National Academies Press: OpenBook
« Previous: Index
Page 1319 Cite
Suggested Citation:"Summary Tables, Dietary Reference Intakes." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1319
Page 1320 Cite
Suggested Citation:"Summary Tables, Dietary Reference Intakes." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1320
Page 1321 Cite
Suggested Citation:"Summary Tables, Dietary Reference Intakes." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1321
Page 1322 Cite
Suggested Citation:"Summary Tables, Dietary Reference Intakes." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1322
Page 1323 Cite
Suggested Citation:"Summary Tables, Dietary Reference Intakes." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1323
Page 1324 Cite
Suggested Citation:"Summary Tables, Dietary Reference Intakes." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1324
Page 1325 Cite
Suggested Citation:"Summary Tables, Dietary Reference Intakes." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1325
Page 1326 Cite
Suggested Citation:"Summary Tables, Dietary Reference Intakes." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1326
Page 1327 Cite
Suggested Citation:"Summary Tables, Dietary Reference Intakes." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1327
Page 1328 Cite
Suggested Citation:"Summary Tables, Dietary Reference Intakes." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1328
Page 1329 Cite
Suggested Citation:"Summary Tables, Dietary Reference Intakes." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1329
Page 1330 Cite
Suggested Citation:"Summary Tables, Dietary Reference Intakes." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1330
Page 1331 Cite
Suggested Citation:"Summary Tables, Dietary Reference Intakes." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1331
Page 1332 Cite
Suggested Citation:"Summary Tables, Dietary Reference Intakes." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1332

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

Summary Tables, Dietary Reference Intakes Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Vitamins 1320 Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Elements 1322 Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Total Water and Macronutrients 1324 Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges 1325 Additional Macronutrient Recommendations 1325 Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL), Vitamins 1326 Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL), Elements 1328 Estimated Average Requirements for Groups 1330 1319

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Vitamins Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Life Stage Vitamin A Vitamin C Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Thiamin (µg/d)a (µg/d)b,c (mg/d)d Group (mg/d) (µg/d) (mg/d) Infants 0–6 mo 400* 40* 5* 4* 2.0* 0.2* 7–12 mo 500* 50* 5* 5* 2.5* 0.3* Children 1–3 y 5* 30* 300 15 6 0.5 4–8 y 5* 55* 400 25 7 0.6 Males 9–13 y 5* 60* 600 45 11 0.9 14–18 y 5* 75* 900 75 15 1.2 19–30 y 5* 120* 900 90 15 1.2 31–50 y 5* 120* 900 90 15 1.2 51–70 y 10* 120* 900 90 15 1.2 > 70 y 15* 120* 900 90 15 1.2 Females 9–13 y 5* 60* 600 45 11 0.9 14–18 y 5* 75* 700 65 15 1.0 19–30 y 5* 90* 700 75 15 1.1 31–50 y 5* 90* 700 75 15 1.1 51–70 y 10* 90* 700 75 15 1.1 > 70 y 15* 90* 700 75 15 1.1 Pregnancy 14–18 y 5* 75* 750 80 15 1.4 19–30 y 5* 90* 770 85 15 1.4 31–50 y 5* 90* 770 85 15 1.4 Lactation 14–18 y 5* 75* 1,200 115 19 1.4 19–30 y 5* 90* 1,300 120 19 1.4 31–50 y 5* 90* 1,300 120 19 1.4 NOTE: This table (taken from the DRI reports, see www.nap.edu) presents Recom- mended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordi- nary type followed by an asterisk (*). RDAs and AIs may both be used as goals for individual intake. RDAs are set to meet the needs of almost all (97 to 98 percent) individuals in a group. For healthy breastfed infants, the AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life stage and gender groups is believed to cover needs of all individuals in the group, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake. a As retinol activity equivalents (RAEs). 1 RAE = 1 µg retinol, 12 µg β-carotene, 24 µg α-carotene, or 24 µg β-cryptoxanthin. The RAE for dietary provitamin A carotenoids is twofold greater than retinol equivalents (RE), whereas the RAE for preformed vitamin A is the same as RE. b As cholecalciferol. 1 µg cholecalciferol = 40 IU vitamin D. c In the absence of adequate exposure to sunlight. d As α -tocopherol. α -Tocopherol includes R RR - α -tocopherol, the only form of α -tocopherol that occurs naturally in foods, and the 2 R-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol (RRR-, RSR-, RRS-, and RSS-α-tocopherol) that occur in fortified foods and supplements. It does not include the 2S-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol (SRR-, SSR-, SRS-, and SSS-α-tocopherol), also found in fortified foods and supplements. e As niacin equivalents (NE). 1 mg of niacin = 60 mg of tryptophan; 0–6 months = preformed niacin (not NE). f As dietary folate equivalents (DFE). 1 DFE = 1 µg food folate = 0.6 µg of folic acid 1320

