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Index A Animal research, 5, 35, 39, 43, 89 accreditation, institutions, 81-82, 121 Academic research, see Professional open systems model, 54, 65 education; Universities and ORI core content areas, 22 colleges Animal Welfare Act, 39 Accountability, general, 1, 39 Army, see U.S. Army self-assessment, 10, 73 Association of American Medical Colleges, Accreditation, institutional, 13, 30, 56, 66, 21 79, 80-82, 112, 113-122, 131-132 Association of American Universities, 44 animal research, 81-82, 121 Associations, see Professional organizations Council for Higher Education Attitudes and beliefs, 16-17, 116 Accreditation, 80, 119 see also Individual scientists; Public human subjects, 81-82, 121 opinion public opinion, 115, 119 educators, 98, 116 Quality Improvement Program, 77 individual scientists, 16-17, 62, 86, 87, Accreditation Board for Engineering and 88, 89, 90-92, 94-96, 130 Technology, 117 Authorship, 36, 40 Administrative Procedures Act, 168, 173 Award for Excellence in Human Research Administrators and administration, 4, 10, Protection, 77 46 Awards, see Reward systems cost factors, 10-11, 119-120, 129 education of, 86-87 funding, 23, 119-120, 129 B regulatory compliance, 74 self-assessment, 79, 116, 121 Benchmarks, 75-77, 78-79, 81, 112 American Association for the Biomedical research, 17-18, 20, 25, 158-161 Advancement of Science, 21, 106, see also Animal research; Human 187-188 subjects 195
196 INDEX awards, 77 Decision-making practices, 3, 9, 10, 23, 26, licensure, 118 42, 43, 54, 56, 62-63, 84, 89 open systems model, 50 authorship, 36, 40 performance-based systems, 77, 78 conflicts of interest, 5, 25, 35, 37, 38, 43- privacy, 25, 67 44, 55, 92-93 problem solving, 9, 20, 41, 53, 62, 63, 89- 93, 98, 99 C Defining Issues Test, 91-92, 154-159, 160 Definitional issues, 1, 2, 16, 27, 30, 86, 87, Canterâs Dilemma, 95 130, 146, 151-159 Case analyses, 90, 91, 92-93, 151-152 cultural issues, 30, 87-89 Center for Academic Integrity, 148-149 decision making, 62-63 Colleges, see Universities and colleges ethical sensitivity, 86, 87, 88, 89, 151-152 Collegiality, 5, 35, 36, 37-38, 39, 61-62 institutional factors, 4, 30 see also Peer review mentor, 40 Committee biographies, 184-185, 188-194 professional education, 30 Competition, 16, 25, 37, 38, 42, 53, 57, 58 research environment, 2, 18, 29 Computer technology, 25 research integrity, 2, 4, 18, 27, 29, 34, 62, see also Databases 115 computer-based instruction, 103-104, research misconduct, 170-172, 175 151 Dental Practice Act, 160 Internet, 21, 105, 125, 138, 170 Department of Education, 119, 150 Conflicts of interest, 5, 25, 35, 37, 38, 43-44, Department of Energy, 139 55, 92-93 Department of Health and Human Continuing education, 27, 40, 41, 85, 86-87 Services, 18-20, 168-176 Copyright, see Intellectual property see also Office of Research Integrity Council for Higher Education Award for Excellence in Human Accreditation, 80, 119 Research Protection, 77 Cultural issues, 1, 4-5, 6, 22, 25, 33, 56, 94- committee charge, 2, 3, 18, 124 95, 112, 120 Occupational Safety and Health see also Institutional factors; Political Administration, 73 factors; Public opinion Public Health Service, 20, 45, 169, 173, definitional, 30, 87-89 174, 175 institutional integrity, 34, 46-47, 60, 72, 78, 115, 116-117, 120, 143, 144-150, 161-162, 163 E open systems model, 7, 49-71 religious, 38 Economic factors, 8, 10-11, 20, 94, 179 see also Funding; Reward systems academic research, 25 D