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Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2002. The Dynamics of Disability: Measuring and Monitoring Disability for Social Security Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10411.
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Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2002. The Dynamics of Disability: Measuring and Monitoring Disability for Social Security Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10411.
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Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2002. The Dynamics of Disability: Measuring and Monitoring Disability for Social Security Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10411.
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Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2002. The Dynamics of Disability: Measuring and Monitoring Disability for Social Security Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10411.
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Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2002. The Dynamics of Disability: Measuring and Monitoring Disability for Social Security Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10411.
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Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2002. The Dynamics of Disability: Measuring and Monitoring Disability for Social Security Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10411.
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Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2002. The Dynamics of Disability: Measuring and Monitoring Disability for Social Security Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10411.
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Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2002. The Dynamics of Disability: Measuring and Monitoring Disability for Social Security Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10411.
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References Acemoglu D, Angrist J. 1998. Consequences of Employment Protection? The Case of the Ameri- cans with Disabilities Act. NBER Working Paper No. w6670. National Bureau of Eco- nomic Research. Cambridge, MA. ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act). [Online]. Available: http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/ ada/pubs/ada.txt. [Accessed August, 2001.] Adler M. 1996. Federal disability programs. Encyclopedia of Financial Gerontology. Institute for Socio-Financial Studies. Middleburg, VA. AIR (American Institutes for Research). 2000. Synthesis, Integration, and Completion of Re- search into a New Disability Decision Making Process and Development of an Initial Proto- type of That Process. Prepared under contract with SSA (Contract No. 0440-97-32258). Washington, DC. AMA (American Medical Association). 1993. Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impair- ment. 4th ed. Chicago: American Medical Association. Autor D, Duggan MG. 2001. The Rise in Recipiency and the Decline in Unemployment. NBER Working Paper No. w8336. National Bureau of Economic Research. Cambridge, MA. Badley EM. 1993. An introduction to the concepts and classifications of the International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps. Disability and Rehabilitation 15:161–178. Badley EM. 1995. The genesis of handicap: Definitions, models of disablement, and role of external factors. Disability and Rehabilitation 17:53–62. Berk RA, Rossi PH. 1990. Thinking About Program Evaluation. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Pub- lications. Berkowitz E. 1997. The historical development of social security in the United States. In: Kingson ER, Schulz JH, eds. Social Security in the 21st Century. New York: Oxford University Press. Berkowitz M, Burton J. 1987. Permanent Disability Benefits in Workers Compensation. W.E. Upjohn Institute. 148

REFERENCES 149 Birren J, Dieckermann L. 1991. Concepts and content of quality of life in the later years: An overview. In: Birren J et al., eds. Quality of Life in the Frail Elderly. New York, NY: Academic Press 344–360. BLS (Bureau of Labor Statistics). January 1999. Employment and Earnings, 1998. U.S. Depart- ment of Labor, Washington, DC. Bound J. 1989. The health and earnings of rejected disability insurance applicants. The American Economic Review 79(3):482-503. Bound J, Waidmann T. October 2000. Accounting for the Recent Declines in Employment Rates Among the Working-Aged Disabled. Cambridge, Massachusetts: National Bureau of Eco- nomic Research Working Paper 7975. Bound J, Waidmann T. June 2001. Accounting for recent declines in employment rates among working-aged men and women with disabilities. Paper presented at the Cornell Employment and Disability Policy Institute conference, The Persistence of Low Employ- ment Rates for People with Disabilities: Causes and Policy Implications. October 2001. Wash- ington, DC. Burkhauser R, Daly M, Houtenville A. January 2000. How working age people with dis- abilities fared over the 1990s business cycle. Rehabilitation Research and Training Center for Economic Research on Employment Policy for Persons with Disabilities. Cornell Univer- sity. Ithaca, NY. Burkhauser R, Daly M, Houtenville A, Nargis N. March 2001. Economic outcomes of work- ing-age people with disabilities over the business cycle: An examination of the 1980s and 1990s. Paper presented at the Cornell Employment and Disability Policy Institute conference, The Persistence of Low Employment Rates for People with Disabilities: Causes and Policy Implications. October 2001. Washington, DC. Carmines EG, Zeller RA. 1979. Reliability and Validity Assessment. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 1988. CDC Surveillance Update. Atlanta, Georgia. Census (Bureau of the Census) and BLS. 2000. Current Population Survey: Design and Method- ology. Technical Paper No. 63. U.S. Department of Commerce and U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, DC. Cohen M. 1957. A Preface to Logic. New York: Meridian Books. Cohen S. 1999. (Submitted for publication to Medical Care) Design and Estimation Strategies and Innovations in the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey for the Measurement of Health Care Expenditures and Quality. Agency for Health Care Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. DeLeire T. 2000a. The unintended consequences of the Americans with Disabilities Act. Regulation 23(1):21–25. DeLeire T. 2000b. The wage and employment effects of the Americans with Disabilities Act. Journal of Human Resources XXXV(4):693–715. DHHS (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). 1982. Implementation of Section 304(g) of Public Law 96-265, Social Security Disability Amendments of 1980. Report to the Congress by the Secretary of Health and Human Services. Washington, DC: DHHS, Social Security Administration. DHHS. 1992 (unpublished). The Social Security Disability Insurance Program: An Analysis. Report of the Department of Health and Human Services. Washington, DC. Fleishman EA. 1972. Structure and measurement of psychomotor abilities. In: Singer RN, ed. The Psychomotor Domain: Movement Behavior. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger. Fleishman EA. 1999. Linking components of functional capacity domains with work re- quirements. In: Wunderlich GS, ed. Measuring Functional Capacity and Work Require- ments. Summary of a Workshop. Washington, DC: National Academy Press