Riboflavin Niacin Vitamin B6 Folate Vitamin B12 Pantothenic Biotin Choline (mg/d)e (mg/d) (µg/d)f (µg/d) Acid (mg/d) (µg/d) (mg/d)g (mg/d) 0.3* 2* 0.1* 65* 0.4* 1.7* 5* 125* 0.4* 4* 0.3* 80* 0.5* 1.8* 6* 150* 2* 8* 200* 0.5 6 0.5 150 0.9 3* 12* 250* 0.6 8 0.6 200 1.2 4* 20* 375* 0.9 12 1.0 300 1.8 5* 25* 550* 1.3 16 1.3 400 2.4 5* 30* 550* 1.3 16 1.3 400 2.4 5* 30* 550* 1.3 16 1.3 400 2.4 2.4h 5* 30* 550* 1.3 16 1.7 400 2.4h 5* 30* 550* 1.3 16 1.7 400 4* 20* 375* 0.9 12 1.0 300 1.8 400i 5* 25* 400* 1.0 14 1.2 2.4 400i 5* 30* 425* 1.1 14 1.3 2.4 400i 5* 30* 425* 1.1 14 1.3 2.4 2.4h 5* 30* 425* 1.1 14 1.5 400 2.4h 5* 30* 425* 1.1 14 1.5 400 600j 6* 30* 450* 1.4 18 1.9 2.6 600j 6* 30* 450* 1.4 18 1.9 2.6 600j 6* 30* 450* 1.4 18 1.9 2.6 7* 35* 550* 1.6 17 2.0 500 2.8 7* 35* 550* 1.6 17 2.0 500 2.8 7* 35* 550* 1.6 17 2.0 500 2.8 from fortified food or as a supplement consumed with food = 0.5 µg of a supplement taken on an empty stomach. g Although AIs have been set for choline, there are few data to assess whether a dietary supply of choline is needed at all stages of the life cycle, and it may be that the choline requirement can be met by endogenous synthesis at some of these stages. h Because 10 to 30 percent of older people may malabsorb food-bound B12, it is advisable for those older than 50 years to meet their RDA mainly by consuming foods fortified with B12 or a supplement containing B12. i In view of evidence linking folate intake with neural tube defects in the fetus, it is recommended that all women capable of becoming pregnant consume 400 µg from supplements or fortified foods in addition to intake of food folate from a varied diet. j It is assumed that women will continue consuming 400 µg from supplements or fortified food until their pregnancy is confirmed and they enter prenatal care, which ordinarily occurs after the end of the periconceptional period—the critical time for formation of the neural tube. SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001); and Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (2005). These reports may be accessed via http://www.nap.edu. 1321

