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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Attitudes, Aptitudes, and Aspirations of American Youth: Implications for Military Recruitment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10478.
×

Index

A

Active duty personnel, 39

compensation, attitudes about, 131

size of force, by Service, table, 21, 22

size of military, general, 2, 11-17 (passim), 20-23, 218, 251-252

The Adolescent Society, 180

Advertising, 1, 6-8, 10, 11, 14, 99, 115, 135, 218, 219, 221-223, 224, 225-234, 235, 236, 244-245, 260-261, 269-271, 274, 288, 289, 290, 300-306

age factors, 231-233, 237

Air Force, 228, 229, 234

Army, 227-228, 229, 234, 261

committee study methodology, 2-3, 10, 251, 288

corporate comparisons, 222-223, 225-226, 227, 229-230, 271

cost of, 111, 112-113, 114, 115, 221, 222, 246, 247, 261, 274

educational benefits, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231

mail, 219

Marine Corps, 229, 233-234, 261

Navy, 228, 229, 234

patriotism, 221-222

propensity to enlist, 216-217, 220, 226-227, 229, 231, 232-234, 249, 268, 269-271, 274

recruiter training, 241

recruitment model, 224

telephone, 219, 236, 237, 245

Afghanistan, 29

African Americans, see Black persons

Age factors, 3, 4, 189, 265, 290, 300-306

advertising, 231-233, 237

aptitude, 88-90

average age of service members, 23

civilian labor market, 119-120, 126-127, 131

developmental psychology of youth, 149-151, 180-181, 265-266

employment, 160

immigrants, 55

political participation, 154-155

population size, 51, 55, 254

propensity to serve, 171, 172

Air Force

advertising, 228, 229, 234

attrition, 33, 34, 36

compensation, attitudes about, 131

costs of recruiting resources, 113, 114

educational attainment of applicants, 78, 110

recruiting goals, by service, 24, 219

recruiting goals of individual recruiters, 238

recruiting practices, 238

retention requirements, 17, 33

satellites, protection of, 20

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Attitudes, Aptitudes, and Aspirations of American Youth: Implications for Military Recruitment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10478.
×

separation after first term, 37

size of force, by Service, table, 21, 22

technical requirements of recruits, 12, 17

technological substitutes for personnel, 20

youth influencers, 186, 187

Air Force New Directions Survey, 37

Alfred P. Sloan Study, 151, 304

American Management Association, 125

The American Occupational Structure, 182

Aptitude and aptitude requirements, 13, 25-26, 28, 252-253, 258

see also Educational attainment;

Skill levels;

Tests and testing

age factors, 88-90

Army applicants, 79-80

compensation and, 108-109

enlistment standards, 4, 71, 72, 74-75, 79, 95, 258, 273

gender factors, 255, 256

historical perspectives, 26, 28, 74, 78-81, 87-92, 258

projections, 2, 4, 15, 28, 91, 258-259

race/ethnicity and, 91

Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT), 4, 9, 13, 25-26, 70, 72, 75-76, 87, 88, 91, 92, 95, 99, 109, 110, 143, 147, 251, 252, 257, 258, 259

Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB), 73, 76, 80, 84, 91, 98, 99, 125, 225, 235, 237

Army, 12, 17

advertising, 227-228, 229, 234, 261

aptitude of applicants, 79-80

attrition, 33, 34, 36

compensation, attitudes about, 131

costs of recruiting resources, 113, 114, 261

educational attainment of applicants, 78, 110

educational benefits, 107, 115, 144-145

enlistment process, 100

Internet-based recruiting, 237

propensity to reenlist, 198-200, 221

recruiting goals, by service, 24, 219, 221

recruiting goals of individual recruiters, 238

recruiting stages, 224-225

separation after first term, 37

size of force, by Service, table, 21, 22

youth influencers, 186, 187

Army College Fund, 107, 115, 145, 260

Asthma, 93, 94, 96, 259

Attitudes and values, 5-6, 12, 14, 25, 150-179, 230-234, 265-269, 274, 300-306

see also Moral requirements;

Propensity to enlist;

Youth influencers

adventure/travel, opportunities for, 153, 203, 205-207, 208, 212, 214, 229, 269

Air Force, 33, 34, 36

Alfred P. Sloan Study, 151

Army, 33, 34, 36

civic duty and volunteerism, 6, 8, 12, 37, 134, 149-150, 152-153, 154-157, 165, 171-172, 189, 263, 266, 295

recruitment strategies, 221-222

committee study methodology, 2, 9, 251

compensation, attitudes about, 12, 37, 38, 97-98, 131-133, 134, 269, 290, 296

criminal behavior and, 157, 180, 196

educational aspirations, 1, 3, 4-5, 7, 12, 44, 97-98, 150, 158-161, 181, 251, 255, 261-262, 274, 296

educational benefits of military, 159-160

employment aspirations, 12, 140, 150, 158-175, 182-185, 187, 202-217

extrinsic incentives, general, 204, 208-217, 269, 274

family, proximity to, 101-102, 153, 203, 269

gender factors, 5, 115, 116, 152-154, 158-159, 161-179, 185, 190, 198-200, 201, 204-212, 215-216, 290

