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OCR for page 61
rJIABA 3
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Heo6xo~HMo BBIpa6oTaTB MexaHH3M rIp~Mon ~ peryJI~pHon CBH3n, KOTOpLIn 6BI
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rIpo~e~yp' CBH3aHHEIX C ux HMMo6~3a~Hen' ncrIo~B3oBaHHeM Ce~aTHBHEIX
rIperIapaTos, aHa3IBreT~KOB, aHeCTeT~KOB ~ HpOBe~eHHeM 3nTaHa3~.
OTBeTCTBeHHEIU BeTep~Hap ~O~*eH 06eCHeHUTB KOHTpO~B ~H Ha6~IO~eHHe
3a BBIrIOJIHeHHeM x~pyprulIecKHx orIepaLlHn ~ rIOCJIeOrIepaLlHOHHEIM Be~eHHeM
~IBOTHEIX.
61
OCR for page 62
62 PYKOBO~CTBO no CO~EP~AHBlO BBC770!1LL30BAHBlO~OPATOPHL~^BOTHL
3AKYIIKA lI TPAHCIIOPTtIPOBKA *lIBOTHbIX
Bce *HBOTHMe ,~O~*HM rIpHo6peTaTBcH saKOHHuM rlyTeM; rIpH ATOM
ylIpe*~eHHe-rIoJIylIaTeJIB ,~OJI*HO rIpe'~rIp~H~TE pa3yMHMe ycHJInH7
rapaHTHpylo~He saKoHHocTB BCeX orIepaLlHn, CBHaaHHuX C rIpHo6peTeHHeM
BOTHuX. Echo co6aKH ~ KO~KH HOCTyHalOT OT ~~epOB ~H CTaH~H OT~OBa
~BOTHuX K~acca B rIo K~aCCH~nKa~n M~HucTepcTBa ce~BcKoro XOsHuCTBa
CIIIA (u. s. Department of Agriculture - USDA), TO TaKHX ~BOTHuX c~e,~yeT
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HO~KO*H~M Hepe~aTH~KaM. ~0~06HaH HpOBepKa MO*eT BM~BUTB ~aKT, HTO
,~aHHoe ~soTHoe 6~o ~OMa~HUM; B TaKOM c~y~ae c~e~yeT ycTaHosuTB ero
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Y0paB~eHHe HO OXpaHe ~HKHX *HBOTH~X ~ pu6 (Fish and Wildlife Sewice)
e~erO~HO Hy6~HKyeT yTO~HeHHMe CHUCKH nc~esaIom~x ~n saHeceHHux B
KpaCHyIO KHUry BH~OB [DOI 50 CFR 17~. Mcuo~BsosaHne cneuna~BHo
BBIBe~eHHEIX 3KCHepUMeHTa~BHEIX ~BOTHEIX B03MO*HO, ec~n OHO ~HKTyeTCH
sa,~a~aMn ~CC~e~OBaHH~, oGy~eH~ ~n ~CHEITaHHH.
IIOTeH~Ha~BHEIe HOCTaB~HKH *HBOTHEIX ~O~*HEI O~eHUBaTBCH HO
KaHeCTBy HOCTaB~SIeMBIX HMU *HBOTHEIX. KaK HpaBH~O, HOCTaB~HKH
CHe~Ha~BHO BBIBe~eHHEIX *HBOTHEIX (HanpuMep7 ~epLI K~acca A no
K~accu~nKaunn USDA) pery~pHo s~I,~aIoT nH~opMaunIo c orIncaHneM
reHeTWIeCKOrO lI lIaTOreHHOrO CTaTyCa KO3IOHlIlI ~IlI OT~e~BHEIX *HBOTHEIX,
KOTOpLIX OHU CO~ep~aT. ~0~06HaH UH~OpMa~H HO~e3Ha HpH pe~eHHU,
lIplIHSITB ~H OT~OHUTB ~aHHyIO HapTHIO ~BOTHEIX; aHa~Or~HEIe ~aHHEIe
HeO6XO~HMO HO~yHaTB B OTHO~eHHU *HBOTHEIX, HOCTyHaIO~UX B paMKaX
o6MeHa Me*~y y~pe*~eHH~MU H~n BHyTpH y~pe*~eHn~ (HaUpUMep, HpH
IOJIy'IeHlIlI TpaHCreHHEIX MBIIIIeH).
~I06BIe HepeMe~eHH~ *HBOTHEIX, B TOM q~c~e BHyTpH yqpe*~eHH~,
C~e~yeT ~O~*HEIM 06pa30M KOOp~HHUpOBaTB C TeM, qT06BI CBeCTH ~0 M~HUMyMa
BpeMSI lIepeB03KlI lI plICK lIepe~aqU 300H030B, 3a~HTHTB *HBOTHEIX OT
B03~eUCTBH~ ~KCTpeMa~BHEIX yC~OBHU OKpy~aIO~eH Cpe~BI, ~CK~IOq~TB
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UX ~OCTyD K KOpMy ~ BO~e ~ Hpe~OXpaHUTB OT ~3HqeCKHX TpaBM. HeKOTOpLIU
CBSI3aHHEIU C TpaHCHOpTHpOBKOH CTpeCC ~B~HeTCH HeH36e*HEIM, O~HaKO OH
MO*eT 6BITB CBe~eH ~0 M~HUMyMa HpH ~O~*HOM BHUMaHHU K HepOq~C~eHHEIM
sLIme ~aKTopaM. Ka*~yIo rIapTnIo *HBOTHEIX HeO6XO~HMO HpOBep~TB Ha
COOTBeTCTBUe Tpe60BaH~M rIo~yqaTe~q ~ Ha Ha~nque K~HH0qeCKHX HpH3HaKOB
3a60~eBaHHH; *HBOTHEIX C~e~yeT HOMe~aTB B KapaHTHH ~ CTa6~3HpoBaTB
lIX COCTOS[HlIe C lIOMOILlBIO upoue~yp, cooTseTcTsyIom~x ~aHHoMy su~y
yC~OBUSIM. Ba*Hy~o po~ urpaeT cor~acosaHne MepOUpHSITHU r~o 3aKa3y
IOJIyqeHlIIO HOBOH HapTHU ~BOTHEIX C HepCOHa~OM BUBap~, KOTOpLIU ~O~eH
06eCHeq~TB HpaB~BHEIU HpHeM ~ pa3Me~eHHe *HBOTHEIX.
