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Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (2005)

Chapter: K Data Comparing Carbohydrate Intake to Intake of Other Nutrients from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998

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Page 1226 Cite
Suggested Citation:"K Data Comparing Carbohydrate Intake to Intake of Other Nutrients from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1226
Page 1227 Cite
Suggested Citation:"K Data Comparing Carbohydrate Intake to Intake of Other Nutrients from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1227
Page 1228 Cite
Suggested Citation:"K Data Comparing Carbohydrate Intake to Intake of Other Nutrients from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1228
Page 1229 Cite
Suggested Citation:"K Data Comparing Carbohydrate Intake to Intake of Other Nutrients from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1229
Page 1230 Cite
Suggested Citation:"K Data Comparing Carbohydrate Intake to Intake of Other Nutrients from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1230
Page 1231 Cite
Suggested Citation:"K Data Comparing Carbohydrate Intake to Intake of Other Nutrients from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1231
Page 1232 Cite
Suggested Citation:"K Data Comparing Carbohydrate Intake to Intake of Other Nutrients from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1232
Page 1233 Cite
Suggested Citation:"K Data Comparing Carbohydrate Intake to Intake of Other Nutrients from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1233
Page 1234 Cite
Suggested Citation:"K Data Comparing Carbohydrate Intake to Intake of Other Nutrients from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1234
Page 1235 Cite
Suggested Citation:"K Data Comparing Carbohydrate Intake to Intake of Other Nutrients from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1235
Page 1236 Cite
Suggested Citation:"K Data Comparing Carbohydrate Intake to Intake of Other Nutrients from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1236
Page 1237 Cite
Suggested Citation:"K Data Comparing Carbohydrate Intake to Intake of Other Nutrients from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1237
Page 1238 Cite
Suggested Citation:"K Data Comparing Carbohydrate Intake to Intake of Other Nutrients from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1238
Page 1239 Cite
Suggested Citation:"K Data Comparing Carbohydrate Intake to Intake of Other Nutrients from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1239
Page 1240 Cite
Suggested Citation:"K Data Comparing Carbohydrate Intake to Intake of Other Nutrients from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1240
Page 1241 Cite
Suggested Citation:"K Data Comparing Carbohydrate Intake to Intake of Other Nutrients from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1241
Page 1242 Cite
Suggested Citation:"K Data Comparing Carbohydrate Intake to Intake of Other Nutrients from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1242
Page 1243 Cite
Suggested Citation:"K Data Comparing Carbohydrate Intake to Intake of Other Nutrients from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1243

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K Data Comparing Carbohydrate Intake to Intake of Other Nutrients from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998 TABLE K-1 Median Nutrient Intakes by Carbohydrate Intake as Percentage of Total Energy, Children 1 Through 3 Years of Age, United States, CSFII (1994–1996, 1998) Carbohydrate Intake as Percentage of Total Energy 35 ≤ to < 45% 45 ≤ to < 55% Nutrient < 35% 18 379 1,579 n Total energy (kcal) 1,306 1,402 Standard error 25 13 Carbohydrate (g) 135.0 178.0 Standard error 2.7 1.6 Carbohydrate (% energy) 41.3 51.1 Standard error 0.3 0.2 Fiber (g) 6.4 8.7 Standard error 0.2 0.1 Fat (g) 61.0 55.8 Standard error 1.3 0.6 Fat (% energy) 41.9 34.8 Standard error 0.3 0.2 Saturated fat (g) 26.1 22.4 Standard error 0.6 0.3 Saturated fat (% energy) 17.8 14.1 Standard error 0.2 0.1 1226

1227 A PPENDIX K 55 ≤ to < 65% 65 ≤ to < 75% ≥ 75% 1,428 353 20 1,385 1,253 13 24 206.0 213.0 1.9 4.2 59.7 68.2 0.2 0.3 10.0 10.3 0.1 0.3 44.9 31.5 0.5 0.8 28.7 22.0 0.2 0.4 17.3 11.7 0.2 0.3 11.1 8.3 0.1 0.1 continued

