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| Copyright © 2009. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Terms of Use and Privacy Statement |
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OCR for page 23
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OCR for page 24
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OCR for page 25
YC:11OBE! CO~EP~H~^BOTHL
orpa;K,D;eHnn.
25
B He6o~Bm~x rIepB~Hux orpa;K'D;eH~x nHor'~a Tpy,~HO TOGO OUpe~e~HTB
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M~KpOCpe~e HaCTO OKa3MBalOTCH Bite, HeM B MaKpocpe~e [Besch,1980; Flynn,
1959; Gamble, Clough, 1976; Murakami, 1971; Serrano, 1971~. IlapaMeTpu
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[Broderson et al., 1976; Schoeb et al., 1982; Vesell et al., 1976~.
IloMemeH~e
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OCR for page 26
26 PYKOBO~CTBO no CO~EP~AHBlO BBC770!1LL30BAHBlO~OPATOPHL~^BOTHL
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B paCHO~O*eHHEIe H0~ HeH HO~OHEI. O~HaKO, H0 HeKOTOpLIM ~aHHEIM, ~H
rpLI3yHOB Hpe~HOUTHTe~BHee OKa3BIBaIOTCH K~eTKH C TBep~BIM ~HOM ~
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~HH~eM ~ HO~CT~OM. ~H co~ep~aH~ ~pyrux B~OB *HBOTHEIX, HaUpUMep
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~IBOTHEIX.
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OCR for page 27
YC:11OBE! CO~EP~H~^BOTHL~
27
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rpylITIBI, y~HTEIBaH B03MO*HOe B~HHHe BTUX MaHHUy~H KaK Ha OT~e~BHEIX
~BOTHEIX, TaK ~ Ha rpynny B ~e~OM. ~pH 3TOM HeO6XO~HM0 06eCHeHUBaTB
~IBOTHEIX~OCTaTO~HEIM KO~eCTBOM KOpMOB, CBe~eH BO~BI ~ eCTeCTBeHHEIMU
n CTIeLlHa~BHO lIOCTpOeHHEIMU yKpLIT~MH.
PeKOMeH~yeMbIe pa3MepbI COOpy~eHMM
IIOTpe6HOCTlI *lIBOTHEIX B 3aHUMaeMOM HpOCTpaHCTBe OUpe~e~HIOTCH
pa3HEIMU ~aKTOpaMH; HpH 3TOM y~eT TO~BKO MaCCEI ~H ~O~a~H HOBepXHOCTH
Te~a *HBOTHOrO SIB~SIeTCSI He~OCTaTO~HEIM. ~O8TOMy HpUBO~HMBIe HH*e
peKOMeH~a~H OCHOBBIBaIOTCH Ha HpO~eCCHOHa~BHOM MHeHHU ~ OHEITe ~
~O~*HEI paCCMaTpUBaTBCH KaK peKOMeH~a~H H0 OUTHMa~BHEIM pa3MepaM
K~eTOK ~H *HBOTHEIX B yC~OBH~X, 06BI~HO C03~aBaeMBIX B BUBapH~X.
OHeBH~HO, HTO BBICOTa HOMe~eH~, CTpyKTypHaH OpraHH3a~H HpOCTpaHCTBa
lI CTIOC06BI 060ra~eH~ Cpe~BI 06HTaH~ MOryT OKa3aTB B~HHe Ha TO, KaK~M
OCR for page 28
28 PYKOBO~CTBO no CO~EP~AHBlO BBC770!1LL30BAHBlO~OPATOPHL~^BOTHL~
06pa30M BOTHER ~CHO~B3yIOT OTBe~eHHOe HM HpOCTpaHCTBO. ~ HeKOTOp~X
BLOB *HBOTH~X Knee 6~aronpu~THuM ~s~eTc~ Hare neperopo~oK
(HaTIplIMep, rpLI3yHLI, ~~H KOTOp~X XapaKTepeH THrMOTaKCHC), yKp~THU
(HaTIplIMep, HeKOTOpLIe lIplIMaTLI HOBOrO CBeTa) lIJIlI CJIO*HOlI CTpyKTypLI
K]IeTOK (HaTIplIMep, KOIIIKlI ~ IIIUMrIaH3e), a He rIpocToe yse~eHne Domain
[Anzaldo et al., 1994; Stricklin, 1995~. TaK~M o6pa3oM, peKoMeH~aunn rho
pa3MepaM K~eToK, ocHosaHH~Ie ~nIIIB Ha Domain, SIB~RIOTCH He~OCTaTO~HEIMH.
B ATOM OTHO~eHHU ~aHHOe ~KOffO0CmffO MO*eT OT~HaTBCH OT AWRs (CM.
IplIM. 1, CTp. 2~.
BBI~e~HeMOe ~H *HBOTHEIX HpOCTpaHCTBO HO~e*HT HpOBepK
MO~HKa~H H0 Mepe HeO6XO~HMOCTH C y~eTOM KOHKpeTHEIX CHTya~H
lIOTpe6HOCTelI *lIBOTHEIX (HaUpUMep, B c~y~ae upe- ~ nocTHaTa~BHoro yxo~a,
O*lIpeHlISI *lIBOTHEIX ~ rpyHHOBOrO H~H UH~HBH~ya~BHOrO CO~ep~aHHH).
. . aKlIe lIOKa3aTe3IlI COCTOS[H~ ~IBOTHEIX, KaK 3~0pOBBe, pa3MHO*eHHe, pOCT,
lIoBe~eHHe' aKTHBHOCTE ~ ~cH0~30BaHHe 3aHUMaeMoro HMU HpOCTpaHCTBa
MOryT ~CHO~B30BaTBCH ~H O~eHKH COOTBeTCTBH~ UX pa3MemeHn~. KaK
M~HUMyM, ~BOTHOe ~O~*HO HMeTB ~OCTaTO~HO MeCTa, HT06BI HOBOpaHUBaTBCH
~ Hp~HUMaTB HOpMa~BHEIe H03BI, HMeTB CB060~HEIU ~OCTyD K KOpMy~KaM ~
rIo~KaM, a TaK*e ~OCTaTO~HOe CB060~HOe ~H HOKpLITOe HUCTEIM HO~CT~OM
rIpocTpaHcTso' r~e OHO MO*eT y~o6Ho paCHO~O*HTBCH ~ OT~BIXaTB. B ~eTKe
H KO~eK HeO6XO~HMO yCTaHOBUTB HpHHO~H~TyIO Ha~ HO~OM ~aT~OpMy ~H
OT~BIXa. TaKne ~aT~OpMBI ~n BBICTyHEI HaCTO ~e~aTe~BHO yCTpaUBaTB ~H
C06aK ~ HpUMaTOB. Il~aT~OpMy ~H OT~BIXa, HpHHO~H~TyIO Ha~ HO~OM
HaCTO~BKO, HTO *HBOTHOe He MO*eT 3aH~TB H0~ HeH y~O6HyI0 H03y, C~e~yeT
cHuTaTB HacTBIo rIoBepxHocTH rIo~a. IlpocTpaHcTBo, 3aHuMaeMoe KOpMy~KaMn,
~ -
lIOlIJIKaMlI, yCTpOlICTBaMlI ~H Tya~eTa H~n ~pyrUMU upucuoco )~eHH~M~,
KOTOpLIe He Hpe~Ha3HaHeHEI ~H Hepe~BH*eHH~ H~H OT~BIXa, He ~O~*HO
BXO~HTB B ~o~a~B no~a.
