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OCR for page 401
Index
A terrorist incident prevention and
response, 209214
Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, 22 time allocation for, 71
Accreditation, 102, 308309 uniformed patrol, 5762
Activities of policing See also specific activity
in community policing, 32, 8588, 233 Aggressive preventive patrol, 60, 61
conceptualization of, 57 Allocation of police resources, 71, 314317
crackdowns, 236237 American Bar Association, 22, 29
for crime prevention, 73 American Indian police departments, 50
disorder policing, 228230 American Police Systems, 21
exercise of authority, 6369 American Society of Criminology, 22
field interrogations, 231 Americans with Disabilities Act, 54
in focused policing, 235236 Arrests
informal enforcement measures, 162164 agency size as factor in rate of, 172
information collection and processing, citizen characteristics as factor in, 116
7577, 166168 128
innovative approaches, 9495 deterrent effectiveness of, offender
investigations, 7375 characteristics and, 242
legal constraints to, 253254 domestic violence intervention, 6465,
maintaining order, 6971 231232, 309310
organizational measures and outputs, gender differences as factor in, 151, 152
157162 as goal of policing, 93
in problem-oriented policing, 9293, 243 illegal search leading to, 264265
public interaction in, 58, 6263 legal definition, 159
random preventive patrols, 5, 17, 226 neighborhood characteristics and
for reducing fear in community, 86 likelihood of, 191192
research needs, 214215, 218 officer attitudes as factor in, 135, 136
service activities, 71, 164165, 191 officer discretion, 64, 70
specialized services, 7778, 176179, organizational data on, 159
215216, 310311 percentage of investigations resulting in,
standard model, 94, 223224 74
401
OCR for page 402
402 INDEX
police behavior in urban environments, proactive policing and, 6162, 75
194195 search and seizure protections, 262263
political factors in police practice and Civil Rights Act, 54, 81
policy, 199200 Civilian review boards. See Citizen oversight
at protest demonstrations, 6566 of police
racial factors in, 64, 122126, 149150, Commission on Accreditation for Law
191192, 316 Enforcement Agencies, 102
situational determinants of police Communication systems. See Dispatch
behavior, 115117 system
state legislation and, 205 Community characteristics, 155156
in traffic stops, 72, 160161 crime risk, 217218
vs. taking into custody, 70 organization of police agency and, 174
See also Case clearance 175
Auditing organizations, 102 police behavior and, 189193, 216
Auto theft, 246 police corruption risk and, 273
See also Urban areas
Community Oriented Policing Program, 25
B Community Oriented Policing Services
(COPS), 3033, 103, 105, 207
Beat Health Study, 240
Community police specialists, 178179
Behavior of police. See Determinants of Community policing
police behavior; Lawfulness of police activities, 32, 8588, 233
behavior
adoption and diffusion, 104105, 106,
Bicycle patrol, 58 311312
Boston Ceasefire project, 241 benefits, 61
Brown v. Mississippi, 253254
characteristics, 5, 18, 84, 85, 233, 248
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, 249
76, 77 community relations and, 61, 62, 88,
Bureau of Justice Assistance, 103
8990, 9192, 235, 298, 307
Bureau of Justice Statistics, 9, 107, 166, conceptual basis, 24
328, 329330 COPS effectiveness, 3132
degree of innovation in, 8485, 9495
C educational attainment of officers and
performance in, 140
Case clearance effectiveness, 7, 3334, 232235, 246,
effectiveness of follow-up investigations, 250251
227228 federal support for, 1, 11, 105106, 207
organizational data, 160 gender differences in officer behavior in,
rate, 74 151152
size of police agency and, 172173 legitimating effects of, 312
Challenge of Crime in a Free Society, The, 20 officer attitudes in performance of, 32
Citation issuance, 160161 organizational structure of policing for,
Citizen oversight of police, 6, 19, 55, 202 8889, 173174, 309
204, 288289, 310 police culture and, 132
Citizen policing, 5657, 89 proactive policing and, 6162, 8788
Civil liberties, 57, 195 problem-oriented policing and, 9092, 93
