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OCR for page 1319
Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids
Summary Tables, Dietary Reference Intakes
Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Vitamins
1320
Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Elements
1322
Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Total Water and Macronutrients
1324
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges
1325
Additional Macronutrient Recommendations
1325
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL), Vitamins
1326
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL), Elements
1328
Estimated Average Requirements for Groups
1330
OCR for page 1320
Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Vitamins Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies
Life Stage Group
Vitamin A (µg/d)a
Vitamin C (mg/d)
Vitamin D (µg/d)b,c
Vitamin E (mg/d)d
Vitamin K (µg/d)
Thiamin (mg/d)
Infants
0–6 mo
400*
40*
5*
4*
2.0*
0.2*
7–12 mo
500*
50*
5*
5*
2.5*
0.3*
Children
1–3 y
300
15
5*
6
30*
0.5
4–8 y
400
25
5*
7
55*
0.6
Males
9–13 y
600
45
5*
11
60*
0.9
14–18 y
900
75
5*
15
75*
1.2
19–30 y
900
90
5*
15
120*
1.2
31–50 y
900
90
5*
15
120*
1.2
51–70 y
900
90
10*
15
120*
1.2
> 70 y
900
90
15*
15
120*
1.2
Females
9–13 y
600
45
5*
11
60*
0.9
14–18 y
700
65
5*
15
75*
1.0
19–30 y
700
75
5*
15
90*
1.1
31–50 y
700
75
5*
15
90*
1.1
51–70 y
700
75
10*
15
90*
1.1
> 70 y
700
75
15*
15
90*
1.1
Pregnancy
14–18 y
750
80
5*
15
75*
1.4
19–30 y
770
85
5*
15
90*
1.4
31–50 y
770
85
5*
15
90*
1.4
Lactation
14–18 y
1,200
115
5*
19
75*
1.4
19–30 y
1,300
120
5*
19
90*
1.4
31–50 y
1,300
120
5*
19
90*
1.4
NOTE: This table (taken from the DRI reports, see www.nap.edu) presents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). RDAs and AIs may both be used as goals for individual intake. RDAs are set to meet the needs of almost all (97 to 98 percent) individuals in a group. For healthy breastfed infants, the AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life stage and gender groups is believed to cover needs of all individuals in the group, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake.
a As retinol activity equivalents (RAEs). 1 RAE = 1 µg retinol, 12 µg β-carotene, 24 µg α-carotene, or 24 µg β-cryptoxanthin. The RAE for dietary provitamin A carotenoids is twofold greater than retinol equivalents (RE), whereas the RAE for preformed vitamin A is the same as RE.
b As cholecalciferol. 1 µg cholecalciferol = 40 IU vitamin D.
c In the absence of adequate exposure to sunlight.
d As α-tocopherol. α-Tocopherol includes RRR-α-tocopherol, the only form of α-tocopherol that occurs naturally in foods, and the 2R-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol (RRR-, RSR-, RRS-, and RSS-α-tocopherol) that occur in fortified foods and supplements. It does not include the 2S-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol (SRR-, SSR-, SRS-, and SSS-α-tocopherol), also found in fortified foods and supplements.
e As niacin equivalents (NE). 1 mg of niacin = 60 mg of tryptophan; 0–6 months = preformed niacin (not NE).
f As dietary folate equivalents (DFE). 1 DFE = 1 µg food folate = 0.6 µg of folic acid from fortified food or as a supplement consumed with food = 0.5 µg of a supplement taken on an empty stomach.