IIOTpe6HOCTB B pa3MepaX HepBHUHEIX Orpa*~eHHU ~ THU HOUpaBOK,
peKOMeH~OBaHHEIX B HpUBO~HMBIX H~e Ta6~aX, ~O~*HEI yTBep~aTBCH Ha
yposHe IACUC yqpe*~eHn~ ~ ocHos~IsaTBc~ Ha rIoKa3aTe~x
~3He~e~Te~BHOCTH *HBOTHEIX, OHUCaHHEIX B Hpe~y~eM a63aue c yqeToM
AWRs ~ PHS Policy (CM. HpUM. 1~. IlpH 3TOM MO*eT HOTpe60BaTBCH
KOHCy]IBTa~ CHeUHa~HCTOB, n3yqeHne ~HTepaTypHEIX ~aHHEIX ~ COBpeMeHHOH
rIpaKT~K~, a TaK*e yqeT ~3nqecKnx' rIose~eHqecKnx ~ COL~naJI~H~IX Hy;KD;
*HBOTHEIX B COqeTaHHU C XapaKTepOM ~ Tpe60BaHH~MU HpOTOKO~a
3KcrIepuMeHTa [Crockett et al., 1993, 1995~. O~eHKa HOTpe6HOCTeH *HBOTHEIX
B 3aHUMaeMOM HpOCTpaHCTBe ~O~*Ha OCy~eCTB~TBCH HOCTO~HHO. C TeqeHHeM
BpeMeHlI lIJIlI B xo~e ~nTe~BH~Ix 3KcrIepuMeHTos c~e~yeT rIo~yMaTB 0
Lle~ecoo Jpa3HocTn n3MeHeHnn ~oma~n ~n BBICOTEI HoMe~eHH~ ~, B c~yqAe
Heo6Xo~HMocTH' OCy~eCTBUTB ux.
3a~aqu ~ o6~eM HacToH~ero py~coffo~cmffa He rIo3Bo~IoT o6cy;KD;aTE
rIoTpe6HocTH BCeX ncrIo~B3yeMBIx B nCC~e~OBaHH~X BH~OB *HBOTHEIX. '~H
BH~OB, He yrIOM~HyTEIX 3~ecB' B KaqeCTBe OTrIpaBHOn TOqKH MO*HO
ncrIoJIB3oBaTB peKOMeH~aLlHn rIO ~o~a~n ~ BBICOTe ~JI~ ~BOTHOrO CXO~HOrO
pa3Mepa c aHa3IOrlIqHEIM XapaKTepOM aKTHBHOCTH ~ HOBe~eHH~ ~ yTOqHUTB UX
C yqeTOM OT~Hq~Te~BHEIX ocobeHHocTen, upucy~nx ~aHHOMy B~y ~n ~aHHOH
oco6~.
TaM' r~e 3TO B03MO*HO, co~Ha~BHEIx *HBOTHEIX c~e~yeT pa3Me~aTB
rIapaMn H~n rpyrIrIaMH' a He nH~HBH~ya~BHo, rIpH yC~OBHn, qTO TaKOe
OCR for page 29
YC~OB~ CO~EP~H~^BOTHL~
29
pa3MemeHne He lIpOTlIBOpelIlIT lIpOTOKO3Iy ~aHHOrO ~CC~e~OBaHH~ ~ He
SIB3ISIeTCSI lIplIIIlIHOlI HeOlIpaB~aHHOrO pUCKa ~~H 3KCHepUMeHTa~BHEIX
*HBOTH~X [Brain, Bention 1979~. B SaBUCHMOCTH OT CaM~X pa3H~X
6no~orn~ecKnx ~ HOBe~eHHeCKHX ~aKTOpOB HpH rpyHHOBOM pasMemeHnn
~BOTH~X,D~SI WHOM oco6n Monet noTpebosaTBc~ 60~Bme ~n MeHBme MecTa,
HeM HpH UH~HBH~ya~BHOM CO~ep~aHHU *HBOTH~X. ~pUBO~HMMe HH*e
peKOMeH~a~H OCHOBBIBalOTCH Ha TOM ~ODy~eHHU, HTO HapHOe ~H rpyHHOBOe
co,~ep~aHne 06~Ho r~pe,~r~o~TuTe~Hee nH,~nsn,~ya~Horo, ,~a~e ec~n Ha
Ka;KD;oro ~eHa rIapu ~n rpyr~rIm 6y~eT rIp~XO,~HTECH HeMHOrO MeHE~e MeCTa
H0 CpaBHeHUIO C UH~HB~ya~BH~M co~ep~aHneM. HanpuMep, ~BOTHMe MOryT
~e~HTB OTBe~eHHOe HM HpOCTpaHCTBO C ~pyrUMU oCo6HMH. ~o~ee Toro7
HeKOTOpLIe rpLI3yHEI ~H CB~HB~, co~ep~a~HecH B COBMeCTHMBIX rpynnax,
pa3BIcK~BaIoT ~pyr ~pyra ~ ~e~RT rIpOCTpaHCTBO BHyTpH K~eTK~, rIp~HMa~cB
~pyr K ~pyLy B~O~B CTeHOK, y~a~BIBa~CB ~pyr Ha ~pyra B HepHO~BI OT~BIXa ~H
co6Hpa~cB BMeCTe B ye~HHeHHOM MeCTe [White, 1990; White et al., 1989~.
. ~.r ~ ~
. ~pylIHEIU pOraTEIU CKOT, OB~BI ~ K03BI HpO~B~HIOT CTa~HOe HOBe~eHHe,
CTpeMSICB K o6pa3oBaHnIo rpynnOBBIX acco~Ha~n ~ TeCHOMy ~3~HeCKOMy
KOHTaKTy. I,I Hao6opoT' HeKOTOpLIe ~BOTHEIe, HaUpUMep pa3~HEIe BH~BI
lIplIMaTOB, Hy0;aIOTCH B ~OHO~HUTe~BHOM UH~HB~ya~BHOM HpOCTpaHCTBe HpH
rpylITIOBOM pa3MemeHnn ~H yMeHB~eHH~ arpeCCHBHOCTH.
BBICOTa OrPa)K,D;eHHU MO*eT HMeTB Ba*HOe 3HaHeHHe ,~H HOPMa~BHOrO
HOBe~eH~ ~ HOCTypa~BHOrO HpUCHOC06~eHH~ HeKOTOpLIX B~OB *HBOTHEIX.