data collection on police practice, 319 recruitment and training of officers for,
excessive force lawsuits, 278280 105106, 143, 144
Miranda rights, 207, 255258 relations with other government agencies
policing of protest demonstrations, 65 in, 8990
66, 7071, 208 research recommendations, 9, 3334,
166, 330
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INDEX 403
research trends, 14, 24, 25 on interrogation practice, 253258
role of patrol officers in, 60 racial equality concerns, 253254
specialization in police agencies for, 78, sanctioning police discretion in stop and
177, 178179 search procedures, 318
Community Profile Development project, on search and seizure procedure, 262
142143 263
Complainant behavior and characteristics traffic enforcement and, 204205
delay in calling police, 227 Crime control and prevention
demeanor toward police, 119 activities of, 73
as factor in police behavior, 116, 119, case clearance rate and, 227228
120121, 122, 192 characteristics of effective policing, 95
gender, 122 96
perceptions of police legitimacy, 292 citizen requests for police service, 5859,
race, 123124 60
social class, 120121 citizen rights and, 6162, 75
Complaints about police behavior, 161162 community policing perspective, 8588
CompStat, 16, 76, 167, 174, 230, 309 conceptualization, 72
adoption trends, 185 disorder policing, 228230
effects on policing practice, 185, 186188 effectiveness of problem-oriented
management structure and function, policing, 244246
186187, 188 fairness in policing and, 1
program features, 186187 federal law enforcement agencies, 50
rationale, 185186 focus on previous offenders, 236, 240
research needs, 188189 243
Computer-aided dispatch, 58 focused model, 45, 1718
Conflict theory, 193195, 216 geo-focused policing, 181183, 216
COPS. See Community Oriented Policing individual-level intervention, 87, 88
Services information technology for, 76
Corruption, 6, 7, 18 models of social regulation, 294297
causes, 271275 nonenforcement activities in, 164
definition, 268 nonpolice factors, 217218
environmental risk factors, 273275 nonpolice participants, 5657
forms of, 268 opportunities for improving police
government commissions to investigate, capacity, 3
289290 origins of suspect profiling, 317318
measurement, 268271 patrol officer activities, 5961, 71
officer characteristics predisposing to, police crackdown effectiveness, 236237
271272 in problem-oriented policing, 91
opportunity for, 272 public expectations for policing, 1, 12
organizational environment and, 272 random patrol strategy, 226
273 recommendations for improving, 7, 328
political factors in police behavior and research methodology, 4
policy, 201 research spending, 30
strategies for preventing, 287288 research trends and topics, 2324
in vice units, 7475, 78 restorative policing rationale and effects,
Cost of policing, 51 305307
federal spending, 5354, 105 situational approach, 8788
County police force, 4950 size of police agency and, 224225
Court decisions, 99100 standard model, 4, 17, 223224
influence on police behavior and traffic enforcement and, 231
policies, 54, 206207, 216, 253255, youth firearms violence prevention, 32
260261, 263267, 273, 279280
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404 INDEX
Crime-mapping, 100101, 236, 238 ecological theory of, 190
Crime rate environmental factors, 155156
community characteristics and, 217218 federal standards, 54, 207214
declines in 1990s, 25, 229230 importance of research in, 109110
local distribution of police resources legal liability concerns, 275280
and, 315 legally relevant factors, 3, 7, 1516,
structure of police industry and, 25 115117, 152153
Culture, police, 16, 18 local government controls, 54
community policing and, 132 neighborhood characteristics, 189193,
gender issues, 80 216
officer behavior and, 6, 16, 130133 organizational factors, 4, 16, 110, 155,
156, 171172, 174175, 215216,
282288
D police culture, 6, 16, 130133
police leadership, 283
DARE program, 87 political environment, 156, 196202
Data collection for research
recruitment and training, 141147, 153
on community liaison and mobilization 154
activities, 165166 research methodology, 3, 1516, 111
on corruption, 268271
113
