
animal models of, 520-522, 525, 527,
531-539, 540-544, 558-560, 570-572
atypical, 524-525, 546
cell culture studies, 521, 526-527, 533-534,
540-541, 564
development processes, 33, 526-528, 546
diesel-engine exhaust, 305, 539-546
dinitrates, 166
DNA damage by, 520, 522-524, 534, 546
DNA replication and repair as mechanisms
of, 520, 522, 528, 532, 546, 564
dose/response relationship, 520, 537-539,
560-561, 584-585, 595-596
enhancers, 33, 520, 525-527, 541, 546,
561-562, 571
epidemiologic evaluation, 529-531, 539,
543-544
etiologic agents, 305, 522, 523
evidence of, 532-533, 547, 556, 559
genetic effects of, 522-524
human exposure, detection of, 225, 569,
588; see also DNA adducts; Dosimeters
indirect, 302, 306-307
inhalation studies, 300, 570-571, 584-585
OCR for page 667
Index
667
inhibitors, 561-562, 565, 571, 587
mechanisms relevant to assessment of ve
hicular emissions, 520-530, 571-572
metabolic activation of, 33, 306-312, 520,
525, 530, 547, 563-568
metals, 525
of mixtures, 545-546
modifiers of, 302, 306-307, 525-527,
561-562, 571-572
nitroarenes, 166
nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,
166, 181, 562-563, 570-572
nitrosamines, 530
nitroxyperoxyalkyl nitrates, 166
organ culture studies, 520-521
particle-associated, 306-308
plaque formation, role of, 619-620
plasma lipoproteins as carriers of, 613
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 300,
556-562, 570-572
promoters, 33, 520, 525-526, 533, 537,
542, 546, 547, 558
proto-oncogenes, 523
proximate, 564
risk assessment, 529-530, 534-539
short-term tests, 533-534
susceptibility to, 33, 520, 521, 527-530,
535
toxicity and, 525, 526, 531-533, 541, 546
ultimate, 564, 566-567
xenotransplant studies, 521
Catalysts/catalytic converters
dual, 47
for methanol-fueled vehicles, 58
oxidation, 40, 41, 47-48, 49, 57
oxygen sensors in, 47-48
for spark-ignition gasoline engines, 47-48
tampering with, 41, 43, 50-53
three-way, 47, 51, 56, 57, 69
trap oxidizer, 49
Catechols
carcinogenicity, 561-562, 565, 595
health effects, 587-588
physiological reactivity, 594-595
Cell culture studies
of acrolein toxicity, 590
of aldehydes, 586-587
applications, 25-26
of asthma, 487, 488
of benzotaipyrene metabolism, 310, 565
of carcinogenesis, 310, 521, 526-527,
533-534, 540-541, 564
of collagen synthesis, 424, 426
extrapolation between inhalation studies
and, 587
mutagen activation in smooth muscle cells,
620
of oxidant exposure, 420, 487, 507
of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,
613-614
of pulmonary disease pathogenesis, 457
of toxicology mechanisms, 596
Chromium, disposition of inhaled particles,
278, 280
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
bronchial hyperreactivity and, 403
carbon monoxide uptake in presence of,
345
epidemiological study, 394, 404-405
ozone effect on, 471
particle clearance, effect on, 273
particle deposition in populations with, 267
pathogenesis, 474
respiratory infection and, 503
reversibility, 468
risk factors for, 395, 403
tests for, 402, 403
Chrysene
carcinogenicity, 558-560, 566
urban concentrations, 145
Cigarette smoke/smoking
airway permeability effects of, 482-483
aldehydes in, 586
atherosclerosis and, 606, 612-617
bronchial hyperreactivity from, 483
carcinogenicity, 543, 544, 556-557, 561,
588
chronic bronchitis and, 468
components comparable to vehicular emis
sion components, 301, 586
emphysema and, 443, 444-445, 448, 468,
594
genotoxicity, 544
irritant effects of, 476, 483
mucociliary system, effects on, 273
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon constitu
ents, 557
respiratory tract particle deposition from,
258
scaling to automotive emissions, 443, 542,
544
small airways disease and, 446, 449
tests of mutagenic activity of, 540
Clarkson, Thomas B., 605-629
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970 and 1977,
3, 5, 42, 46, 432
OCR for page 668
668
Index
Clinical studies, see Human subject studies (ex-
perimental)
rat .
ocarclnogens
action of, 525-526
alcohols, 588-589
with benzolalpyrene, 565, 571, 588
in complex mixtures, 541, 546
in diesel-engine exhaust, 541
free radicals, 595
phenols, 588-589
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 561-562.