IIO~pO6HOe OHUCaHHe CBH3aHHEIX C TpaHCHOpTHpOBKOH ~BOTHEIX HpaB~
CO~ep*HTCH B HeCKO~BKHX ~OKyMeHTaX, B TOM q~c~e AWRs ~ Upasu~ax
lIepeB03KlI *lIBOTHEIX Me~yHapO~HOH acco~Ha~n Bo3~y~Horo TpaHCHOpTa
[IATA, 1995~. KpoMe Toro, BB03 lIplIMaTOB peryJIlIpyeTCSI lIHCTpyK~HMU
CJIy*6BI 3,~pasooxpaHeHnH [CFR, Title 42i, B KOTOpLIX CO~ep~aTCH
crIe~Ha~BHEIe rIpasH~a rIo Ty6epKy~nHoBon rIpo6e [CDC, 1993~. Oco6~Ie
OCR for page 63
BETEPB~P~BOMO~L
63
Tpe60BaHUSI Hpe~HB~IOTCH HpH BB03e ~ nepeso3KaM a~p~KaHCKHX 3e~eHux
MapTM~eK, ~~HHHOXBOCT~X MaKaKOB ~ MaKaKOB pe3yc PER, 1990; CDC, 1991] .
IlPOG>llJIAKTIllIECKAll ME,1;lIL\lIHA
IlpO~aKT~Ka 3abo~esaHnn ~B~HeTCH Ba*HeH~HM 8~eMeHTOM
BeTep~HapHOrO 06eCHeHeHUSI *HBOTH~X. 3~eKTHBHMe HpOrpaMMM
IpO~aKTHHeCKHX MepOUpH~THU CHoC06CTBylOT HOBM~eHHIO Hay~HOH
HHOCTH *HBOTHEIX, HOCKO~BKy OHU H03BO~IOT COXpaHUTB UX 3~0pOBB
CBeCTH ~0 M~HUMyMa BepO~THOCTB H3MeHeH~ UX COCTO~HH~, 06yC~oB~eHHylo
3abo~esaH~Mn ~ UHaHDapaTHOH UH~eK~HeH. ~pOrpaMMM HpO~aKT~eCKHX
~ -
MepOlIplISITlIlI BK3IIOHaIOT pa3~HHEIe KOM )HHa~H HpaBH~, Hpoue~yp ~
MeTO~OB, CBH3aHH~X C KapaHTHHOM ~ CTa6~3a~HeH 3~0pOBB~ *HBOTH~X, a
TaK*e C pa3~e~BHEIM CO~ep~aHHeM *HBOTHEIX B 3aBUCHMOCTH OT BH~a,
lICTOIIHlIKa lIOCTyIIJIeHlISI lI COCTOS[HlISI 3~0pOBBH.
KapaHTHH, a,~anTau~ ~ pa3,~e~bHoe co,~ep~KaH~e
KapaHTHH Hpe~HO~araeT CO~ep~aHHe BHOBB HOCTyHUB~UX *HBOTHEIX
OT~e~BHO OT ~BOTHEIX, y~e Haxo~nxcH B BUBapHU, ~0 HO~HOrO OUpe~e~eH~
COCTOS[HlISI 3~0pOBB~ ~, B03MO*HO, M~KpO~OpLI BHOBB HOCTyHUB~UX
~IBOTHEIX. 3~eKTHBHEIe KapaHTHHHEIe MepOUpH~T~ H03BO~IOT CBeCTH ~0
MlIHlIMyMa BeposITHocTB 3aHeceHH~ HaTOreHHEIX M~KpoopraHH3MoB B
cy~ecTByIo~yIo KO~OHnIO *HBOTHEIX. BeTep~HapHEIn Me,~nHCKnn rIepcoHa~
,~O~*eH B~a'~eTB MeTO,~aMn O~eHKH COCTO~H~ 3,~0pOBB~ H, ec~n Heo6xo,~uMO7
rIaToreHHon M~KpO( ,~OpLI BHOBB rIOCTyrInBIII~X *HBOTHEIX; rIpHlIeM TaKne
MeTO,~BI ,~O~*HEI cooTBeTcTBoBaTB rIp~H~TEIM B BeTep~HapHOn Me,~HLl~He
HOpMaM, a TaK*e ~e'~epa~BHEIM ~ rIp~H~TEIM IIITaTOM nHCTpyKLlH~M rIo
300Ho3aM [Butler et a1., 1995~. 3~eKTusH~Ie KapaHT~HH~Ie MeporIpu~Tu~
,~O~*HEI rIpuMeH~TBcH rIo oTHoIIIeHnIo K lIplIMaTaM C He~BIo orpaHn~nTB
B03MO*HOCTB 3apa~eHH~ rIepcoHa~a 300H03HEIMn nH~eKLlH~MH.