150 THE DYNAMICS OF DISABILITY Fougeyrolles P. 1995. Documenting environmental factors for preventing the handicap cre- ation process: Quebec contribution to ICIDH and social participation of people with functional differences. Disability and Rehabilitation 17(3/4):145–153. Fougeyrollas P, ed. 1998. ICIDH and Environmental Factors International Network. Vol. 9, Nos. 2–3. Quebec, Canada: Canadian Society for the ICIDH. Frey WD. 1984. Functional assessment in the ‘80s: A conceptual enigma, A technical chal- lenge. Chapter 1 in Functional Assessment in Rehabilitation. Halpern AS, Fuhrer MJ, eds. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Company. Friedman S, Wachs T. 1999. Measuring Environment Across the Life Span: Emerging Methods and Concepts. Washington, DC. American Psychological Association. Gallicchio S, Bye B. 1980. Consistency of Initial Disability Decisions Among and Within States. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, (DHHS/SSA): SSA Pub. No. 13– 11869 GAO (U.S. General Accounting Office). 1994. Social Security Disability: SSA Quality Assur- ance Improvements Can Produce More Accurate Payments. Report to the Chairman, Com- mittee on Finance, U.S. Senate. Pub. No. GAO/HEHS–94–107. Washington, DC: GAO. GAO. 1995. Social Security Disability: Management Action and Program Redesign Needed to Address Long-Standing Problems. Testimony by Jane L. Ross to the Subcommittee on Social Security, Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives. Pub. No. GAO/HEHS–95–233. Washington, DC: GAO. GAO. 1996. SSA Disability Engineering: Project Magnitude and Complexity Impede Implementa- tion. Testimony by Diana S. Eisenstat to the Subcommittee on Social Security, Commit- tee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives. Pub. No. GAO/HEHS–96–211. Washington, DC: GAO. GAO. 1997a. Supplemental Security Income: Long-Standing Problems Put Program at Risk for Fraud, Waste, and Abuse. Testimony by Jane L. Ross to the Subcommittee on Oversight, Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives. Pub. No. GAO/HEHS–97– 88. Washington, DC: GAO. GAO. 1997b. Social Security Disability: SSA Must Hold Itself Accountable for Continued Improve- ment in Decision-Making. Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Social Security, Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives. Pub. No. GAO/HEHS–97– 102. Washington, DC: GAO. GAO. 1998 SSA’s Management Challenges: Strong Leadership Needed to Turn Plans into Timely, Meaningful Actions. Testimony by Jane L. Ross to the Subcommittee on Social Security, Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives. Pub. No. GAO/HEHS-98- 113. Washington, DC: GAO. Groves RM. 1989. Survey Errors and Survey Costs. New York: John Wiley. Gustafson S, Rose A, Mulqueen C, Matheson N, Michel R, Bott C. 2000. Synthesis, Integra- tion, and Completion of Research into a New Disability Decision Making Process and Develop- ment of an Initial Prototype on That Process. American Institutes for Research, Washing- ton, DC. Haber L. 1971. Disabling effects of chronic disease and impairment. Journal of Chronic Dis- eases 24(7):469–487. Hale TW. 2001. The lack of a disability measure in today’s Current Population Survey. Monthly Labor Review, 38–40. Helmick C, Lawrence R, Pollard R, Lloyd E, Heyse S. 1995. Arthritis and other rheumatic conditions: Who is affected now, who will be affected later? Arthritis Care and Research 8:203–211. Hu J, Lahiri K, Vaughan D, Wixon B. 1997. A Structural Model of Social Security’s Disability Determination Process. ORES Working Paper Series, No. 72 Ed. Washington, DC: SSA, Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics.