federal support for, 1, 11, 7677, 215 research needs, 152154
on informal activities of policing, 17, research trends, 2223
214215
state government standards, 5455, 205
on information technologies and 206
practices, 167, 168 urban context, 193195, 216
on nonenforcement activities, 164165
See also Environmental influences on
on officer behavior, 8 police behavior; Officer
on organizational structure and characteristics; Situational factors in
functioning, 9, 214215
policing
on policing processes, 165 Deterrence model of social regulation, 294
on public assessments of policing, 8, 292 296
on racial profiling, 286287, 319323,
Disaster response, 75
324, 325326 Discretion of individual officers, 1415, 57
recommendations, 262, 328, 329 arrest decisions, 64, 70
on search and seizure procedures, 267
domestic violence intervention, 6465
on use of force by police, 78, 67, 259 formalization of police policies and,
260, 261262 184185
Department of Justice, 12, 21, 30, 53, 105,
in geo-focused policing, 182183
277 public perception of policing and, 23,
Detective work. See Follow-up 15
investigations
racist practices, 254
Determinants of police behavior, 215216 research, 2223, 24
citizen behavior and characteristics, 116 specialization and, 179
128, 192
Dispatch system, 5859, 60
citizen review boards, 202204 Domestic violence, 6465, 122, 200, 231
in community policing, 32 232, 285, 309310
court decisions and government
Drug crimes and drug law enforcement,
regulation, 54, 206207, 216, 253 206, 239, 240, 265, 317318
255, 256258, 260261, 263267, Drug Enforcement Agency, 317
273, 279280
Drunk-driving enforcement, 172, 310
diversity of police force, 147148 Due process, 253, 262
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INDEX 405
E suspect characteristics and, 242243
understudied police activities, 218
Early warning systems, 285 youth firearms violence prevention, 32
Ecological theory, 190 See also Crime control and prevention
Educational attainment of officers, 79, 138, Environmental influences on police
139141, 329 behavior, 155156
Effectiveness of policing corruption risk, 273275
assessment of, 7 neighborhood characteristics, 189193,
case clearance rate, 74, 160 216
community policing, 7, 3334, 232235, scope of, 189
246, 250251 size of community and police agency, 5,
comparison of strategies, 247251 17, 49, 168173
COPS investments and, 3132 See also Community characteristics
crackdowns, 236237 Evidence-based policing, 308
disorder policing, 228230
drop in 1990s crime rate and, 25
fairness in policing and, 2, 19 F
federally mandated research, 12, 11
field interrogations, 231 Fairness in policing
focused model of policing, 235243, citizens' legal behavior related to
246247, 250, 251 perception of, 6, 19
follow-up investigations, 227228 effectiveness of policing and, 2, 19
geo-focused policing, 181183 federal enforcement, 53
hot-spots policing, 238240 public perception, 56, 15, 19, 115
innovation and, 9596 research recommendations, 78, 314
intensive enforcement strategies, 228 317
232 research trends, 1314
models of crime control, 45, 1718 in resource allocation, 314317
models of social regulation, 294297 See also Legitimacy of police; Racial
perceived legitimacy of police and, 291, profiling
293294, 304306 Family intervention, 87
potential effects of government Federal Bureau of Investigation National
sponsorship of research in, 3435 Academy, 208209
proactive patrol methods, 6061 Federal government action, 12, 11, 3034
problem-oriented policing, 3334, 91, capacity to influence structure of
243, 244246, 251 policing, 53
racial differences in public perception, community policing initiatives, 25, 105
300 106
random preventive patrols, 5, 17, 226 data collection, 1, 11, 7677, 215
recommendations for improving, 7, 328 as driver of innovation, 103, 327
research methodologies, 218223 to eliminate racial profiling, 324325
research needs, 247 employment standards, 54
research trends and topics, 1314, 23 influence on police behavior and
24, 25 policies, 54, 207214
response time and, 226227 local context of policing and, 2, 14
size of agency and, 168173, 215 police procedure standards, 54
size of police agency and, 224225 prosecution of excessive force cases, 277,