General Social Survey, 188

health belief model, 192-193

historical perspectives, 5, 14, 253

income, importance of, 152, 153, 162, 163, 165, 183, 209-212

international stationing of enlistees, 101

military, general views of, 149-152 (passim), 167, 168-179, 188, 201

Monitoring the Future (MTF), 150-153 (passim), 156, 158-159, 161-177, 181, 190(n.1), 191, 199-202, 220, 265, 292, 303-304

obedience to orders, 179

patriotism, 6, 8, 12, 37, 115-116, 134, 135-136, 150-153, 154-157, 171-173, 203-207, 212-214, 216, 263, 265, 269

racial discrimination, 126, 174-175

recruiters, 223, 240-241, 242

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Attitudes, Aptitudes, and Aspirations of American Youth: Implications for Military Recruitment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10478.
×

risk of harm in military, 102, 192, 193, 196, 217, 229

self-efficacy, 157, 191, 193-198 (passim), 217, 267-268

separation after first term, 37

social cognitive theory, 191-192

theory of reasoned action, 192, 199-200

wars and armed conflicts, attitudes toward, 178-179, 182, 189, 290

Youth Attitude Tracking Study (YATS), 115, 116, 150-151, 161, 164, 165, 190, 191, 199, 200, 202-217, 220, 230-231, 265, 269, 287-298, 303

youth developmental psychology, 149-151, 180-181, 265-266

Youth Development Study, 151, 157, 161, 164, 165, 184-185, 303

Attrition, 2-3, 12, 15, 17, 29-40, 74, 99, 253

Air Force, 33, 34, 36

Army, 33, 34, 36

cost factors, 38, 74

educational attainment and, 74

gender factors, 12, 35-37

historical perspectives, 15, 31-34, 254

Marine Corps, 33, 34, 36-37

mental illness, 35, 36, 37

Navy, 33, 34, 36

physical and medical reasons, 12, 35, 36

B

Basic training, 74, 99, 100, 127

Black persons

aptitude, 91

civilian vs military employment, 119, 121

educational attainment, general, 50, 51, 86-87, 141, 256

enlistment applicant qualifications, 82-83

enlistment rates, 4, 65

force structure, 23

population projections, 55, 56

propensity to enlist, 200

Bonuses for enlistment, 98, 99, 111, 112-113, 114, 115, 129, 132, 235, 261, 274

Bosnia, 30, 35

Budgetary factors, 1, 6, 16-17, 21-22, 254

see also Cost factors

attrition, 38, 74

enlistment standards, 72, 74, 75

Bureau of Census, see Census Bureau

C

Career Exploration Program, 237

Census Bureau, 44, 47-55 (passim), 65, 117, 120, 142, 255

The Changing Nature of Work, 118-119

Coast Guard, compensation, attitudes about, 131

Cognitive ability, see Aptitude and aptitude requirements;

Tests and testing

College First program, 145-146

Combat, see Wars and armed conflicts

Compensation, 102-113, 116-117, 147-148, 203, 259-260

see also Fringe benefits;

Incentive programs;

Income;

Retirement benefits

attitudes toward, 12, 37, 38, 97-98, 131-133, 152, 153, 162, 163, 165, 209-212, 214, 223, 259-260

basic pay, 102, 103-106, 129-130, 132

civilian pay of enlistees, 113, 114

civilian vs military, 5, 10, 11, 108-111, 127, 128-134, 165, 259-260, 262, 263, 272, 274

duration of service and, 103, 104

educational attainment and, 106, 108-110, 141-143, 260, 263, 274

food benefits, 103, 132, 260

housing, 101, 103, 106, 107, 132, 260

medical and dental benefits, 107, 132, 133, 134

promotion in rank and, 103, 104-105, 128

reassignment expenses, 101

recreational facilities, 107

recruitment techniques, 223

special and incentive pays, 105, 106, 132

tax benefits, 103

training of recruits, pay during, 100

vacations, 6, 134, 162, 163, 263, 265, 269

Computer technology

see also Internet

civilian employment, 123, 129, 159-160

enlistee skills, 12, 29

literacy skills, 159-160, 241, 246

recruiter training, 241

telephone voice response units, general, 245

Conscription, see Draft

Corporation for National Service, 10

Cost factors, 7, 105, 111-115, 259

see also Budgetary factors

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Attitudes, Aptitudes, and Aspirations of American Youth: Implications for Military Recruitment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10478.
×

advertising, 111, 112-113, 114, 115, 221, 222, 246, 247, 261, 274

attrition, 38, 74

automated technology, 20

civilian employee, benefit costs to, 133

college education, 140-141

delayed entry programs, 100(n.2)

educational attainment vs aptitude, 80

educational benefits, 112-113, 114, 261, 264, 274

enlistment standards, 73, 74, 75

individual decision making, 98

per new recruit, 22, 38

reassignment expenses, 101

recruiters and recruiting, 111, 112-113, 114, 221, 222, 246, 247, 261

Youth Attitude Tracking Study (YATS), 296

Counselors

recruiting practices, 235

youth influencers, 6, 120, 136, 149, 185, 186, 187, 189, 266, 267

Criminal behavior, 4, 13, 70, 73, 84, 92, 93, 94

recruiting practices, 235

substance abuse, 4, 10, 35, 36, 85, 92-93, 196, 259

youth attitudes and, 157, 180, 196

D

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, 20

Defense Guidance benchmarks, 72-73, 75, 78, 79, 85

Defense Manpower Data Center, 74, 122, 288, 289

see also Youth Attitude Tracking Study

Delayed entry program, 98, 99, 100, 236, 237, 238

Demographic factors, 1, 3-4, 6, 12, 41-69, 139-140, 254-256, 273, 298, 302-303

see also Age factors;

Educational attainment;

Gender factors;

Geographic factors;

Immigrants;

Marriage and marital status;

Population size;

Race/ethnicity;