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Elements Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Life Stage Calcium Chromium Copper Fluoride Iodine Iron Magnesium Group (mg/d) (µg/d) (µg/d) (mg/d) (µg/d) (mg/d) (mg/d) Infants 0–6 mo 210* 0.2* 200* 0.01* 110* 0.27* 30* 7–12 mo 270* 5.5* 220* 0.5* 130* 75* 11 Children 1–3 y 500* 11* 0.7* 340 90 7 80 4–8 y 800* 15* 1* 440 90 10 130 Males 9–13 y 1,300* 25* 2* 700 120 8 240 14–18 y 1,300* 35* 3* 890 150 11 410 19–30 y 1,000* 35* 4* 900 150 8 400 31–50 y 1,000* 35* 4* 900 150 8 420 51–70 y 1,200* 30* 4* 900 150 8 420 > 70 y 1,200* 30* 4* 900 150 8 420 Females 9–13 y 1,300* 21* 2* 700 120 8 240 14–18 y 1,300* 24* 3* 890 150 15 360 19–30 y 1,000* 25* 3* 900 150 18 310 31–50 y 1,000* 25* 3* 900 150 18 320 51–70 y 1,200* 20* 3* 900 150 8 320 > 70 y 1,200* 20* 3* 900 150 8 320 Pregnancy 14–18 y 1,300* 29* 3* 1,000 220 27 400 19–30 y 1,000* 30* 3* 1,000 220 27 350 31–50 y 1,000* 30* 3* 1,000 220 27 360 Lactation 14–18 y 1,300* 44* 3* 1,300 290 10 360 19–30 y 1,000* 45* 3* 1,300 290 9 310 31–50 y 1,000* 45* 3* 1,300 290 9 320 NOTE: This table presents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). RDAs and AIs may both be used as goals for individual intake. RDAs are set to meet the needs of almost all (97 to 98 percent) individuals in a group. For healthy breastfed infants, the AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life stage and gender groups is believed to cover needs of all individuals in the group, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake. 1322

Manganese Molybdenum Phosphorus Selenium Zinc Potassium Sodium Chloride (mg/d) (µg/d) (mg/d) (µg/d) (mg/d) (g/d) (g/d) (g/d) 0.003* 2* 100* 15* 2* 0.4* 0.12* 0.18* 0.6* 3* 275* 20* 0.7* 0.37* 0.57* 3 1.2* 3.0* 1.0* 1.5* 17 460 20 3 1.5* 3.8* 1.2* 1.9* 22 500 30 5 1.9* 4.5* 1.5* 2.3* 34 1,250 40 8 2.2* 4.7* 1.5* 2.3* 43 1,250 55 11 2.3* 4.7* 1.5* 2.3* 45 700 55 11 2.3* 4.7* 1.5* 2.3* 45 700 55 11 2.3* 4.7* 1.3* 2.0* 45 700 55 11 2.3* 4.7* 1.2* 1.8* 45 700 55 11 1.6* 4.5* 1.5* 2.3* 34 1,250 40 8 1.6* 4.7* 1.5* 2.3* 43 1,250 55 9 1.8* 4.7* 1.5* 2.3* 45 700 55 8 1.8* 4.7* 1.5* 2.3* 45 700 55 8 1.8* 4.7* 1.3* 2.0* 45 700 55 8 1.8* 4.7* 1.2* 1.8* 45 700 55 8 2.0* 4.7* 1.5* 2.3* 50 1,250 60 12 2.0* 4.7* 1.5* 2.3* 50 700 60 11 2.0* 4.7* 1.5* 2.3* 50 700 60 11 2.6* 5.1* 1.5* 2.3* 50 1,250 70 13 2.6* 5.1* 1.5* 2.3* 50 700 70 12 2.6* 5.1* 1.5* 2.3* 50 700 70 12 SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001); and Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (2005). These reports may be accessed via http://www.nap.edu. 1323