06Hapy~eHHEIe y HpUMaTOB ~OB~pyCEI ~ M~K06aKTepHU 06yC~oBH~H
HeO6XO~HMOCTB Hp~H~T~ CHe~Ha~BHEIX UHCTpyK~H H0 06pa~eHUIO C BTHMU
*lIBOTHEIMU [CDC, 1991, 1993~. MH~opMaun~, upe~ocTas~eMa~
HOCTaB~HKaMU B OTHO~eHHU KaHeCTBa ~BOTHEIX, ~O~*Ha 6BITB ~OCTaTO~HOH
H TOrO, HT06BI BeTep~Hap MOr OUpe~e~HTB ~HTe~BHOCTB KapaHTHHa,
HOTeH~Ha~BHEIU pUCK ~H o6c~y~BaIo~ero HepcoHa~a ~ ~pyrux *HBOTHEIX B
KO~OHHU, ~e~eCoo6pa3HocTB HpOBe~eHH~ TepaHHU ~0 HOMe~eHH~ BHOBB
IOCTylIlIBIIIlIX ~IBOTHEIX B KO~OHUIO; HpUMeHUTe~BHO K rpLI3yHaM BeTep~Hap
~O~*eH OUpe~e~HTB HeO6XO~HMOCTB BBIHO~HeHH~ Kecapesa ce~eHn~ ~H
peHM~aHTa~nH ~H HepeCa,~KH DM6pHoHoB H3 6aHKa DM6pHoHoB C He~BIO
rIo~yUeHH~ *HBOTHEIX, CB060,~HEIX OT CHe~HeCKHX HaTOreHOB. ~H
rpLI3yHoB rIpe6BIBaHHe B KapaHTHHe He ~BJI~eTCH o6~3aTeJIBHEIM, ecJIn'~aHHEIe7
lIpe~OCTaB~eHHEIe HOCTaB~HKOM, HO~eHEI He3a~0~ro ~o ux HOCTy~eHH
B ,~OCTaTO~HO rIo~HoM o6~eMe' rIo3Bo~RIo~eM ycTaHoBuTB COCTO~HHe 3,~0pOBB~
*HBOTHEIX ~ cTerIeHB BepO~THOCTH 3apa~eHH~ *HBOTHEIX rIaTOreHHOn
M~KpO~OpOn B rIpo~ecce TpaHCHOpTHpOBKH. B c~yHae Heo6xo'~HMocTH
rIOMe~eHH~ *HBOTHEIX B KapaHTHH, *HBOTHEIX H3 O,~HOn rIapTHn c~e'~yeT
OT~e~HTB OT ~BOTHEIX H3 ~pyrux HapTHn (npH aTOM Heo6~3aTe~BHo oT~e~HTB
ux,~pyr oT'~pyra) C TeM, IIT06BI lICK]IIOHUTB B03MO*HOCTB paCHpOCTpaHeH~
lIH~eK~.
OCR for page 64
64 PYKOBO~CTBO no CO~EP~AHBlO BBC770!1LL30BAHBlO~OPATOPHL~^BOTHL~
He3aBUCHMO OT HpO~O~Te~BHOCTH Hpe6MBaH~ BHOBB HOCTyHUB~UX
IBOTHEIX B KapaHTHHe, HM C~e~yeT Hpe~OCTaBUTB OUpe~e~eHHOe BpeMR ~~H
~~3no~orn~ecKon' r~c~xo~orn~ecKon ~ MeTabo~ecKon a,~ar~Taunn,~o
lICTIO3IB30BaH~ AX B 3KCHepUMeHTe. ~HTe~BHOCTB Hepno~a a~anTaunn 3asucuT
OT cr~ocoba ~ HpO~O~HTe~BHOCTH TpaHCHOpTHpOBKH *HBOTH~X, Baja
*lIBOTHEIX ~ OT XapaKTepa OX Hpe~HO~araeMOrO ~CH0~30BaHHH.
HeO6XO~HMOCTB B Reprove a~anTaunn upo~eMoHcTpuposaHa Ha Mumax,
KpLICaX, MOpCKlIX CBlIHKaX lI K03aX; lIO BCelI BlI~HMOCTH, TaKOH HO~XO~
Coo6pa3eH H~pyrUXB~OB ~BOTHEIX [Drozdowicz et al., l990; Jelinek,
1971; Landi et al., 1982; Prasad et al., 1978; Sanhouri et al., 1989; Tuli et al.,
1995; Wallace, 1976~.
Pa3~e~EHOe CO~ep~aHHe *HBOTH~X pa3H~X BLOB HMeeT cBoen Hereto
rIpe~yrIpe~nTB Me~su~osyIo rIepe~alIy lIH~eK~H ~ ~CK~IOHUTB HO~B~eHHe
TpeBOrlI lI B03MO*HEIe ~3~0~0rn~ecKne ~ nose~eH~ecKne H3MeHeHH~,
06yC~oB~eHHMe Me*BH~OB~MU KOH~HKTaMH. ~~3~ecKoe pa3~e~eHne
06~Ho 06eCHeHUBaeTCH pa3Me~eHHeM *HBOTH~X pa3H~X BLOB B OT~e~BH~X
lIOMeILleH~X; B03MO*HEIM a~BTepHaTHBHEIM MeTO~OM BUTCH ~CHO~B30BaHHe
He60~B~UX KOMHaT, 60KCoB C ~aM~HapHEIM HOTOKOM B03~yXa, K~eTOK,
060py~0BaHHEIX CaMOCTO~Te~BHOH CHCTeMOH BeHT~HH ~n ~BTpa~HH
B03~yXa, ~ H30~HTOpOB. B HeKoTop~Ix cuTyaun~x ~onycKaeTc~ co~ep~aHne
~IBOTHEIX pa3HEIX B~OB B O~HOM HOMe~eHHU, HaUpUMep B c~y~ae, ec~n ~sa
B~a lIMeIOT aHa~OrHUHEIU CTaTyC H0 HaTOreHHOH M~KpOC Mope ~ cosMecTuM~I
B HOBe~eHHeCKOM aCHeKTe. H eKOTOpLIe BH~BI *HBOTHEIX MOryT 6BITB
HOCHTe~SIMU Cy6K~HHHHeCKHX H~n ~aTeHTHEIX UH~eK~H, KOTOpLIe HpH
rIepe~alIe ~pyroMy BH~y *HBOTHEIX MOryT BBI3BaTB y HUX K~HHHHeCKOe
HpOSIB~eHHe 3a60~esaH~. HeCKO~BKO HpUBe~eHHEIX HH*e HpUMepOB MOryT
HOMOUB OUpe~e~eHUIO HeO6XO~HMOCTH pa3~e~BHOrO CO~ep~aH~ *HBOTHEIX
pa3HEIX B~OB.