1228 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE K-1 Continued Carbohydrate Intake as Percentage of Total Energy 35 ≤ to < 45% 45 ≤ to < 55% Nutrient < 35% Fatty acid 18:2 (g) 6.9 7.6 Standard error 0.2 0.1 Fatty acid 18:2 (% energy) 4.8 4.8 Standard error 0.1 0.1 Thiamin (mg) 1.03 1.17 Standard error 0.02 0.01 Riboflavin (mg) 1.81 1.77 Standard error 0.04 0.02 Niacin (mg) 11.4 13.5 Standard error 0.3 0.2 Vitamin B6 (mg) 1.10 1.31 Standard error 0.03 0.02 Vitamin B12 ( µg) 4.11 3.38 Standard error 0.10 0.05 Folate ( µg) 166 205 Standard error 5 3 Vitamin C (mg) 57 84 Standard error 2 2 Iron (mg) 8.6 10.6 Standard error 0.2 0.1 Zinc (mg) 8.0 7.9 Standard error 0.2 0.1 Calcium (mg) 972 877 Standard error 28 11 NOTE: Data are limited to individuals who provided complete and reliable 24-hour dietary recalls on Day 1 and Day 2. Individuals were assigned to ranges of energy intake from carbohydrates based on unadjusted 2-day average intakes. Estimates of nutrient intake were adjusted using the Iowa State University method to provide estimates of usual intake. Medians and standard errors were obtained using C-Side. Standard errors were estimated via jackknife replication. Each standard error has 43 degrees of free-

1229 A PPENDIX K 55 ≤ to < 65% 65 ≤ to < 75% ≥ 75% 6.7 4.9 0.1 0.2 4.3 3.4 0.1 0.1 1.19 1.12 0.01 0.02 1.65 1.44 0.02 0.03 13.5 12.6 0.2 0.3 1.37 1.38 0.02 0.03 2.9 2.28 0.05 0.08 222 219 3 6 114 131 2 5 11.3 11.5 0.2 0.3 7.2 6.4 0.1 0.2 769 623 10 17 dom. Children fed human milk or who reported no food intake for a day were excluded from the analysis. DATA SOURCE: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation and Iowa State University Department of Statistics, 2001.

1230 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE K-2 Median Nutrient Intakes by Carbohydrate Intake as Percentage of Total Energy, Children 4 Through 8 Years of Age, United States, CSFII (1994–1996, 1998) Carbohydrate Intake as Percentage of Total Energy 35 ≤ to < 45% 45 ≤ to < 55% Nutrient < 35% 16 288 1,620 n Total energy (kcal) 1,824 1,801 Standard error 32 15 Carbohydrate (g) 188.0 231.0 Standard error 3.4 1.9 Carbohydrate (% energy) 41.4 51.5 Standard error 0.4 0.2 Fiber (g) 10.4 11.9 Standard error 0.3 0.2 Fat (g) 86.4 71.1 Standard error 1.8 0.7 Fat (% energy) 42.0 34.9 Standard error 0.3 0.1 Saturated fat (g) 32.5 26.7 Standard error 0.7 0.3 Saturated fat (% energy) 15.8 13.1 Standard error 0.2 0.1 Fatty acid 18:2 (g) 12.2 10.6 Standard error 0.4 0.1 Fatty acid 18:2 (% energy) 5.9 5.2 Standard error 0.1 0.1 Thiamin (mg) 1.37 1.48 Standard error 0.03 0.02 Riboflavin (mg) 1.95 1.99 Standard error 0.04 0.02 Niacin (mg) 18.9 18.5 Standard error 0.5 0.2 Vitamin B6 (mg) 1.46 1.55 Standard error 0.04 0.02 Vitamin B12 ( µg) 4.68 4.20 Standard error 0.15 0.07 Folate ( µg) 218 257 Standard error 6 4 Vitamin C (mg) 65 81 Standard error 3 2 Iron (mg) 11.9 13.4 Standard error 0.3 0.2 Zinc (mg) 10.7 9.9 Standard error 0.3 0.1 Calcium (mg) 948 903 Standard error 28 11 NOTE: Data are limited to individuals who provided complete and reliable 24-hour dietary recalls on Day 1 and Day 2. Individuals were assigned to ranges of energy intake from carbohydrates based on unadjusted 2-day average intakes. Estimates of nutrient intake were adjusted using the Iowa State University method to provide estimates of usual intake. Medians and standard errors were obtained using C-Side. Standard errors were estimated via jackknife replication. Each standard error has 43 degrees of free-