571
Collagen/elastin
cross-linking, 426
in emphysema, production and destruction,
23, 426-427, 445, 448-449
in pulmonary fibrosis, production and de-
struction, 23, 417, 424-425, 429, 433
subtypes, 443
synthesis in cell cultures, 424, 426
Complex mixtures
animal studies of, 541-543, 639-642
behavioral effects, 639-642
carcinogenicity of, 538, 539-546, 638
diesel-engine exhaust, 539-546
epidemiological studies, 543
evaluating, 638-649
eye irritation from, 638-639
multidisciplinary studies, 453
mutagenic activity of, 540-541
neurobehavioral effects, 639-642
photochemical by-products, 638-644
risk assessment for, 543-546
solvent syndrome from, 646-647
tests of activity of, 540-541
Concentrations of pollutants, atmospheric
from continuous line source, 82
definition, 208
determinants, 22, 78, 79-80, 92-93, 134,
137, 139, 163-165
finite-difference model for calculating, 84
gaseous species, 153-155
meteorological determinants of, 22, 78,
79-80, 139
mixing height and, 89
models of, 84, 86; see also Air quality mod-
els/modeling
monitoring, 134, 139
from moving vehicles, 92
overprediction of, 82, 84
in parking structures, 78, 81
particle constituents, 139-143, 300
particulate species, 153-155
personal exposure correlated with, 219
223
photochemical products, 143-146
after precipitation, 102
prediction, see Air quality models/modeling
respirable particles, 214-216, 220
spatial patterns, 134-139
in street canyons, 78, 80, 81
temporal change expressed mathematically,
78-79
temporal patterns, 134-142, 145
trace constituents, 134-147, 153-154
in traffic queues, 78, 81
trends, 153
unregulated emittants, 143-146
in urban areas, 79-80, 136, 153-155
see also Atmospheric transport and disper
sion of pollutants; and specific gases
Concentrations of pollutants, indoor
determinants, 148
gaseous species, 153-155
major emittants and products, 149-151
monitoring, 149
in motor vehicles, 149, 153 -155, 216
particulate species, 153-155
principal trace gases, 147-149, 153-154
respirable particles, 214, 216
Coronary heart disease, pathogenesis, 609
Coronene, 559
Coumarin, urban concentrations, 146
Cresols, 581
Crigee biradicals, 113, 118, 375
Cross Appalachian Tracer Experiment, 91
Crotonaldehyde
adduct formation, 592
atmospheric chemical reactions, 120
atmospheric lifetime, 107
from diesel-engine exhaust, 581
health effects, 583
rate constant for gas-phase chemical
removal reactions, 106
Cyanogen, 63
Cyclohexene, 118
Cyclopentatcdipyrene, 558-559, 566, 571
Cystic fibrosis, 273, 502, 509
D
Dahl, Alan R., 299-322
Decane, 562
Deposition, atmospheric
aerosol, 176
OCR for page 669
Index
669
dry processes, 22, 78, 81, 90, 92, 93,
101-102, 108-110, 170-171, 175-177
modeling, 171, 175-177, 185
velocities, 101, 108, 125
wet processes, 102, 108-110, 123, 177
see also Acid deposition; and specific com-
pounds
Deposition, respiratory tract
age-related factors in, 259
airflow patterns relevant to, 248-249, 257
anatomical determinants, 252-253, 255
breathing mode and, 253, 255-256, 258,
261
by Brownian diffusion, 250-251, 253, 260,
262
in cigarette smokers, 258
determinants, 251-253, 258-259
disease states and, 258-259, 267-268
by electrostatic precipitation, 250, 251
experimental assessment of, 254-258, 283
gender differences in, 259
hygroscopicity and, 255, 261
by impaction, 250, 253, 255, 257-261, 443
by interception, 250, 251
localized patterns of, 259-260
mathematical modeling, 260-262, 275
measurement of, 253-258
mechanisms, 230-251, 302
particle characteristics affecting, 250-252,
256, 443
probability, 252
radioactive tracer studies, 253, 255, 258,
267-269, 281
by sedimentation, 250-251, 253, 262, 443
species variation in, 255, 283
Dibenzanthracene, 305, 547, 566
Dibenzoic,gicarbazole, 303
Dibenzopyrenes, 566
1,2-Dibromoethane, 106, 107, 116
c~-Dicarbonyls, atmospheric formation,
120-121, 123
1,2-Dichloroethane, 106, 107, 116
Dichlorostilbene, 562
Diesel engines
control technology, 46-47, 48-50, 69
emission standards, 46, 59
in-use characteristics, 52-53
passenger cars, 48-49, 52
trucks, 52-53, 56
Diesel-engine exhaust
carcinogenicity of, 305, 539-546, 562
cardiovascular disease and, 618
constituents, 122, 541, 562, 581
disposition of inhaled particles, 275-276,
283-284, 302
epidemiological studies, 547
mutagenicity, 540-541, 547, 562
noncarcinogenic effects, 275-276, 312-315,
454-455, 542-543
odor, 58, 69
particle-associated organic compounds, 301,
541
pollutant emissions in, 57, 59, 63, 65-68,
301
quantitative assessment of cancer risk of,
543-547
short-term tests of, 540-541
see also Complex mixtures
Diesel fuel
additives, 49, 61, 62, 648
alkane component, 115-116
alkene component, 116
hydrocarbon constituents, 122
properties, trends in, 59
usage trends, 56, 57