· Bordetella bronchiseptica 06BI~HO BBI3BIBaeT TO~BKO Cy6K~HHHHeCKyIO
lIH~eK~HIO y KpO~HKOB, HO MO*eT CTaTB HpHHUHOH TH*e~OrO
peCHUpaTOpHOrO 3a60~eBaH~ y MOpCKHX CB~HOK [Manning et al., 1984].
KaK lIpaB~O, HpUMaTEI Hosoro CBeTa (~*HaH AMep~Ka) ~ a~p~KaHCKHe
HaTCKHe BH~BI 06e3B~H CTapOrO CBeTa ~O~*HEI CO~ep~aTBCH B pa3HEIX
rIOMe~eHH~X, TaK KaK, HaTIpUMep, so36y~nTe~ reMopparn~ecKon
JI~xopa~Ku obe3~H [Palmer et al.,1968] ~ supyc nMMyHo~e~uL~nTa obe3~H
[Hirsch et al., 1991; Murphey-Corb et al., 1986] s~I3~IsaIoT ~mB
Cy6K~HHHHeCKHe UH~eK~H y a~p~KaHCKHX BH~OB 06e3B~H, HO
06yC~OB~HBaIOT ~HHHHeCKHe HpO~B~eH~ 60~e3HU y a3HaTCKHX BH~OB.
~IBOTHEIX HeKOTOpLIe BH~OB C~e~yeT CO~ep~aTB B pa3HEIX HOMe~eH~X
~a~e ec~n OHlI rIpOlICXO~HT H3 O~HOH ~ TOH ~e reorpa~ecKon 30HEI.
HarIpuMep' 6eJI~En o6e3EHHEI (Saimiri sciureus) MoryT 6BITE HOCHTeJISIMn
JIaTeHTHon ~OpMBI B~pyca Herpesvirus tamarinus, KOTOpLIn rIpH rIepe'~alIe
MO*eT BBI3BaTB 3rIn3ooTHn ~ rn6e~B Mnp~KuHn (Aotus trivirgatus3 [Hunt,
Melendez, 1966i, MapM03eTOKUTaMap~HOB (Saguinusoedipus, S. nigricollis)
[Holmes et al., 1964; Melnick et al., 1964~.
.
.
K pa3~eJIBHoMy co~ep~aHnIo *HBOTHEIX O~HOrO ~ TOrO ~e B~a MO*HO
rIpH6eraTB B TeX c~yHa~x, Kor~a ~BOTHEIe, rIocTyrInBmne H3 pa3HEIX ~eHTpOB
~n nCTOIIH~KOB (KOMMeplIeCKHX ~n nHCTHTyTCKHX), ~B~HIOTCH HOCHTe~HMn
OCR for page 65
BETEPB~P~BOMO~L
65
pa3JIlIIIHEIX HaTOreHHEIX M~KpOOpraHH3MOB, HaUpUMep, B~pyCa
CHa~O~aKpHOa~eHUTa KpLIC, B~pyca renaTHTa MBImen7 Pasteurella multocida y
KpO~HKOB, Cercopithecine herpesvirus I(paHee HOCK Ha3BaHHe Herpesvirus
simiae) y pa3~HHEIX BLOB MaKaKOB ~ Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae y CB~HeH.
Ha6~10~eHMe, ~HarHOCT~Ka, ~e~eHMe ~ KOHTpO~b Sa60~eBaHMM
Bce *HBOTHEIe ~O~*HEI HaXO~HTBCH HO~ HOCTO~HHEIM Ha6~IO~eHHeM
COOTBeTCTByIO~HM o6pa3oM HO~rOTOB~eHHOrO cneuna~ncTa Ha Hpe~MeT
BBI~B~eHH~ y HUX HpH3HaKOB 3a60~eBaHH~, TpaBMBI H~H OTK~OHeHHU OT
HOpMa~BHOrO HOBe~eH~. KaK HpaB~O, TaKOH OCMOTp ~BOTHEIX BBIHO~HHeTCH
e~e~HeBHO, O~HaKO B HeKOTOpLIX CHTya~X, HaUpUMep B nepno~
soccTaHos~eHn~ r~oc~e or~epaunn, 60~e3Hn ~n ~3~ecKnx HapymeHnn'
peKOMeH~yeTCH ocMaTpUBaTB *HBOTHEIX Hame. II Hao6opoT, B HeKOTOpLIX
c~yHa~x, HarIpuMep rIpH co~ep~aHHn *HBOTHEIX B 60~Bm~X 3aroHax Ha
OTKpLITOM Bo3~yxe' e~e~HeBHEIn OCMOTp Ka;KD;OrO *HBOTHOrO rIpaKTHIIeCKH
HeBBIrIo~HuM. IIO8TOMY crIe~Ha~ncTEI ~O~*HEI orIpe~e~nTB HaCTOTy ~ xapaKTep
rIpOBe~eH~ OCMOTpa ~BOTHEIX, rapaHTHpyIo~nx ux ~O~*HOe COCTO~HHe.