Socioeconomic status

civilian vs military employment, 119-120

committee study methodology, 2, 9, 13, 251

enlistment standards and, 71, 72, 73, 84

fertility, 41, 42, 52, 57, 60-61, 255, 256

number of enlistees, 1, 20-21, 218, 251

propensity to enlist, 190, 195, 200-201, 270

self-efficacy, 195

Department of Homeland Security, 18

Discrimination, 126, 174-175

equal opportunity, 126, 203, 204, 212, 269

Draft, 1, 43, 102

Dropouts, 7, 77-78, 121, 138, 139, 146, 160, 264

stayouts, 138-139

stopouts, 7, 138-139, 264

Drug use, see Substance abuse

Duration of enlistment, 10, 23, 100-101, 103, 104, 106, 128, 135

see also Attrition;

Voluntary separation

E

Economic factors, 1, 6, 9, 64, 190, 201

see also Budgetary factors;

Cost factors;

Employment;

Socioeconomic status

business cycles, 31, 43, 111, 115, 117, 141, 159, 219

food benefits, 103, 132, 260

housing, 101, 103, 106, 107, 132, 260

medical benefits, 107, 132, 133, 134

socioeconomic status, 3, 139, 239

tax benefits, 103

wars based on economic interest, 178-179

Educational attainment, 9, 10, 13, 25, 42, 64, 136-147, 251

Air Force applicants, 78, 110

Army applicants, 78, 110

attrition, 74

black persons, 50, 51, 86-87, 141, 256

civilian vs military employment, 120, 121, 126, 131

college experience, 43-50, 68, 116-117, 120, 121, 136-147, 256, 261, 263-264, 290

aspirations for degrees, 1, 3, 4-5, 6, 13, 42, 59, 136-147 (passim), 150, 158-159, 181, 189, 200, 219, 251, 261-262, 263-264, 274, 296

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Attitudes, Aptitudes, and Aspirations of American Youth: Implications for Military Recruitment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10478.
×

community colleges, 48, 137-138, 144, 146-147, 263

enlistees, 43-50, 68, 108, 109, 110

parental, 58-59, 68-69, 138, 139

compensation and, 106, 108-110, 141-143, 260, 263, 274

dropouts, 7, 77-78, 121, 138, 139, 146, 160, 264

enlistment standards, 4, 9, 13, 25-26, 28, 70-74 (passim), 78, 80, 257, 273

gender factors, 3, 5, 6, 44-46, 49-50, 58-59, 68, 86, 120, 121, 199-200, 255

aspirations, 158-159, 215-216

compensation and, 109

parental, 3, 58-59, 64, 65, 66, 182, 185-186, 255

General Equivalency Diploma (GED), 25, 72, 74, 76-78, 80, 126, 257

high school graduates, 43, 45-48, 50, 59, 70, 72, 74, 76-78, 80, 86, 95, 100, 108, 110, 120, 121, 126, 131, 142, 199-200, 251, 255, 256, 257, 260, 263, 274

Hispanics, 51, 86-87, 121, 140, 141, 256

historical perspectives, 76-78, 216, 256

applicants/enlistees, 4-5, 25-26, 49-51, 76-78, 85-87, 95, 110-111, 216, 256

aspirations, 158-161

general youth population, 43-51, 52, 53, 85-87, 95

parental, 57-59

parental, 3, 4-5, 57-60, 66, 68-69, 139, 182-183, 255, 256, 290

projections, 4, 258-259

race/ethnicity, 5, 50, 51, 86-87, 120, 121, 139-141, 216, 256

standards, 4, 9, 13, 25-26, 28, 70-74 (passim), 78, 80, 253, 257, 258, 273

Educational benefits, 6, 7, 11, 99, 103, 107-108, 115, 127, 143-146, 261, 263-264

advertising of, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231

Army, 107, 115, 144-145

attitudes toward, 159-160

cost factors, 112-113, 114, 261, 264, 274

Montgomery GI Bill, 107, 111, 117, 145

Navy, 107, 144-145

online, 147

propensity to enlist, 203

recruitment practices, 235, 245

Veterans Education Assistance Program, 143

Education and training, 99

see also Educational attainment;

Educational benefits;

Skill levels

civilian vs military job market, 127, 135, 137-138

physical requirements of training, 73

propensity to enlist, 204, 209-212

recruiters, selection and training, 8, 11, 223, 224, 235, 240-241, 242, 249, 272-273, 275

recruiting at schools, 219, 235, 236, 237, 290

recruits, following enlistment, 17, 27-28, 29, 97-98

basically qualified recruits, 27

basic training, 74, 99, 100, 127

joint Services efforts, 19

special skill training, 100-102, 127, 253

vocational and technical, 127, 136, 137-138, 159-160

Employment, 64, 259

see also Compensation;

Income;

Vacations;

Working conditions

advertising of benefits, 227, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 237

attitudes toward, 12, 140, 150, 158-175, 182-185, 187, 202-217

business cycles, 31, 43, 111, 115, 117, 141, 159, 219

civilian pay of enlistees, 113, 114

civilian vs military job market, 1, 4, 10, 13, 37, 68, 97-98, 99, 108-111, 117-136, 148, 167, 202-217, 251, 261-263

advertising/recruiting, 14, 222-223, 225-226, 227, 229-230, 242-249, 262, 271-273

age factors, 119-120, 126-127, 131

combined careers, 135

compensation, 5, 10, 11, 108-111, 127, 128-134, 165, 259-260, 262, 263, 272, 274

computer technology, 123, 129, 159-160

education and training, 127, 135, 137-138

gender factors, 119, 120

number of civilian employees, 218-219

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Attitudes, Aptitudes, and Aspirations of American Youth: Implications for Military Recruitment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10478.
×