Diethyl ether, atmospheric reactions, 121
Dihaloethanes, 116
Dimethylamino radical, 112
Dimethylbenz~ajanthracene, 311-312, 561,
572, 620
Dimethyl ether, 106, 107, 121
2-Dimethylnaphthalene, 106, 107
Dimethylphenanthrenes, 558
Dinitrates, 117
Dinitrogen pentoxide, atmospheric
deposition, 110, 111
formation of, 104, 110, 179
lifetime, 107
nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon for-
mation from, 109, 124
photolysis, 124
Dinitropyrenes, 562, 563, 568, 571-572
Dioxane, 146, 151
Dispersion of pollutants, see Atmospheric
transport and dispersion of pollutants
DNA
carcinogen damage to, 520, 522-524, 534,
540, 546, 593
formaldehyde damage to, 374, 586
repair mechanisms, 520-522, 528, 529, 532,
534, 546, 564, 586
role in initiation of carcinogenicity, 520,
522, 528, 532, 564, 572
tests to detect damage, 534, 539-541, 591,
592
see also Genotoxicity; Mutagens
OCR for page 682
682
Index
hydroxyl radical formation, role in, 103
indoor concentrations, 148, 154, 155
meteorological effects on, 80
mixing ratios, 103
monitoring and quantification methods, 428
mucosal damage from, 506
mucous layer penetration, 324, 335-336,
350-352, 357, 377, 380
mucous production and secretion, 483-484
National Ambient Air Quality Standard,
134, 500
neurobehavioral effects, 639-644
nitrogen oxide relationship to, 81, 110, 144,
165, 166, 177-179, 189-190
nonspecific bronchial hyperreactivity from
exposure to, 478-479
oxidative properties, see Free radicals,
mechanisms of toxicity
photolysis of, 103, 124-125
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon reaction
with, 124-125
pulmonary function, effects on, 273, 393,
416, 470, 471-472, 476-477, 486
pulmonary response to, 416-430, 466,
470-471, 476-477, 482-483, 487,
507-508, 510
pulmonary tissue damage from, 370, 473,
506
pulmonary uptake of, 339, 342, 350-351,
354-357, 376, 470
rate constants for automotive emission re
action with, 106, 375
reduction strategies, 191
respiratory infection and, 506, 509, 510
respiratory tract reactivity, 324, 374, 375,
377, 418, 479-482
risk assessment, 431-433
rural concentrations, 80
smog chemistry, role in, 144, 177
sources of exposure, 148, 224, 466
standard, 134, 144
synergy in respiratory tract, 430-431, 433,
452, 471, 472, 480
transfer coefficient in conducting airways,
338-340
urban concentrations, 80, 81, 93, 155
p
Particle size
atmospheric lifetime as a function of,
108-109
chemical composition differences by, 143,
150, 179
diameter, definitions of, 250, 251-252
distributions, 60, 179
dry deposition velocities by, 101, 108, 176
hygroscopicity and, 252, 255
macrophage viability and, 278-279
respiratory clearance rates and, 270, 271,
276
respiratory tract deposition and, 250,
256-257
washout ratios by, 108
Particles, inhaled
atmospheric concentrations, 143, 155
bioavailability of associated organic com
pounds, 304-306
carcinogenesis of, 69, 305-312
characteristics, 251-252, 304
definition, 143
deposition, 250-263, 283, 315
disposition of, 239-287, 300-317
dosimetry, 253
fate of associated organic compounds,
300-301, 302-304
immune system response to, 312-315
measurement of deposition, 253-258
metabolism of, 22, 300, 306-312, 315
respiratory tract clearance, 22, 264-273,
275-276, 278-281, 283, 300, 302, 304,
315, 564
retention in respiratory tract, 263-274, 283,
315
significance, 300-301
solubility of adsorbed compound, 283, 300,
306
translocation mechanisms, 312-313
Particulate emissions / pollutants
adsorption/desorption processes, 101-102,
124-125
alkanes, 115
analysis of, 67, 125
artifacts of sampling, 62, 125
atmospheric lifetimes, 108-109, 125
characteristics, 301-302
chemical loss processes, 109
concentrations, 139-143, 154-155
control technology, 48-50, 60-61
deposition processes, 101, 108, 113, 125,
176, 230-262
diesel, 48-50, 52, 60, 63, 65-68, 275-
276
elemental carbon, 139, 154, 167
inspirable fraction, 255
OCR for page 683
Index
683
measurement, 142-143
metal-associated, 141-142, 154, 155, 167
from methanol-fueled vehicles, 58
modeling of, 170, 185
mutagenic activity, 67, 69, 302
nitrate, 142, 154, 155
nitroarenes in, 68
nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
components, 124, 154
nitropyrenes in, 67-68
nonpolar fractions, 66
organic carbon, 139-140, 154
personal monitoring of exposure to,
212-213
physical removal processes, 101-102,
108-109
polar fraction, 66-67
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in,
66-68, 124-125, 154
reactive atmospheric species associated
with, 105
respirable, see Respirable particles
solubility of adsorbed compound, 69, 283,
300
source contributions, 88, 100, 151, 166,
168, 188, 224, 300-302
standards, 44-45, 46, 48, 50, 53, 69, 181,
500
sulfate, 154, 155
sulfuric acid, 113
total suspended, 20, 140, 142-143, 153-155.