1231 A PPENDIX K 55 ≤ to < 65% 65 ≤ to < 75% ≥ 75% 1,562 275 8 1,715 1,626 13 34 254.0 277.0 2.0 4.8 59.3 67.6 0.2 0.4 12.0 12.3 0.1 0.4 56.6 42.2 0.5 1.1 29.4 23.1 0.1 0.3 20.7 15.3 0.2 0.4 10.7 8.4 0.1 0.2 8.9 7.1 0.1 0.2 4.6 3.8 0.0 0.1 1.50 1.36 0.01 0.04 1.94 1.72 0.02 0.05 17.6 15.2 0.2 0.4 1.61 1.45 0.02 0.04 3.46 2.58 0.05 0.10 275 255 4 9 105 114 2 5 13.8 12.5 0.2 0.4 9.0 7.4 0.1 0.2 836 741 10 23 dom. Children fed human milk or who reported no food intake for a day were excluded from the analysis. DATA SOURCE: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation and Iowa State University Department of Statistics, 2001.

1232 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE K-3 Median Nutrient Intakes by Carbohydrate Intake as Percentage of Total Energy, Boys 9 Through 18 Years of Age, United States, CSFII (1994–1996, 1998) Carbohydrate Intake as Percentage of Total Energy 35 ≤ to < 45% 45 ≤ to < 55% Nutrient < 35% 8 115 484 n Total energy (kcal) 2,476 2,512 Standard error 88 45 Carbohydrate (g) 262.0 319.0 Standard error 9.6 5.9 Carbohydrate (% energy) 42.5 50.9 Standard error 0.7 0.3 Fiber (g) 13.9 15.6 Standard error 0.8 0.4 Fat (g) 115.0 101.0 Standard error 4.6 2.0 Fat (% energy) 40.1 35.5 Standard error 0.5 0.3 Saturated fat (g) 41.5 36.4 Standard error 1.8 0.8 Saturated fat (% energy) 14.8 12.7 Standard error 0.3 0.2 Fatty acid 18:2 (g) 17.4 15.2 Standard error 0.9 0.4 Fatty acid 18:2 (% energy) 6.4 5.3 Standard error 0.2 0.1 Thiamin (mg) 1.84 1.92 Standard error 0.08 0.04 Riboflavin (mg) 2.35 2.44 Standard error 0.10 0.05 Niacin (mg) 25.3 25.1 Standard error 1.0 0.6 Vitamin B6 (mg) 1.91 2.02 Standard error 0.08 0.05 Vitamin B12 ( µg) 6.19 5.50 Standard error 0.32 0.16 Folate ( µg) 232 278 Standard error 13 8 Vitamin C (mg) 87 88 Standard error 7 4 Iron (mg) 16.0 17.7 Standard error 0.7 0.4 Zinc (mg) 14.3 14.1 Standard error 0.6 0.3 Calcium (mg) 1,105 1,091 Standard error 61 27 NOTE: Data are limited to individuals who provided complete and reliable 24-hour dietary recalls on Day 1 and Day 2. Individuals were assigned to ranges of energy intake from carbohydrates based on unadjusted 2-day average intakes. Estimates of nutrient intake were adjusted using the Iowa State University method to provide estimates of usual intake. Medians and standard errors were obtained using C-Side. Standard errors