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Total Water and Macronutrients Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Linoleic α-Linolenic Total Carbo- Total Watera Proteinb Life Stage hydrate Fiber Fat Acid Acid Group (L/d) (g/d) (g/d) (g/d) (g/d) (g/d) (g/d) Infants 0–6 mo 0.7* 60* ND 31* 4.4* 0.5* 9.1* 7–12 mo 0.8* 95* ND 30* 4.6* 0.5* 11.0+ Children ND c 1–3 y 1.3* 19* 7* 0.7* 130 13 4–8 y 1.7* 25* ND 10* 0.9* 130 19 Males 9–13 y 2.4* 31* ND 12* 1.2* 130 34 14–18 y 3.3* 38* ND 16* 1.6* 130 52 19–30 y 3.7* 38* ND 17* 1.6* 130 56 31–50 y 3.7* 38* ND 17* 1.6* 130 56 51–70 y 3.7* 30* ND 14* 1.6* 130 56 > 70 y 3.7* 30* ND 14* 1.6* 130 56 Females 9–13 y 2.1* 26* ND 10* 1.0* 130 34 14–18 y 2.3* 26* ND 11* 1.1* 130 46 19–30 y 2.7* 25* ND 12* 1.1* 130 46 31–50 y 2.7* 25* ND 12* 1.1* 130 46 51–70 y 2.7* 21* ND 11* 1.1* 130 46 > 70 y 2.7* 21* ND 11* 1.1* 130 46 Pregnancy 14–18 y 3.0* 28* ND 13* 1.4* 175 71 19–30 y 3.0* 28* ND 13* 1.4* 175 71 31–50 y 3.0* 28* ND 13* 1.4* 175 71 Lactation 14–18 y 3.8* 29* ND 13* 1.3* 210 71 19–30 y 3.8* 29* ND 13* 1.3* 210 71 31–50 y 3.8* 29* ND 13* 1.3* 210 71 NOTE: This table presents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). RDAs and AIs may both be used as goals for individual intake. RDAs are set to meet the needs of almost all (97 to 98 percent) individuals in a group. For healthy breastfed infants, the AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life stage and gender groups is believed to cover the needs of all individuals in the group, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake. The plus (+) symbol indicates a change from the prepublication copy due to a calculation error. a Total water includes all water contained in food, beverages, and drinking water. b Based on g protein per kg of body weight for the reference body weight, e.g., for adults 0.8 g/kg body weight for the reference body weight. c Not determined. SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (2002/2005); Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (2005). These reports may be accessed via http://www.nap.edu. 1324

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Range (percent of energy) Children, Children, Macronutrient 1–3 y 4–18 y Adults Fat 30–40 25–35 20–35 n -6 Polyunsaturated fatty acidsa (linoleic acid) 5–10 5–10 5–10 n -3 Polyunsaturated fatty acidsa (α-linolenic acid) 0.6–1.2 0.6–1.2 0.6–1.2 Carbohydrate 45–65 45–65 45–65 Protein 5–20 10–30 10–35 a Approximately 10 percent of the total can come from longer-chain n-3 or n-6 fatty acids. SOURCE: Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (2002/2005). Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Additional Macronutrient Recommendations Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Macronutrient Recommendation Dietary cholesterol As low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet Trans fatty acids As low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet Saturated fatty acids As low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet Added sugars Limit to no more than 25% of total energy SOURCE: Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (2002/2005). 1325