physical and medical requirements, 126-127

public sector (non-military) job market , 117, 167

race/ethnicity, 119, 120, 121

technology, exposure to, 27, 203, 209-212, 215-216

working conditions, general, 127-128, 135-136, 166

developmental psychology of youth, 149

educational attainment and, 5, 49-51, 68, 97-98, 120, 121, 131, 136, 159, 215-216

gender factors, 49-50, 120, 121, 159, 160, 161-167, 182-183, 185-186, 215-216

historical perspectives, 49-51, 52, 53, 123, 159-163, 166

job security, 203, 204, 216, 230, 263

parental occupational status/ aspirations for children, 60, 61, 62, 82, 182-188

promotion in rank, 103

propensity to enlist, 195-196, 203, 209-212

public sector (non-military), 117, 167

recruiting practices, 235, 236, 237, 239

retirement benefits, 106, 132, 134, 260

veterans benefits, 107

Enlistment, overall, 4, 9, 13, 70-76, 84-85, 95-96, 108, 235, 251, 252-253, 257-259, 262

Army, 100

black persons and, 82-83

bonuses, 98, 99, 111, 112-113, 114, 115, 129, 132, 235, 261, 274

cost factors, 73, 74, 75

demographic factors, general, 71, 72, 73, 84

educational attainment, 4, 9, 13, 25-26, 28, 70-74, 78, 80, 257, 273

gender factors, 71, 73

Hispanics and, 4, 65

moral requirements, 98

Navy, 100

parental factors, 73

physical and medical requirements, 13, 17, 70, 71, 72, 73, 84, 92, 259

propensity, 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 14, 41, 42, 55, 71, 80-81, 83, 85, 92, 96, 115, 116, 150, 151, 173-175, 190-217, 267, 273-274, 289, 291-292

racial/ethic factors, 71, 82-83

skills, 2, 12, 29, 253

standards, 4, 9, 13, 25-26, 28, 71, 72, 73, 74-75, 78, 79, 80, 84, 95, 258, 273

time factors, duration, 10, 23, 100-101, 103, 104, 106, 128, 135

Ethnicity, see Race/ethnicity;

specific groups

F

Familial factors, 180, 181-185, 223, 295

see also Marriage and marital status;

Parental factors

fertility, 41, 42, 52, 57, 60-61, 255, 256

international stationing of enlistees, 101

medical and dental benefits, 107, 132

proximity to, 101-102, 153-154, 203, 269

recruiter training, 241

retention across generations, 30-31, 60-62, 65, 66, 68-69, 186, 215, 223, 230, 255-256

separation from service after first term, attitudes, 37

Fertility, 41, 42, 52, 57, 60-61, 255, 256

pregnancy, 12, 35, 36-37, 41

Food benefits, 103, 132, 260

Force size, 2, 11-17 (passim), 20-23, 251-252

determination of, 15, 23

enlistment standards and, 74

projections, 2, 11, 17, 39

Force structure, 13, 15, 16, 19, 20, 251

determination of, 15, 20

gender factors, 23

race/ethnicity, 23

rotational base, 19

specialized forces, 19

Friends, see Peer influences

Fringe benefits

see also Educational benefits

food benefits, 103, 132, 260

housing, 101, 103, 106, 107, 132, 260

medical benefits, 107, 132, 133, 134

recreational facilities, 107, 295

tax benefits, 103

vacations, 6, 134, 162, 163, 263, 265, 269

Funding, 16-17, 140

see also Budgetary factors

attitudes toward military spending, 178

vocational education, 137

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Attitudes, Aptitudes, and Aspirations of American Youth: Implications for Military Recruitment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10478.
×

G

Gallup’s National Survey of Working America, 161

Gender factors, 4, 5, 64, 65, 71

see also Marriage and marital status

aptitude, 81, 91

attitudes, 5, 115, 116, 152-154, 158-159, 161-179, 185, 190, 198-200, 201, 204-212, 215-216, 290

working conditions, 173-175, 188

attrition, 12, 35-37

civilian vs military employment, 119, 120

discrimination, 126, 174-175

educational attainment, 3, 5, 44-46, 49-50, 68, 86, 120, 121, 199-200

aspirations, 158-159, 215-216

employment, 49-50, 120, 121, 159, 160, 161-167, 182-183, 185-186, 215-216

enlistment applicant qualifications, 81-82

enlistment standards, 71, 73

equal opportunity, 126, 174-175, 203, 204, 212, 269

fertility, 41, 42, 52, 57, 60-61, 255, 256

first-term attrition, 12, 35, 36-37

force structure, 23

homosexuality, 35, 36, 73

immigrant mothers, 57

maternal influence on decision making, 3, 6, 57, 185-189 (passim), 255, 267

population size, 51

pregnancy, 12, 35, 36-37, 41

propensity to enlist/reenlist, 115, 116, 169-177, 190, 198-200, 201, 204-212, 220