specialization and, 78 280281
standard model, 223224, 246, 247, recommendations for, 10
248, 249250 research spending, 30, 31, 5354
structural factors, 2, 52 spending on law enforcement, 5354
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406 INDEX
Federal law enforcement, 50 I
Firearm violence, 32
intensive enforcement strategy, 239, 241 Impact munitions, 69
Focused model of policing, 45, 1718, 249 Information management in police work
effectiveness, 235243, 246247, 250, activities in, 7577, 8384, 166168
251 CompStat program, 185186, 187, 188
recommendations, 7 for hot-spots policing, 5
trends, 236 innovation in, 76
Follow-up investigations, 5, 17, 7375 for internal accountability analysis, 286
effectiveness, 227228 287
opportunities for improving crime problem identification in problem-
control, 15 oriented policing, 9293
technological advances, 228 for racial profiling assessment, 319323,
Foot patrols, 233, 234 325326
Ford Foundation, 2930, 100 recommendations for research on, 167,
Foreign police practices, 12, 53 168
Fourteenth Amendment, 253 Innovation in policing
Fourth Amendment, 262, 263, 266 adopting units and programs to foster
Functions of the Police in Modern Society, legitimacy, 308312
The, 23 adoption and diffusion of, 96, 9799,
102103, 104105
CompStat as, 185, 188
G as continuous process, 95
effectiveness of policing and, 9596
Gang crime, 201, 311 federal role, 103, 327
Gay and lesbian officers, 82 identifying, 94, 98
Gender in information processing, 76
citizen characteristics as determinants of local governance as source of, 101
police behavior, 121122 organizational structure of policing and,
female officers, 7980 2, 4748, 98, 106
officer's, performance and, 147148, police receptiveness to, 67
151152, 154 process of origination, 9798, 99103
as outcome factor in police-citizen professional organizations as source of,
interactions, 16 101102
political factors in police policy, 200 recent efforts, 8283, 94
recruitment trends, 132, 147, 312313 research goals, 12
Geo-focused policing, 181182, 216, 236 research needs, 96, 99
See also Focused model of policing research recommendations, 9, 106108,
Guns. See Firearm violence 329330
as social learning process, 102103
strategic, 8485
H technological, 8384
High-speed pursuits, 285 through court order, 99100
Hot-spots policing, 5, 1719, 61, 100101 through federal action, 103
through research, 100
effectiveness, 238240
rationale, 237238 See also Community policing; Problem-
See also CompStat; Focused model of oriented policing
Intelligence testing, 138
policing
Internal affairs investigations, 285286
International Association of Chiefs of
Police, 101, 159, 261, 262
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INDEX 407
Interrogations, 6, 54 regulatory trends, 253255
effectiveness, 231 research needs, 7, 1819, 290
effects of legal regulation on police research recommendations, 323, 324,
practice, 253254 326, 328
legal rights of citizens in, 256258 research trends, 1314, 252253
non-custodial interviews, 257258 state government oversight, 5455
police compliance with regulations on, strategies for promoting, 1819, 275
256258 290
in use of force, 258262
Leadership, police
J governance structure of police agencies,
5152
Jersey City Drug Hot Spots Experiment, 239 influence on officer behavior, 283
Jersey City Drug Market Analysis
lawfulness of police behavior and, 6
Experiment, 240, 245 limitations of current research, 4
Jersey City Problem Oriented Policing in Legislation
Violent Crime Places, 239
to eliminate racial profiling, 325
Justice Research and Statistics Association, federal, 1, 11, 54
159 recommendations for, 7
Justice Without Trial, 2223
See also specific legislation
Legitimacy of police, 56, 218
citizen behavior and, 304308
K
community policing effects, 312
Kansas City Crack House Raids consequences of, 304308
Experiment, 239 definition, 18, 252, 291
Kansas City Gun Project, 239, 240 determinants of public perception, 15,
Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment, 291292, 303304
2728, 100 disadvantaged citizens' perceptions of,
Knapp Commission, 269270 307308
effectiveness of policing and, 291, 293
294, 304306