IlpH paCHeTe BBICOTEI ~eTOK Hy*HO Hp~HUMaTB BO BHUMaHHe THH~HEIe H03BI
*HBOTHOrO ~ ~OCTaTO~HOe MeCTO ~H 06~3aTe~BHEIX 8~eMeHTOB K~eTK~,
HaTIplIMep KOpMyIIIeK, lIOlIJIOK, BaHH C BO~OH. ~pUMaTEI HeKOTOpLIX BH~OB
lICTIOJIB3yIOT BepT~Ka~BHEIe HpOCTpaHCTBa ~eTKH B 6o~Bmen CTeneHn, HeM ee
lIoJI. ~1IH ux xopoIIIero CaMOIIyBCTBlISI Ba*HO lIpe~OCTaB~HTB HM B03MO*HOCTB
BBICOKO B36HpaTBCH Ha BeTKy ~ ~CHO~B30BaTB BepT~Ka~BHOe HpOCTpaHCTBO
~OCTaTO~HOe ~H pa3Me~eH~ BCerO Te~a Ha~ HO~OM ~eTKH.
OUpe~e~eHHe pa3MepOB K~eTOK ~H pa3Me~eHH~ *HBOTHEIX ~O~*HO
OCHOBBIBaTBCH Ha HpUBO~HMBIX B 3TOM pa3~e~e Ta6~aX; O~HaKO, C 0~06peH~
IACUC, UX MO*HO H3MeHSITB B CTOpOHy yBe~eH~ ~H yMeHB~eH~ C y~eTOM
IplIBe~eHHEIX BBI~e KpUTepHeB.
B Ta6~. 2.1 lIpUBO,~HTCH peKOMeH~yeMBIe pa3MepLI ~eTOK ~H rpyHHOBOrO
CO~ep~aHH~ 06BI~HO ~CHO~B3yeMBIX B ~a60paTOpHEIX ~KCHepUMeHTaX
rpLI3yHOB. upH UH~HBH~ya~BHOM co~ep~aHnn H~n HpH ~CHO~B30BaHHU
*lIBOTHEIX C MaCCOH Te~a, HpeBBI~aIO~eH yKa3aHHyIO B Ta6~., MO*eT
HoTpe6oBaTBcH 6o~Bmee HpOCTpaHCTBO.
B Ta6~. 2.2 rIpuBo'~HTcH peKOMeH~yeMBIe pa3MepLI K~eToK'~pyrux
06BI~HO ncrIo~B3yeMBIx B ~a6opaTopHEIx aKcrIepuMeHTax *HBOTHEIX. 3TH
~aHHEIe, B o6~eM, OCHOBaHEI Ha rIoTpe6HocT~x *HBOTHEIX rIpH
nH~HB~ya~BHoM co~ep~aHHH. pa3MepLI K~eTOK MOryT 6BITB rIepecMoTpeHEI
rIpH Heo6xo~HMocTH o6ora~eH~ Cpe~BI o6nTaH~ ~n co~ep~aH~ ~BOTHEIX
C MaCCOn, rIpeBBIIIIaIo~en yKa3aHHyIo B Ta6JI. IlpH rpyrIrIOBOM co~ep~aHHn
~BOTHEIX ~o~a~B o6~ero rIpocTpaHcTBa He ~B~HeTCH o6~3aTe~BHo CyMMOn
Be~nH, peKOMeH~yeMBIX ~R nH~HB~ya~BHoro co~ep~aH~ ~BOTHEIX. IlpH
rpyrIrIOBOM co~ep~aHHn *HBOTHEIX paCIIeTEI ~O~*HEI ocHoBBIBaTBcH Ha
lIOTpe6HOCTSIX ~ lIOBe~eHIIeCKHX XapaKTepUCT~KaX ~BOTHEIX ~aHHOrO BH~a,
cosMecTuMocTn ocoben, KO~HeCTBe *HBOTHEIX, a TaK*e 3a~aHax, KoTopLIe
CTaBSITCSI lIplI lIX pa3MemeHnn.
OCR for page 30
30 PYKOBO~CTBO no CO~EP2KAHlIlO BBC77O!1LL30BAHBlO~OPATOPHIlX^BOTHIlX
Ta6JInua 2. 1
PeKoMeH,~yeMme pasMepu K]IeTOK ~~H rpynnosoro co~ep~aH~ to
~CIlO~B3yeM~x ~abopaTopHux rpM3yHOB
BOTHER Macca, r IlRo~a,~b no~aHao,~Ho
~BOTHOe, GROOM 2 a BucoTa 6' ,
Moron < 10 6
Mold 8
to 25 12
>258 > 15
Kpucm < 100 17
to 200 23
to 300 29
to 400 40
to 500 60
>5008 >70
XOM~KH < 60 10
~o80 13
to 100 16
>lOOz >19
MopcKne CB~HKH < 350 60
> 3508 > 101
,]~H IIepeBO,~a KBa,~paTHuX ,~IOnMOB B KBa,~paTHMe CaHTHMeTpM yMHO*nTb
opuse~eHHoe aHa~eHne Ha 6,45.
OT no~a,~o nOTO~Ka K~eTKn.
']~H HepeBo,~a ,~IOnMOB B CaHTHMeTpM yMHO~Tb HpUBe,0;eHHOe SHaHeHHe Ha 2,54.
B c~yHae tree Kpy~HuX oco6en MO*eT noHa,~o6nTbcH 6o~bmee HpOCTpaHCTBO ,=H
y,~OB~eTBOpeH~q OIInCaHHbIM B TeKCTe KpuTep~qM.
PeKOMeH,D;yeMMe pa3MepLI K~eTOK,D;~SI KpO~HKOB' KO~eK
Co6aK~ lIplIMaTOB lI WITTILY
Ta6JInua 2.2
~K~soTHme Macca,r Il~orua~bno~a BucoTa I,
Ha O,0;HO ~IBOTHOe, (AT 2 6 ,0;IOlIM Z
KPO~HKH < 2 1,5 14
to 4 3,0 14
to 5,4 4,0 14
>5,40 >5,0 14
Kor~Ku < 4 3,0 24
>40 >4,0 24
CobaKne < 15 8,0 -
~o 30 12,0 -
> 30 ~ > 24,0 -
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
laboratory animal
YC:11OBE! CO~EP2KAH~IBOTHLIX
Ta6~na 2.2 (rIpo,~o~*eHHe)
31
IBOTHbIe
Macca, r IlRoma,~b nova BucoTa ~'
Ha WHO ~K~BOTHOe, YET 26 ~IOHM Z
06e3b~HM
(BK3IlOHaH HaBHaHOB)~, 3:
1 OC06b to 1 1,6 20
2 oco6n to 3 3,0 30
3 oco6n to 10 4,3 30
4 oco6n to 15 6,0 32
5 oco6en to 25 8,0 36
6 oco6en to 30 10,0 46
7 oco6en > 30 ~ 15,0 46
Ie~oseKoo6pa~Hme
06e3b~HM (Pongidae)3:
1 OC06b to 20 10,0 55
2 oco6n to 35 15,0 60
3 oco6n > 35 U 25,0 84
to~y6n ~ - 0,8 -
ilepene~a~ - 0,25 -
KYPM ~ <0,25 0,25 -
~O 0,5 0,50 -
~O 1,5 1,00 -
~O 3,0 2,00 -
>3,00 >3,00 -
]~H HePeBO~a K~OrPaMMOB B ~YHTM YMHO~K~Tb HPUBe~eHHOe SHaHeHHe Ha 2,2.