accreditation, institutional, 116 administrative costs, 10-11, 119-120, 129 Databases, 13-14, 20, 132 computer-based instruction, 103-104 committee report at hand, conflicts of interest, 5, 25, 35, 37, 38, 43- methodology, 135-136 44, 55, 92-93 Internet, 21, 105, 125 mentor/trainee relations, 42-43 Data issues, 116, 125 open systems model, 63, 64, 65-66 see also Intellectual property; Journals; self-assessment, 80-81, 113 Reporting requirements Education, 1, 3, 4 open systems model, 59-60 see also Mentor/trainee relations; ORI core content areas, 22, 23 Professional education; privacy, 25, 67 Universities and colleges
INDEX 197 Essays, 20, 95, 153 grantsmanship, 10, 19, 105, 119-120, 179 Ethnic groups, see Racial factors institutional self-assessment, 73, 118- Expert opinion, 11, 34, 98, 126, 158-159 120, 122 see also Leadership; Peer review open systems model, 53, 63, 64, 65 committee charge and methodology, 3, 139, 140-142 regulatory compliance, 74 G Gender factors, 89, 100, 151, 152, 161 F Good Practice in Biomedical Research, 21 Government Performance and Results Act, Federal government, 12, 14, 22-23, 29, 77, 77 118-120, 122, 128, 129, 167-177 Government role, see Department of Health see also Department of Health and and Human Services; Federal Human Services; Funding; government; Funding; Legal Legislation; Regulatory issues issues; Legislation; Regulatory Department of Education, 119, 150 issues Department of Energy, 139 Grantsmanship, 10, 19, 105, 119-120 National Institute of Neurological bibliographic resource list, 179 Disorders and Stroke, 23 National Institute of Nursing Research, 20 H National Institute of Standards and Technology, 77-78 Health Care Compliance Association, 139 National Institutes of Health, 75, 84, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, 67 168, 170-171, 173, 174 National Science and Technology Health sciences, see Biomedical research Council, 171-172 Historical perspectives, 20-21, 167-177 accreditation, institutional, 80 National Science Foundation, 23, 24, 145, 171 awards, 24 Office of Government Ethics, 148 committee study, 2, 18-20 reform movements, 27-28 Office of Science and Technology, 171 Office of Scientific Integrity, 168, 174 Honor in Science, 95 Office of Scientific Integrity Review, Human subjects, 5, 35, 38-39, 43, 89, 104 accreditation, institutional, 81-82, 121 168, 174 U.S. Army, 149-150 Award for Excellence in Human Foreign countries, see International Research Protection, 77 informed consent, 38-39 influences Foundations, 21, 65, 77, 119, 122, 128, 129, open systems model, 54, 65, 67 131 National Science Foundation, 23, 24, 145, 171 I Four-Component Model of Morality, 87, Identity formation, 94, 95-96, 159-161 88, 94, 150-151 Incentives, see Reward systems Funding, 12, 20, 23-24, 45, 106, 127-129, 132, Individual scientists, 1, 3, 4-5, 14-15, 26, 33, 138-139, 168, 173 34-41, 90-91, 112, 120-121, 132, 146- administrators and administration, 23, 147, 163 119-120, 129 attitudes of, 16-17, 62, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90- foundations, 21, 65, 77, 119, 122, 128, 92, 94-96, 130 129, 131 conflicts of interest, 5, 25, 35, 37, 38, 43- National Science Foundation, 23, 24, 44, 55, 92-93 145, 171 Defining Issues Test, 91-92, 154-159, 160