OCR for page 1321
Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids
Riboflavin (mg/d)
Niacin (mg/d)e
Vitamin B6 (mg/d)
Folate (µg/d)f
Vitamin B12 (µg/d)
Pantothenic Acid (mg/d)
Biotin (µg/d)
Choline (mg/d)g
0.3*
2*
0.1*
65*
0.4*
1.7*
5*
125*
0.4*
4*
0.3*
80*
0.5*
1.8*
6*
150*
0.5
6
0.5
150
0.9
2*
8*
200*
0.6
8
0.6
200
1.2
3*
12*
250*
0.9
12
1.0
300
1.8
4*
20*
375*
1.3
16
1.3
400
2.4
5*
25*
550*
1.3
16
1.3
400
2.4
5*
30*
550*
1.3
16
1.3
400
2.4
5*
30*
550*
1.3
16
1.7
400
2.4h
5*
30*
550*
1.3
16
1.7
400
2.4h
5*
30*
550*
0.9
12
1.0
300
1.8
4*
20*
375*
1.0
14
1.2
400i
2.4
5*
25*
400*
1.1
14
1.3
400i
2.4
5*
30*
425*
1.1
14
1.3
400i
2.4
5*
30*
425*
1.1
14
1.5
400
2.4h
5*
30*
425*
1.1
14
1.5
400
2.4h
5*
30*
425*
1.4
18
1.9
600j
2.6
6*
30*
450*
1.4
18
1.9
600j
2.6
6*
30*
450*
1.4
18
1.9
600j
2.6
6*
30*
450*
1.6
17
2.0
500
2.8
7*
35*
550*
1.6
17
2.0
500
2.8
7*
35*
550*
1.6
17
2.0
500
2.8
7*
35*
550*
g Although AIs have been set for choline, there are few data to assess whether a dietary supply of choline is needed at all stages of the life cycle, and it may be that the choline requirement can be met by endogenous synthesis at some of these stages.
h Because 10 to 30 percent of older people may malabsorb food-bound B12, it is advisable for those older than 50 years to meet their RDA mainly by consuming foods fortified with B12 or a supplement containing B12.
i In view of evidence linking folate intake with neural tube defects in the fetus, it is recommended that all women capable of becoming pregnant consume 400 µg from supplements or fortified foods in addition to intake of food folate from a varied diet.
j It is assumed that women will continue consuming 400 µg from supplements or fortified food until their pregnancy is confirmed and they enter prenatal care, which ordinarily occurs after the end of the periconceptional period—the critical time for formation of the neural tube.
SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001); and Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (2005). These reports may be accessed via http://www.nap.edu.
OCR for page 1322
Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Elements Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies
Life Stage Group
Calcium (mg/d)
Chromium (µg/d)
Copper (µg/d)
Fluoride (mg/d)
Iodine (µg/d)
Iron (mg/d)
Magnesium (mg/d)
Infants
0–6 mo
210*
0.2*
200*
0.01*
110*
0.27*
30*
7–12 mo
270*
5.5*
220*
0.5*
130*
11
75*
Children
1–3 y
500*
11*
340
0.7*
90
7
80
4–8 y
800*
15*
440
1*
90
10
130
Males
9–13 y
1,300*
25*
700
2*
120
8
240
14–18 y
1,300*
35*
890
3*
150
11
410
19–30 y
1,000*
35*
900
4*
150
8
400
31–50 y
1,000*
35*
900
4*
150
8
420
51–70 y
1,200*
30*
900
4*
150
8
420
> 70 y
1,200*
30*
900
4*
150
8
420
Females
9–13 y
1,300*
21*
700
2*
120
8
240
14–18 y
1,300*
24*
890
3*
150
15
360
19–30 y
1,000*
25*
900
3*
150
18
310
31–50 y
1,000*
25*
900
3*
150
18
320
51–70 y
1,200*
20*
900
3*
150
8
320
> 70 y
1,200*
20*
900
3*
150
8
320
Pregnancy
14–18 y
1,300*
29*
1,000
3*
220
27
400
19–30 y
1,000*
30*
1,000
3*
220
27
350
31–50 y
1,000*
30*
1,000
3*
220
27
360
Lactation
14–18 y
1,300*
44*
1,300
3*
290
10
360
19–30 y
1,000*
45*
1,300
3*
290
9
310
31–50 y
1,000*
45*
1,300
3*
290
9
320
NOTE: This table presents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). RDAs and AIs may both be used as goals for individual intake. RDAs are set to meet the needs of almost all (97 to 98 percent) individuals in a group. For healthy breastfed infants, the AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life stage and gender groups is believed to cover needs of all individuals in the group, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake.