race/ethnicity, 65, 66

working conditions, perceptions of, 173-175, 188

youth influencers, 185-187

spousal influence, 37, 101, 186

General Equivalency Diploma (GED), 25, 72, 74, 76-78, 80, 126, 257

General Social Survey, 188

Geographic factors, 64, 65, 66

attitudes toward closeness to parents, 101-102, 153-154, 203, 269

attitudes toward travel, 153, 203, 205-207, 208, 212, 214, 229, 269

civilian vs military employment, 118

housing allowances, 103

international stationing of enlistees, 101

propensity to enlist, 200

recruiting strategies, 235, 236-237, 239-240, 243, 248

H

Health belief model, 192-193

Hispanics, 254-255

aptitude, 91

civilian vs military employment, 119, 121

educational attainment, general, 51, 86-87, 121, 140, 141, 256

enlistment applicant qualifications, 81-83

enlistment rates, 4, 65

force structure, 23

population projections, 3, 55-56, 68

Historical perspectives, 5, 11, 142, 258, 302-303

advertising, 221-223, 226-227, 261

aptitude, 26, 28, 74, 78-81, 87-92, 258

attitudes of youth, 150-179 (passim), 180-181, 265;

see also Longitudinal studies

attrition, 15, 31-34, 254

business cycles, 31, 43, 111, 115, 117, 141, 159

civic duty, volunteerism, and patriotism, 154-157

educational attainment, 76-78, 216, 256

applicants/enlistees, 4-5, 25-26, 49-51, 76-78, 85-87, 95, 110-111, 216, 256

aspirations, 158-161

general youth population, 43-51, 52, 53, 85-87, 95

education, cost of, 140

elasticity, economic factors, 111-112, 260-261

employment aspirations, 159-163, 166

employment, general, 49-51, 52, 53, 123

force size, 17, 20-22, 27, 251-252

immigration, 55, 57

parental involvement in military, 61-62

physical and moral requirements, 92-95, 258

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Attitudes, Aptitudes, and Aspirations of American Youth: Implications for Military Recruitment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10478.
×

propensity to enlist, 116, 168-177, 190, 214-215, 218, 220-221, 226-227, 249

recruiting costs, 114, 221

recruiting techniques, 218, 220, 238, 242

recruitment goals, 23-25, 27, 31, 226, 250

supply/demand for recruits, 1, 9, 11, 13, 258, 261

youth influencers, 180-182, 186, 189

youth qualifications, 15, 76-95

Homeland security, see Terrorism

Homosexuality, 35, 36, 73

Housing, 101, 103, 106, 107, 132, 260

Humanitarian missions, 11, 17, 102

I

Immigrants, 41, 42, 52, 54-55, 57

see also Hispanics;

Mexican Americans

historical perspectives, 55, 57

population projections, 3, 53-54, 57, 58, 255

Incentive programs, 99, 102, 105, 111-117, 132, 290

see also Educational benefits

civilian vs military employment, 128-129, 272

committee study methodology, 2

delayed entry program, 98, 99, 100, 236, 237, 238

enlistment bonuses, 98, 99, 111, 112-113, 114, 115, 129, 132, 235, 261, 274

recruiter, 8, 99, 239, 242, 249, 273

special and incentive pays, 105, 106, 132

Income, 139, 140-143

see also Compensation

attitudes toward importance of, 152, 153, 162, 163, 165, 183, 209-212

Influencers, see Youth influencers

Internet, 246-247, 290

civilian vs military compensation, 129, 130

educational benefits offered online, 147

Monitoring the Future (MTF), 150

Occupational Information Network, 121

recruiting strategies, 219, 228, 236, 237, 238, 241, 243, 246-247, 248

youth influencers, 180

J

Job Corps, 10

Job opportunities, see Employment

Joint Chiefs of Staff, 16, 19

Joint Services activities

military, 19

recruitment advertising, 221

K

Kosovo, 290

L

Legislation

Montgomery GI Bill, 107, 111, 117, 145

Tech Prep Education Act, 137

Longitudinal studies

Alfred P. Sloan Study, 151

General Social Survey, 188

Monitoring the Future (MTF), 150-153 (passim), 156, 158-159, 161-177, 181, 190(n.1), 191, 199-202, 220, 265, 292, 303-304

National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 85, 87-92

National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), 152

National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), 64, 66, 303

National Survey of Working America, 159

Youth Attitude Tracking Study (YATS), 115, 116, 150-151, 161, 164, 165, 190, 191, 199, 200, 202-217, 220, 230-231, 265, 269, 287-298, 303

Youth Development Study, 151, 157, 161, 164, 165, 184-185, 303

M

Manpower requirements, 2-3, 11, 15-40, 70

see also Attrition;

Force size;

Force structure;

Retention

Marine Corps

advertising, 229, 233-234, 261

attrition, 33, 34, 36-37

compensation, attitudes about, 131

costs of recruiting, 113, 114

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Attitudes, Aptitudes, and Aspirations of American Youth: Implications for Military Recruitment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10478.
×

educational attainment of applicants, 78

educational benefits, 107

gender factors, enlistment standards, 71

physical requirements of recruits, 17, 71

recruiting goals, by service, 24, 219

recruiting stages, 224

retention requirements, 17, 33

separation after first term, 37

size of force, by Service, table, 21, 22

skill requirements, general, 28-29

Marine Corps Exit Survey, 37

Marine Corps Retention Survey, 37

Marriage and marital status, 290

spousal influence, 37, 101, 186

youth developmental psychology, 149

Mass media, 180, 223, 243, 290, 300-308

see also Advertising;

Internet

mail, 219

newspapers, 19, 236, 244-245, 301

radio, 180, 236, 244

television, 113, 180, 228-229, 236

Medical benefits, 107, 132, 133, 134

Medical requirements, see Physical and medical requirements

Men, see Gender factors

Mexican Americans, 3

Mail promotions, 219

Military interventions, see Humanitarian missions;

Wars and armed conflicts

Millennials Rising, 300, 305

Minority groups, see Race/ethnicity;

specific groups

Monitoring the Future (MTF), 150-153 (passim), 156, 158-159, 161-177, 181, 190(n.1), 191, 199-202, 220, 265, 292, 303-304

