. "J Methods Used To Estimate PAH Loadings to the Marine Environment." Oil in the Sea III: Inputs, Fates, and Effects. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2003.
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Oil in the Sea III: Inputs, Fates, and Effects
J Methods Used To Estimate PAH Loadings to the Marine Environment
To understand the toxic effects of petroleum hydrocarbon releases to the coastal ocean, one has to examine the loading of the more toxic components of the hydrocarbon mixture. Since PAH are thought to be responsible for many of the biological effects of petroleum, the committee estimated PAH loads from various petroleum sources. This refinement of the 1985 National Research Council (NRC) report is a step toward a more rigorous risk assessment of petroleum releases to the coastal oceans. For many of the source types, including natural seeps, platforms (offshore andcoastal), pipelines (offshore and coastal), produced waters, vessel spills, vessel operations, aircraft dumping, two-stroke engines, vessels of less than 100 GT, and coastal facilities, PAH loadings were estimated as a fraction of the total petroleum hydrocarbon loadings, based on measured PAH content of crude oils and refined petroleum products. Environment Canada has measured the amount of a standard suite of PAH listed in Table J-1 in a variety of oils. These data were used to estimate the average total PAH amounts in five types of oils: crude oil, heavy distillates, light distillates, jet fuel, and lube oil (Table J-2). Additionally, the PAH content of gasoline was assumed to be negligible. The best estimates of petroleum hydrocarbon inputs to the sea by the sources discussed above were broken down into the six oil types (crude oil, heavy distillates, light distillates, jet fuel, lube oil, and gasoline), which were then multiplied by the appropriate fractions of PAH in the six types of oil to estimate the PAH contributions to the sea by source.
PAH loadings to North American coastal waters from the atmosphere were calculated for 21 individual PAH based on estimated PAH levels in the coastal atmosphere (Table 2-; see Chapter 3 and Appendix B for details). Because coastal waters are undersaturated with dissolved PAH relative to the overlying atmosphere, there is a significant net transfer of atmospheric PAH to the oceans. PAH loadings from land-based sources were estimated by assuming that the PAH load from each river is proportional to the estimated petroleum hydrocarbon loading (see Chapter 3 and Appendix I for details).
TABLE J-1 PAH Compounds Measured by Environment Canada
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Oil in the Sea III: Inputs, Fates, and Effects
J
Methods Used To Estimate PAH Loadings to the Marine Environment
To understand the toxic effects of petroleum hydrocarbon releases to the coastal ocean, one has to examine the loading of the more toxic components of the hydrocarbon mixture. Since PAH are thought to be responsible for many of the biological effects of petroleum, the committee estimated PAH loads from various petroleum sources. This refinement of the 1985 National Research Council (NRC) report is a step toward a more rigorous risk assessment of petroleum releases to the coastal oceans. For many of the source types, including natural seeps, platforms (offshore andcoastal), pipelines (offshore and coastal), produced waters, vessel spills, vessel operations, aircraft dumping, two-stroke engines, vessels of less than 100 GT, and coastal facilities, PAH loadings were estimated as a fraction of the total petroleum hydrocarbon loadings, based on measured PAH content of crude oils and refined petroleum products. Environment Canada has measured the amount of a standard suite of PAH listed in Table J-1 in a variety of oils. These data were used to estimate the average total PAH amounts in five types of oils: crude oil, heavy distillates, light distillates, jet fuel, and lube oil (Table J-2). Additionally, the PAH content of gasoline was assumed to be negligible. The best estimates of petroleum hydrocarbon inputs to the sea by the sources discussed above were broken down into the six oil types (crude oil, heavy distillates, light distillates, jet fuel, lube oil, and gasoline), which were then multiplied by the appropriate fractions of PAH in the six types of oil to estimate the PAH contributions to the sea by source.
PAH loadings to North American coastal waters from the atmosphere were calculated for 21 individual PAH based on estimated PAH levels in the coastal atmosphere (Table 2-; see Chapter 3 and Appendix B for details). Because coastal waters are undersaturated with dissolved PAH relative to the overlying atmosphere, there is a significant net transfer of atmospheric PAH to the oceans. PAH loadings from land-based sources were estimated by assuming that the PAH load from each river is proportional to the estimated petroleum hydrocarbon loading (see Chapter 3 and Appendix I for details).
TABLE J-1 PAH Compounds Measured by Environment Canada
Naphthalene
C0-N
C1-N
C2-N
C3-N
C4-N
Phenanthrene
C0-P
C1-P
C2-P
C3-P
C4-P
Dibenzothiophene
C0-D
C1-D
C2-D
C3-D
Fluorene
C0-F
C1-F
C2-F
C3-F
Chrysene
C0-C
C1-C
C2-C
C3-C
Other PAH
Biphenyl
Acenaphthalene
Acenaphthene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Benz[a]anthracene
Benzo[b]fluoranthene
Benzo[k]fluoranthene
Benzo[e]pyrene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Perylene
Indeno[1,2,3cd]pyrene
Dibenz[a,h]nthracene
Benzo[hi]erylene
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Oil in the Sea III: Inputs, Fates, and Effects
TABLE J-2 Oils or Refined Products Used to Calculate Amount of PAH in Different Petroleum Hydrocarbons Discussed in This Report
Oil type
References (see codes)
Estimated PAH in oil
Crude (average of heavy and light crudes)
0.013908
Heavy crudes
Alberta Sweet Mix Blend (ASMB)
a,b
Arabian Light
c,d,e
Arabian Light (Mackay)
c,d,e
Brent oil (British)
b
Granite Point, Cook Inlet
b,f,g
Trading Bay, Cook Inlet
b,f,g
Swanson River, Cook Inlet
b,f,g
Federated
h,i
Gul1faks oil (Norwegian)
b
Norman Wells
j,k,l
Nipisi oil
m
Northern Pipeline
b
Middle Pipeline
b
Southern Pipeline
b
Sahara Crude from Norway
b
Statfjord (Norwegian)
b
Prudhoe Bay from biodegradation
j,k,l
Osenberg
j,k,l
Bent Horn
j,k,l
Light crudes
Arabian Medium Crude
b
Hedrun Crude
b
Hibernia
j,k,l
Lloydminster oil
j,k,l
Terra Nova
j,k,l
Russia Komi after water correction
b
Heavy distillates (average of Bunker C and fuel oil marine diesel)
0.024256
Bunker C
ESD Bunker C
b,s
Bunker C from biodegradation
j,k,l
1998 Quebec spill Bunker C type
t
Irving Whale oil
u
Fuel oil marine diesel
Bunker C and diesel mixture
b,f,g
Motor Vessel (MV) Attona
b
MV Western
b
MV-Paean vessel reduced
b
MV-Paean vessel
b
Intermediate Fuel Oil-30 viscosity
b
Valery Chkalov
b
Light distillates
0.034441
Diesel No. 2
b,f,g
Diesel spill from Quebec 1998
o,p
Mobile burn 97 diesel
q
Mobile burn 98 diesel
r
Jet fuel
0.028373
Jet B fuel
f,g
Lube oil
0.000118
Lube oil
j,k,l,n
Reference codes: aWang et al. (1994); bWang et al. (1999a); cWang (1998b); dWang et al. (2000c); eWang et al. (in press); fWang et al. (1997a); gBlenkinsopp et al. (1997); hWang (1999); iWang et al. (2001); jWang (1994b); kWang (1994c); lWang et al. (1998a); mWang et al. (1998b); nWang (1994a); oWang (1998a); pWang et al. (2000b); qWang et al. (2000a); rWang (2000); sWang et al. (1997b); tWang et al. (1999b); uWang (1995)