REFERENCES 151 Institute for Health and Aging. 1997. Strengthening Policy Development Work Within the Social Security Administration: A Review of the Mission, Resources, and Capabilities in the Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics. San Francisco: University of California. IOM (Institute of Medicine). 1991. Disability in America: Toward a National Agenda for Preven- tion. Washington, DC: National Academy Press IOM. 1997a. Disability Evaluation Study Design: First Interim Report. Washington, DC: Na- tional Academy Press. IOM. 1997b. Enabling America: Assessing the Role of Rehabilitation Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: National Academy Press IOM. 1998. The Social Security Administration’s Disability Decision Process: A Framework for Research: Second Interim Report. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. IOM. 1999a. Measuring Functional Capacity and Work Requirements: Summary of a Workshop. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. IOM. 1999b. Review of the Disability Evaluation Study Design: Third Interim Report. Washing- ton, DC: National Academy Press. IOM. 2000. Survey Measurement of Work Disability: Summary of a Workshop. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Jacobs E, ed. 1999. Handbook of Labor Statistics. Lanham, MD: Bernan Press. Jette A, Assmann S, Rooks D, Harris B, Crawford S. 1998. Interrelationships among disable- ment concepts. Journal of Gerontology: Med Sci 53A(5):M395–M404. Kennedy C, Gruenberg EM. 1987. A lexicology for the consequences of mental disorders. Chapter One in Psychiatric Disability: Clinical, Legal and Administrative Dimensions. Myerson AT, Fine T, eds. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc. Lahiri K, Vaughan D, Wixon B. 1995. Modeling SSA’s sequential disability determination process using matched SIPP data. Social Security Bulletin 58(4):3–42. LaPlante MP. 1991. Disability risks of chronic illnesses and impairments. Disability Statistics Report (2). Washington, DC: National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Re- search, U.S. Department of Education. LaPlante MP. 1996. Highlights from the National Health Interview Survey Disability Study. Pre- sentation to the Committee to Review the Social Security Administration’s Disability Decision Process Research, Institute of Medicine and Committee on National Statistics, National Research Council. Washington, DC. LaPlante MP, Carlson D. 1996. Disability in the United States: Prevalence and causes, 1992. Disability Statistics Report (7). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Na- tional Institutes on Disability and Rehabilitation Research. LaPlante MP, Kennedy J, Kaye HS, Wenger B. 1996. Disability and employment. Disability Statistics Abstract, Number 11. Disability Statistics Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, University of California, San Francisco. Last JM, ed. 1983. A Dictionary of Epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press. Lawrence R, Jette A. 1996. Disentangling the disablement process. Journal of Gerontology: Soc. Sci 51B (4):S173–S182. Lawton MP. 1983. Environment and other determinants of well-being in older people. Ger- ontologist 23:349–357. Lechner D, Roth D, Straaton K. 1997. Functional capacity evaluation in work disability. Work 1:31–47. Lessler JT, Kalsbeek WD. 1992. Nonsampling Errors in Surveys. New York: John Wiley. Levine L. 2000. The Employment of People with Disabilities in the 1990s. Congressional Re- search Service Report for Congress. Washington, DC. Levine S, Croog S. 1984. What constitutes quality of life? A conceptualization of the dimen- sions of life quality in healthy populations and patients with cardiovascular disease. In: Wenger N et al., eds. Assessment of Quality of Life in Clinical Trials of Cardiovascular Therapies. New York: LeJacq Publication. Co. Pp. 46–66.