Montgomery GI Bill, 107, 111, 117, 143, 145

Moral requirements, 2, 4, 12, 13, 70, 71, 73, 84-85, 92-95, 251, 258, 259

criminal behavior, 4, 13, 70, 73, 84, 92, 93, 94

enlistment process, 98

historical perspectives, 92-95, 258

recruiter training, 241

scale of military recruiting, 219

N

National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 85, 87-92

National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) , 152

National Guard, 39

propensity to reenlist, 199-200

recruiting practices, 235

size of force, 2, 22

National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, (NLSY79) 64, 66, 303

National Military Strategy (NMS), 15, 16, 18

National Security Strategy (NSS), 15-16, 18

National Survey of Working America, 159

A Nation at Risk, 90

Navy

advertising, 228, 229, 234

attrition, 33, 34, 36

compensation, attitudes about, 131

costs of recruiting resources, 113, 114

deployments, 102

educational attainment of enlistees, 110

educational benefits, 107, 144-145

enlistment process, 100

recruiting number goals, by service, 24, 219

recruiting stages, 224

retention requirements, 17

separation after first term, 37

size of force, by Service, table, 21, 22

skill requirements, general, 28

technical requirements of recruits, 12, 17

technological substitutes for personnel, 20, 23, 28

Navy College Fund, 145

Newspapers, 19, 236, 244-245, 301

O

Obesity, 35, 36, 84, 93, 94, 95, 258, 259

Occupational Information Network (O*NET), 120-121, 125

Office of Homeland Security, 18

P

Parental factors, 149, 181-184, 186-188, 189, 266, 267, 269, 274

attitudes of youth toward proximity of, 101-102, 153-154, 203, 269

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Attitudes, Aptitudes, and Aspirations of American Youth: Implications for Military Recruitment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10478.
×

educational attainment, 3, 4-5, 57-60, 66, 68, 139, 182-183, 255, 256, 290

enlistment standards, 73

foreign-born, 57

military service of parents, 30-31, 60-62, 65, 66, 68-69, 186, 215, 223, 230, 255-256

occupational status/aspirations for children, 60, 61, 62, 82, 182-188

propensity to enlist, 209-212, 213-214, 223

Patriotism, 6, 8, 12, 37, 115-116, 134, 135-136, 150-153, 154-157, 171-173, 203-207, 212-214, 216, 263, 265, 269

advertising and, 221-222, 229, 231, 232, 233, 271

historical perspectives, 154-157

political participation, 154-155, 182

Peacekeeping missions, 11, 17, 102

Peer influences, 184, 185, 186, 187, 223, 237, 241, 266, 267

Pensions, see Retirement benefits

Physical and medical requirements, 2, 13, 17, 70, 92, 93-95, 96, 251, 259

asthma, 93, 94, 96, 259

attrition, 12, 35, 36

mental illness, 35, 36, 37

civilian vs military job market, 126-127

enlistment standards, 13, 17, 70, 71, 72, 73, 84, 92, 259

gender factors, enlistment standards, 71

historical perspectives, 92-95, 258

obesity, 35, 36, 84, 93, 94, 95, 258, 259

pregnancy, 12, 35, 36-37

propensity to enlist, 205-207

recruiting strategies, 235

scale of military recruiting, 219

training, 73

Population size, 1, 3, 12, 13, 51-55, 67-68, 70, 273-274

age factors, 51, 55, 254

fertility, 41, 42, 52, 57, 60-61, 255, 256

immigrants, 3, 53-54, 57, 58, 255

race/ethnicity, 3, 51-52, 55-56, 68

Projections, 96

aptitudes, 2, 4, 15, 28, 91, 258-259

civilian employment, 118, 123-124, 135

demographic factors, 3, 12, 13, 51, 53, 54, 59, 62-69, 254-255, 258-259

educational attainment, 4, 258-259

force size, 2, 11, 17, 39

immigration, 3, 53-54, 57, 58, 255

parental educational attainment, 59, 66

parental involvement in military, 62, 255-256

race/ethnicity, population, 3, 51-52, 68

size of military, 2, 11, 17, 39

Promotion in rank, compensation and, 103, 104-105, 128

Propensity to enlist, 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 14, 41, 42, 55, 71, 80-81, 83, 85, 92, 96, 115, 116, 150, 151, 154, 190-217, 267, 273-274, 289, 291-292

see also Attitudes and values;

Recruitment practices

advertising and, 216-217, 220, 226-227, 229, 231, 232-234, 249, 268, 269-271, 274

age factors, 171, 172

black persons, 200

demographic factors, general, 190, 195, 200-201, 270

educational benefits as enticement, 203

education and training, 204, 209-212

employment factors, 195-196, 203, 209-212

extrinsic incentives, 204, 208-217

gender factors, 115, 116, 169-177, 190, 198-200, 201, 204-212, 220

geographic factors, 200

health belief model, 192-193

historical perspectives, 116, 168-177, 190, 214-215, 218, 220-221, 226-227, 249

models of, 97-98, 191-200, 267-269

National Guard, 199-200

parental factors, 209-212, 213-214, 223

physical and medical requirements, 205-207

race/ethnicity, 200

recruitment practices and, 198, 200-217, 220-223, 269-270

social cognitive theory, 191-192

technology, exposure to, 203, 209-212, 215-216

theory of reasoned action, 192, 199-200

working conditions, 173-175, 201, 203, 204

Psychological factors

see also Attitudes and values;

Moral requirements;

Social factors;