169, 500; see also Aerosols
transport and dispersion, 85, 101-102, 108
washout ratios, 108
see also Particles, inhaled
Pennington, James E., 499-518
Pentane, 68
Peroxyacetyl nitrate
atmospheric lifetime, 119
formation, 119, 120, 146, 166, 167, 185
health effects, 119, 146
interference with measurement devices,
186
neurobehavioral effects, 640
prediction of concentrations, 187
urban concentrations, 146, 150, 154
Peroxybenzoyl nitrate, 119, 122
Peroxypropionyl nitrate, 119
Perylene, 559
Phagocytes, see Alveolar macrophages; Poly-
morphonuclear leukocytes
Phenanthrene
atmospheric lifetime, 107
carcinogenicity, 559-560
concentrations, 145
exhaust, concentration in, 581
rate constant for gas-phase chemical
removal reactions, 106
vapor pressure, 124
washout ratio, 108
Phenanthridone, 303
Phenols
analytical methods for characterizing, 63
atmospheric chemical reactions, 123
atmospheric concentrations, 582
atmospheric lifetime, 107
biochemical reactions, 594-595
formation, 119, 122-123
health effects, 587-588, 595
inhibition of carcinogenesis, 562
nitro-, 119, 122
procarcinogenic effects, 588-589
rate constant for gas-phase chemical
removal reactions, 106
structure, 580
wet deposition of, 102, 108, 123
Photochemistry, see Photolysis
Photolysis
of acetaldehyde, 107
of acetone, 107, 119
of aldehydes, 103, 118-119, 145
of alkyl nitrates, 126
of automotive emissions, 103
of dinitrogen pentoxide, 124
of formaldehyde, 107
of hydrogen peroxide, 107
of ketones, 119
of methylnitrite, 107, 113
of nitrate radicals, 104, 110
of nitric acid, 124, 126
of nitrogen dioxide, 107, 110, 124, 126
of nitrosamines, 112
of nitrous acid, 103, 105, 107, 111
of ozone, 103, 124
of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 109,
124-125
rates of automotive emissions, 107
of c2,,l3 unsaturated carbonyls, 120
Phthlates, 102
Physical modeling
anatomical, 368-369
applications, 26
of atmospheric chemistry, 163
biases in, 228-230
environmental chamber studies, 124, 163,
185
OCR for page 684
684
of exposure, 226-230
of indoor air quality, 228
limitations of, 229, 354
mathematical form, 228, 229
National Exposure Model, 228, 229
of pulmonary gas transport, 353-354, 362
of respiratory tract, 352-354, 368-369
Simulation of Human Air Pollution Expo-
sure, 228, 229-230
Simulation System, 228, 229-230
stepwise, 228
stochastic component, 228-230
tracer gas studies, 82, 84, 85, 87
tracheobronchial network, 353
validation of mathematical modeling by,
352-354
wind tunnel experiments, 84, 87, 163
Phytotoxicity, 119
Pneumoconiosis, 259
Pollutants
atmospheric residence times, 81, 90
biological responses to, 23-24
concentration, see Concentrations of pollu-
tants
mobile sources, 166; see also Automotive
. .
emissions
pathways to toxicity, 19, 21
primary, 80, 81, 167, 173
reactive, 167
secondary, 80, 81, 167, 173, 189, 193; see
also Ozone
source/receptor relationships, 163
stationary sources, see Stationary sources of
pollutants
temporal and spatial patterns, 134-139
transport and dispersion of, see
Atmospheric transport and dispersion of
pollutants
see also specific pollutants
Pollutants, criteria/regulated
data adequacy, 153
exhaust emission rates, 64, 65
need to control, 6
see also specific pollutants
Pollutants, unregulated
atmospheric concentrations, 143-147
data adequacy, 19, 156
in exhaust, measurement of, 61-64
in exhaust, presence, 64-68
modeling, 26, 166
need to control, 6
see also specific pollutants
Polychlorinated biphenyls, 102, 108, 213
Index
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
acid anhydrides, 66
adsorbed-phase reactions, 124-125
animal bioassay studies, 570-571
atherogenesis, effects on, 613
atmospheric chemical reactions, 124-125
atmospheric concentrations, 145, 154
atmospheric lifetime, 109, 124
carboxaldehydes, 66
carcinogenicity, 300, 556-562, 569, 571
572
cocarcinogenicity, 561-562
derivatives in diesel-engine exhaust particu
lates, 65-68
DNA adduct formation, 568, 569
dosimetry, 568-570
hydroxy-, 67
indoor concentrations, 151, 154
inhibitors, 562
formation, 145, 151
ketones, 66
metabolism of, 307-312, 315, 561, 563
569
monitoring, 146
mutagenic potential, 21, 302, 540-541, 566
nitro-, see Nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydro
carbons
occupational exposures, 557
personal monitoring of exposure to, 213
photolysis, 109, 124-125
quinones, 67, 595, 596
pulmonary clearance, 563-564
respiratory tract disposition, 302-305, 310,
563-564
sources, 124, 145, 302, 556-557
structure/activity relationships, 558, 571
tumorigenicity in laboratory animals,
558-561
vapor pressures, 124, 145, 151
see also Benzotaipyrene; and other specific
compounds
Polycyclic organic matter, 145
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes
asbestos effect on recruitment of, 421, 422
in asthmatics, recruitment of, 469, 473,
474, 477, 481
bacterial defense, importance in, 502
chemoattractants for, 421-422, 424-425,
444, 512
in cigarette smokers, 444, 446
diesel-engine exhaust, response to, 312-313
in emphysema, role of, 419, 452
in free-radical generation, role of, 419-420
OCR for page 685
Index
685
as lung damage indicators, 429
macrophage recruitment of, 421-422, 512