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULa), Vitamins Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Life Stage Vitamin A Vitamin C Vitamin D Vitamin E (µg/d)b (mg/d)c,d Group (mg/d) (µg/d) Vitamin K Thiamin Infants NDf 0–6 mo 600 25 ND ND ND 7–12 mo 600 ND 25 ND ND ND Children 1–3 y 600 400 50 200 ND ND 4–8 y 900 650 50 300 ND ND Males, Females 9–13 y 1,700 1,200 50 600 ND ND 14–18 y 2,800 1,800 50 800 ND ND 19–70 y 3,000 2,000 50 1,000 ND ND > 70 y 3,000 2,000 50 1,000 ND ND Pregnancy 14–18 y 2,800 1,800 50 800 ND ND 19–50 y 3,000 2,000 50 1,000 ND ND Lactation 14–18 y 2,800 1,800 50 800 ND ND 19–50 y 3,000 2,000 50 1,000 ND ND a UL = The highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population. Unless other- wise specified, the UL represents total intake from food, water, and supplements. Due to lack of suitable data, ULs could not be established for vitamin K, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and carotenoids. In the absence of ULs, extra caution may be warranted in consuming levels above recommended intakes. b As preformed vitamin A only. c As α-tocopherol; applies to any form of supplemental α-tocopherol. d The ULs for vitamin E, niacin, and folate apply to synthetic forms obtained from supplements, fortified foods, or a combination of the two. e β-Carotene supplements are advised only to serve as a provitamin A source for individuals at risk of vitamin A deficiency. 1326

Ribo- Niacin Vitamin B6 Folate Vitamin Pantothenic Choline Carote- flavin (mg/d)d (mg/d) (µg/d)d B12 Biotin (g/d) noidse Acid ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 10 30 300 ND ND ND 1.0 ND ND 15 40 400 ND ND ND 1.0 ND ND 20 60 600 ND ND ND 2.0 ND ND 30 80 800 ND ND ND 3.0 ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND ND 30 80 800 ND ND ND 3.0 ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND ND 30 80 800 ND ND ND 3.0 ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND f ND = Not determinable due to lack of data of adverse effects in this age group and concern with regard to lack of ability to handle excess amounts. Source of intake should be from food only to prevent high levels of intake. SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000); and Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001). These reports may be accessed via http:// www.nap.edu. 1327

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULa), Elements Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Calci- Fluo- Magne- Life Stage Arse- Boron um Chro- Copper ride Iodine Iron sium nicb (mg/d) (µg/d) (mg/d) (mg/d)c Group (mg/d) (g/d) mium (µg/d) Infants 0–6 mo NDf ND ND ND ND 0.7 ND 40 ND 7–12 mo ND ND ND ND ND 0.9 ND 40 ND Children 1–3 y ND 3 2.5 ND 1,000 1.3 200 40 65 4–8 y ND 6 2.5 ND 3,000 2.2 300 40 110 Males, Females 9–13 y ND 11 2.5 ND 5,000 10 600 40 350 14–18 y ND 17 2.5 ND 8,000 10 900 45 350 19–70 y ND 20 2.5 ND 10,000 10 1,100 45 350 > 70 y ND 20 2.5 ND 10,000 10 1,100 45 350 Pregnancy 14–18 y ND 17 2.5 ND 8,000 10 900 45 350 19–50 y ND 20 2.5 ND 10,000 10 1,100 45 350 Lactation 14–18 y ND 17 2.5 ND 8,000 10 900 45 350 19–50 y ND 20 2.5 ND 10,000 10 1,100 45 350 a UL = The highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population. Unless other- wise specified, the UL represents total intake from food, water, and supplements. Due to lack of suitable data, ULs could not be established for arsenic, chromium, silicon, potassium, and sulfate. In the absence of ULs, extra caution may be warranted in consuming levels above recommended intakes. b Although the UL was not determined for arsenic, there is no justification for adding arsenic to food or supplements. c The ULs for magnesium represent intake from a pharmacological agent only and do not include intake from food and water. d Although silicon has not been shown to cause adverse effects in humans, there is no justification for adding silicon to supplements. e Although vanadium in food has not been shown to cause adverse effects in humans, 1328