198 INDEX developmental differences/individual J learning, 100 identity formation, 94, 95-96, 159-161 Journals, 38, 63, 64, 66, 85, 101, 105 institutional factors, 4-5, 25-27, 39, 56, see also Literature reviews 144, 145-147 outcome measures, 143-144 self-efficacy abilities, 96-97 L self-regulation abilities, 96-97 Leadership, 14, 35-36, 41, 57-58, 101, 122, Inova Institute of Research and Education, 129, 132 139 see also Administrators and Institutional factors, 1, 5-8, 12-14, 22, 27-28, administration; Mentor/trainee 35, 41-47, 72-83, 126-127, 128-129, relations 161-162 awards, 78 see also Accreditation, institutional; ombudspersons, 4-5, 42, 43 Administrators and performance-based systems, 76, 78 administration; Education; Legal issues, 4, 67 Leadership; Mentor/trainee see also Intellectual property; Regulatory relations; Professional education; issues Universities and colleges conflicts of interest, 5, 25, 35, 37, 38, 43- animal research, 22, 54, 81-82, 121 44, 55, 92-93 committee methodology, 2, 6, 29, 143 human subjects, informed consent, 38- conflicts of interest, 43-44, 55 39 culture of integrity, 34, 46-47, 60, 72, 78, litigation, 67, 168-169, 175 115, 116-117, 120, 143, 144-150, 161- privacy, 25, 67 162, 163 sanctions, 35, 41, 59-60, 67, 76 definitional issues, 4, 30 Legislation, 86, 130 human subjects, 39, 54, 81-82, 121 Administrative Procedures Act, 168, 173 individual scientists, 4-5, 25-27, 39, 56, Animal Welfare Act, 39 144, 145-147 Dental Practice Act, 160 investigations and inspections, 35, 41, Government Performance and Results 45, 54, 73-74, 79, 168 Act, 77 ombudspersons, 4-5, 42, 43 Health Insurance Portability and open systems model, 7, 49-68 Accountability Act, 67 organizational learning, 72, 73 Malcolm Baldrige National Quality outcome measures, 22, 143-144 Improvement Act, 77-78 performance-based assessment, 10, 73, National Institutes of Health (NIH) 75-79 Revitalization Act, 170 public opinion, 16 Licensing, 25, 37, 80, 118 self-assessment, 10, 11, 13, 73, 78, 112, Literature reviews, 85, 135-142 113-122, 124, 130-132 bibliographic resources, 178-183 support systems, 42 committee methodology, 6, 49, 135-142 Intellectual property, 25, 37, 171, 172 authorship, 36, 40 collegiality, 5, 35, 36, 37-38, 39, 61-62 M ORI guidelines, 22 International influences, open systems Malcolm Baldrige Quality Award, 77-78 model, 54 Mass media, 2-3, 18 Internet, 21, 105, 125, 138, 170 Medical Device Manufacturers Association, Investigations and inspections, 35, 41, 45, 139 73-74, 79, 168 Medical Ethics Inventory, 160 open systems model, 54
INDEX 199 Medical research, see Biomedical research National Research Service Awards, 84 Men, see Gender factors National Science and Technology Council, Mentor/trainee relations, 5, 9-10, 22, 26-27, 171-172 35, 38, 40, 42-43, 59, 85, 86, 99-101, National Science Foundation, 23, 24, 145, 107 171 bibliographic resource list, 178-179, 180 ORI core content areas, 22 performance-based assessment, 76 O Methodological issues, general, 1, 3, 11, 14, Occupational Safety and Health 16, 122, 126, 131, 150-162 see also Definitional issues; Literature Administration, 73 reviews; Models and modeling; Office of Government Ethics, 148 Office of Research Integrity (ORI), 13-14, Outcome measures collegiality, 37 21-22, 118, 146, 167-176 (passim) committee biographies, 184-194 committee charge/methodology, 2, 18, 19, 135, 138-139 committee report at hand, methodology of, 2-3, 6, 17, 18, 28-31, 135-142 databases, 20, 132 lacking, 3, 124, 126 funding, 12, 23, 24, 125, 128 Quality Improvement Program, 77 multidisciplinary approaches, 102, 104, 128 Office of Science and Technology, 171 professional education, 95-97 Office of Scientific Integrity, 168, 174 Office of Scientific Integrity Review, 168, theory, 3, 