1233 A PPENDIX K 55 ≤ to < 65% 65 ≤ to < 75% ≥ 75% 343 61 8 2,467 2,335 55 114 370.0 391.0 8.5 20.3 59.7 66.1 0.5 0.9 16.6 17.6 0.5 1.3 80.0 60.0 2.1 3.4 28.9 23.5 0.4 0.8 28.0 20.9 0.7 1.3 10.1 8.2 0.2 0.3 12.7 10.6 0.4 0.7 4.5 4.1 0.1 0.2 2.13 2.07 0.06 0.13 2.47 2.44 0.07 0.16 25.5 25.1 0.7 1.6 2.10 2.33 0.07 0.18 4.70 4.40 0.17 0.45 329 356 11 29 126 143 6 15 19.3 20.7 0.6 1.3 12.3 11.2 0.4 0.8 1,043 958 31 62 were estimated via jackknife replication. Each standard error has 43 degrees of free- dom. Boys who reported no food intake for a day were excluded from the analysis. DATA SOURCE: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation and Iowa State University Department of Statistics, 2001.

1234 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE K-4 Median Nutrient Intakes by Carbohydrate Intake as Percentage of Total Energy, Men 19 Through 50 Years of Age, United States, CSFII (1994–1996, 1998) Carbohydrate Intake as Percentage of Total Energy 35 ≤ to < 45% 45 ≤ to < 55% Nutrient < 35% 173 686 1,088 n Total energy (kcal) 2,707 2,650 2,588 Standard error 92 47 32 Carbohydrate (g) 203.0 277.0 324.0 Standard error 7.3 5.1 4.1 Carbohydrate (% energy) 30.3 42.2 50.5 Standard error 0.7 0.4 0.3 Fiber (g) 13.1 16.7 18.2 Standard error 0.6 0.4 0.3 Fat (g) 125.0 112.0 97.0 Standard error 4.5 2.4 1.4 Fat (% energy) 42.6 37.4 33.4 Standard error 0.8 0.3 0.2 Saturated fat (g) 43.2 38.5 32.6 Standard error 1.7 0.9 0.5 Saturated fat (% energy) 14.6 12.7 11.1 Standard error 0.3 0.1 0.1 Fatty acid 18:2 (g) 20.0 18.9 17.0 Standard error 1.0 0.5 0.3 Fatty acid 18:2 (% energy) 6.7 6.2 5.8 Standard error 0.3 0.1 0.1 Thiamin (mg) 1.67 1.86 1.93 Standard error 0.07 0.04 0.03 Riboflavin (mg) 2.29 2.22 2.22 Standard error 0.09 0.04 0.03 Niacin (mg) 30.9 29.8 28.6 Standard error 1.2 0.6 0.4 Vitamin B6 (mg) 2.35 2.15 2.11 Standard error 0.09 0.05 0.03 Vitamin B12 ( µg) 7.90 7.60 5.50 Standard error 0.40 0.31 0.15 Folate ( µg) 257 261 287 Standard error 12 6 5 Vitamin C (mg) 69 81 97 Standard error 5 3 3 Iron (mg) 16.3 17.6 18.3 Standard error 0.6 0.4 0.3 Zinc (mg) 18.0 15.8 13.7 Standard error 0.8 0.4 0.2 Calcium (mg) 858 885 910 Standard error 41 24 17 NOTE: Data are limited to individuals who provided complete and reliable 24-hour dietary recalls on Day 1 and Day 2. Individuals were assigned to ranges of energy intake from carbohydrates based on unadjusted 2-day average intakes. Estimates of nutrient intake were adjusted using the Iowa State University method to provide estimates of usual intake. Medians and standard errors were obtained using C-Side. Standard errors

1235 A PPENDIX K 55 ≤ to < 65% 65 ≤ to < 75% ≥ 75% 493 84 9 2,431 2,082 43 94 360.0 365.0 6.9 15.4 59.2 69.3 0.5 1.3 19.8 19.9 0.5 1.6 77.0 46.4 1.6 3.1 28.0 19.0 0.3 1.0 25.5 14.5 0.7 1.1 9.2 5.2 0.1 0.4 13.9 9.1 0.4 0.7 5.0 3.7 0.1 0.3 1.96 1.84 0.04 0.15 2.13 1.89 0.05 0.16 26.2 23.7 0.6 1.7 2.09 2.08 0.06 0.18 4.40 3.37 0.17 0.36 309 310 9 30 115 126 5 14 18.7 17.5 0.4 1.3 12.0 10.1 0.3 0.8 850 724 24 56 were estimated via jackknife replication. Each standard error has 43 degrees of free- dom. Men who reported no food intake for a day were excluded from the analysis. DATA SOURCE: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation and Iowa State University Department of Statistics, 2001.