nitrogen dioxide exposure, response to,
452
nonspecific bronchial hyperreactivity and,
478-479
ozone exposure, response to, 419-420, 473,
478-479, 481
source, 442
see also Inflammation/inflammatory
response
Populations, see Sensitive populations
Procarcinogens
activities of, 526-527
animal experiments, 525, 527, 533, 561
chemical metabolism of, 306-307
classes of, 307
definition, 558
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as, 557,
588
Propane, 68, 106, 107
Propanol, 581
Propene, 106, 107, 117
Propyne, 106, 107
Proteinase/antiproteinase, 444, 448, 452, 453,
593
Pulmonary fibrosis
alveolar macrophages, 419, 421-424
animals models of, 426-428, 433
biological markers of, 428-429
chronic experiments, 416
collagen production, 417, 424-427, 429,
433
description of, 425-427
development rate, 426
edema, 417-418, 428, 433
epidemiological studies, 416-417
epithelial cell proliferation, 419, 420-421
fibroblasts, 424-425
inflammatory cell response, 23, 414-420,
433
ravage analysis, 23, 428-429
morphology studies, 428, 429-430
ozone relationship to, 416-436
progression of injury after cessation of expo-
sure, 430
risk assessment, 431-432
susceptible populations, 432-433
synergistic interactions in, 430-431, 433
testing for, 416
Pulmonary function tests, 25, 248, 343-345,
358-359, 394, 402-403, 416, 446,
450-451, 453, 454, 474
Pulmonary region
absorption efficiency for metal particles in,
277
absorption of gases, 329-331, 339, 341-345,
347, 349, 352, 358, 359; see also Gases,
inhaled
clearance mechanisms, 264-266, 283
clearance rates and times, 270-271, 303
damage from reactive gases, 370
deposition efficiencies, 253, 256, 258-259
diesel-engine exhaust particles, 275-277
distal airway model, 329
dosimetry models, 376-377
liquid lining, 370-371, 376-377, 379-380
metabolism of particle-associated carcino-
gens, 310-311
particle deposition in, 252
species differences in, 245
structure, 244-246, 325, 328-329
ventilatory parameters in, 246
see also Alveoli
Pyrene
carcinogenicity, 302, 559, 562, 565, 571
urban concentrations, 145
vapor pressure, 124
washout ratio, 108
Pyridine, urban concentrations, 146
Q
Quinoline, urban concentrations, 146
Quinones, 67, 310, 595, 596
R
Radon, 213, 216, 224
Regulation, see Emission regulation
Research recommendations
acetaldehyde, 122, 127, 583, 597, 599
acid deposition, 109
acrolein, 583, 584-585, 597-599
aerosol processes, 28, 143, 176, 181, 198
air quality modeling, 29, 169, 175, 177,
179, 181, 187, 193, 194, 196-199
alcohols, 147, 157, 582, 598
aldehydes, 31, 122, 127, 146, 156, 582, 586,
588, 596, 597-599
alkanes, 116, 127
alternative fuels, 122, 127
alveolar macrophages, 274, 312, 317, 487,
491, 512, 514
OCR for page 686
686
Index
analytical techniques and instrumentation,
28-29, 126, 128, 139, 156-157
anatomical models, 32, 379, 383
animal studies/models, 263, 274, 281, 284,
<86, 452, 457-458, 459-460, 477, 511,
514, 570, 573, 619, 622, 643, 647, 652
asthma, 31, 34, 480-481, 489-490
atherogenesis, 607-610, 618-619, 621
622
atmospheric chemical reactions, 105, 112,
116, 125-127, 143, 156, 175, 179
atmospheric transport and dispersion of
pollutants, 85, 87-89, 92, 93-94, 193,
199
attributable risk for disease, 409
bioavailability of adsorbed materials, 281,
286
biochemical properties of respiratory tract,
336, 361-362
biological monitoring of exposure and dis
ease, 28-29, 34, 223-226, 232-233, 443,
451-452, 570, 573, 588, 598
bioreactivity of inhaled toxic gases, 381,
383
carbon monoxide, 646, 652
carbonyls, 122, 127
carboxylic acids, 122, 127
carcinogenic effects, 31, 526, 530, 533, 537,
545-550, 571-573, 584-585, 588, 598
catechols, 582, 598
cell culture studies, 487, 491, 586, 599
cellular inflammatory response, 422, 425,
434-435, 442, 444, 458
chronic diseases, 31, 34, 455-457, 458-460,
480, 489-490
coexposures, 281, 283, 285, 287
coronary heart disease, 32
cross-disciplinary collaboration, 196
cross-species calibration, 285
Resorption of particle-associated
compounds, 306, 311, 316
diesel-engine exhaust, 28, 30, 53, 59, 61,
69-72, 281, 286, 454, 460, 545, 547
549
dinitrogen pentoxide, 112, 126-127
DNA adducts, 568, 570, 573, 597, 599
dose dependency, 452, 459
dosimetry modeling, 29-30, 376, 382, 383,
539, 549
dry deposition of pollutants, 92, 94, 105,
108, 127, 177, 198-199
emission control, 52-53, 58, 64, 69, 71, 72
environmental chamber studies, 480
epidemiological studies, 34, 217, 400-402,
405, 407, 408, 410-411, 509, 514, 618,
621
ethanol, 122, 127
evaporative emissions, 54, 60, 71, 72
exposure assessment, 28-30, 32, 85, 92-94,
151, 157, 217-219, 223-224, 231-233,
410-411
extrapolation modeling, 30, 32, 34, 263,
284-285, 358, 363
fog chemistry, 179, 199
formaldehyde, 28, 58-59, 69, 71, 122, 127,
146, 156, 583, 585, 597-599
fuel additives, 60, 61, 71
gas-to-particle conversion processes, 105,
127
heterocyclic organic compounds, 147,
157
human studies, 34, 459, 460
hydrocarbons, 58, 61, 70, 123, 127, 139,
156-157
hydrochloric acid, 147, 157
hydroxyl radical, 30, 116, 123, 127
hygroscopicity of particles, 263, 287
immune system response to particle-associ
ated organics, 313-314, 317