BBI~B~eHHe 3a6o~eBaHHn ~ ux'~HarHocT~Ka'~o~*HEI ocy~ecTB~HTBcH C
HpUMeHeHHeM COOTBeTCTByIO~UX MeTO~OB. 06~3aTe~BHEIM Tpe60BaHHeM
~B~HeTCH He3aMe~nTe~BHEIn '~oK~a'~ O c~y~a~x BHe3arIHon rn6e~n *HBOTHEIX,
rIo~B~eH~ y HuX rIpH3HaKoB 3a6o~eBaH~' ~ncTpecca ~ ~pyrux OTK~OHeHHn
OT HOpMBI, IITO HeO6XO~HMO ~H OKa3aHH~ CBOeBpeMeHHOH BeTep~HapHOH
Me~HHCKOH HOMO~. *HBOTHEIX, y KOTOpLIX HO~B~HIOTCH HpH3HaKH
KOHTarH03HOrO 3a60~eBaHUSI, C~e~yeT H30~HpOBaTB OT 3~0pOBBIX ocoben B
KO~OHHH. Ec~n yCTaHOB~eHO H~H Hpe~HO~araeTCH, HTO *HBOTHEIe B
OlIpe~e~eHHOM HOMe~eHHU KOHTaKTHpOBa~H C UH~eK~HOHHEIM areHTOM
(HarIpuMep7 Mycobacterium tubercolisis B c~y~ae HpUMaTOB), TO BCe ~BOTHEIe
~O~*HEI co~ep~aTEcH KaK e~nHaH rpynna B TeHeHHe Bcero Hpouccca
HarHOCT~K~, ~eHeHH~ ~ KOHTpO~.
MeTO~BI HpO~aKT~K~, ~HarHOCT~KH ~ ~eHeH~ 3a60~eBaHHU ~O~*HEI
COOTBeTCTBOBaTB Hp~H~TEIM B HaCTOH~ee BpeMR B BeTep~HapHOH HpaKT~Ke.
Yc~yrn, r~pe,~ocTas~eM~Ie ,~narHocTu~ecK~Mn ~abopaTopu~Mn o6~er~a~oT
OKa3aHlIe BeTeplIHapHOlI lIOMOILllI lI MOryT BK]IIOHaTB MaKpO- lI MlIKpOCKOHUIO,
KJIlIHlIIIe CKyIO HaTO~ OrHIO ~ re M aTo~ OrHIO ~ M~Kp O 6~0~0rHIO, K~HHHHe CKyIO
6~0X~M~IO ~ cepo~ornIo. BBI60P Me~HKaMeHT03HEIX ~ ~pyrux TepanesT~ecKnx
cpe,~cTs ocymecTs~qeTc~ seTep~HapoM rIoc~e KoHcy~BTaL~n c ncc~e,~osaTe~eM.
COr~aCOBaHHEIU ~aH ~eHeHH~ ~O~eH 6BITB 060CHOBaHHEIM C Me~HHCKOH
TOIIKlI 3peH~ lI, ec~n 3TO B03MO*HO, He ~O~*eH OKa3BIBaTB He~e~aTe~BHOrO
B3I~H~ Ha 3KCTIeplIMeHT.
Cy6K~HH~eCKHe lIH~eK~H, BBI3BIBaeMBIe M~KpOOpraHH3MaM~, OC06eHHO
B~pyCHEIe UH~eK~H, (CM. HpH~. A) HaCTO BCTpeHaIOTCH y rpLI3yHOB B
KOHBeH~HOHa~BHEIX yC~OBH~X CO~ep~aHHH; O~HaKO OHU MOryT B03H~KaTB B
BUBap~X, Hpe~Ha3HaHeHHEIX ~H HpOH3BO~CTBa ~ ~CHO~B30BaH~ CB060~HEIX
OT lIaTOreHHOlI MlIKpO~JIOpLI rpLI3yHoB, B cJIylIae HapymeHnH M~Kpo6Horo
6apBepa. IlpuMepaMn nH~eK~HOHHEIX areHTOB, KOTOpLIe BBI3BIBaIoT
cy6K~nH~ecKoe TeHeHHe 3a6o~esaH~' HO rIpH 3TOM nH~y~HpyIoT r~y6oKne
HMMyHO~OrHHeCKHe H3MeHeHUSI H~n 06yC~OB~HBaIOT H3MeHeHH
~3~0JIOrUlIeCKHX, ~apMaKOJIOr~eCKHX ~n TOKCIIKOJIOrlIIIeCKlIX peaKL~n'
MOryT C~y*nTB B~pyC ceH~an' KpLICHHEIn B~pyC K~x3Ma7 B~pyC MBIm~HOrO
OCR for page 66
66 PYKOBO~CTBO no CO~EP~AHBlO BBC770!1LL30BAHBlO~OPATOPHL~^BOTHL
reHaTHTa, B~pyC ~HM~O~HTapHOrO XOpHOMeHUHrUTa ~ Mycoplasma pulmonis
[NRC, l991a, bJ. Hay~Hme sa,~a~n KoHKpeTHoro 3KcrIepuMeHTa, rIoc~e,~cTs~
lIH~eK~HOHHOrO Sapa~eHH~ ~~H ~aHHOH ~HHHU rpM3yHOB, a TaK*e
He6~arorIp~THoe B~HS[HHe, KOTOpOe rIaToreHHa~ M~KpO~Opa MO*eT OKaSaTB
Ha,~pyrne 3KCTIeplIMeHTEI, BBIHO~HHeMBIe B BUBapHU, ~O~*HEI OUpe~e~HTB
OC06eHHOCTH HpOrpaMMBI 06eCHeHeHH~ 3~OpOBB~ rpLI3yHOB ~ CTpaTerHIO
CO~ep~aH~ rpLI3yHOB, CB060~HEIX OT CHe~eCKHX HaTOreHOB.
OCHOBHEIM MeTO~OM 06Hapy~eHH~ B~pyCHEIX UH~eK~HH ~B~HeTCH
cepo~orn~ecKnn aHa~3. ,~pyrne MeTO~BI BBI~B~eH~ M~KpO6HEIX UH~eK~H,
HaUpUMep 6aKTepHa~BHEIe Ky~BTypLI, rucTonaTo~orn~ecKne TeCTEI, aHa~3
,~HK c ncrIo~B30saHneM rIo~uMepa3Hon ~erIHon peaKunn, ,~O~*HEI
HpUMeHSITBCH B COHeTaHH~X, HaH60~ee HO~HO OTBeHaIO~UX KOHKpeTHEIM
Tpe60BaHUSIM K~HHHHeCKHX ~ ~CC~e~OBaTe~BCKHX HpOrpaMM.