152 THE DYNAMICS OF DISABILITY Marge M. 1988. Health promotion for people with disabilities: Moving beyond rehabilita- tion. American Journal of Health Promotion 2(4):29–44. Mashaw JL. 1983. Bureaucratic Justice: Managing Social Security Disability Claims. Yale Uni- versity Press. New Haven and London. Mashaw JL. 1997. Disability: Why does the search for good programs continue? In: Kingson ER, Schulz JH, eds. Social Security in the 21st Century. New York: Oxford University Press. Mashaw JL, Reno VP, eds. 1996. Disability Policy Panel Report: Balancing Security and Oppor- tunity: The Challenge of Disability Income Policy. National Academy of Social Insurance. Washington, DC. Mather JH. 1993. The problem of functional assessment: political and economic perspec- tives. American Journal of Occupational Therapy 47(3):240–246. Mathiowetz N. May 27–28, 1999. Methodological issues in the measurement of work dis- ability. In: IOM. Survey Measurement of Work Disability: Summary of a Workshop. Wash- ington, DC: National Academy Press 3:28–52. Muller LS, Wheeler PM. 1995. Disability Program Growth: Results from Social Security’s Survey of Field Office Managers. Paper presented at the joint SSA and ASPE confer- ence, The Social Security Administration’s Disability Programs: Explanations of Recent Growth and Implications for Disability Policy. July 1995. Washington DC. Nagi S. 1964. A study in the evaluation of disability and rehabilitation potential: Concepts, methods, and procedures. American Journal of Public Health 54: 1568–1579. Nagi S. 1965. Some conceptual issues in disability and rehabilitation. In: Sussman MB, ed. Sociology and Rehabilitation. Washington, DC: American Sociological Association. Nagi S. 1976. An epidemiology of disability among adults in the United States. Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly: Health and Society 54:439–467. Nagi S. 1979. The concept and measurement of disability. Chapter One in Disability Policies and Government Programs. Berkowitz ED, ed. New York: Praeger Publishers. Nagi S. 1991. Disability concepts revisited: Implications for prevention. In: IOM. Disability in America: Toward a National Agenda for Prevention. Washington, DC: National Acad- emy Press. OIG (Office of the Inspector General, SSA). 2000. Status of the Social Security Administration’s Updates to the Medical Listings. SSA pub No A-01-99-21009. Washington DC. Parsons T. 1951. The Social System. New York: The Free Press. Parsons T. 1958. Definitions of health and illness in the light of American values and social structure. In: Jaco EG, ed. Patients, Physicians, and Illness. Glencoe, Ill: Free Press. Patrick D. 1997. Rethinking prevention for people with disabilities part I: A conceptual model for promoting health. American Journal of Health Promotion 11(4):257–260 Patrick D, Peach H, eds. 1989. Disablement in the Community: A Sociomedical Press Perspective. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press. Rand M. 2001. Developing the capacity to measure crime victimization of people with dis- abilities. In: Seminar on Integrating Federal Statistical Information and Processes. Statistical Policy. Working Paper 32. Office of Management and Budget, Statistical Policy Office. Washington, DC. Reno V. 1999. Adapting measurement of functional capacity to work to SSA’s disability decision process. In: IOM. Measuring Functional Capacity and Work Requirements. Sum- mary of a Workshop. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Rodgers W, Miller B. 1997. A comparative analysis of ADL questions in surveys of older people. Journal of Gerontology 52B:21-36. Rupp K, Stapleton D. 1995. Determination of the growth in the Social Security Administration’s disability programs—An overview. Social Security Bulletin 58(4):43– 69. SSA pub No. 13–11700. Washington DC.