Manga- Molyb- Phos- Sele- Vana- Sodi- Chlo- nese denum Nickel phorus Potas- nium Sili- Sul- dium Zinc um ride (mg/d) (g/d) sium (µg/d) cond (mg/d)e (mg/d) (g/d) (g/d) (mg/d) (µg/d) fate ND ND ND ND ND 45 ND ND ND 4 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 60 ND ND ND 5 ND ND 2 300 0.2 3.0 ND 90 ND ND ND 7 1.5 2.3 3 600 0.3 3.0 ND 150 ND ND ND 12 1.9 2.9 6 1,100 0.6 4.0 ND 280 ND ND ND 23 2.2 3.4 9 1,700 1.0 4.0 ND 400 ND ND ND 34 2.3 3.6 11 2,000 1.0 4.0 ND 400 ND ND 1.8 40 2.3 3.6 11 2,000 1.0 3.0 ND 400 ND ND 1.8 40 2.3 3.6 9 1,700 1.0 3.5 ND 400 ND ND ND 34 2.3 3.6 11 2,000 1.0 3.5 ND 400 ND ND ND 40 2.3 3.6 9 1,700 1.0 4.0 ND 400 ND ND ND 34 2.3 3.6 11 2,000 1.0 4.0 ND 400 ND ND ND 40 2.3 3.6 there is no justification for adding vanadium to food and vanadium supplements should be used with caution. The UL is based on adverse effects in laboratory animals and this data could be used to set a UL for adults but not children and adolescents. f ND = Not determinable due to lack of data of adverse effects in this age group and concern with regard to lack of ability to handle excess amounts. Source of intake should be from food only to prevent high levels of intake. SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vita- min C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001); and Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (2005). These reports may be accessed via http://www.nap.edu. 1329

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Estimated Average Requirements for Groups Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Ribo- Life Stage CHO Protein Vit A Vit C Vit E Thiamin flavin Niacin Vit B6 (g/kg/d)(µg/d)a (mg/d) (mg/d)b (mg/d) (mg/d) (mg/d)c (mg/d) Group (g/d) Infants 7–12 mo 1.0 Children 1–3 y 100 0.87 210 13 5 0.4 0.4 5 0.4 4–8 y 100 0.76 275 22 6 0.5 0.5 6 0.5 Males 9–13 y 100 0.76 445 39 9 0.7 0.8 9 0.8 14–18 y 100 0.73 630 63 12 1.0 1.1 12 1.1 19–30 y 100 0.66 625 75 12 1.0 1.1 12 1.1 31–50 y 100 0.66 625 75 12 1.0 1.1 12 1.1 51–70 y 100 0.66 625 75 12 1.0 1.1 12 1.4 > 70 y 100 0.66 625 75 12 1.0 1.1 12 1.4 Females 9–13 y 100 0.76 420 39 9 0.7 0.8 9 0.8 14–18 y 100 0.71 485 56 12 0.9 0.9 11 1.0 19–30 y 100 0.66 500 60 12 0.9 0.9 11 1.1 31–50 y 100 0.66 500 60 12 0.9 0.9 11 1.1 51–70 y 100 0.66 500 60 12 0.9 0.9 11 1.3 > 70 y 100 0.66 500 60 12 0.9 0.9 11 1.3 Pregnancy 14–18 y 135 0.88 530 66 12 1.2 1.2 14 1.6 19–30 y 135 0.88 550 70 12 1.2 1.2 14 1.6 31–50 y 135 0.88 550 70 12 1.2 1.2 14 1.6 Lactation 14–18 y 160 1.05 885 96 16 1.2 1.3 13 1.7 19–30 y 160 1.05 900 100 16 1.2 1.3 13 1.7 31–50 y 160 1.05 900 100 16 1.2 1.3 13 1.7 NOTE: This table presents Estimated Average Requirements (EARs), which serve two purposes: for assessing adequacy of population intakes and as the basis for calculating Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for individuals. EARs have not been estab- lished for vitamin D, vitamin K, pantothenic acid, biotin, choline, calcium, chromium, fluoride, manganese, or other nutrients not yet evaluated via the DRI process. a As retinol activity equivalents (RAEs). 1 RAE = 1 µg retinol, 12 µg β-carotene, 24 µg α-carotene, or 24 µg β-cryptoxanthin. The RAE for dietary provitamin A carotenoids is twofold greater than retinol equivalents (RE), whereas the RAE for preformed vitamin A is the same as RE. b As α -tocopherol. α -Tocopherol includes R RR - α-tocopherol, the only form of α -tocopherol that occurs naturally in foods, and the 2 R-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol (RRR-, RSR-, RRS-, and RSS-α-tocopherol) that occur in fortified foods and supplements. It does not include the 2S-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol (SRR-, SSR-, SRS-, and SSS-α-tocopherol), also found in fortified foods and supplements. 1330