6, 9, 49, 68, 98, 103, 125 Middle States Commission on Higher 174 Education, 79, 80-81 Ombudspersons, 4-5, 42, 43 On Being a Scientist, 33, 95 Minority groups, see Racial factors Models and modeling, 8, 10, 14, 73, 97, 125, Open systems model, 7, 49-71 143, 174 animal research, 54, 65 cultural issues, 7, 49-71 Four-Component Model of Morality, 87, 88, 94, 150-151 data issues, 59-60 open systems, 7, 49-71 economic factors, general, 63, 64, 65-66 funding, 53, 63, 64, 65 Moral Reasoning in Scientific Research: Cases for Teaching and Assessment, 92, 93 human subjects, 54, 65, 67 Multidisciplinary approaches, 102, 104, 128 outcome measures, 52, 61-63 professional education, 53, 55, 63, 67 professional organizations, 66-67 N regulatory issues, codes of conduct, 54- 55, 58-59, 61, 66 National Center for Education Statistics, regulatory issues, other, 53, 63, 64, 65 150 Organizational factors, see Institutional National Council of Examinations for factors Engineers and Surveyors, 80 ORI, see Office of Research Integrity National Institute of Neurological Outcome measures, 2, 11, 14, 28, 29, 114, Disorders and Stroke, 23 143-166 (passim) National Institute of Nursing Research, 20 see also Standards National Institute of Standards and benchmarks, 75-77, 78-79, 81, 112 Technology, 77-78 individual scientists, 143-144 National Institutes of Health, 75, 84, 168, institutions, 22, 143-144 170-171, 173, 174 open systems model, 52, 61-63 National Institutes of Health (NIH) professional education, 22, 114, 131-132 Revitalization Act, 170 National Performance Review, 77
200 INDEX P time factors, 98-99, 105 continuing education, 27, 40, 41, 85, Patents, see Intellectual property 86-87 Peer education, 55, 100, 103 full-semester courses, 103 Peer review, 5, 35, 37, 73, 79-81, 112, 113, reaccreditation, 113-114 116, 119, 130-131 short courses, 102 see also Collegiality; Self-assessment single workshops, 103 ORI core content areas, 21-22 workshops, 61, 97, 103, 105, 106 Penalties, see Sanctions Professional organizations, 21, 120 Performance-based assessment, 10, 73, 75- American Association for the 79, 112, 151-152 Advancement of Science, 21, 106, see also Reward systems 187-188 benchmarks, 75-77, 78-79, 81, 112 Association of American Medical institutions, 10, 73, 75-79 Colleges, 21 Plagarism, see Intellectual property Association of American Universities, Political factors, 8, 33, 124, 156, 168 44 see also Public opinion Center for Academic Integrity, 148-149 individual scientistsâ beliefs, 38 committee biographies, 184-194 Portfolio assessment, 77 committee charge/methodology, 2, 138 Poynter Center for the Study of Ethics and Medical Device Manufacturers American Institutions, 92, 141 Association, 139 Problem solving, 9, 20, 41, 53, 62, 63, 89-93, National Council of Examinations for 98, 99 Engineers and Surveyors, 80 Professional Decisions and Values Test, open systems model, 66-67 160-161 Society for Neuroscience, 106 Professional education, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9-10, Professional Role Orientation Inventory, 12-13, 14, 20-21, 28, 30, 33, 35, 45- 159-160 46, 84-111, 112, 124, 128, 129-132, Public Health Service, 20, 45, 169, 173, 174, 142-143, 148-149 175 see also Mentor/trainee relations; Public opinion, 1, 3, 4, 16, 33, 130 Universities and colleges accreditation, institutions, 115, 119 administrators, 86-87 committee charge, 2-3, 18, 29, 124 attitudes of educators, 98, 116 mass media, 2-3, 18 bibliographic resources on teaching, 183 case analyses, 90, 91, 