Youth influencers

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Attitudes, Aptitudes, and Aspirations of American Youth: Implications for Military Recruitment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10478.
×

adolescent/youth development, 149-151, 180-181, 265-266

attrition due to mental illness, 35, 36, 37

Psychosocial factors, see Attitudes and values;

Familial factors;

Parental factors;

Social factors

Q

Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR), 11, 18, 21, 22-23, 25, 31, 39, 40

Quality of Life Domain Survey, 37

Quality of life, general, 12, 37, 30-31, 100-102

see also Working conditions

R

Race/ethnicity, 4, 55-57, 64, 254-255

see also Immigrants;

specific groups

civilian vs military employment, 119, 120, 121

discrimination, 126, 174-175

educational attainment, 5, 50, 51, 86-87, 120, 121, 139-141, 216, 256

enlistment applicant qualifications, 81-83

enlistment standards, 71, 82-83

gender factors, 65, 66

population projections, 3, 51-52, 55-56, 68

propensity to enlist, 200

Radio, 180, 236, 244

RAND Corporation, 73, 220, 289

Recreational activities, 107, 295

vacations, 6, 134, 162, 163, 263, 265, 269

Recruitment practices, 6-7, 14, 15, 97-100, 148, 187, 216-217, 218-249, 250, 254, 260-261, 264, 269-273, 274

see also Advertising;

Incentive programs;

Retention;

Youth influencers

Air Force, 228, 229, 234, 238

committee study methodology, 2-3, 10, 250

competition among Services, 98, 220

corporate/civilian market comparisons, 14, 222-223, 225-226, 227, 229-230, 242-249, 262, 271-273

cost factors, 111, 112-113, 114, 221, 222, 246, 247, 261

counselors, 235

criminal behavior and, 235

delayed entry program, 98, 99, 100, 236, 237, 238

educational benefits, 235, 245

employment aspects, 235, 236, 237, 239

geographic factors, 235, 236-237, 239-240, 243, 248

goals, by service, table, 24, 219

goals of individual recruiters, 235, 238-239

historical perspectives, 114, 121, 218, 220, 238, 242

Internet strategies, 219, 228, 236, 237, 238, 241, 243, 246-247, 248

joint service approaches, 221

leads, 219, 223-224, 228, 234, 235, 236-238, 244

model of, 223-225

National Guard, 235

recruiter attitudes, 223, 240-241, 242

recruiter incentives, 8, 99, 239, 242, 249, 273

recruiter selection and training, 8, 11, 240-241, 249, 272-273, 275

patriotism, appeals to, 216

propensity to enlist and, 198, 200-217, 220-223, 269-270

scale of, 7, 218-219, 242-243

school programs, 219, 235, 236, 237, 290

special and incentive pays to recruits, 105, 106

telephone, 219, 236, 237, 245

wars, recruitment during, 245

Regional factors, see Geographic factors

Reserve forces, 2, 39

National Guard, 39, 199-200, 235

size of force, by Service, table, 21

active duty, use of, 30

Retention, 2, 15, 29-40, 253-254, 261

see also Attrition

Air Force, 17, 33

compensation and, 104-105

duration of enlistment, 10, 23, 100-101, 103, 104, 106, 128, 135

educational benefits and, 145-146

Marine Corps, 17, 33

propensity to reenlist, 198-200, 253-254

skill level maintenance, 30

special and incentive pays, 105, 106

technology, exposure to, 17, 30, 33, 39

voluntary separation, 2-3, 12, 17

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Attitudes, Aptitudes, and Aspirations of American Youth: Implications for Military Recruitment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10478.
×

Retirement benefits, 106, 132, 134, 260

combined military-civilian careers, 135

veterans benefits, 107

S

Sailor 21: A Research Vision to Attract, Retain, and Utilize the 21st Century Sailor, 28

Sample Survey of Military Personnel, 37

Satellites, protection of, 20

School recruiting programs, 219, 235, 236, 237, 290

Sex differences, see Gender factors

Sexual orientation, see Homosexuality

Skill levels, 11, 12, 26, 27-29

see also Aptitude and aptitude requirements;

Education and training

attitudes toward attaining, 162, 163

committee study methodology, 2, 9

Marine Corps, 28-29

mix of skills, 2, 12, 15

problem solving and decision making, 28, 162, 163, 164

propensity to enlist, 193-194

specialized forces, 19, 31, 33, 39, 100-102, 108, 127, 129, 135, 253

technology, exposure to, 2, 12, 253

Social cognitive theory, 191-192

Social factors, 6, 13, 64, 151, 179, 180-181, 195-196, 213

see also Demographic factors;

Familial factors;

Parental factors; Patriotism;

Youth influencers

civic duty and volunteerism, 6, 8, 12, 37, 134, 149-150, 152-153, 154-157, 221-222

peer influences, 184, 185, 186, 187, 223, 237, 241, 266, 267

Society of Human Resource Management, 134

Socioeconomic status, 3, 139, 239

see also Educational attainment;

Income

Specialized personnel, 19, 31, 33, 39, 100-102, 108, 127, 129, 135, 253

Standards

see also Moral requirements;