incomplete combustion products, 122,
127
indoor air quality, 29, 32, 151, 157, 194,
198
inhaled-particle toxicity, 303, 306, 315
316
ketones, 122, 127
manganese, 649, 653
measurement of emissions, 58-59, 64,
69-72
metabolism of particle-associated organics,
311, 314, 316-317
metal species in diesel-engine exhaust, 61
methanol emissions, 69, 122, 127, 587, 598,
647-648, 652-653
methanol-fueled vehicles, 58
models/modeling, 54, 71, 85, 92, 94, 169,
175, 177, 193-194, 198-199, 231-233,
263, 287, 352, 362
model validation, 29, 187, 197-198
monitoring equipment, 30, 146, 149,
156-157, 223-224, 232-233
mucous characterization, 274, 287
neurotoxicity, 32, 635-636, 639, 643-644,
646-653
nitrate radicals, 112, 126-127
nitric acid, 147, 157
OCR for page 687
Index
687
nitroaromatics, 69
nitrogen oxides, 28, 112, 126-127
nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 28,
31, 7O, 71, 125, 127, 147, 157, 568,
572-573
nitrous acid, 69-7O, 72, 112, 126-127
oxidant exposure/respiratory morbidity re
lationship, 40O, 403, 41O, 444, 458
ozone, 430-432, 435-436, 471, 477, 485,
490
particle deposition in and clearance from
respiratory tract, SO, 32, 262-263,
273-275, 281, 284, 286-287, 303, 316,
314
particulate emissions, 53, 61, 69-71, 105,
116, 127, 143, 156
pathobiology of emission-related diseases,
445, 448-449, 452, 457-460
peroxyacetyl nitrate, 147, 157
phenols, 582, 598
physical modeling, 85, 88, 93-94, 284
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 28, 31,
34, 7O, 72, 125, 127, 311, 316-317,
568-573
pulmonary airflow dynamics, 249-250,
263, 286-287, 352, 362
pulmonary defense mechanisms, 51 1, 514
pulmonary disease pathogenesis, 32-34,
448-449, 452, 455-457, 458-460
pulmonary fibrosis, 425, 426, 429, 435
pulmonary function, 249, 274, 282, 284,
286, 361, 363, 402-403, 410
pulmonary uptake of gas-phase pollutants,
32, 340, 352, 362-363, 471, 487, 490
respiratory infection, 31, 34, 509, 511-512,
514
respiratory tract morphometry, 30, 32, 246,
284-287, 380, 383, 430
response to injury, 31, 418, 420-422,
425-426, 434-435
sensitive populations, 32, 33, 218, 246, 263,
281-282, 284, 286, 432, 436, 509, 514,
530, 550
sensory impairment, 635, 651
street canyon concentrations, 85, 87, 94,
175, 199
synergistic interactions, 431, 435, 452
toxicity modifiers, 281, 286
toxicity role in carcinogenesis, 533, 550
tracer gas studies, 87-89, 92, 94, 418, 434,
487
unregulated pollutants, 28-30, 69, 146-147,
157
wet deposition of pollutants, 105, 127
wind measurements, 89, 92-94
wind tunnel simulations, 85, 94
Respirable particles
correlation of outdoor measurements with
individual exposure, 219-221
definition, 143
indirect assessment of exposure to, 214
indoor concentrations, 155, 223
measurement with personal monitors,
212-213
microenvironments contributing to, 216
personal monitoring studies, 230
sources, 224
urban concentrations, 155
Respiratory distress syndrome, 420, 425,
426
Respiratory epithelium
aldehyde action on, 585
in asthmatics, 468, 470, 481-485
cell types, 371, 420-421, 442-443
functions, 481
ion transport, 470, 484
liquid lining, 32, 369-371, 373; see also
Mucociliary system; Mucus
mucociliary transport, 484-485
mucosal binding affinity, 512-513
mucous production and secretion, 470,
483-484
nasal epithelium as a model of, 469, 485
oxidant damage to, 33, 370, 418-419,
420-421, 468, 473, 478, 481-485,
507-508
permeability, 33, 418, 470, 482-483
Respiratory infections
age factor in, 500, 505
altered-host studies, 511
alveolar macrophage functions, 502-503,
512, 513
animal studies, 506-508, 510, 513
antiviral defense mechanisms, 511-512
automotive emissions, effect on, 500-515
bronchial hyperreactivity from, 500
bronchial mucous transport, effect on, 273
bronchitis (bacterial), 501, 502
diagnosis, 508-509
documentation and measurement of,
503-505
epidemiological study approaches, 407-408,
503-506, 507, 508-510, 513
experimental studies, 506-507, 510-513
high-risk populations, 500, 506, 509-510
human studies, 510
OCR for page 688
688
Index
immunologic modulators, 511-512
infectious agents, 501-503, 505, 510
infectivity models, 510
influenza, 500
laboratory evidence of, 504-505
long-term effects, 503
lung defense mechanisms, 502-503, 513
mucosal binding affinity for pathogenic
bacteria, 512-513
occurrence, 500, 501-502
personal history and physical examination,
504
pneumonia, 500-502, 505
resistance against, 507-508
risk factors, 407
seasonal pattern, 505
severity of, 505
socioeconomic and family setting
influences, 506
susceptibility determinants, 500, 501, 513
synergistic effects of viral plus bacterial in-
fections, 507
viral, 501, 507
Respiratory tract
age-related changes in, 247-248
airflow patterns, 248-249, 325-329
airway cells, 245, 266, 371-372, 442-443;
see also Alveolar macrophages
carcinogenic response of, 305
chemical reactions in, 374-375, 380-382
clearance kinetics, 266-272, 303-304
clearance mechanisms, 263-266, 283, 302
defense mechanisms, 23-24, 33, 442-443,
455, 502-503, 507-508, 511-513
deposition of inhaled particles in, 22,
250-263, 302
disposition of metal emissions in, 276
280
extrapolation from animals to humans.