92-93, 151-152 committee biographies, 184-194 Q computer-based instruction, 103-104 defined, 30 Quality Improvement Program, 77 Defining Issues Test (DIT), 91-92, 154- 159 essays, 20, 95, 153 R multidisciplinary approaches, 102, 104, Racial Ethical Sensitivity Test, 90, 151 128 Racial factors, 89, 90, 100, 151, 152 open systems model, 53, 55, 63, 67 Regulatory issues, 6, 27, 33-34, 36, 42, 45, ORI core content areas, 21-22, 104-105 73-75, 81, 86, 112, 130 outcome measures, 22, 114, 131-132 see also Accreditation, institutional; peer education, 55, 100, 103 Investigations and inspections; portfolio assessment, 77 Sanctions; Standards principles of adult learning, 98-100 administrators, 74 self-assessment, 79, 80-81, 113-120 committee methodology, 2 textbooks, 106 expert opinion, 74
INDEX 201 investigations and inspections, 35, 41, Self-regulation abilities, 96-97 45, 54, 73-74, 79, 168 Sex differences, see Gender factors licensing, 25, 37, 80, 118 Sigma Xi, see Scientific Research Society occupational health and safety, 73, 89 Social factors, see Cultural issues; open systems model, codes of conduct, Institutional factors; Mentor/ 54-55, 58-59, 61, 66 trainee relations; Political factors; open systems model, other, 53, 63, 64, Public opinion 65 Society for Neuroscience, 106 reporting requirements, 73-75 Standards, 24, 33, 34, 58, 73, 81, 84, 115, sanctions, 35, 41, 59-60, 67, 76 169-170, 174-175, 176 self-assessment and, 10-11, 73 see also Accreditation, institutional; Religious issues, 38 Outcome measures; Performance- Reporting requirements, 5, 34, 36, 37, 79, based assessment 107, 171, 172 benchmarks, 75-77, 78-79, 81, 112 bibliographic resources on writing, 183 codes of conduct, 54-55, 58-59, 61, 66, journals, 38, 63, 64, 66, 85, 101, 105 95, 120, 127, 138 mentoring, 40 identity formation, 94 regulatory compliance, 73-75 licensing, 25, 37, 80, 118 The Responsible Conduct of Research in the open systems model, codes of conduct, Health Sciences, 20, 167-177 54-55, 58-59, 61, 66 Responsible Science: Ensuring the Integrity of self-assessment, 79, 80 the Research Process, 19, 20-21, 22- 23, 140 Reviews of the literature, see Literature T reviews Reward systems, 20-21, 24, 76, 112, 127, 175 Technology Award for Excellence in Human computer-based instruction, 103-104, 151 Research Protection, 77 Malcolm Baldrige Quality Award, 77-78 computer technology, general, 25 National Research Service Awards, 84 inadequate, 17 Internet, 21, 105, 125, 138, 170 open systems model, 54, 57, 67 S public opinion, 1, 16 self-assessment, 79 Sanctions, 35, 41, 59-60, 67, 76 Textbooks, 106 The Scientific Attitude, 95 Theoretical issues, 3, 6, 9, 49, 68, 98, 103, Scientific Research Society, 21 125 Self-assessment, 3, 10-11, 78, 79-82, 112-123 see also Models and modeling see also Peer review accountability, general, 10, 73 administrators, 79, 116, 121 U economic factors, general, 80-81, 113 funding, 73, 118-120, 122 Universities and colleges, 25, 27, 39-40, 81- 82, 84-111, 116-117, 120-122, 148- institutions, 10, 11, 13, 73, 78, 112, 113- 122, 124, 130-132 149 professional education, 79, 80-81, 113- committee biographies, 184-194 conflicts of interest, 38, 43-44 120 regulatory issues, 10-11, 73 open systems model, 50, 55 standards, 79, 80 regulatory compliance, 74 U.S. Army, 149-150 technology, 79 Self-efficacy abilities, 96-97
202 INDEX V W Varmus, Harold, 17 Wellcome Trust, 21 Videotapes, 90, 151-152, 188 Women, see Gender factors Workshops, 61, 97, 103, 105, 106 World Wide Web, see Internet