]~H HePeBO~a KBa~PaTHbIX ~YTOB B KBa~PaTHbIe MeTPbI YMHO~KUTb HPUBe~eHHOe
ate Ha 0,09.
OT no~a,~o nOTO~Ka K~eTKn.
~ ]~H HePeBO~a ~IOHMOB B CaHTHMeTPbI YMHO~K~Tb HPUBe~eHHOe SHaHeHHe Ha 2,54.
B c~yHae thee Kpy~HbIX oco6en MO*eT noHa,~o6nTbcH 6o~bmee HpOCTpaHCTBO ,=H
Y,~OB~eTBOPeH~H OHUCaHHbIM B TeKCTe KPUTeP~HM.
]~H BbIHO~HeHHR ~aHHbIX peKOMeH~a~H MOryT HOHa~06HTbCH HeKOTOpbIe
MO,~nKa~n, COOTBeTCTBylO~He ~OpMe Te~a OT,~e~bHbIX oco6en ~ nopo,~. ~]~H
HeKOTOpbIX co6aK' oco6eHHo ,~H oco6en, IIpH6~3KalO~nXCH K BepXHen rpaHuLle
~ ~ -
HOpMbI B Ka~OlI BeCOBOlI KaTerOplIlI, MO)KeT HOHa~O HTbCH JO~b~e MeCTa, B
cooTBeTcTBHn C 3aKoHoM O 6~arococToRHHn ~K~BOTHbIX (Animal Wefare Act). 3ToT
SaKOH [CFR, 1985] Tpe6yeT' HT06bI BbICOTa K~eTOK HO3BO1~a ~K~BOTHOMy CTORTb B
>' a M~HuMa~bHaH II~O~a,~b IIOBepXHOCTH IIo~a B ~yTax paBHR~aCb
<
32 PYKOBO~CTBO no CO~EP~AHBlO BBC770!1LL30BAHBlO~OPATOPHL~^BOTHL~
B Tabs. 2.3 HpUBO~HTCH peKOMeH~yeMMe pa3MepM HOMe~eHHU ~~H
Ce~BCKOXO3~HCTBeHH~X ~BOTH~X, 06~HHo ~CHO~B3yeM~X B ~a60paTOpH~X
aKcr~epuMeHTax. Echo Macca *HBOTH~X HpH UH~HBH~ya~BHOM ~H rpyHHOBOM
CO~ep~aHHU HpeBM~aeT yKaSaHHylO B Tabs., TO ~~H HEX MO*eT HOTpe60BaTBCH
6o~Bmee r~pocTpaHcTso. Ilpu rpyr~r~osoM co,~ep~aHnn Heo6xo,~uMo obecr~e~nTB
y~o6HMU dactyl K KOpMy~KaM ~ HO~KaM [Larson, Hegg 1976; Midwest Plan
Service, 1987~.
TeMuepaTypa ~ B~aiKHOCTb
Ilo~ ep~aHHe TeMUepaTypM Te~a B upe~e~ax HOpMM ~B~HeTcH
o6~3aTe~BHuM yc~oBueM '~H Te~oKpoBHux *HBOTHuX. B o6meM, MO*HO
yTBep - ;aTB, HTO CO~ep~aHHe Hea~aUTHpOBaHHEIX *HBOTHEIX HpH TeMnepaType
cs~Ime 85 °F (29,4 °C) ~n Hn~e 40 °F (4,4 °C) B oTcyTcTBue yKpLIT~ ~n
,~pyrux 3a~HTHEIX HpUCHOCO6~eHHU MO*eT HpUBeCTH K K~HHHHeCK~M
rIoc~e~cTsu~M [Gordon, 1990] c yrpo30n '~H *~3HH. *HBOTHEIe MOryT
a~aUTHpOBaTBCH K 3KCTpeMa~BHEIM TeMUepaTypaM HOCpe~CTBOM
lIOBe~eHHeCKHX, ~3~0~0r~ecKnx ~ MOp~O~Or~eCKHX MeXaHH3MOB, O~HaKO
TaKaH a,~arITaun~ TpebyeT BpeMeHU ~ MO*eT H3MeHUTB pe3y~BTaTEI
aKCr~epuMeHTa ~n KaK~M-TO ~pyrnM o6pa3oM OTpa3nT~C~ Ha HeM [Garrard et
al., 1974; Gordon, 1993; Pennycuik, 19671.
, ~ ~
. . eMrIepaTypa ~ OTHOCIITe3IBHaH B~a*HOCTB OKpy~aIO~eH Cpe~BI MOryT
3aBlICeTB OT KOHCTpyK~HH HOMe~eHH~ ~ yC~OBHU pa3Me~eHH~ *HBOTHEIX;
IplIIIeM OHlI MOryT CyILleCTBeHHO OT3IlIIIaTBCH B HepBHUHOM ~ BTOpHUHOM
orpa*~eHH~x. K ~aKTOpaM, KOTOpLIe MOryT CHOC06CTBOBaTB KO~e6aHH~M
TeMlIepaTypLI ~ B~a*HOCTH, OTHOCHTCH KOHCTpyK~ ~ MaTepHa~BI, H3 KOTOpLIX
lI3rOTOB3IeHEI orpa~eH~, ncuo~B30saHne ~BTpa c Ha~CTaBKOH, KO~eCTBO
*lIBOTHEIX B K~eTKe, HpUTO~HaH BeHT~H Orpa~eHH~, HaCTOTa CMeHEI
rIo~cT~olIHoro MaTepua~a ~ ero cocTas.
B HeKoTop~Ix cuTyaun~x, HarIpuMep rIpu rIoc~eorIepaunoHHoM
BOCCTaHOB3IeHlIlI *lIBOTHOrO, CO~ep~aHHU ~BI~HT B TeHeHHe HepBBIX ~HeH
rIoc~e BBIXO~a H3 ~ua, co~ep~aHnn HeKoTop~Ix rp~I3yHos, ~meHH~Ix
so~oc~Horo rIoKposa, ~ Hosopo;Kn;eHH~Ix ocoben OT~e~BHO OT MaTepH, MO*eT
rIoTpe6osaTBcH rIo~ep~aHne 6oJIee BBICOKOH TeMUepaTypLI. ~HaHa30H
IOBBI~eHH~ TeMUepaTypLI 3aBUCHT OT yC~OBHU CO~ep~aHHH; UHOr~a
OKa3BIBaeTCH ~OCTaTO~HEIM HOBBICHTB TeMUepaTypy TO~BKO B HepBHUHOM
Orpa - ;eHlIlI (lI He lIOBBI~aTB TeMUepaTypy BO BTOpHUHOM Orpa~eHHH).