TpaHCH~aHTHpyeMBIe oDyxo~H, rH6pH~0MBI, K~eTO~HEIe ~HHHU ~ ~pyrne
6~0~0r~eCKHe MaTepHa~BI MOryT OKa3aTBCH ~CTO~H~KaMU MBI~HHEIX B~pyCOB,
KoTop~Ie MoryT KoHTaM~HuposaTB rp~I3yHos [Nicklas at al., 1993~. Ilpu s~I6ope
MeTO,~a C~e,~yeT y'IHTEIBaTB B03MO*HOCTB lICHO3IB30BaH~ TeCTOB Ha HpO,~KIlHIO
MBI~HHEIX, KpLICHHEIX ~ XOM~UX aHTHTe~, KOTOpLIe ~B~HIOTCH 3~eKTHBHEIM
cpe,~cTsoM o6Hapy~eH~3apa~eH~ 6no~or~ecKnxMaTepua~os supycaMn [de
Souza, Smith, 1989; NRC, l991cJ.
X0PYPEH
IlpaBlIJIBHOe HpOBe~eHHe Hpe~OHepa~HOHHOH HO~rOTOBKH *HBOTHEIX,
oGy~eHne r~epcoHa~a' ncr~0~30saHne COOTBeTCTBylO~UX acenTu~ecKnx ~
XlIpyprlIIIeCKlIX MeTO~OB, COCTO~HHe 3~0pOBB~ ~ ~3~0~0rHHeCKHU CTaTyC
~IBOTHEIX Ha BCeX 3TaHaX 3KCHepUMeHTa OKa3BIBaIOT B~HHHe Ha pe3y~BTaTEI
X~pypr~eCKOrO BMe~aTe~BCTBa (CM. Hp~. A: >~.
CTeHeHB B~HHH~ 3TUX ~aKTOpOB BapB~pyeT B 3aBUCHMOCTH OT C~O*HOCTH
ncrIoJIB3yeMBIx rIpoue~yp ~ sn~a *HBOTHEIX. KOJIJIeKTHBHEIU HO~XO~ K
pea~3a~n x~pyprnHecKoro 3TarIa pa6oT HacTo yse~nsaeT Bepo~THocTE ero
ycrIemHoro ocy~ecTB~eHH~ 6~aro~apH yHacTHIo crIe~Ha~ncTos pa3Horo
rIpo~ [Brown, Schofleld, 1994; Brown at al., 1993~.
H eO6XO~HMO HpOBO~HTB HOCTO~HHyIO ~ T~aTe~BHyIO HpOBepKy
pe3y~BTaToB x~pypr~ecKHx BMemaTe~BcTB, HTO6BI o6ecrIeHuTB co6~Io~eHHe
cooTBeTcTByIo~nx rIpoLle'~yp ~ CBOeBpeMeHHOe BBIrIOJIHeHHe KoppHrupyIo~nx
MaHurIyJI~LlHH. IlpH rIpOBe~eHHn orIepaLlHn MO*eT BO3H~KHyTB ~eJIaHHe ~n
~a~e Heo6xo~HMocTB MO~nKaLlHn CTaH~apTHEIX MeTO~nK (HarIpuMep, rIpH
pa60Te C rpLI3yHaMU B HO~eBBIX yC~OBH~X); O~HaKO H3MeHeH~ MeTO~HK He
,~O~*HEI oTpa~aTBcH Ha COCTO~HHU *HBOTHEIX. IIPH ncHo~B3oBaHHU
MO~HpOBaHHEIX MeTO~HK HpOBepKa pe3y~BTaTOB x~pyprn~ecKnx
BMemaTe~BcTB ,~O~*Ha rIpoBo'~nTBcH C e~e 6o~Bmen T~aTe~BHocTBIo H, MO*eT
6BITB, C rIpuMeHeHHeM '~orIo~HuTe~BHEIx KpuTepHeB, He orpaH~nsaIo~nxcH
06~mHEIMn rIoKa3aTe~RMn 3a6o~eBaeMocTH ~ CMepTHOCTH.
IlpH ~aHupOBaHHn orIepa~n Heo6xo'~HMo y~ecTB MHeHHe BCeX ~eHOB
~ -
x~pypr~ecKon OpHra,~BI, B TOM lIncJIe Be,~y~ero x~pypra ~ ero accHcTeHToB,
aHecTe3HoJIora' BeTep~Hapa' rIepcoHaJIa' yxa*HBalo~ero 3a *HBOTHEIMn, ~
ncc~e'~oBaTe~en. B ~aHe rIpoBe,~eH~ x~pypr~ecKon orIepa~n,~o~HEI 6BITE
yKa3aHEI ~aMH~Hn ~CHO~HUTe~eH, ux 06~3aHHoCTH ~ HeO6XO~HMOCTB
oGy~eHn~, o60py,~osaHne ~ pacxo,~yeM~Ie MaTepua~I' HeO6XO~HMBIe ~H
OCR for page 67
BETEPB~P~BOMO~L
67
s~Ir~o~HeHn~ 3ar~aHuposaHH~Ix r~poue~yp [Cunliffe-Beamer, 1993];
MeCTOpaCTIO3IO*eHlIe lI Ha3HaqeHlIe lIOMeILleHlIlI, B KOTOpLIX HpOBO~HTCH BTH
rIpoL~e~yp~I, a TaK*e rIpe~~orIepaLlHoHHaH OLleHKa COCTOS[HlISI *lIBOTHEIX
se~eHne r~oc~eor~epaunoHHoro r~epno~a [Brown, Schofield, 1994~. B c~yqae
XlIpyprlIqeCKOrO BCKpLIT~ HeCTep~BHOrO yqaCTKa Terra ~BOTHOrO, HaUpUMep
~e~y~OqHO-KnIIIeqHOrO TpaKTa, ~n s~IrIoJIHeHnn rIpoL~e~yp, KOTOp~Ie MOryT
BBI3BaTB HMMyHOCyHUpeCCHIO, noKa3aHa upe~onepaunoHHa~
aHTu6noT~KoTepar~ [Klement at al., 1987~. Ilpu BTOM, O~HaKO, HpUMeHeHHe
aHTH6~0T~KOB HU B KOeM c~yqAe He MO*eT paCCMaTpUBaTBCH KaK 3aMeHa
acerITaqecKnx rIpoL~e~yp.