L local control of police and, 51
model of self-regulation, 296297
Law Enforcement Assistance organizational role in establishing, 292,
Administration, 30 308312
Law Enforcement Management and perception of procedural justice and,
Administrative Statistics, 9, 107, 301303
165166, 329330 personnel practices and, 312314
Lawfulness of police behavior, 56 proactive policing and, 6162
citizen complaint data, 161162 public perspectives, 292293
definition, 18, 252, 291 racial context, 300301
external oversight, 288290 recommendations for improving, 8, 329
influence of law on, 54, 206207, 216, research methods, 292, 299
253255, 256258, 260261, 263 research needs, 326
267, 273, 279280 sources of, 298299
internal affairs investigations, 285286 See also Fairness in policing; Public
legal liability of individual officer, 275 opinion and understanding
280 Lethal force, 6667
public perception of, 56, 19, 115 circumstances, 6667, 260
recommendations for improving, 78, department and government policy, 67,
290, 328 259
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408 INDEX
formalized police policies on, 184185, O
216, 284285
frequency of shootings, 66, 67, 259261 Observational studies, 27, 63, 220221
organizational data, 157158 police behavior research, 111113
organizational differences, 157 Occupational Safety and Health
political factors in police behavior and Administration, 56
policy, 199200 Office of Justice Programs, 53, 54
racial context, 123, 259260 Officer characteristics
See also Use of force by police attitudes and beliefs, 135136, 144145,
Local policing, 51 153, 190
fairness in allocation of resources, 314 attitudes toward community policing, 32
317 authoritarian personality, 129130
local government oversight, 55 corruption risk, 271272
organizational structure, 4950 cynicism, 133134, 190
size of police force, 169, 170 demographic trends, 79
Locally Initiated Research Project, 33 early warning systems, 285
Lojack, 246 educational attainment, 79, 138, 139
141, 329
female officers, 7980, 147148, 151
M 152, 154
gay and lesbian officers, 82
Mapp v. Ohio, 263, 280 integrity, 274275
Mayors, 196, 198202, 261 job satisfaction, 134
Media portrayals, 47, 171 knowledge and skills, 137139
Mentally disordered citizens, 126128 limitations of current research, 34, 16
Militarist stance, 212213 minority officers, 79, 8182
Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment, performance assessments, 8, 76, 282
100 283
Minneapolis Hot Spots Patrol Experiment, race, 147150, 154
238 research base, 129
Minneapolis Spouse Assault Project, 25 scope of, 110
Miranda rights, 207, 255258 search and seizure practices and, 265
Moral behavior, 296 training experiences, 141147
Municipal police force, 49, 52 Ohio v. Robinette, 318
distribution of police resources, 316 Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets
size and structure, 170 Act (1968), 1, 11
See also Urban areas Operation Pipeline, 317
Organizational structure and functioning,
1415
N change processes, 9, 14
National Crime Information Center, 7677 citizen oversight, 202204
community liaison and mobilization
National Evaluation of Youth Firearms
Violence Initiative, 32 activities, 165166
National Instant Criminal Background for community policing, 85, 8889, 309
complexity, 176181
Check System, 77
National Institute of Justice, 1, 11, 23, 30 CompStat features and effects, 185189
33, 5354, 103, 112113, 167 coordination among components, 5253
corruption risk, 272273
recommendations for, 10, 330
National Science Foundation, 30, 112 current state, 2, 4851, 170171
National Sheriffs Association, 101 decentralization, 2, 14, 5253, 8889,
173175
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INDEX 409
as determinant of police behavior, 4, 16, P
110, 155, 156, 171172, 215216,
282288 Peacekeeping mission of police, 6971
distribution of employees, 58 Personality traits of officers
effect of civil lawsuits against police, authoritarian, 129130
279280 corruption risk, 271272
effectiveness of training programs Police Executive Research Forum, 2930,
influenced by, 144 101
in establishing legitimacy, 292, 308312 Police Foundation, 29, 100
external oversight, 288290 Police Project of the Philadelphia Public