3a OTCyTCTBueM CTpOrO KOHTpO~HpyeMBIX nCC~e,~OBaHHn peKOMeH,~yeMBIe
rIoKa3aH~ cyxoro TepMoMeTpa'~H HeKOTOpLIX Han6o~ee HaCTO ncrIo~B3yeMBIx
BlI~OB *HBOTHEIX OCHOBaHEI Ha HpO+eCCHOHa~BHOM MHeHHU ~ OHEITe
crIeuna~ncTos (Ta6~. 2.4~. Ilpu co~ep~aHnn *HBOTHEIX B 3aMKHyTOM
HpOCTpaHCTBe ~HaHa30H CyTO~HEIX KO~e6aHHU TeMUepaTypLI ~O~*eH 6BITB
CBe~eH ~0 M~HUMyMa C TeM, HT06BI H36e~aTB MHOrOKpaTHEIX B03~eUCTBHU Ha
MeTa60JIlI3M lI lIOBe~eHHe *HBOTHEIX, H3MeH~IO~UXCH ~H KOMUeHCa~H
C~BUrOB TeMUepaTypLI OKpy~aIO~eH Cpe~BI. YpOBeHB OTHOCHTe~BHOH
B~a*HOCTH TaK*e ~O~eH KOHTpO~HpOBaTBCH, HO B 60~ee ~HpOKOM ~HaHa30He,
IeM TeMrIepaTypa; lIplIeMJIeMBIU ~nana30H Ko~eGaHnn OTHOCHTe~BHOH
s~a*HocTn cocTas~eT 30 - 70~. 3HaHeH~ TeMUepaTypLI, yKa3aHHEIe B Ta6~.
2.4, He Bcer'~a rIpHeM~eMBI ,~H co'~ep~aH~ B HeBO~e ~HKHX *HBOTHEIX, ~HKHX
*HBOTHEIX, 06HTaIO~UX B eCTeCTBeHHOH cpe~e, n~n ~ *HBOTHEIX,
HaXO~UXCH B Orpa*~eHH~X Ha OTKpLITOM Bo3~yxe7 r~e OHU HMeIOT
YC:11OBE! CO~EP2KAH~IBOTHLIX
33
Ta6JInua 2.3
PeKoMeH,~yeMme pa3Mepu orpa;K,D;eHnn WIN 06MlIHO ~CrIOJIB3yeM~X
Ce~BCKOXO3~HCTBeHHLIX ~~dBOTHLIX
KO~-BO ~BOTHbIX
B OrPa~eHHU
Macca, Kr a IIJIOILIa,0;b IIOBepXHOCTlI Ha
O~HO~BOTHOe, ~yT26
OBUM ~ KOOK:
2-5
>5
CB~HbH:
2-5
>5
KPYIIHMU POraTMU CKOT:
2-5
>5
<25
HO 50
> 50
<25
HO 50
> 50
<25
HO 50
> 50
< 15
HO 25
HO 50
HO 100
HO 200
> 200
<25
HO 50
HO 100
HO 200
> 200
<25
HO 50
HO 100
HO 200
> 200
<75
HO 200
HO 350
HO 500
HO 650
> 650
<75
HO 200
HO 350
HO 500
HO 650
> 650
<75
HO 200
HO 350
HO 500
HO 650
> 650
0,0
15,0
20,0
8,5
2,5
7,0
7,5
,3
5,0
8,0
2,0
15,0
24,0
48,0
>60,0
6,0
10,0
20,0
40,0
>52,0
6,0
9,0
18,0
36,0
>48,0
24,0
48,0
72,0
96,0
24,0
44,0
20,0
40,0
60,0
80,0
05,0
20,0
18,0
36,0
54,0
72,0
93,0
_ 108,0
50 PYKOBO~CTBO no CO~EP~AHBlO BBC770!1LL30BAHBlO~OPATOPHL~^BOTHL
B crIeuna~BHo oTBe~eHHux MecTax no BCeH TeppUTOpHU BUBap~ ~O~*HM
6MTB paCCTaB~eHM HpaBH~BHO MapKUpOBaHHMe KOHTe~HepM ~~H c60pa
OTXO~OB. KOHTe~HepM ~O~*HM 6MTB repMeTHUH~MU ~ CHa6*eHM H~OTHO
HO~OrHaHH~MU KpM~KaMH. PeKOMeH~yeTCH ~CHO~B3OBaTB O~HOpa3OBMe
BCTaB3ISIeMBIe BHyTpB HaKeTEI ~ pery~HpHO MBITB eMKOCTH ~~H MyCOp
~OHO~HUTe~BHEIU UHBeHTapB. Ha TeppUTOpHU ~O~*Ha 6BITB CHe~Ha~BHO
BEl,D;e3IeHHaH IIJIOILla~Ka ~H XpaHeH~ OTXO~OB, r~e c~e~yeT upuMeH~TB MepLI
60pB6BI C HaCeKOMBIMU ~ ~pyrUMU Bpe~HTe~MH. Ec~n ~o yH~TO*eH~ OTXO~BI
~O~*HEI XpaHUTBCH HpH HH3KHX TeMUepaTypaX, TO ~H 3TOrO Hy*HO BE~e~HTB
CTIe~Ha~BHEIU XO~O~BH~K, MOpO3~BH~K H~H XO~O~HyIO KOMHaTy C
COOTBeTCTByIO~eH MapKUpOBKOH.
OHaCHEIe OTXO~BI ~O~*HEI 06~3aTe~BHo HO~BepraTBCH Hpe~BapUTe~BHOH
06pa60TKe HyTeM CTep~3a~H, y~a~KH UX B ~OHO~HUTe~BHyIO 3a~HTHyIO
Tapy ~n rIpuMeHeHH~ ,~pyrux crIoco6oB 6e3orIacHoro BBIBo3a C TeppuTOpHn
[US EPA, 1986~. Pa~HOaKTHBHEIe OTXO~BI ~O~*HEI XpaHUTBCH B
cooTBeTcTByIo~HM o6pa3oM rIpOMapKupOBaHHEIX KOHTenHepaX. IlpoLle'~ypa ux
yHlIIITO*eHlISI ~O~*Ha CTpOrO COr~aCOBBIBaTBCH CO cneuna~ncTaMn no
pa~Ha~HOHHOH 6e30HaCHoCTH C C06~IO~eHHeM ~e~epa~BHEIX ~ Hp~H~TEIX
IIITaTOM lIHCTpyK~. ~e~epa~BHoe HpaBUTe~BCTBO ~ 60~B~HHCTBo ~TaTOB ~
MyHuLlurIaJInTeTOB HMeIoT nHCTpyKLlHn, peryJInpyIo~He rIpOLle,~ypLI
yHHUTO*eHUSI OHaCHEIX OTXO~OB. Y~pe*~eHH~ 06~3aHEI C06~IO~aTB
UHCTpyK~H, KaCaIO~HeCH HpUMeHeH~ (CM. r~. l) ~ yHHUTo~eHH~ onacHEIx
BeILleCTB.
3apa~eHHEIe TpyHEI *HBOTHEIX MO*HO C*HraTB Ha MeCTe ~H Hepe~aBaTB
HMeIO~eH CTIeLlHaJIBHyIO JI~LleH3HIO ~HpMe. ~pO~e~ypLI yHaKOBK~,
MapKlIpOBKlI, TpaHCTIOpTlIpOBKlI lI XpaHeHlISI TaKlIX OTXO~OB ~O~*HEI
COOTBeTCTBOBaTB Tpe60BaH~M H0 oxpaHe Tpy~a ~ TeXH~Ke 6e30HaCHoCTH.