Magnes- Molyb- Phos- Sele- Folate Vit B12 Copper Iodine Iron ium denum phorus nium Zinc (µg/d)a (µg/d) (µg/d) (µg/d) (mg/d) (mg/d) (µg/d) (mg/d) (µg/d) (mg/d) 6.9 2.5 120 0.7 260 65 3.0 65 13 380 17 2.5 160 1.0 340 65 4.1 110 17 405 23 4.0 250 1.5 540 73 5.9 200 26 1,055 35 7.0 330 2.0 685 95 7.7 340 33 1,055 45 8.5 320 2.0 700 95 6 330 34 580 45 9.4 320 2.0 700 95 6 350 34 580 45 9.4 320 2.0 700 95 6 350 34 580 45 9.4 320 2.0 700 95 6 350 34 580 45 9.4 250 1.5 540 73 5.7 200 26 1,055 35 7.0 330 2.0 685 95 7.9 300 33 1,055 45 7.3 320 2.0 700 95 8.1 255 34 580 45 6.8 320 2.0 700 95 8.1 265 34 580 45 6.8 320 2.0 700 95 5 265 34 580 45 6.8 320 2.0 700 95 5 265 34 580 45 6.8 520 2.2 785 160 23 335 40 1,055 49 10.5 520 2.2 800 160 22 290 40 580 49 9.5 520 2.2 800 160 22 300 40 580 49 9.5 450 2.4 985 209 7 300 35 1,055 59 10.9 450 2.4 1,000 209 6.5 255 36 580 59 10.4 450 2.4 1,000 209 6.5 265 36 580 59 10.4 c As niacin equivalents (NE). 1 mg of niacin = 60 mg of tryptophan. d As dietary folate equivalents (DFE). 1 DFE = 1 µg food folate = 0.6 µg of folic acid from fortified food or as a supplement consumed with food = 0.5 µg of a supplement taken on an empty stomach. SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vita- min C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001), and Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (2002/2005). These reports may be accessed via www.nap.edu. 1331

Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids Get This Book
×
Buy Paperback | $109.95
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

Responding to the expansion of scientific knowledge about the roles of nutrients in human health, the Institute of Medicine has developed a new approach to establish Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) and other nutrient reference values. The new title for these values Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs), is the inclusive name being given to this new approach. These are quantitative estimates of nutrient intakes applicable to healthy individuals in the United States and Canada. This new book is part of a series of books presenting dietary reference values for the intakes of nutrients. It establishes recommendations for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids. This book presents new approaches and findings which include the following:

  • The establishment of Estimated Energy Requirements at four levels of energy expenditure
  • Recommendations for levels of physical activity to decrease risk of chronic disease
  • The establishment of RDAs for dietary carbohydrate and protein
  • The development of the definitions of Dietary Fiber, Functional Fiber, and Total Fiber
  • The establishment of Adequate Intakes (AI) for Total Fiber
  • The establishment of AIs for linolenic and a-linolenic acids
  • Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges as a percent of energy intake for fat, carbohydrate, linolenic and a-linolenic acids, and protein
  • Research recommendations for information needed to advance understanding of macronutrient requirements and the adverse effects associated with intake of higher amounts

Also detailed are recommendations for both physical activity and energy expenditure to maintain health and decrease the risk of disease.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!