federal capacity to influence, 53 Interest Law Center, 261
formalization of police policies, 184185 Police-Public Contact Surveys, 159
geo-focused policing, 181183 Police Services Study, 112, 127, 191, 192
governance, 5152 Police Systems in the United States, 21
hierarchical differentiation, 179181 Political context of policing, 4, 1617, 52
information collection and processing commissions to investigate police
activities, 166168 behavior, 289290
innovation and, 4748, 98, 106 as determinant of police behavior, 156,
innovation in, 83 196202
interaction with other governmental local distribution of police resources
agencies, 204205, 210, 211 and, 315
job specialization, 7778, 176179 police corruption risk and, 273274
level of government and, 4950 police hiring patterns, 225
measures and indicators of, 156162 race factors in police-citizen interaction
militarism in, 212213 and, 125
nonenforcement service delivery, 164 Pregnancy Discrimination Act, 54
165 President's Commission on Law
number of agencies, 48, 50 Enforcement and the Administration
number of employees, 48, 50 of Justice, 20, 21, 29, 35, 112
political context, 196202 Prevention. See Crime control and
populations served, 4849 prevention
for problem-oriented policing, 244 Principal-agent theory, 196198
problems of fragmentation, 5253 Private security industry, 5556
research needs, 214216 research recommendations, 107
research recommendations, 9 Problem-oriented policing
research trends and topics, 4, 23 adoption and diffusion, 104
self-assessment for legal compliance, characteristics, 5, 18, 84, 9091, 243
286287 244, 249
significance of, in achieving goals of community policing and, 9092, 93
policing, 168 conceptual basis, 91, 243
size of agency, 5, 17, 49, 168173, 215 crime prevention strategies, 87
state government influence, 5455, 205 degree of innovation in, 8485, 9495
206 effectiveness, 3334, 243, 244246, 251
terrorist incident preparedness, 209214 problem identification, 9293, 243244
traditional model, 9394 research recommendations, 9, 3334,
use of force policies, 282283 166, 330
See also Leadership, police research trends, 14
Overtime pay, 51 role of patrol officers, 60
Problem Oriented Policing in Violent Crime
Places, 240
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410 INDEX
Procedural justice, 301303, 307 local distribution of police resources
Processes of policing, 165 and, 314315
Professional organizations, 101102 officer's, 147150
Professional standards units, 285286 as outcome factor in police-citizen
Project on Policing Neighborhoods in interactions, 16, 64, 122126, 148
Indianapolis and St. Petersburg, 32, 150, 191192
112113, 124, 127, 178179, 192, perception of police fairness, 23, 8, 15,
193 300301
Protest demonstrations, 6566, 7071, 208 police force composition, 79, 8182
209 political factors in police behavior and
Public education, 73 policy, 199, 200
in community policing, 89 proactive policing and, 61
Public opinion and understanding racial threat hypothesis, 194
community policing conceptualization recruitment trends, 132, 147, 312314
of, 86 research recommendations, 125126
community policing effects on fear of research trends, 22, 25
crime, 234235 search and seizure practices and, 265,
complaints filed against police, 161162, 267
195 use of force by police and, 25, 123, 260,
determinants of, 47, 299 300301
discretionary authority of individual use of lethal force by police and, 66,
officers and, 23, 15 123, 259260
expectations for police performance, 1, Racial profiling, 3, 6, 18, 25, 72, 124, 240
12, 217, 292 241, 318320
lawfulness of police behavior, 56, 19, accountability measures, 323324
115 data collection on police practice, 319
models of social regulation, 294297 323, 324, 325326
of organizational structure of police federal response, 324325
agencies, 171 origins of, 317318
police corruption risk and, 273 police agency self-assessments, 286287
police-public interactions, 62 public perception, 319
of racial profiling, 319, 325, 326 research recommendations, 323, 326
research recommendations, 8, 107108, research trends, 13, 15
326, 328, 329 strategies for eliminating, 287
research trends and topics, 18, 23 Random patrols, 5, 17, 226