OlIaCHEIe OTXO~BI, OTHOCH~HeCH K KaTerOpHU TOKCHHeCKHX,
KaHLlepOreHHEIX, ropIolI~x' e,~KHX, BBICOKOpeaKLlHOHHEIX ~ rIpolI~x HeCTOnKHX
~ -
COe~HHeHHU, ~O~*HEI XpaHUTBCH B COOTBeTCTByIO~HM O Jpa30M
MapKUpOBaHHEIX KOHTe~HepaX ~ yH~TO*aTBCH C C06~IO~eHHeM peKOMeH~a~H
crIeuna~ncTos rIo oxpaHe Tpy,~a ~ TexH~Ke 6e3orIacHocTu. B HeKoTop~Ix c~y~a~x
pa3pe~aeTCSI yTpaM60BBIBaHHe ~H HepeMe~HBaHHe TaKHX OTXO~OB.
liopbba c Bpe~HTe~RMM
IlpH CO~ep~aHHU *HBOTHEIX Ba*Hoe 3HaHeHHe HpH~aeTcH pea~3aunn
rIporpaMM, HarIpasJIeHH~Ix Ha rIpo~nJIaKT~Ky, 60pB6y ~JIn yHnIITo~eHne
pa3JI~Horo po,~a spe'~nTeJIen. Ilpu BTOM CJIe'~yeT Hp~ep*HBaTECH HpaBlIJIEHO
COCTaB3IeHHOrO lI 3a~0KyMeHTHpOBaHHOrO rpa~HKa KOHTpO~H ~ MOHUTOp~Hra.
I,I~ea~EHaH HporpaMMa Hpe~Ho~araeT HeB03MO*HOCTE 3aHeceHH~ Hapa3HToB B
BlIBaplIlI lI lIX BBIXO~ 3a ero Hpe~e~BI. ~pH co~ep~aHHn *HBOTHEIX B 3arOHaX
Ha OTKpLITOM B03~yXe C~e~yeT yHUTEIBaTB HeO6XO~HMOCTB yCTpaHeHH~ ~H
CBe~eH~ ~0 M~HUMyMa HOTeH~Ha~BHOrO pUCKa, CBH3aHHOrO C Bpe~HTe~HMU
lI XlIIL\HlIKaMlI. IleCTlI~BI MOryT OKa3BIBaTB TOKCHHeCKOe ~eUCTBUe Ha
3KCTIeplIMeHTa3IBHEIX ~BOTHEIX ~ Me~aTB BBIHO~HeHUIO 3KCHepUMeHTa~BHEIX
rIpoLle'~yp [Ohio Cooperative Extension Service, 1987a,b], rI03TOMy ux cJIe'~yeT
lIplIMeHSITB Ha 3aHUMaeMOH *HBOTHEIMU TeppUTOpHU TO~BKO B c~yHae
Heo6xo'~HMocTH. Ilepe,~ rIpuMeHeHHeM rIecTHun'~os c~e'~yeT
lIpOKOHCyJIBTHpOBaTBCH CO CHe~Ha~HCTaM~, pa60TaIO~HMU C *HBOTHEIM~,
KOTOpLIe MOryT 6BITB HO~BeprHyTEI UX B03~eUCTBUIO. C~y~an upuMeHeHn~
YC:11OBE! CO~EP~H~^BOTHL~
51
lIeCTlI~OB ~O~*HM perUCTpUpOBaTBCH ~ COr~aCOB~BaTBCH C a~M~HUCTpa~HeH
BUBapHSI. MOTOR HpUMeHeHH~ COB ~O~*HM COOTBeTCTBOBaTB
~e~epa~BH~M, Hp~H~T~M ~TaTOM ~ MeCTH~M SaKOHaM. Bo Bcox BO3MO*H~X
coax r~pe~r~o~TeHne c~e~yeT oT~asaTB HeToKc~ecK~M cpe~cTsaM 60pB6m c
sped, HarIpuMep, peryJI~TopaMpocTaHaceKoM~x [Donahue etal., 1989;
Garg, Donahue 1989; King, Bennett, 1989] ~ HeToKcu~ecK~M coed
(TaK~M KaK aMOp~HMU c~nKare~B). upH ~CHO~B3OBaHHU ~OBy~eK c~e~yeT
IplIMeHSITB ryMaHHMe MOTORS: ~OBy~KH ~~H OT~OBa *HB~X Bpe~HTe~eH
O~*HM HpOBep~TBCH C ~OCTaTO~HOH HaCTOTOH, a nonMaHHux speed
c~e,~yeT rIo,~sepraT~ 3nTaHa3~.
yxo'~ 3a iK~BOTHbIMM B aBapH~HbIX CHTya~RX, B BbIXO~HbIe
II IIpa3~H~HbIe OHM
yxo'~ 3a *HBOTHEIMn ,~O~*eH ocy~ecTB~HTBcH KBa~HpOBaHHEIM
rIepCOHa~OM e~e,~HeBHO, B TOM lInc~e rIo BBIXO,~HEIM ~ rIpa3~H~HEIM OHM, C
Debbie COXpaHeHH~ 3,~0pOBB~ *HBOTHEIX ~ y,~OB~eTBOpeHH~ Tpe6oBaHH~M
rIpoBe'~eH~ Hay~HEIX nCC~e,~OBaHHH. Troche OKOH~aH~ pa60Hero ,~HR, a TaK*e
rIo BBIXO,~HEIM ~ rIpa3~H~HEIM'~H~M Heo6xo'~HMo rIpe'~ycMoTpeTB B03MO*HOCTB
o6ecrIeHeH~ ~BOTHEIX CKOpOH BeTep~HapHOH rIoMo~BIo.
IIPTI B03HlIKHOBeHlIlI aBaplIlIHEIX CHTya~H COTpy~H~KH C~y*6BI
6e3orIacHocTH y~pe*~eHHH' rIo~apHEIe H~n rIo~nH ,~O~*HEI HMeTB
B03MO*HOCTB cBH3aTBcH C ~HLlaMn, OTBeTCTBeHHEIMn 3a co'~ep~aHHe ~BOTHEIX.
3Ty 3a,~a~y MO*HO o6~erHuTB' BBIBeCHB B BuBapHn peKOMeH,~a~n rIo
rIoBe'~eHnIo B aBaplIlIHEIX CHTya~X, CHUCKH OTBeTCTBeHHEIX ~ ~
HeO6XO,~HMBIe HOMepa Te~e~OHOB H~n rIepe'~aB ux B OT,~e~ C~y*6BI
6e3orIacHocTH H~n Te~e~OHHEIn ~eHTp. Ha B~,~HOM MeCTe ,~O~*HEI 6BITB
BBIBeIIIeHEI peKOMeH,~aLlHn rIO rIoBe'~eHnIo B aBapHuHEIX CHTyaLlH~X B
crIeLlHaJILHEIx rIoMe~eH~x ~n rIpH ocy~ecTBJIeHHn OC06BIX orIepaLlHH.