OCR for page 1323
Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids
Manganese (mg/d)
Molybdenum (µg/d)
Phosphorus (mg/d)
Selenium (µg/d)
Zinc (mg/d)
Potassium (g/d)
Sodium (g/d)
Chloride (g/d)
0.003*
2*
100*
15*
2*
0.4*
0.12*
0.18*
0.6*
3*
275*
20*
3
0.7*
0.37*
0.57*
1.2*
17
460
20
3
3.0*
1.0*
1.5*
1.5*
22
500
30
5
3.8*
1.2*
1.9*
1.9*
34
1,250
40
8
4.5*
1.5*
2.3*
2.2*
43
1,250
55
11
4.7*
1.5*
2.3*
2.3*
45
700
55
11
4.7*
1.5*
2.3*
2.3*
45
700
55
11
4.7*
1.5*
2.3*
2.3*
45
700
55
11
4.7*
1.3*
2.0*
2.3*
45
700
55
11
4.7*
1.2*
1.8*
1.6*
34
1,250
40
8
4.5*
1.5*
2.3*
1.6*
43
1,250
55
9
4.7*
1.5*
2.3*
1.8*
45
700
55
8
4.7*
1.5*
2.3*
1.8*
45
700
55
8
4.7*
1.5*
2.3*
1.8*
45
700
55
8
4.7*
1.3*
2.0*
1.8*
45
700
55
8
4.7*
1.2*
1.8*
2.0*
50
1,250
60
12
4.7*
1.5*
2.3*
2.0*
50
700
60
11
4.7*
1.5*
2.3*
2.0*
50
700
60
11
4.7*
1.5*
2.3*
2.6*
50
1,250
70
13
5.1*
1.5*
2.3*
2.6*
50
700
70
12
5.1*
1.5*
2.3*
2.6*
50
700
70
12
5.1*
1.5*
2.3*
SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001); and Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (2005). These reports may be accessed via http://www.nap.edu.
OCR for page 1324
Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Total Water and Macronutrients
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies
Life Stage Group
Total Watera (L/d)
Carbohydrate (g/d)
Total Fiber (g/d)
Fat (g/d)
Linoleic Acid (g/d)
α-Linolenic Acid (g/d)
Proteinb (g/d)
Infants
0–6 mo
0.7*
60*
ND
31*
4.4*
0.5*
9.1*
7–12 mo
0.8*
95*
ND
30*
4.6*
0.5*
11.0+
Children
1–3 y
1.3*
130
19*
NDc
7*
0.7*
13
4–8 y
1.7*
130
25*
ND
10*
0.9*
19
Males
9–13 y
2.4*
130
31*
ND
12*
1.2*
34
14–18 y
3.3*
130
38*
ND
16*
1.6*
52
19–30 y
3.7*
130
38*
ND
17*
1.6*
56
31–50 y
3.7*
130
38*
ND
17*
1.6*
56
51–70 y
3.7*
130
30*
ND
14*
1.6*
56
> 70 y
3.7*
130
30*
ND
14*
1.6*
56
Females
9–13 y
2.1*
130
26*
ND
10*
1.0*
34
14–18 y
2.3*
130
26*
ND
11*
1.1*
46
19–30 y
2.7*
130
25*
ND
12*
1.1*
46
31–50 y
2.7*
130
25*
ND
12*
1.1*
46
51–70 y
2.7*
130
21*
ND
11*
1.1*
46
> 70 y
2.7*
130
21*
ND
11*
1.1*
46
Pregnancy
14–18 y
3.0*
175
28*
ND
13*
1.4*
71
19–30 y
3.0*
175
28*
ND
13*
1.4*
71
31–50 y
3.0*
175
28*
ND
13*
1.4*
71
Lactation
14–18 y
3.8*
210
29*
ND
13*
1.3*
71
19–30 y
3.8*
210
29*
ND
13*
1.3*
71
31–50 y
3.8*
210
29*
ND
13*
1.3*
71
NOTE: This table presents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). RDAs and AIs may both be used as goals for individual intake. RDAs are set to meet the needs of almost all (97 to 98 percent) individuals in a group. For healthy breastfed infants, the AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life stage and gender groups is believed to cover the needs of all individuals in the group, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake. The plus (+) symbol indicates a change from the prepublication copy due to a calculation error.
a Total water includes all water contained in food, beverages, and drinking water.
b Based on g protein per kg of body weight for the reference body weight, e.g., for adults 0.8 g/kg body weight for the reference body weight.
c Not determined.
SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (2002/2005); Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (2005). These reports may be accessed via http://www.nap.edu.
OCR for page 1325
Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies
Range (percent of energy)
Macronutrient
Children, 1–3 y
Children, 4–18 y
Adults
Fat
30–40
25–35
20–35
n-6 Polyunsaturated fatty acidsa (linoleic acid)
5–10
5–10
5–10
n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acidsa (α-linolenic acid)
0.6–1.2
0.6–1.2
0.6–1.2
Carbohydrate
45–65
45–65
45–65
Protein
5–20
10–30
10–35
a Approximately 10 percent of the total can come from longer-chain n-3 or n-6 fatty acids.
SOURCE: Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (2002/2005).
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Additional Macronutrient Recommendations Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies
Macronutrient
Recommendation
Dietary cholesterol
As low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet
Trans fatty acids
As low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet
Saturated fatty acids
As low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet
Added sugars
Limit to no more than 25% of total energy
SOURCE: Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (2002/2005).
OCR for page 1326
Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULa), Vitamins Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies
Life Stage Group
Vitamin A (µg/d)b
Vitamin C (mg/d)
Vitamin D (µg/d)
Vitamin E (mg/d)c,d
Vitamin K
Thiamin
Infants
0–6 mo
600
NDf
25
ND
ND
ND
7–12 mo
600
ND
25
ND
ND
ND
Children
1–3 y
600
400
50
200
ND
ND
4–8 y
900
650
50
300
ND
ND
Males, Females
9–13 y
1,700
1,200
50
600
ND
ND
14–18 y
2,800
1,800
50
800
ND
ND
19–70 y
3,000
2,000
50
1,000
ND
ND
> 70 y
3,000
2,000
50
1,000
ND
ND
Pregnancy
14–18 y
2,800
1,800
50
800
ND
ND
19–50 y
3,000
2,000
50
1,000
ND
ND
Lactation
14–18 y
2,800
1,800
50
800
ND
ND
19–50 y
3,000
2,000
50
1,000
ND
ND
a UL = The highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population. Unless otherwise specified, the UL represents total intake from food, water, and supplements. Due to lack of suitable data, ULs could not be established for vitamin K, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and carotenoids. In the absence of ULs, extra caution may be warranted in consuming levels above recommended intakes.
b As preformed vitamin A only.
c As α-tocopherol; applies to any form of supplemental α-tocopherol.
d The ULs for vitamin E, niacin, and folate apply to synthetic forms obtained from supplements, fortified foods, or a combination of the two.
e β-Carotene supplements are advised only to serve as a provitamin A source for individuals at risk of vitamin A deficiency.
OCR for page 1327
Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids
Ribo-flavin
Niacin (mg/d)d
Vitamin B6 (mg/d)
Folate (µg/d)d
Vitamin B12
Pantothenic Acid
Biotin
Choline (g/d)
Carote-noidse
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
10
30
300
ND
ND
ND
1.0
ND
ND
15
40
400
ND
ND
ND
1.0
ND
ND
20
60
600
ND
ND
ND
2.0
ND
ND
30
80
800
ND
ND
ND
3.0
ND
ND
35
100
1,000
ND
ND
ND
3.5
ND
ND
35
100
1,000
ND
ND
ND
3.5
ND
ND
30
80
800
ND
ND
ND
3.0
ND
ND
35
100
1,000
ND
ND
ND
3.5
ND
ND
30
80
800
ND
ND
ND
3.0
ND
ND
35
100
1,000
ND
ND
ND
3.5
ND
f ND = Not determinable due to lack of data of adverse effects in this age group and concern with regard to lack of ability to handle excess amounts. Source of intake should be from food only to prevent high levels of intake.
SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000); and Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001). These reports may be accessed via http://www.nap.edu.