size of police agency and, 171 Randomized experiments, 219, 221
See also Legitimacy of police Recruitment and training of officers, 139
civil disturbance management training,
208
Q for community policing, 105106, 143,
144
Quasi-experimental research, 2728, 219 demographic trends, 79, 132, 147, 312
220 314
as determinant of officer performance,
R 141147, 153154
early warning systems, 285
Race and ethnicity educational attainment considerations,
arrest behavior of police and, 64, 191 139141, 329
192, 316 Federal Bureau of Investigation National
legal regulation of police procedure, Academy, 208209
253254 federal role, 54
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INDEX 411
female officers, 7981 on lawfulness of police behavior, 6, 78,
innovative approaches, 83 1819, 290, 326, 328
limitations of current research, 34, 14 methodologies, 14, 2729, 34, 67, 111
15, 16 113, 219223
minority employees, 79, 8182 national coordination of, 10, 330331
organizational environment and, 144 on nonenforcement service activities in
political context, 225 policing, 165
predictors of training success, 138 on officer characteristics, 34
reform strategy, 128129 on officer training, 146147
research needs, 146 on organizational factors, 4, 23, 175,
research recommendations, 8, 147, 329 214216
screening for corruption risk, 271272 outcome evaluations, 3435
specialization, 7778, 176179 on personnel practices, 8, 16, 329
state government role, 5455 on police-public interaction, 6263
trends, 142 police receptiveness to, 67, 13, 24, 35
use of force and, 6364 potential effects of government
Repeat Call Policing, 238 sponsorship, 3435
Repeat offenders, 236, 240243 on problem-oriented policing, 9, 3334,
Research 166, 330
advocacy and, 24 on public experiences and perceptions, 8,
on antiterrorist efforts, 910, 330 18, 23, 107108, 292, 299, 328, 329
benefits of, 35 on race factors, 125126
on citizen review boards, 204 scale of, 2122, 34
on community policing, 9, 14, 24, 25, scholarly journals on policing, 2122
3334, 330 scope of subject matter, 2227, 3646
on CompStat program, 188189 on social class variables, 121
on crime control effectiveness, 45, 19, as source of innovation, 100
2324 on specialization, 177, 178
on crime prevention, 30 terrorist incident preparedness, 212214
on determinants of police behavior, 3, on traffic enforcement, 3, 15
1516, 2223, 111113, 152154 trends in, 1314, 2027, 3435
on discretionary authority of individual on use of force by police, 78, 13, 24
officers, 2223, 24 25, 67
on distribution of police resources, 316 See also Data collection for research
317 Response time, 5, 17, 226227
on effectiveness of policing, 218223, Restorative policing, 305307
247251
evaluating research quality, 25, 29, 33
on extent of community liaison S
activities, 166
Safe Streets Act, 327
on fairness of police behavior, 78, 13
14, 19, 252253 SARA, 91
federal mandates for, 12, 1112, 30 School policing, 5051
SEADOC, 208
funding of, 10, 2930, 31, 34, 5354
future prospects, 19, 327 Searches and seizures, 6, 54
generalizability, 221222 data collection, 267
legal environment, 262263, 280
goals, 12, 1112, 3031, 3435
on hierarchical structuring, 180 police compliance with law, 207, 263
on information technologies and 267
pretextual, 318
practices, 167, 168
on innovation in policing, 9, 12, 96, 99, racial context, 265, 267
106108, 329330 stop and frisk procedures, 266267
OCR for page 412
412 INDEX
suspect profiling and, 317318 Suspect characteristics, 3, 16
in traffic stops, 72 age, 116117
warrant practices, 265266 demeanor toward police, 117120, 124
Self-defense, 56 as determinant of police behavior, 116
Serious Habitual Offender/Drug Involved 128
Program, 87 effectiveness of arrest policies related to,
Service activities in policing, 71, 164165 242243
neighborhood factors in delivery of, 191 employment, 242
research recommendations, 165 gender, 121122
Sheriff's departments, 4950 mental capacity, 126128
Situational factors in policing national data collection, 7677
arrest decisions, 64 perceptions of police legitimacy, 292
circumstances of unlawful searches, 265 293
complainant behavior and race, 64, 122126
characteristics, 119 social class, 120121