Ba*Ho obecr~eq~T~ HeO6XO~HMylO HO~rOTOBKy nepcoHa~a onepaunoHHoro
6~0Ka, CHOCO6HOrO BBIHO~H~TB Ha ~O~*HOM ypOBHe X~pypr~qeCKHe
MaHHUyMR~H, T.e. C06~IO~eHHe aCeUT~K~, aKKypaTHOe o6pameHne c TKaH~M~
MlIHlIMa3IBHOe pacceqeHne TKaHeH, HpaB~BHOe ncuo~B30saHne UHCTpyMeHTOB
3C ~C JeKTHBHEIU reMOCTa3 ~ HpaB~BHOe ~CHO~B30BaHHe ~OBHOrO MaTepH
Ha~O*eHHe ~BOB [Chaffee, 1974; Wingfield, 1979~. Cr~euna~ncT~I,
BBIHO~H~IO~He X~pypr~qeCKHe HpO~e~ypLI B yC~OBH~X HayqHO-
~CC~e,~OBaTe~BCKOH ~a60paTopun, ~ ux aCCHCTeHTEI qaCTO HMeIOT o6pa3osaHne
B CaMBIX pa3HEIX 06~aCT~X, HO8TOMy MO*eT B03H~KHyTB HeO6XO~HMOCTB B UX
cTIe~Ha~EHoH HO~rOTOBKe, Hpe~BapHIo~eH yqAcTHe B x~pypr~qecKHx
orIepaun~x Ha ~BOTHEIX. HarIpuMep, ~Ua, HO~rOTOB~eHHEIe K HpOBe~eHUIO
orIepaLlHn Ha ~IO'~X, MOryT Hy*~aTBCH B CHe~Ha~BHOH HO~rOTOBKe
IplIMeHlITe3IBHO K OCO6eHHOCTHM aHaTOMHU ~ ~3~0~0rnn *HBOTHEIX,
UCTBUIO Ha HUX aHeCTeT~KOB ~ aHa~BreT~KOB ~H Tpe60BaH~M K Be~eHUIO
rIoc~eorIepa~HoHHoro rIepHo,~a. pa3pa6oTaHHEIe rIoco6~H rIo x~pypraqecK~M
OHepa~HM B HayqHO-HCC~e~OBaTe~BCKHX ~a60paTopH~X, yq~TEIBaIO~He
pa3H~In yposeHB rIo~roTosKu crIeuna~ncTos [ASR, 1989i, MoryT rIoMoqB
UHCTHTyTaM B pa3pa60TKe CBO~X rIporpaMM oGyqeH~ rIepcoHa~a. Ilpas~a PHS
~ AWRs so3JIaraIoT Ha IACUC OTBeTCTBeHHOCTB 3a onpe~e~eHHe ypOBH~
KBa3IlI~HKa~H ~ HO~rOTOBKH CHe~Ha~HCTOB, BBIHO~HRIO~UX X~pypr~qeCKHe
orIepaLlHH.
B o6meM' x~pypr~qecKne orIepaLlHn pa3~eJIHIoT Ha'~Be KaTeropHn—
o6~HpHEIe ~ Me~Kne7 a B yC~OB~X HayqHO-HCC~e~OBaTe~BCKOH ~a60paTOpHU
OHlI MoryT rIo'~pa3~e~HTEcH Ha orIepaLlHn, rIpuBo,~He ~n He rIpuBo'~He K
rn6e~n *HBoTHoro. o6~HpHaH orIepa~H, He rIpuBo,~aH K rn6e~n
*lIBOTHOrO, lIpe~HO~araeT BCKpLITHe ~ 3KCH03~HIO HO~OCTH Te~a H~H
BBI3BIBaeT Cy~eCTBeHHOe HapymeHne ~3nqecKnx H~n ~3~0~0r~qecKnx
~yHK~H (HpUMepOM MO*eT C~y*HTB ~aHapOTOMH~, TOpaKOTOMH
KpaHlIOTOMlISI, 3aMemeHne CyCTaBa ~ aMlIyTaLlH~ KOHeqHOCTlI). Me~Ka~
orIepa~H, He rIpuBo'~aH K rn6e~n ~BOTHOrO, He BK~IOqAeT ~KCH03~10
rIO3IOCTlI Te3Ia lI 06yC3IOB3IlIBaeT He3Haq1ITe3ILHOe (~H Hy~eBOe) Hapy~eHHe
~3HqeCKHX ~yHK~H (HpUMepOM MO*eT C~y~TB Ha~O*eHHe ~BOB, BBe~eHHe
KaHIO~H B HepH~ep~qeCKHe COCy~BI; K H0~06HEIM OHepa~M TaK*e OTHOCHTCH
TaKlIe pyTlIHHEIe HpO~e~ypLI, KOTOpLIM HO~BepraIOTCH Ce~BCKOX03~HCTBeHHEIe
*lIBOTHEIe, KaK KaCTpa~H, CHH~HBaHHe pOrOB ~ B0paB~eHHe BBIHaB~UX
opraHos; rIp~qeM 6oJIBIIInHcTso rIepoq~cJIeHH~Ix rIpoL~e~yp 06~IqHo
BBIHO~HReTCH B aM6y~aTOpHEIX yC~OBH~X BeTep~HapHOH ~HH~KH) .