248
factors modifying particle clearance from,
272-273
fluid convection in, 373
gas transport fundamentals in, 331-341; see
also Gases, inhaled
hemodynamics, 325, 329-331
liquid lining, 369-371, 373, 376-377, 379;
see also Mucociliary system; Mucus
lower, see Pulmonary region; Tracheobron
chial tree
measurement of particle clearance from,
267-268
measurement of particle deposition in,
253-258
metabolism of particle-associated carcino
gens, 309-311
models, 244, 247, 327-329, 336, 339, 346,
349, 369
retention of deposited particles, 263-273
species differences in structure, 23, 241-244,
324-325
structure, 240-246, 252-253, 324-331,
371-372, 425, 442-443
synergy of oxidant species in, 430-431,
433, 452, 471
see also Pulmonary region; Tracheobron
chial tree; Upper respiratory tract
Rest, Kathleen M., 389-413
Rhinitis, 273
Risk
attributable, 26, 408-409
comparative, 7
components of, 19-24
Risk assessment
air quality models for, 174
for alcohol and aldehyde emissions.
595-597
biological monitoring as basis for, 218
cancer, 534-539, 543-546
chemical compound information needed
for, 100
for chronic diseases, 431-432
comparative potency approach, 544
dose determination for, 368
of diesel-engine exhaust, 543-546
exposure data for, 211, 232, 283
limitations of methodologies, 18, 432
research needs, 7
. . ,
uncertainty In, ~
Ruckelshaus, William D., 1-2
Rural areas
. . . .
mlcroenvlronments potentla. . y Important
for exposure assessment, 215
ozone concentrations in, 80
Russell, Armistead G., 161-205
Ryan, P. Barry, 207-238
S
Samson, PerryJ., 77-97
Schlesinger, Richard B., 239-298
Sensitive populations
definition of, 5-6, 395, 417
OCR for page 689
Index
689
epidemiological studies of, 395-399, 405,
509-510
identification of, 24, 25, 432-433
monitoring exposure of, 214
to ozone exposure, 432-433
to respiratory infections, 500, 509
Sexton, Ken, 207-238
Sinusitis, chronic, 273
Small airways disease
Soot
animal models of, 449
biochemical evidence of, 451-453
cigarette smoking and, 446, 449
concept and quantitation, 446
definition, 446
morphological evidence of, 446, 451, 453
mucous hypersecretion and, 446
multidisciplinary studies, 453-454
physiological evidence of, 450-451
progression to COPD, 402
relationship of vehicular emissions to,
450-454
Smog chemistry, 140-141, 142, 144, 177
Smooth muscle
cellular response associated with atheroscle-
rosis, 607-609, 619-620
chemical mediation of, 476, 477-478, 486
epithelial-derived relaxing activity, 481
innervation, 475-476
modeling, 485
reactions to allergens, 469, 474
cellular response to, 314
concerns about, 139, 141
lung clearance rates, 303
Source apportionment, modeling, 163, 168,
169, 174-175, 178, 181, 184, 189-192,
193-195, 230
Species differences
in alveoli, 246, 253
modeling of, 376
in nasal toxicity to formaldehyde, 376,
584-585
in respiratory tract, deposition of pollu-
tants, 255, 283
in respiratory tract structure, 23, 241-245,
248, 249, 253, 255, 258, 281, 324-325,
369, 447
in responses to pollutants, 427
scaling procedures for, 23, 248, 262
in size, controlling for, 417
see also Animal studies/models; Animals,
laboratory
Stationary sources of pollutants
ammonia, 166
asbestos, 224
benzota~pyrene, 301
butanol, 150
carbon dioxide, 147
carbon monoxide, 20, 100, 166, 224
classes of, 166
exposure assessment, importance in, 81,
166
formaldehyde, 150, 223-224
heterocyclic organic compounds, 151
hydrocarbons, 20, 148, 166
indoors, 147-148, 150, 221, 223, 399
lead, 100, 224
in Los Angeles basin, emission rates, 100
nitrates, 142
nitrogen dioxide, 221, 224, 399
nitrogen oxides, 20, 100, 135, 147-148,
193, 166
nitrosamines, 150
ozone, 148, 224
particulates, 20, 100, 151, 166, 188, 224,
301-302
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 301,
556-557
radon, 224
reactivity with automotive emissions, 166
sulfates, 142, 224
sulfur dioxide, 148, 224
sulfur oxides, 20, 100, 166
volatile organic compounds, 20, 224
see also Source apportionment, modeling
Structural models, bronchial tree, 244,
327-328
Sulfates
analytical methods for characterizing, 63,
189
disposition of inhaled particles, 280-282,
281, 284
diurnal behavior, 142
formation, 113, 142, 167, 184, 189
indoor concentrations, 154, 155
monitoring of, 213
sources, 224
synergism between ozone and, 431, 480
urban aerosol concentrations, 142, 154,
155
see also Sulfuric acid
Sulfides, organic, analytical methods for char-
acterizing, 63
Sulfonyls, atmospheric, formation, 113
OCR for page 690
690
Sulfur dioxide
atmospheric chemical reactions, 118, 139
atmospheric concentrations, 138-139, 153,
154, 155, 184, 580
atmospheric lifetime, 107
control program, 80-81
conversion to sulfate, 81, 184
dose/response data, 360-361
dosimetry modeling, 350
dry deposition velocity, 108
health effects, 302, 306, 360, 399, 466,
473
indoor concentrations, 148, 154, 155
measurement of, 63
personal monitoring of exposure to,
212-213, 399
pulmonary transport and uptake, 324, 339,
348, 353-357, 359-360, 376, 431
rate constant for gas-phase chemical
removal reactions, 106
reduction strategies, 148
respiratory tract reactivity, 331-332, 374
solubility, 332-333, 350
sources, 224, 580
synergistic reactions, 431
transfer coefficient in conducting airways,
338, 340, 355-356
Sulfur hexafluoride tracer gas studies, 82, 84
Sulfur oxides
animal studies of long-term exposure, 453
atmospheric transformations, 113
from diesel-engine exhaust, 63
regional-scale transport of, 89-90
sources, 20, 90, 100, 166
Sulfur, particulate, dry deposition velocities,
108
Sulfuric acid
atmospheric transformation and removal,
113, 280-281
effects on respiratory tract clearance, 273,
281-282, 284
formation, 62, 113
synergism with ozone, 431, 473
Sun, James D., 299-322
T
Tetrachloroethene, 108
Thiols, aliphatic, formation, 114
Tissue/organ cultures
carcinogen metabolism, 309, 310, 520-521
human bronchial tissue, 487
Index
measurement of biochemical properties of
inhaled gases in, 362, 487
mucosal binding affinity, 513
oxidant effects on ciliary integrity, 507-
508
Toluene, 106, 107, 119, 122-123, 137,
634-635
Toxic substances, see specific substances
Toxicity
carcinogenesis, role in, 525, 526, 531-533,
541, 585
determinants, 21, 22, 305
mechanisms in neurobehavioral effects,
636-638
neurochemical evaluation for, 636-637
neuropathological examinations for, 637
neurophysiological examinations for,
637-638
repeated exposure experiments, 634
response mechanisms, 23-24
retention of particle-associated organics
and, 305
testing guidelines, 633, 649-650
~ ~.