IlJIaH MeporIpH~THn Ha cJIylIan HaBo'~HeHHH7 rIo~apa, B3pLIBa ~ T.~.,
rIpe'~Ha3HalIeHHEIn ,~H crIaceHH~ KaK rIepcoHa~a' TaK ~ *HBOTHEIX,
COCTaBJIHeTCH KaK HacTB o6~en rIporpaMMBI o6ecrIeHeHH~ 6e3orIacHocTH
BuBapHH. A'~M~HucTpaTop BuBapH~ H~n BeTep~Hap, oTBeHaIo~n 3a
co'~ep~aHHe ~BOTHEIX B HeM, ,~OJI*eH BXO,~nTB B COCTaB cooTBeTcTByIo~en
KOMuCCHn rIo 6e3orIacHocTH' C03,~aHHOn rIpH y~pe;K,D;eHHH. OH (oHa) ,~O~*eH
6BITB > ~ y~acTBoBaTB B MeporIp~T~x,
rIpoBo'~HMBIx B c~y~ae 6e,~CTBHn ~ aBapHuHEIX CHTya~n [Casper, 1991~.
IIO,~;EP)KAHlIE IIOIIYJIlIL\lIlI *lIBOTHbIX
|!l~eHTH{P~Ka~R ~ per~cTpau~
K Cpe~CTBaM ~eHTH~HKa~H ~BOTHEIX OTHOCHTCH Ta6~KH ~ KapToUKn7
rIp~Kpe~eHHEIe K'~Bep~M KOMHaT, rIO~KaM ~ K~eTKaM, B 3aroHax ~ CTO~aX, C
3aTInCaHHOn lIJIn HaHeCeHHOn IIITplIX-KO,~OM nH~OpMaLlHen; OIIIenH~K~,
XOMyTEI, ~aCTHHKH ~ Hp~BIKH; ~BeTHEIe ~THa; HaCeUKH ~ Ha~eUKH Ha y~ax;
TaTy~pOBKH; HO~KO*HEIe Hepe~aTH~KH ~ XO~O~HEIe K~eHMa. AM0yTa~H
rIa~BLleB KaK MeTO~ ~eHTH~HKa~H Me~KHX rpLI3yHOB MO*eT HpUMeH~TBCH
TOJIBKO TOr~a, KOr~a ~CHO~B30BaHHe ~I06BIX ~pyrux MeTo~os nH~ns~ya~BHon
~eHTu~nKaL~n oKa3~IsaeTc~ Heso3Mo*H~IM; rIp~eM ero MO*HO BBIHO~H~TB
TO~BKO Ha He3pe~0pO~aIO~UXCH HOBOpO~eHHEIX. B KapTax Heo6xo~uMo
52 PYKOBO~CTBO no CO~EP~AHBlO BBC770!1LL30BAHBlO~OPATOPHL~^BOTHL~
yKa3BIBaTB ~CTO~H~K HO~y~eH~ *HBOTHOrO, ~HHUIO ~H CTOK, ~aM~H
Me CTOHaXO)K,D;eHlIe lICTIO3IHlITe3IelI 3KCTIeplIMeHTa, CO OTB eTCTByIO~He PATTI ~
HOMep ~KCHepUMeHTa~BHOrO HpOTOKO~a, echo BTO B03MO*HO. PerUCTpa~H
*lIBOTHEIX HO~e3Ha ~ MO*eT pa3~HaTBCH HO ~OpMe — OT OrpaHHHeHHOH
UH~OpMa~H Ha KapTOUKaX H~eHTH~HKa~H SO HO~pO6HEIX 3aHUceH HO
Ka - ;OMy ~IBOTHOMy, BBe~eHHEIX B KOM0BIOTep.
LteHHyIo HOMONYM MOryT TaK*e oKa3aTB K~HH~eCKHe 3aHUcH o6 oT'~e~BHEIx
*HBOTHEIX, oco6eHHo rIpH rIpoBe'~eHHn nCC~e,~OBaHHn Ha co6aKax' KO~KaX,
rIpuMaTax ~ ce~BcKoxo3~ncTBeHHEIx *HBOTHEIX. TaKne 3arIncH ,~O~*HEI
BK]IIOHaTB COOTBeTCTByIO~He ~HH~eCKHe ~ ~narHocT~ecKne ~aHHEIe, PATTI
nHOKyJI~LlHn, orIncaHHe x~pyprulIecKHx rIpoLle'~yp ~ see
rIoc~eorIepa~HoHHoro rIepHo,~a, a TaK*e nH~opMa~Io o6 ncrIo~3osaHHn
BOTHEIX B aKcrIepuMeHTe. ocHoBHEIe '~eMorpa~ecKne CBe,~eH~ ~ nCTOpHU
6o~e3Hn rIoBBImaIoT ~eHHocTB oT'~e~BHEIx *HBOTHEIX B CMBIC~e ux
lICTIO3IB30BaH~ ~~H passe ~ ~CC~e~OBaHHH; TaKaH UH~OpMa~ gotcha
6BITB ~erKo '~ocTyrIHa nCC~e,~OBaTe~HM, BeTep~HapaM ~ rIepcoHa~y'
yxa*HBaIo~eMy 3a *HBOTHEIMH. 3arIncH rIo ~CTOpHU BBIpa~HBaHH~ ~
crIapuBaH~' a TaK*e o6 oco6eHHocT~x rIoBe'~eH~ ~BOTHEIX rIo~e3HEI rIpH
pa6oTe co MHornMn B~aMn ~BOTHEIX, OCO6eHHO HpUMaTaMU [NRC, 1979ai.
~ypHaJIBI, co,~ep~a~He OCHOBHEIe XapaKTepuCT~KH *HBOTHEIX, HMeIoT
6oJIBIIIoe 3HalIeHHe ,~JI~ co'~ep~aH~ KOJIOHHn KpyrIHEIX *HBOTHEIX C 60JIBIIIOn
rIpo'~o~nTe~BHocTBIo *~3Hn ~ ,~O~*HEI BecTHcB oT'~e~BHo rIo Ka;K,D;OMy
*HBOTHOMy [Dyke, 1993; NRC, 1979ai. TaKne ~ypHaJIBI IIaCTO BKJIIolIaIoT
nH~opMaLlHIo O B~,~e *HBOTHOrO, ero ~,~eHTH~nKaTOp, ~,~eHTH~nKaTOp
lIpOlI3BO~HTe~H, H~eHTH~HKaTOp MaTepH, H0~, ~aTy pO*~eHH~ H~n
HpH06peTeHUSI, ~CTO~H~K, ~aTy CMepTH ~ yH~TO*eH~. TaKaH UH~OpMa~
~ _ ~ ~
OIIeHB Ba*Ha,~H reHeTHIIeCKOH pa0OTEI ~ KOHe~HOH ~CTOpHHeCKOH O~eHKH
KOJIOHlIlI ~IBOTHEIX. ~pH HepeBO~e *HBOTHEIX H3 O~HOrO UHCTHTyTa B ~pyron
HeO6XO~HMO Hepe~aBaTB ~ COOTBeTCTByIO~yIO UH~OpMa~HIO O HUX.