OCR for page 1328
Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULa), Elements Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies
Life Stage Group
Arsenicb
Boron (mg/d)
Calcium (g/d)
Chromium
Copper (µg/d)
Fluoride (mg/d)
Iodine (µg/d)
Iron (mg/d)
Magnesium (mg/d)c
Infants
0–6 mo
NDf
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.7
ND
40
ND
7–12 mo
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.9
ND
40
ND
Children
1–3 y
ND
3
2.5
ND
1,000
1.3
200
40
65
4–8 y
ND
6
2.5
ND
3,000
2.2
300
40
110
Males, Females
9–13 y
ND
11
2.5
ND
5,000
10
600
40
350
14–18 y
ND
17
2.5
ND
8,000
10
900
45
350
19–70 y
ND
20
2.5
ND
10,000
10
1,100
45
350
> 70 y
ND
20
2.5
ND
10,000
10
1,100
45
350
Pregnancy
14–18 y
ND
17
2.5
ND
8,000
10
900
45
350
19–50 y
ND
20
2.5
ND
10,000
10
1,100
45
350
Lactation
14–18 y
ND
17
2.5
ND
8,000
10
900
45
350
19–50 y
ND
20
2.5
ND
10,000
10
1,100
45
350
a UL = The highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population. Unless otherwise specified, the UL represents total intake from food, water, and supplements. Due to lack of suitable data, ULs could not be established for arsenic, chromium, silicon, potassium, and sulfate. In the absence of ULs, extra caution may be warranted in consuming levels above recommended intakes.
b Although the UL was not determined for arsenic, there is no justification for adding arsenic to food or supplements.
c The ULs for magnesium represent intake from a pharmacological agent only and do not include intake from food and water.
d Although silicon has not been shown to cause adverse effects in humans, there is no justification for adding silicon to supplements.
e Although vanadium in food has not been shown to cause adverse effects in humans, there is no justification for adding vanadium to food and vanadium supplements should be used with caution. The UL is based on adverse effects in laboratory animals and this data could be used to set a UL for adults but not children and adolescents.
OCR for page 1329
Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids
Manganese (mg/d)
Molybdenum (µg/d)
Nickel (mg/d)
Phosphorus (g/d)
Potassium
Selenium (µg/d)
Silicond
Sulfate
Vanadium (mg/d)e
Zinc (mg/d)
Sodium (g/d)
Chloride (g/d)
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
45
ND
ND
ND
4
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
60
ND
ND
ND
5
ND
ND
2
300
0.2
3.0
ND
90
ND
ND
ND
7
1.5
2.3
3
600
0.3
3.0
ND
150
ND
ND
ND
12
1.9
2.9
6
1,100
0.6
4.0
ND
280
ND
ND
ND
23
2.2
3.4
9
1,700
1.0
4.0
ND
400
ND
ND
ND
34
2.3
3.6
11
2,000
1.0
4.0
ND
400
ND
ND
1.8
40
2.3
3.6
11
2,000
1.0
3.0
ND
400
ND
ND
1.8
40
2.3
3.6
9
1,700
1.0
3.5
ND
400
ND
ND
ND
34
2.3
3.6
11
2,000
1.0
3.5
ND
400
ND
ND
ND
40
2.3
3.6
9
1,700
1.0
4.0
ND
400
ND
ND
ND
34
2.3
3.6
11
2,000
1.0
4.0
ND
400
ND
ND
ND
40
2.3
3.6
f ND = Not determinable due to lack of data of adverse effects in this age group and concern with regard to lack of ability to handle excess amounts. Source of intake should be from food only to prevent high levels of intake.
SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001); and Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (2005). These reports may be accessed via http://www.nap.edu.