1236 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE K-5 Median Nutrient Intakes by Carbohydrate Intake as Percentage of Total Energy, Men 51 Years of Age and Older, United States, CSFII (1994–1996, 1998) Carbohydrate Intake as Percentage of Total Energy 35 ≤ to < 45% 45 ≤ to < 55% Nutrient < 35% 156 604 903 n Total energy (kcal) 2,059 2,081 2,035 Standard error 75 36 26 Carbohydrate (g) 153.0 213.0 255.0 Standard error 6.2 3.8 3.4 Carbohydrate (% energy) 30.6 41.1 50.1 Standard error 0.8 0.3 0.3 Fiber (g) 11.2 15.3 17.6 Standard error 0.6 0.4 0.3 Fat (g) 98.0 91.0 78.0 Standard error 4.4 1.9 1.2 Fat (% energy) 42.7 39.0 34.2 Standard error 0.8 0.4 0.3 Saturated fat (g) 31.9 30.1 25.6 Standard error 1.6 0.7 0.5 Saturated fat (% energy) 14.1 12.9 11.2 Standard error 0.4 0.2 0.1 Fatty acid 18:2 (g) 16.9 15.9 13.7 Standard error 1.0 0.4 0.3 Fatty acid 18:2 (% energy) 6.9 6.7 6.0 Standard error 0.3 0.1 0.1 Thiamin (mg) 1.42 1.59 1.68 Standard error 0.07 0.03 0.03 Riboflavin (mg) 1.84 1.94 1.97 Standard error 0.08 0.04 0.03 Niacin (mg) 25.7 24.2 23.9 Standard error 1.2 0.5 0.4 Vitamin B6 (mg) 1.85 1.84 1.93 Standard error 0.09 0.04 0.03 Vitamin B12 ( µg) 6.07 5.60 5.50 Standard error 0.37 0.19 0.20 Folate ( µg) 202 245 272 Standard error 10 6 5 Vitamin C (mg) 70 70 93 Standard error 7 3 3 Iron (mg) 13.4 14.7 16.4 Standard error 0.6 0.3 0.3 Zinc (mg) 13.8 12.7 11.5 Standard error 0.7 0.3 0.2 Calcium (mg) 618 716 761 Standard error 36 17 15 NOTE: Data are limited to individuals who provided complete and reliable 24-hour dietary recalls on Day 1 and Day 2. Individuals were assigned to ranges of energy intake from carbohydrates based on unadjusted 2-day average intakes. Estimates of nutrient intake were adjusted using the Iowa State University method to provide estimates of usual intake. Medians and standard errors were obtained using C-Side. Standard errors

1237 A PPENDIX K 55 ≤ to < 65% 65 ≤ to < 75% ≥ 75% 494 106 16 1,954 1,757 35 56 287.0 300.0 4.9 10.1 58.8 67.9 0.4 0.7 20.2 21.6 0.5 1.1 59.0 38.7 1.4 1.8 27.2 20.1 0.3 0.7 18.5 12.8 0.5 0.7 8.5 6.7 0.1 0.4 11.7 6.9 0.3 0.4 5.3 3.5 0.1 0.2 1.81 1.59 0.04 0.07 1.97 1.82 0.05 0.08 23.6 20.4 0.5 1.0 2.08 2.09 0.05 0.13 4.30 3.70 0.18 0.38 303 305 9 19 128 110 5 7 17.6 16.2 0.4 0.9 10.9 8.6 0.3 0.3 727 746 18 32 were estimated via jackknife replication. Each standard error has 43 degrees of free- dom. Men who reported no food intake for a day were excluded from the analysis. DATA SOURCE: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation and Iowa State University Department of Statistics, 2001.

