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M
Nitrogen Balance Studies
Used to Estimate the Protein
Requirements in Adults
TABLE M-1 Nitrogen Balance Studies Used to Estimate the
Protein Requirements in Adults
Study Typea
Reference Country
Agarwal et al., 1984 India Primary estimation
Atinmo et al., 1988b Nigeria Primary estimation
Bourges and Lopez-Castro, Mexico Primary estimation
1982
Cheng et al., 1978 Chile Primary estimation + test
Clark et al., 1972 United States Primary estimation
Dutra de Oliveira and Brazil Primary estimation
Vannucchi, 1984
Egana et al., 1992 Chile Primary estimation
Egun and Atinmo, 1993b Nigeria Primary estimation
Fajardo et al., 1981 Columbia Primary estimation
Hussein, 1984 Egypt Primary estimation
Inoue et al., 1981 Japan Primary estimation
Istfan et al., 1983b United States Primary estimation
Kaneko et al., 1988 Japan Primary estimation
Ozalp et al., 1984a Turkey Primary estimation
Scrimshaw et al., 1983 United States Primary estimation
Thomas et al., 1979 United States Primary estimation
Tontisirin et al., 1981b Thailand Primary estimation
Uauy et al., 1978b United States Primary estimation
Yanez et al., 1982 Chile Primary estimation
Young et al., 1984 United States Primary estimation
1250
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1251
A PPENDIX M
Subjects Age (y) Protein Source
6 men, 5 women 25–39 Vegetable: rice, wheat
15 men 19–21 Mixed: beef, rice
11 men 15–30 Animal: milk + vegetable: corn, beans
14 men 23–29 Mixed: milk, wheat, soy
60–73
5 men, 1 woman 22–26 Mixed: milk, wheat, rice
9 men 18–28 Vegetable: rice, beans
14 men 18–31 Animal: egg + vegetable: lupin
12 women 21–32 Mixed: rice, wheat, beef
12 men, 2 women 21–26 Mixed: meat, wheat, potatoes + vegetable:
rice, beans, potatoes
8 women 18–27 Mixed
21 men 19–28 Animal: fish + vegetable: soy + mixed: fish, soy
8 men 18–21 Vegetable: soy
12 women 18–24 Mixed
11 men 19–26 Mixed: wheat, yogurt
22 men 18–23 Animal: milk + vegetable: soy
7 women 18–23 Vegetable: cottonseed
13 men 19–27 Animal: egg
7 men, 7 women 68–84 Animal: egg
15 men 20–31 Mixed: wheat, milk + animal: egg
15 men 20s Animal: egg + vegetable: soy
continued
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1252 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES
TABLE M-1 Continued
Study Type a
Reference Country
Huang and Lin, 1982 China Secondary estimation
Inoue et al., 1973 Japan Secondary estimation
Kaneko and Koike, 1985 Japan Secondary estimation
+ energy
Komatsu et al., 1983 Japan Secondary estimation
Wayler et al., 1983 United States Secondary estimation
Xuecun et al., 1984 China Secondary estimation
Young et al., 1973 United States Secondary estimation
Young et al., 1975 United States Secondary estimation
Zanni et al., 1979 United States Secondary estimation
+ obligatory
Atinmo et al., 1985 Nigeria Obligatory
Bodwell et al., 1979 United States Obligatory
Bricker and Smith, 1951 United States Obligatory
Calloway and Margen, 1971 United States Obligatory
Huang et al., 1972 China Obligatory
Inoue et al., 1974 Obligatory
Nicol and Phillips, 1976a Nigeria Obligatory
Scrimshaw et al., 1972 United States Obligatory
Scrimshaw et al., 1976 United States Obligatory
Tontisirin et al., 1981a Thailand Obligatory
Uauy et al., 1978a United States Obligatory
Uauy et al., 1982 Chile Obligatory + energy
Young and Scrimshaw, 1968 United States Obligatory
Atinmo et al., 1988a Nigeria Test
Bourges et al., 1984 Mexico Test
Campbell et al., 1994 United States Test
Castaneda et al., 1995 United States Test
Dutra de Oliveira et al., 1981 Brazil Test
Egun and Atinmo, 1993a Nigeria Test
Gersovitz et al., 1982 United States Test
Istfan et al., 1983a United States Test
Nicol and Phillips, 1976b Nigeria Test
Oddoye and Margen, 1979 United States Test
Ozalp et al., 1984b Turkey Test
Ozalp et al., 1984c Turkey Test
Tontisirin et al., 1984 Thailand Test
Uauy et al., 1984 Chile Test
Xuecun et al., 1984 China Test
Yanez and Uauy, 1984 Chile Test
Young et al., 1984 United States Test
a Primary estimation = studies designed to estimate requirement by feeding a number
of individuals several different intake levels; test = studies not designed to estimate
requirement, usually involving long experimental periods for a single level; energy =
studies designed to study the effects of varying energy intake; secondary estimation =
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1253
A PPENDIX M
Subjects Age (y) Protein Source
41 men 20–29 Animal: egg + mixed
25 men 20–27 Animal: egg + vegetable: rice
15 women 18–22 Animal: egg
28 men 19–30 Animal: amino acids (egg)
34 men 18–26 Animal: beef + animal: milk + mixed: beef, soy
10 men 26–41 Mixed: rice, wheat, pork, egg
19 men 18–28 Animal: egg
15 men 18–24 Animal: beef + vegetable: wheat
6 men 63–77 Animal: egg white
15 men 19–39
13 men, 11 women 19–52
25 women 19–30
13 men 21–37
50 men 20–32
9 men Young
9 men 21–30
83 men 18–26
11 women 67–91
4 men 21–25
8 men 68–72
8 men 24–31
8 men 17–22
12 men 22–29 Mixed: beef, rice
20 men 19–25 Vegetable: corn, beans
8 men, 4 women 56–80 Mixed: milk, egg, vegetable
12 women 66–79 Mixed: milk, vegetable
14 men 17–26 Mixed: rice, beans, meat, milk
11 women 21–30 Mixed: rice, wheat, beef
7 men, 8 women 70–99 Animal: egg
6 men 18–26 Vegetable: soy
17 men 21–30 Vegetable: rice
12 men 23–30 Animal: egg + mixed: egg, soy
49 men 19–30 Mixed: wheat, yogurt
15 men 19–28 Mixed: wheat, yogurt
12 men 19–26 Mixed: rice, fish
53 men 18–19 Mixed: wheat, rice, milk
6 men 24–45 Mixed: rice, wheat, pork, egg
8 men 19–33 Mixed: wheat, rice, milk
32 men 20s Animal: egg + vegetable: soy
studies that present only mean data or studied different individuals at each intake level;
obligatory = studies that examined responses to zero or very low nitrogen intake.
SOURCE: Adapted from Rand et al. (2003).
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
nitrogen balance