. . ox~co. .ogy
advances in, 7
research needs and strategies, 7, 26-34
Tracheobronchial tree
absorption efficiency for metal particles in,
277
airflow patterns in, 249, 258, 327-328,
349
cell types, 371
clearance mechanisms, 264, 275, 283, 302
clearance rates and times, 254, 269-270
individual variability in, 244
liquid lining, 369-370, 373
mass transfer coefficients of gas-phase pol
lutants in, 340
metabolism of particle-associated carcino
gens, 309-310
models, 244, 327-329, 340, 349, 353, 358
ozone depletion in, 336
particle deposition in, 252, 256, 258, 260
particle retention in, 270
pollutant gas transport and uptake, 324,
349
species differences in, 242-244, 249, 253
structure, 241-244, 249, 324-325, 327-329,
347, 369, 442
ventilatory parameters, 246-247
Weibel ordering system, 242
Transport of pollutants, see Atmospheric
transport and dispersion of pollutants
OCR for page 691
Index
691
Trichloroethylene, biological markers of
exposure to, 225
Tricosane, washout ratio, 108
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene, 106, 107
Triphenylene, 559
Trucks, see Automobiles/light-duty vehicles;
Vehicles, heavy-duty
U
Ultman, James S., 323-366
Undecane, 562
Upper respiratory tract
absorption characteristics of nose and
mouth, 356
absorption efficiency for metal particles in,
277
airflow patterns in, 249, 253, 325-327
cell types, 371
clearance mechanisms, 264, 302
clearance rates and times, 268-269, 303
definition, 254
deposition of particles in, 250, 255-259
functions, 347
irritants, 144
liquid lining, 369-370, 373
metabolism of particle-associated carcino
gens, 309
species differences in, 241, 255
structure, 240-241, 324-327, 346, 369
Urban areas
aerosol constituents in, 140, 142
aldehyde concentrations, 144-145
automotive emission contribution to air
pollution in, 19-20, 93, 100
cancer incidence in, 300
concentration of pollutants in, 79-81, 86,
92, 136-137
ground-level emissions vs. point-source
emissions, 92, 94
human exposure to pollutants in, 81, 92
93
microenvironments potentially important
for exposure assessment, 215
nitrite aerosol concentrations in, 142
nitrous acid in, 103
nonmethane hydrocarbon concentrations
in, 136
organic carbon concentrations, 140-141
ozone concentrations in, 80, 81, 93
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concen
trations, 145
street canyons, 78, 80, 81, 85-88, 93, 138,
174-175, 193
transport and dispersion of pollutants in,
81, 88-89, 93, 174
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Criteria Documents, 18
enforcement responsibilities, 4
future role of, 6-7
models, 52-53, 83-84
neurobehavioral toxicity testing guidelines,
633
Total Exposure Assessment Methodology
project, 222
vehicle emission models, 53-54, 83-84
V
Vanadium, disposition of inhaled particles, 280
Vehicles
light-duty, see Automobiles/light-duty ve-
hicles
trace gas concentrations within, 149
Vehicles, heavy-duty
diesel-powered, 46, 49-50, 52-53
emission control technology, 4, 40-41, 46,
49-50
emission rates, 45
emission standards, 45, 46, 53
fuel economy in, 47
gasoline-powered, 46
tampering with control devices, 53
weight, 43, 45
Ventilation
anatomical measurements related to, 325
effect on dose, 253, 258-259, 261, 378-379
exposure and, 219
modes, 253
oronasal breathing, 253, 347
parameters, 23, 246-248, 253, 329-331, 379
particle sedimentation and breathing rate,
251
physical activity and, 247, 337
Vinyl chloride, 213, 225
Volatile organic compounds
adsorption onto particles, 20
biological markers of exposure to, 225
correlation of outdoor measurements with
individual exposure, 219-220, 221-222
diurnal variation in concentrations, 222
indoor concentrations, 222
outdoor concentrations, 222
source contributions, 20, 223-224
OCR for page 692
692
Index
Total Exposure Assessment Methodology
project findings, 222
W
Watson, Ann Y., 11-13, 17-36
Weather, role in transport and dispersion of
pollutants, 78
Wood, Ronald W., 631-657
Wright, Joanne L., 441-463
X
Xenobiotics, 307, 309, 311, 592
Xylenes, 106, 107, 123, 137
Representative terms from entire chapter:
atmospheric concentrations
