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OCR for page 973
A
Glossary and Acronyms
AAP American Academy of Pediatrics
Accommodation An adaptative response that allows survival, but at the
expense of some more or less serious consequences
on health or physiological function
Action Demonstrated effects in various biological systems that
may or may not have physiological significance
Adaptation Maintenance of essentially unchanged functional capacity
despite some alterations in steady-state conditions
Adverse effect Any significant alteration in the structure or function
of the human organism, or any impairment of a physi-
ologically important function, that could lead to an
adverse health effect
AI Adequate Intake
AMDR Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range
Association Potential interaction derived from epidemiological
studies of the relationship between a specific nutrient
and chronic disease
BEE Basal energy expenditure
Bioavailability Accessibility of a nutrient to participate in unspecified
metabolic or physiological processes
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974 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES
BMI Body mass index
BMR Basal metabolic rate
CHD Coronary heart disease
CSFII Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals—a
survey conducted by the Agricultural Research Service,
U.S. Department of Agriculture
CV Coefficient of variation—standard deviation divided
by the square root of n, where n is the sample size
CVD Cardiovascular disease
DHA Docosahexaenoic acid
DLW Doubly labeled water
Dose–response Second step in a risk assessment, in which the realtion-
assessment ship between nutrient intake and adverse effect (in terms
of incidence or severity of the effect) is determined
DRI Dietary Reference Intake
EAR Estimated Average Requirement
EEPA Energy expenditure of physical activity
EER Estimated energy requirement
EPA Eicosapentaenoic acid
EPOC Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption
Erythrocyte A red blood cell
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations
FASEB Federation of American Societies for Experimental
Biology
FDA Food and Drug Administration
FFA Free fatty acids
FFM Fat-free mass
FM Fat mass
FNB Food and Nutrition Board
FQ Food quotient
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A PPENDIX A
Function Role played by a nutrient in growth, development,
and maturation
Hazard First step in a risk assessment, which is concerned
identification with the collection, organization, and evaluation of
all information pertaining to the toxic properties of a
nutrient
HDL High density lipoprotein
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer
IM Intramuscular
IOM Institute of Medicine
IPCS International Programme on Chemical Safety
Lacto-ovo- A person who consumes milk (lacto), eggs (ovo), and
vegetarian plant foods and products, but no meat
LBM Lean body mass
LDL Low density lipoprotein
LOAEL Lowest-observed-adverse-effect level—the lowest intake
(or experimental dose) of a nutrient at which an adverse
effect has been identified
LSRO Life Sciences Research Office
MET Metabolic equivalent—a rate of energy expenditure
sustained by a rate of oxygen consumption of 3.5 ml/kg
of body weight/min
MI Myocardial infarction
NHANES National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey—
a survey conducted periodically by the National Center
for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention
NOAEL No-observed-adverse-effect level—the highest intake
(or experimental dose) of a nutrient at which no adverse
effect has been observed
NRC National Research Council
OTA Office of Technology Assessment
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976 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES
PAI Physical activity index
PAL Physical activity level
RDA Recommended Dietary Allowance
REE Resting energy expenditure
Risk assessment Organized framework for evaluating scientific infor-
mation, which has as its objective a characterization
of the nature and likelihood of harm resulting from
excess human exposure to an environmental agent
(in this case, a nutrient); it includes the development
of both qualitative and quantitative expressions of risk
Risk Final step in a risk assessment, which summarizes the
characterization conclusions from steps 1 through 3 of the assessment
(hazard identification, dose–response, and estimate of
exposure) and evaluates the risk; this step also includes
a characterization of the degree of scientific confidence
that can be placed in the Tolerable Upper Intake
Level
Risk management Process by which risk assessment results are integrated
with other information to make decisions about the
need for, method of, and extent of risk reduction; in
addition, risk management considers such issues as
the public health significance of the risk, the technical
feasibility of achieving various degrees of risk control,
and the economic and social costs of this control
RMR Resting metabolic rate
RNA Ribonucleic acid
RNI Recommended Nutrient Intake
RQ Respiratory quotient
SD Standard deviation
SDA Specific dynamic action
SE Standard error
SEM Standard error of the mean
SMR Sleeping metabolic rate
TEE Total energy expenditure
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A PPENDIX A
TEF Thermic effect of food
UF Uncertainty factor—the number by which the no-
observed-adverse-effect level (or lowest-observed-
adverse-effect level) is divided to obtain the Tolerable
Upper Intake Level; the size of the UF varies depend-
ing on the confidence in the data and the nature of
the adverse effect
UL Tolerable Upper Intake Level
USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture
VLDL Very low density lipoprotein
WHO World Health Organization