1238 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE K-6 Median Nutrient Intakes by Carbohydrate Intake as Percentage of Total Energy, Girls 9 Through 18 Years of Age, United States, CSFII (1994–1996, 1998) Carbohydrate Intake as Percentage of Total Energy 35 ≤ to < 45% 45 ≤ to < 55% Nutrient < 35% 6 108 401 n Total energy (kcal) 1,893 1,824 Standard error 71 34 Carbohydrate (g) 196.0 229.0 Standard error 6.9 4.5 Carbohydrate (% energy) 42.2 50.6 Standard error 0.9 0.4 Fiber (g) 10.6 11.6 Standard error 0.5 0.3 Fat (g) 87.8 73.0 Standard error 3.1 1.6 Fat (% energy) 40.8 35.4 Standard error 0.5 0.4 Saturated fat (g) 31.3 25.9 Standard error 1.4 0.6 Saturated fat (% energy) 14.7 12.5 Standard error 0.3 0.2 Fatty acid 18:2 (g) 14.3 11.7 Standard error 0.7 0.3 Fatty acid 18:2 (% energy) 6.7 5.6 Standard error 0.3 0.1 Thiamin (mg) 1.22 1.38 Standard error 0.06 0.03 Riboflavin (mg) 1.74 1.77 Standard error 0.07 0.04 Niacin (mg) 19.3 18.4 Standard error 0.9 0.4 Vitamin B6 (mg) 1.43 1.43 Standard error 0.07 0.04 Vitamin B12 ( µg) 4.63 3.91 Standard error 0.30 0.14 Folate ( µg) 177 205 Standard error 9 6 Vitamin C (mg) 54 73 Standard error 4 3 Iron (mg) 12.2 12.9 Standard error 0.6 0.3 Zinc (mg) 11.0 10.2 Standard error 0.6 0.3 Calcium (mg) 796 795 Standard error 41 22 NOTE: Data are limited to individuals who provided complete and reliable 24-hour dietary recalls on Day 1 and Day 2. Individuals were assigned to ranges of energy intake from carbohydrates based on unadjusted 2-day average intakes. Estimates of nutrient intake were adjusted using the Iowa State University method to provide estimates of usual intake. Medians and standard errors were obtained using C-Side. Standard errors

1239 A PPENDIX K 55 ≤ to < 65% 65 ≤ to < 75% ≥ 75% 401 90 7 1,853 1,838 36 68 275.0 315.0 5.8 12.1 59.3 68.5 0.3 0.7 13.4 13.9 0.4 0.8 61.5 45.5 1.4 2.1 29.3 22.0 0.3 0.6 21.4 15.3 0.5 0.8 10.2 7.3 0.1 0.3 9.9 7.8 0.3 0.4 4.7 3.9 0.1 0.2 1.46 1.43 0.04 0.07 1.73 1.72 0.05 0.08 18.3 16.5 0.5 0.9 1.53 1.49 0.04 0.08 3.55 2.63 0.14 0.20 237 249 8 17 95 128 4 11 13.6 13.2 0.4 0.7 8.9 7.9 0.2 0.5 743 781 21 45 were estimated via jackknife replication. Each standard error has 43 degrees of free- dom. Girls who reported no food intake for a day were excluded from the analysis. DATA SOURCE: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation and Iowa State University Department of Statistics, 2001.