crime prevention strategies in community SWAT teams, 7778
policing, 8788 Systematic social observation, 27
legal factors, 115117
neighborhood vs. city-level factors, 4,
1617 T
research goals, 115
scope of, 3, 15, 110, 114 Tailored responses to crime and disorder, 5,
18, 9596
significance of, in determining police
behavior, 114 Team policing, 176177, 181, 182183
suspect behavior and characteristics, Tennessee v. Garner, 67, 259
Terrorist threat, 75, 156, 326
116128
use of lethal force by police, 6667, 260 coordination of policing against, 5253
Size of police force, 5, 168173, 215 information collection and processing
activities, 166168
adoption of innovation and, 104
community policing movement, 169170 interorganizational coordination in
consolidation movement, 169, 170, 173 response to, 210, 211
local context of policing and, 2
current profile, 49, 169
effectiveness and, 171173, 224225 police preparedness, 209214
patrol mobilization and, 170171 research needs, 212214
research recommendations, 910, 330
public perception, 171
Social class, 120121 Terry v. Ohio, 266, 267
local distribution of police resources Thurman v. Connecticut, 310
Traffic enforcement, 3, 15, 72
and, 315
neighborhood characteristics, 189191 citations issued, 160161
police behavior in urban environments, court outcomes and, 204205
data sources, 160161
193195
Specialization in policing, 7778, 176179, drunk-driving enforcement, 172, 310
215216, 310311 effects on general crime rate, 231
outcomes of traffic stops, 72
terrorist incident response, 209210
State government, 5455, 205206 percentage of police-public interactions
commissions to investigate police in, 62
pretextual traffic stops, 318
behavior, 289290
State law enforcement, 50 as proactive strategy, 6061
Sting operations, 241242 race as factor in arrest decision, 123
racial profiling in, 72, 124, 286287
Stun guns, 69
Suburban areas, 317 Transportation system policing, 5051
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INDEX 413
U predisposing personality, 130
racial context, 25, 123, 192, 260, 300
Undercover work, 75 301
Uniform Crime Reports, 159, 160, 163 in range of police responses, 6364
164, 215 research recommendations, 78, 262,
Uniformed patrols, 5762, 63 328
community policing approach, 88 research trends, 13, 2425
distribution of activities, 71 situational determinants of police
female officers, 7980 behavior, 115
foot patrols, 233, 234 suspect characteristics as factor in, 118
geo-focused policing, 181182, 216 119
as percentage of local force, 170171 techniques, 6869
random preventive patrol, 5, 17, 226 See also Lethal force
Unions, police, 55
United Kingdom, 53
Urban areas, 193195, 216 V
distribution of police resources, 316, 317
See also Municipal police force Victim characteristics, 122
Urban Institute, 3132, 103, 104 Violence and the Police, 21
U.S. v. Calandra, 263 Violence and violent crime
U.S. v. Leon, 265266 demographic features, 49
Use of force by police, 6 domestic conflict, 6465
circumstances and outcomes, 6768 research spending on crime prevention
civil liability of officers for, 275276, per life lost, 30
278280 youth firearms violence prevention, 32
community policing conceptualization, See also Use of force by police
8687 Violent Crime Control and Law
complainant characteristics as factor in, Enforcement Act (1994), 1, 11, 30
119 34, 53, 75, 104, 105, 280281
criminal liability of officers for, 275278
data collection, 78, 67, 259260, 261
262 W
definition, 261262
Warrant searches, 265266
federal standards, 277, 280281 See also Searches and seizures
by female officers, 151152 Whren v. United States, 318
frequency, 64, 6769
influence of administrative policies, 282
285 Y
in managing protest demonstrations, 208
neighborhood characteristics and, 192, Youth
193 as factor in decision to arrest, 116117
nonlethal technologies, 69 firearms violence prevention, 32
officer attitudes and, 135 preventive interventions in community
officer educational attainment and, 140 policing, 87, 88
141
officer training, 6364
organizational data, 158159 Z
police compliance with law in, 259,
Zero tolerance policing, 60, 61, 228230
260261
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
community policing