REFERENCES 153 Sarbin T, Allen V. 1968. Role theory. In: Linsey G, Aronson E, eds. The Handbook of Social Psychology, Vol. 1, 2nd ed. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publ. Co. Schneider M. 2001. Participation and Environment in the ICF and Measurement of Disability. Paper presented at the United Nations International Seminar on the Measurement of Disability. United Nations, New York, NY. SSA ( Social Security Administration). 1981. Annual Statistical Supplement to the Social Secu- rity Bulletin. Washington, DC: SSA. SSA. April 1993. (unpublished draft) Documentation of the SSA Disability Claim and Appeal Process. Washington, DC: SSA, Office of Human Resources, Office of Workforce Analy- sis. SSA. 1994a. Plan for a New Disability Claim Process. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Print- ing Office (DHHS/SSA): SSA Pub. No. 01–005. SSA. 1994b. Disability Process Redesign: Next Steps in Implementation. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office (DHHS/SSA): SSA Pub. No.01–006. SSA. 1996. Research plan for the development of a redesigned method of evaluating disabil- ity in social security claims. Federal Register 61(175):47542–47544. SSA. 1997. Progress report on development of a redesigned method of evaluating disability in social security claims. Federal Register 62(121):34097–34101. SSA. 1998. Disability Redesign—Overview and Status [Online]. Available: http://www.ssa.gov/ DPRT/DPRT_intro.html. [Accessed January 26, 1998.] SSA. 1999a. Annual Statistical Supplement to the Social Security Bulletin. Washington, DC: SSA. SSA. 1999b (unpublished draft). Improving the Disability Adjudication Process in the Post-Rede- sign Era. (Presented to the Committee to Review the Social Security Administration’s Disability Decision Process Research at its October 1999 meeting.) SSA, Office of Dis- ability. SSA. 1999c. Social Security Disability Insurance Program Worker Experience. Actuarial Study No. 114. SSA Pub. No. 11-11543. Washington, DC. SSA. 2000. Annual Report of the Supplemental Security Income Program. Washington, DC: SSA. SSA. 2001a. Disability Evaluation Under Social Security. Washington, DC: SSA Pub. No. 64– 039 SSA. 2001b. SSI Annual Statistical Report 2000. SSA. Washington, DC. SSA. 2001c. Annual Report of the Supplemental Security Income Program. SSA. Washington, DC. SSA. 2001d. Annual Statistical Supplement, 2001 to the Social Security Bulletin. SSA Publ. No. 13–11700. Washington, DC: SSA. SSAB (Social Security Advisory Board). 1997. Developing Social Security Policy: How the Social Security Administration Can Provide Greater Policy Leadership. Social Security Advisory Board. Washington, DC. SSAB. 1998. Strengthening Social Security Research: The Responsibilities of the Social Security Administration. Social Security Advisory Board. Washington, DC. SSAB. 2001. Charting the Future of Social Security’s Disability Programs: The Need for Funda- mental Change. Social Security Advisory Board. Washington, DC. SSAB. 2002. SSA’s Obligation to Ensure That the Public’s Funds Are Responsibly Collected and Expended. Social Security Advisory Board. Washington, DC. Stapleton D, Dietrich K. 1995. Long Term Trends and Cycles in Application and Award Growth. Paper presented at the Conference on the Social Security Administration’s Disability Programs: Explanation of Recent Growth and Implications for Disability Policy. Spon- sored by Social Security Administration and the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, DHHS, July 1995.

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The Society Security disability program faces urgent challenges: more people receiving benefits than ever before, the prospect of even more claimants as baby boomers age, changing attitudes culminating in the Americans With Disabilities Act. Disability is now understood as a dynamic process, and Social Security must comprehend that process to plan adequately for the times ahead. The Dynamics of Disability provides expert analysis and recommendations in key areas:

  • Understanding the current social, economic, and physical environmental factors in determining eligibility for disability benefits.
  • Developing and implementing a monitoring system to measure and track trends in work disability.
  • Improving the process for making decisions on disability claims.
  • Building Social Security's capacity for conducting needed research.

This book provides a wealth of detail on the workings of the Social Security disability program, recent and emerging disability trends, issues and previous experience in researching disability, and more. It will be of primary interest to federal policy makers, the Congress, and researchers—and it will be useful to state disability officials, medical and rehabilitation professionals, and the disability community.

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