1240 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE K-7 Median Nutrient Intakes by Carbohydrate Intake as Percentage of Total Energy, Women 19 Through 50 Years of Age, United States, CSFII (1994–1996, 1998) Carbohydrate Intake as Percentage of Total Energy 35 ≤ to < 45% 45 ≤ to < 55% Nutrient < 35% 109 497 924 n Total energy (kcal) 1,656 1,721 1,743 Standard error 63 34 22 Carbohydrate (g) 128.0 176.0 220.0 Standard error 5.1 3.7 2.8 Carbohydrate (% energy) 31.4 41.0 50.6 Standard error 0.8 0.4 0.3 Fiber (g) 9.0 11.1 13.0 Standard error 0.5 0.3 0.2 Fat (g) 81.3 77.0 67.0 Standard error 3.6 1.8 1.1 Fat (% energy) 43.9 39.8 34.0 Standard error 0.9 0.4 0.2 Saturated fat (g) 27.5 25.7 22.4 Standard error 1.4 0.7 0.4 Saturated fat (% energy) 14.7 13.3 11.3 Standard error 0.5 0.2 0.1 Fatty acid 18:2 (g) 13.7 13.8 12.0 Standard error 0.8 0.4 0.3 Fatty acid 18:2 (% energy) 7.4 7.0 6.0 Standard error 0.3 0.2 0.1 Thiamin (mg) 1.10 1.22 1.34 Standard error 0.06 0.03 0.02 Riboflavin (mg) 1.45 1.47 1.55 Standard error 0.07 0.03 0.02 Niacin (mg) 18.7 19.2 19.0 Standard error 1.0 0.4 0.3 Vitamin B6 (mg) 1.30 1.37 1.45 Standard error 0.07 0.03 0.02 Vitamin B12 (µg) 4.76 4.52 3.75 Standard error 0.38 0.20 0.11 Folate (µg) 152 174 214 Standard error 8 5 4 Vitamin C (mg) 45 60 75 Standard error 4 3 2 Iron (mg) 10.2 11.5 12.8 Standard error 0.5 0.3 0.2 Zinc (mg) 10.7 9.8 9.4 Standard error 0.6 0.2 0.2 Calcium (mg) 634 607 635 Standard error 42 16 12 NOTE: Data are limited to individuals who provided complete and reliable 24-hour dietary recalls on Day 1 and Day 2. Individuals were assigned to ranges of energy intake from carbohydrates based on unadjusted 2-day average intakes. Estimates of nutrient intake were adjusted using the Iowa State University method to provide estimates of usual intake. Medians and standard errors were obtained using C-Side. Standard errors

1241 A PPENDIX K 55 ≤ to < 65% 65 ≤ to < 75% ≥ 75% 626 176 37 1,666 1,442 1,344 24 48 91 247.0 248.0 284.0 3.8 8.4 17.4 59.1 68.6 80.9 0.3 0.6 1.3 14.0 13.6 14.2 0.3 0.8 1.5 51.8 33.6 18.5 1.0 1.4 2.1 27.8 20.9 11.9 0.3 0.6 0.9 17.1 10.2 5.5 0.4 0.5 0.7 9.1 6.3 3.5 0.1 0.2 0.3 9.7 7.4 3.4 0.2 0.4 0.4 5.1 4.6 2.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 1.38 1.27 1.47 0.03 0.06 0.15 1.59 1.37 1.55 0.03 0.07 0.19 18.5 16.2 15.4 0.4 0.8 1.7 1.53 1.40 1.74 0.04 0.08 0.20 3.28 2.14 2.88 0.13 0.18 0.57 231 237 341 6 14 45 93 92 128 4 7 22 13.2 12.1 14.4 0.3 0.7 1.8 8.6 6.9 7.1 0.2 0.4 0.8 659 540 505 16 29 57 were estimated via jackknife replication. Each standard error has 43 degrees of free- dom. Women who reported no food intake for a day were excluded from the analysis. DATA SOURCE: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation and Iowa State University Department of Statistics, 2001.