OCR for page 1330
Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Estimated Average Requirements for Groups Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies
Life Stage Group
CHO (g/d)
Protein (g/kg/d)
Vit A (µg/d)a
Vit C (mg/d)
Vit E (mg/d)b
Thiamin (mg/d)
Riboflavin (mg/d)
Niacin (mg/d)c
Vit B6 (mg/d)
Infants
7–12 mo
1.0
Children
1–3 y
100
0.87
210
13
5
0.4
0.4
5
0.4
4–8 y
100
0.76
275
22
6
0.5
0.5
6
0.5
Males
9–13 y
100
0.76
445
39
9
0.7
0.8
9
0.8
14–18 y
100
0.73
630
63
12
1.0
1.1
12
1.1
19–30 y
100
0.66
625
75
12
1.0
1.1
12
1.1
31–50 y
100
0.66
625
75
12
1.0
1.1
12
1.1
51–70 y
100
0.66
625
75
12
1.0
1.1
12
1.4
> 70 y
100
0.66
625
75
12
1.0
1.1
12
1.4
Females
9–13 y
100
0.76
420
39
9
0.7
0.8
9
0.8
14–18 y
100
0.71
485
56
12
0.9
0.9
11
1.0
19–30 y
100
0.66
500
60
12
0.9
0.9
11
1.1
31–50 y
100
0.66
500
60
12
0.9
0.9
11
1.1
51–70 y
100
0.66
500
60
12
0.9
0.9
11
1.3
> 70 y
100
0.66
500
60
12
0.9
0.9
11
1.3
Pregnancy
14–18 y
135
0.88
530
66
12
1.2
1.2
14
1.6
19–30 y
135
0.88
550
70
12
1.2
1.2
14
1.6
31–50 y
135
0.88
550
70
12
1.2
1.2
14
1.6
Lactation
14–18 y
160
1.05
885
96
16
1.2
1.3
13
1.7
19–30 y
160
1.05
900
100
16
1.2
1.3
13
1.7
31–50 y
160
1.05
900
100
16
1.2
1.3
13
1.7
NOTE: This table presents Estimated Average Requirements (EARs), which serve two purposes: for assessing adequacy of population intakes and as the basis for calculating Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for individuals. EARs have not been established for vitamin D, vitamin K, pantothenic acid, biotin, choline, calcium, chromium, fluoride, manganese, or other nutrients not yet evaluated via the DRI process.
a As retinol activity equivalents (RAEs). 1 RAE = 1 µg retinol, 12 µg β-carotene, 24 µg α-carotene, or 24 µg β-cryptoxanthin. The RAE for dietary provitamin A carotenoids is twofold greater than retinol equivalents (RE), whereas the RAE for preformed vitamin A is the same as RE.
b As α-tocopherol. α-Tocopherol includes RRR-α-tocopherol, the only form of α-tocopherol that occurs naturally in foods, and the 2R-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol (RRR-, RSR-, RRS-, and RSS-α-tocopherol) that occur in fortified foods and supplements. It does not include the 2S-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol (SRR-, SSR-, SRS-, and SSS-α-tocopherol), also found in fortified foods and supplements.
OCR for page 1331
Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids
Folate (µg/d)a
Vit B12 (µg/d)
Copper (µg/d)
Iodine (µg/d)
Iron (mg/d)
Magnesium (mg/d)
Molybdenum (µg/d)
Phosphorus (mg/d)
Selenium (µg/d)
Zinc (mg/d)
6.9
2.5
120
0.7
260
65
3.0
65
13
380
17
2.5
160
1.0
340
65
4.1
110
17
405
23
4.0
250
1.5
540
73
5.9
200
26
1,055
35
7.0
330
2.0
685
95
7.7
340
33
1,055
45
8.5
320
2.0
700
95
6
330
34
580
45
9.4
320
2.0
700
95
6
350
34
580
45
9.4
320
2.0
700
95
6
350
34
580
45
9.4
320
2.0
700
95
6
350
34
580
45
9.4
250
1.5
540
73
5.7
200
26
1,055
35
7.0
330
2.0
685
95
7.9
300
33
1,055
45
7.3
320
2.0
700
95
8.1
255
34
580
45
6.8
320
2.0
700
95
8.1
265
34
580
45
6.8
320
2.0
700
95
5
265
34
580
45
6.8
320
2.0
700
95
5
265
34
580
45
6.8
520
2.2
785
160
23
335
40
1,055
49
10.5
520
2.2
800
160
22
290
40
580
49
9.5
520
2.2
800
160
22
300
40
580
49
9.5
450
2.4
985
209
7
300
35
1,055
59
10.9
450
2.4
1,000
209
6.5
255
36
580
59
10.4
450
2.4
1,000
209
6.5
265
36
580
59
10.4
c As niacin equivalents (NE). 1 mg of niacin = 60 mg of tryptophan.
d As dietary folate equivalents (DFE). 1 DFE = 1 µg food folate = 0.6 µg of folic acid from fortified food or as a supplement consumed with food = 0.5 µg of a supplement taken on an empty stomach.
SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001), and Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (2002/2005). These reports may be accessed via www.nap.edu.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
reference intakes