[eHeT~Ka ~ HOMeHK~aTypa
FeHeT~ecKne XapaKTeplICTlIKlI lIMelOT sa*Hoe 3Ha~eHne ~H ce~eKunn ~
Be~eHH~ *HBOTHEIX HpH UX ~CHO~B30BaHHU B KO~OHH~X pa3BO~KH ~
6~0Me~HHCKHX ~CC~e~OBaHH~X (CM. HpH~. A). ~aHHEIe O pO~OC~OBHOH
lI03BOJISlIOT HpaB~BHo Ho'~6HpaTB HapLI ~BOTHEIX ~H HO~eHH~ HOTOMCTBa
H~n oT6HpaTB 3KcrIepuMeHTa~BHEIx *HBOTHEIX, He ~B~HIO~nXCH
pO,~CTBeHH~KaMn ~n C HeyCTaHOB~eHHEIM pO,~CTBOM.
AyT6pe'~HEIe *HBOTHEIe mnpOKO ncrIo~B3yIoTcH B 6~0Me,~nHCKHX
nCC~e,~OBaHH~X. tIcxo'~HEIe rIorIy~o~*HEI 6BITB'~ocTaTo~Ho 60~BmuMn,
HTO 6BI O 6 e crIeHuBaTB '~nTe~BHyIo reTep OreHHO CTB ~CHO~B3yeMBIX ~H
pa3Be'~eHH~ KO~OHHn *HBOTHEIX. '~H o6~erHeHH~ rIp~Moro CpaBHeHH~
aKcrIepuMeHTaJIBHEIx ,~aHHEIX, rIOJIy~eHHEIX Ha ayT6pe,~HEIX ~BOTHEIX, CJIe,~yeT
lICTIO3IB30BaTB reHeT~ecKne MeTO~BI, n03so~Iomne COXpaH~TB reHeT~eCKyIO
H3MeHlInBocTB ~ ypaBHoBeIIInBaTB rIpe'~cTaBuTeJIBcTBo nCXO,~HEIX oco6en
KoJIoHHn [HarIpuMep' Lacy, 1989; Poiley, 1960; Williams-Blangero, 1993~.
teHeTHHeCKyIO H3MeHHUBOCTB MO*HO KOHTpO~HpOBaTB, HpUMeHH~
KOMrI~OTepHOe Mo~eJInposaHne, 6~0X~MnIIeCKne MapKep~I, MapKep~I ,~HK,
lIMMyHO3IOrlIIIeCKlIe MapKepLI ~n KO~HeCTBeHHEIU reHeTu~ecKnn aHa~3
rn~ecKnx r~epeMeHH~Ix [MacCluer et al., 1986; Williams-Blangero,
1993~.
YC:11OBE! CO~EP~H~^BOTHL~
53
tIH6pe~HMe ~nHHn *HBOTHuX pa3~HHux BLOB, r~aBHuM o6pa3oM
rpM3yHoB, BuBe~eHM ~~R peIIIeH~ crIeLlH~ecKHx 3KcrIepuMeHTa~EHux safari
~ Festing, 1979; Gill, 1 980l . tOM03HrOTHOCTB 3TUX *HBOTHuX noBMmaeT
B O CrIp 0~3B O LIMO CTB ~ COrIO CTaBuMO CTB HeKOTOpLIX 3KcrIepuMeHTa~BHEIx
~aHHEIX. oHeHB Ba*HO ocy~ecTB~HTB rIepHo~HecKnn KOHTpO~B
roMo3HroTHocTH nH6pe~HEIX *HBOTHEIX [Festing, 1982; Hedrich, 1990~.
pa3pa6oTaHEI HeKOTOpLIe MeTO~nKH KOHTpO~H, OCHOBaHHEIe Ha rIpuMeHeHHn
HMMyHo~or~ecKHx7 6Hox~M~ecKHx ~ Mo~eKymqpHEIx MeTo'~oB ~ Cramer, 19 8 3;
Groen, 1977; Hoffman et al., 1980; Russell et al., 1993~. C He~Io cBe~eHH~ ~o
MlIHlIMyMa reHeTHIIeCKOH KOHTaMlIHa~HH, ODyC~OB~eHHOH MyTa~HHMU ~
0~60HHEIM CHapUBaHHeM, HeO6XO~HMO pa3pa60TaTB Ha~e*HEIe CHCTeMBI
pa3Be~eH~ *HBOTHEIX [Green, 1981; Kempthorne, 1957~.
TpaHCreHHEIe *HBOTHEIe 06~a~aIOT M~HUMyM O~HUM TpaHCreHOM; CaUT
lIHTerpa~H 3TOrO TpaHCreHa ~ KO~eCTBO UHTerpUpOBaHHEIX KOHHU He BCer~a
HO,D;,D;aIOTCH KOHTpO~IO. ~HTerpUpOBaHHEIe reHEI MOryT B3aHMO~eUCTBOBaTB C
~OHOBBIMU reHaMU ~ ~aKTOpaMU OKpy~aIO~eH Cpe~BI B 3aBUCHMOCTH,
IaCTlIIIHO, OT CaIITa lIHTerpa~H, H03TOMy Ka~Oe TpaHCreHHOe *HBOTHOe
MO*HO paCCMaTplIBaTB KaK yH~Ka~BHEIU ~CTO~H~K reHeTHHeCKOH
nH~opMaunn. Heo6xo~uMo rIpe~rIp~HuMaTB ycu~ c ~e~BIo coxpaHeHn~
TaKOrO lICTOIIHlIKa lIplI lIOMOILllI CTaH~apTHEIX reHeTHHeCKHX Hpoue~yp,
BK~IOHalOILlUX Be,~eHHe HO~pO6HEIX 3anucen no pO~OCJIOBHOH, ~ reHeT~ecKoro
MOHlITOplIHra, rIo3so~qIomero lIpOBepSITB Ha~ne ~ 3HrOTHOCTB TpaHCreHOB.
KpHoKoHcepBa~HIo orI~o~oTBopeHHEIx 3M6pH0HoB, HH~eK~eTOK H~n
CTIepMaT030~0B TaK*e c~e,~yeT paCCMaTplIBaTB KaK MeTO~ upe~y~pe~eH~
3aBlICIIMBIX OT BpeMeHU H3MeHeHHU B TpaHcreHax H~n c~yHanHon nOTepH
KOJIOHHH.
Ba*Hoe 3Ha~eHne r~p~aeTc~ T~aTe~EHOH perucTpaunn c ~CH0~30BaHHeM
CTaH~apTHOn HOMeHK~aTypLI, ecJIn OHa HMeeTCH, KaK JInHHn ~ Cy6JInHHn, TaK
HeTHIIeCKHX XapaKTepuCT~K *HBOTHEIX, ncrIo~B3yeMBIx B
ncc~e~osaTe~BcKon rIporpaMMe [NRC, 1979bj. B HeCKO~BKHX Hy6~HKa~X
MO*HO HanTH rIpaBH~a' rIp~H~TEIe Me*~yHapO~HEIMn KOMuCCH~Mn rIo
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