1242 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE K-8 Median Nutrient Intakes by Carbohydrate Intake as Percentage of Total Energy, Women 51 Years of Age and Older, United States, CSFII (1994–1996, 1998) Carbohydrate Intake as Percentage of Total Energy 35 ≤ to < 45% 45 ≤ to < 55% Nutrient < 35% 77 438 861 n Total energy (kcal) 1,394 1,464 1,528 Standard error 72 26 19 Carbohydrate (g) 104.0 147.0 193.0 Standard error 5.8 2.8 2.5 Carbohydrate (% energy) 29.6 40.3 51.0 Standard error 0.9 0.4 0.3 Fiber (g) 7.5 11.2 13.3 Standard error 0.6 0.3 0.2 Fat (g) 71.0 66.2 57.9 Standard error 4.5 1.4 0.9 Fat (% energy) 45.1 40.4 33.6 Standard error 1.2 0.4 0.3 Saturated fat (g) 23.7 21.5 18.7 Standard error 1.6 0.5 0.3 Saturated fat (% energy) 15.3 13.1 10.8 Standard error 0.6 0.2 0.1 Fatty acid 18:2 (g) 11.3 12.3 10.8 Standard error 1.0 0.4 0.2 Fatty acid 18:2 (% energy) 6.9 7.4 6.2 Standard error 0.4 0.2 0.1 Thiamin (mg) 1.01 1.13 1.25 Standard error 0.06 0.03 0.02 Riboflavin (mg) 1.26 1.40 1.53 Standard error 0.06 0.03 0.02 Niacin (mg) 17.1 17.8 17.9 Standard error 1.0 0.4 0.3 Vitamin B6 (mg) 1.20 1.32 1.42 Standard error 0.07 0.03 0.02 Vitamin B12 ( µg) 3.38 3.93 3.94 Standard error 0.27 0.19 0.14 Folate ( µg) 139 177 209 Standard error 11 5 4 Vitamin C (mg) 45 62 82 Standard error 5 3 2 Iron (mg) 9.2 10.8 11.8 Standard error 0.5 0.2 0.2 Zinc (mg) 8.2 8.9 8.3 Standard error 0.5 0.2 0.1 Calcium (mg) 449 527 586 Standard error 28 15 11 NOTE: Data are limited to individuals who provided complete and reliable 24-hour dietary recalls on Day 1 and Day 2. Individuals were assigned to ranges of energy intake from carbohydrates based on unadjusted 2-day average intakes. Estimates of nutrient intake were adjusted using the Iowa State University method to provide estimates of usual intake. Medians and standard errors were obtained using C-Side. Standard errors

1243 A PPENDIX K 55 ≤ to < 65% 65 ≤ to < 75% ≥ 75% 620 147 18 1,422 1,272 22 40 210.0 219.0 3.3 6.9 59.1 69.2 0.4 0.7 15.3 17.6 0.3 0.8 43.4 28.1 0.8 1.2 27.1 19.4 0.3 0.5 13.7 8.2 0.3 0.4 8.6 5.7 0.1 0.2 8.4 5.8 0.2 0.3 5.3 3.9 0.1 0.2 1.28 1.30 0.03 0.05 1.51 1.42 0.03 0.06 17.2 16.2 0.3 0.7 1.54 1.65 0.03 0.07 3.06 2.58 0.10 0.20 232 263 6 12 102 123 3 7 12.3 13.0 0.3 0.6 7.8 7.1 0.2 0.3 604 558 14 27 were estimated via jackknife replication. Each standard error has 43 degrees of free- dom. Women who reported no food intake for a day were excluded from the analysis. DATA SOURCE: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation and Iowa State University Department of Statistics, 2001.

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Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids Get This Book
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Responding to the expansion of scientific knowledge about the roles of nutrients in human health, the Institute of Medicine has developed a new approach to establish Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) and other nutrient reference values. The new title for these values Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs), is the inclusive name being given to this new approach. These are quantitative estimates of nutrient intakes applicable to healthy individuals in the United States and Canada. This new book is part of a series of books presenting dietary reference values for the intakes of nutrients. It establishes recommendations for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids. This book presents new approaches and findings which include the following:

  • The establishment of Estimated Energy Requirements at four levels of energy expenditure
  • Recommendations for levels of physical activity to decrease risk of chronic disease
  • The establishment of RDAs for dietary carbohydrate and protein
  • The development of the definitions of Dietary Fiber, Functional Fiber, and Total Fiber
  • The establishment of Adequate Intakes (AI) for Total Fiber
  • The establishment of AIs for linolenic and a-linolenic acids
  • Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges as a percent of energy intake for fat, carbohydrate, linolenic and a-linolenic acids, and protein
  • Research recommendations for information needed to advance understanding of macronutrient requirements and the adverse effects associated with intake of higher amounts

Also detailed are recommendations for both physical activity and energy expenditure to maintain health and decrease the risk of disease.

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