Tests and testing

aptitude, 4, 71, 72, 74-75, 79, 95, 258, 273

attrition and, 35-36

civilian vs military job market, 124-127, 128, 262

Defense Guidance benchmarks, 72-73, 75, 78, 79, 85

educational attainment, 4, 9, 13, 25-26, 28, 70-74 (passim), 78, 80, 253, 257, 258, 273

enlistment, overall, 4, 9, 13, 70-76, 84-85, 95-96, 108, 235, 251, 252-253, 257-259, 262

black persons and, 82-83

cost factors, 73, 74, 75

demographic factors, general, 71, 72, 73, 84

educational attainment, 4, 9, 13, 25-26, 28, 70-74 (passim), 78, 80, 257, 273

gender factors, 71, 73

physical and medical requirements, 13, 17, 70, 71, 72, 73, 84, 92, 259

propensity to enlist and, 193, 194

racial/ethnic factors, 71, 82-83

see also Moral requirements

recruiter training, 241

Substance abuse, 4, 10, 35, 36, 85, 92-93, 196, 259

Survey of Active Duty Personnel, 131, 134

T

Tax benefits, 103

Technical education, see Vocational and technical education

Technology, 19-20, 29

see also Computer technology

advertising, 229

civilian vs military personnel, occupations, 27, 203, 209-212, 215-216

enlistee skills, 2, 12, 253

propensity to enlist, external incentives, 203, 209-212, 215-216

retention of skilled personnel, 17, 30, 33, 39

satellites, protection of, 20

Tech Prep Education Act, 137

Telephone

Alfred P. Sloan Study, 151, 153

recruiting practices, 219, 236, 237, 245

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Attitudes, Aptitudes, and Aspirations of American Youth: Implications for Military Recruitment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10478.
×

Youth Attitude Tracking Study (YATS), 115, 116, 150-151, 161, 164, 165, 190, 191, 199, 200, 202-217, 220, 230-231, 265, 269, 287-298, 303

Television, 180, 228-229, 236

costs of recruiting resources, 113

Terrorism, 2, 9, 11, 17-18, 19, 252

force structure, 19

Tests and testing, 4

Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT), 4, 9, 13, 25-26, 70, 72, 75-76, 87, 88, 91, 92, 95, 99, 109, 110, 143, 147, 251, 252, 257, 258, 259

Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB), 73, 76, 80, 84, 91, 98, 99, 125, 225, 235, 237

civilian vs military job market, 125-126

National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)

SATs, 305

Theory of reasoned action, 192, 199-200

Time factors

see also Attrition;

Retention

attrition, 31-34, 254

compensation, years of service and, 103, 104

delayed entry program, 98, 99, 100, 236, 237, 238

enlistment duration, 10, 23, 100-101, 103, 104, 106, 128, 135

goals of recruiters, 235

recruiter incentives, 239

retirement benefits, 106

rotation intervals during enlistment, 101

training of recruits, 100

vacation duration, 6, 134, 162, 163, 164, 189

Training, see Education and training

V

Vacations, 6, 134, 162, 163, 263, 265, 269

Values, see Attitudes and values

Veterans as youth influencers, 186, 187

Veterans benefits, 107, 143

Veterans Education Assistance Program, 143

Vietnam, 43, 182

Vocational and technical education, 127, 136, 137-138, 159-160

Tech Prep Education Act, 137

Voluntary separation, 2-3, 12, 17

W

Wages and salaries, see Compensation

Wars and armed conflicts, 11, 16, 18, 20, 60

see also Terrorism

attitudes toward, 178-179, 182, 189, 290

Bosnia, 30, 35

Cold War, aftermath, 11, 17, 18, 251-252

economic interests, 178-179

Gulf War, 219

Kosovo, 290

peacekeeping missions, 11, 17, 102

recruitment during, 245

Vietnam, 43, 182

Women, see Gender factors

Working conditions, 100-102

civilian vs military job market, 127-128, 135-136, 166

gender factors in perception, 173-175, 188

propensity to enlist, 173-175, 201, 203, 204

special and incentive pays based on, 105, 106, 132

World Wide Web, see Internet

Y

Youth and Careers Study, 185

Youth Attitude Tracking Study (YATS), 115, 116, 150-151, 161, 164, 165, 190, 191, 199, 200, 202-217, 220, 230-231, 265, 269, 287-298, 303

Youth Development Study, 151, 157, 161, 164, 165, 184-185, 303

Youth influencers, 10, 14, 151, 179-189, 251, 266-267, 290

see also Familial factors;

Mass media;

Parental factors

counselors, 6, 120, 136, 149, 185, 186, 187, 189

gender factors, general, 185-187

spousal influence, 37, 101, 186

historical perspectives, 180-182, 186, 189

Internet, 180

peers, 184, 185, 186, 187, 223, 237, 241, 266, 267

veterans, 186, 187

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Attitudes, Aptitudes, and Aspirations of American Youth: Implications for Military Recruitment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10478.
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Recruiting an all-volunteer military is a formidable task. To successfully enlist one eligible recruit, the Army must contact approximately 120 young people. The National Research Council explores the various factors that will determine whether the military can realistically expect to recruit an adequate fighting force -- one that will meet its upcoming needs. It also assesses the military’s expected manpower needs and projects the numbers of youth who are likely to be available over the next 20 years to meet these needs.

With clearly written text and useful graphics, Attitudes, Aptitudes, and Aspirations of American Youth offers an overview of important issues for military recruiters, touching on a number of important topics including: sex and race, education and aptitude, physical and moral attributes, and military life and working conditions. In addition, the book looks at how a potential recruit would approach the decision to enlist, considering personal, family, and social values, and the options for other employment or college.

Building on the need to increase young Americans’ “propensity to enlist,” this book offers useful recommendations for increasing educational opportunities while in the service and for developing advertising strategies that include concepts of patriotism and duty to country. Of primary value to military policymakers, recruitment officers, and analysts, Attitudes, Aptitudes, and Aspirations of American Youth will also interest social scientists and policy makers interested in youth trends.

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