Me~KHe HpO~e~ypLI qaCTO BBIHO~H~IOTCH B MeHee ~eCTKHX yC~OB~X, qeM
06~HpHEIe X~pypr~qeCKHe BMe~aTe~BCTBa; TeM He MeHee, OHU TaK*e ~O~*HEI
IpOBO~HTBCH C C06~IO~eHHeM aCeUT~K~, ~CHO~B30BaHHeM CHe~Ha~BHEIX
OCR for page 68
68 PYKOBO~CTBO no CO~EP~AHBlO BBC770!1LL30BAHBlO~OPATOPHL~^BOTHL
UHCTPYMeHTOB ~ COOTBeTCTBY]O~eH aHeCTe3~. XOTH ~aTIaPOCKOTIH~ 06~HO
rIpoBo'~nTcH B aM6y~aTopHux yC~OBH~X, OHa ,~O~*Ha BurIo~H~TBcH C
co6~Io'~eHHeM COOTBeTCTBylO~nX repast acerIT~Kn' rIocKo~BKy aTa Crepe
rIpe,~rIo~araeT rIpOH~KHOBeHHe B rIO~ocTE Terra.
IlpH BurIo~HeHHn x~pyprnHecKHx orIepa~n, rIpuBo'~nx K rn6e~n
*HBoTHoro7 *HBoTHoe yMep~B~IoT'~o era B~XO,~a HS HaPKO3a. B c~yHae
rIo'~o6Hux orIepa~n Heo6~saTe~EHo co6~Io,~aTE Bce BMmerIepeHuc~eHHMe
Tpe6oBaHHH; HO, KaK M~HuMyM, orIepa~HoHHoe diode c~e'~yeT rIo6puTB ~
OHUCTHTB, x~pypr'~o~*eH pa6oTaTB B rIepHaTKax' a nHCTpyMeHTM ~ pa60HaH
rIoBepxHocTB ,~O~*HM 6MTB HuCTuMn ~ Slattum et al., 1991 ] .
B HeKOTOp~X c~yHa~x HeoT~o*HMe cHTya~n Tpe6yloT cpo~Horo
X~PYPr~eCKOrO BMeIIIaTeJIECTBa B,~aJIeKO He~eaJILH~XYCJIOB~X. HarIPUMeP,
BOTHOMy, co'~ep~a~eMycH Ha OTKpuTOM Bo3~yxe' Tpe6yeTcH x~pyprulIecKaH
orIepa~; ero rIepeBoaKa B orIepa~HoHHMn 6~0K Mo~eT rIocTaBuTE rIo,~ yrposy
*~sHB *HBOTHOrO H~n oKasaTBcH rIpaKTHHeCKH Hepea~ayeMon. TaKne
cHTya~n HacTo Tpe6yloT 60~ee nHTeHcHBHoro Ha6~Io,~eHH~ rIoc~e orIepa~n
COrIpOBO;K,D;alOTCH 60~BmuM puCKOM BOsH~KHOBeH~ rIoc~eorIepa~HoHHux
OC~O*HeHHH. B rIo~o6Hux c~yHa~x pemeHHe ~o~*eH rIp~HuMaTs
BeTeplIHapHLIlI BpalI.
ACeUTHHeCKHe MeTO~M ~CHO~B3yI0TCH ~H MaKCHMa~BHO B03MO*HOrO
cHn~eHn~ M~Kpo6Horo 3arp~3HeHn~ [Cunliffe-Beamer, 1993~. 3Ty 3a~a~y
He~3~ pemuT~ r~yTeM r~puMeHeH~ KaKOrO-TO O~HOrO MeTO~a, r~pu60pa ~n
6aKTepuun~Horo r~per~apaTa [Schonholtz, 1976~. 06ecr~e~eHne acer~T~ecKnx
yc~osun TpebyeT coTpy~Hn~ecTsa ~ co6~o~eHn~ r~pas~ sceMn ~uaMn s
or~epaunoHHoM 6~oKe [Belkin, 1992; McWilliams, 1976~.3Ha~uMocTB Ka;Kn;oro
MeTO,~a 3aBUCHT OT KOHKPeTHOrO X~PYPrUlIeCKOrO BMeIIIaTe~BCTBa.
ACelITWIeCKlIe MeTO~M B~IOHalOT HO~rOTOBKy nauneHTa, HaUpUMep, y~a~eHne
so~oc~Horo r~oKposan ~e3nH~eKun~o or~epaunoHHoro r~o~ [Hofmann, 1979~;
r~o~roTosKy x~pypra, Har~puMep' obecr~e~eHne ero 06e33apa~eHHon
crIeL~o~e;Kn;on, x~pypr~ecKy~o o6pa60TKy pyK ~ ncrIoJI~30saHne cTep~Hux
x~pyprn~ecKnx r~ep~aToK [Chamberlain, Houang, 1984; Pereira et al., 1990;
Schonholtz, 1976~; cTepu~3aun~0 nHcTpyMeHTos, pacxo~yeM~x
nMr~aHTupyeM~x MaTepua~os [Kagan, 19926] ~ ncr~0~30saHne
orIepaL~noHHux MeTo~os, rIo3so~0~nx yMeHBIIInTB sepo~THocTB
nH~eKL~noHHoro 3apa~eHn~ [Ayliffe, 1991; Kagan, 1992a; Ritter, Marmion,
1987; Schofield, 1994; Whyte, 1988] .
KoHKpeTHme MeTo~m cTepu~3aunn c~e~yeT su6upaTB Ha ocHose
ulIeCKnX XapaKTepuCT~K rIo~JIe~am~x CTepnJIn3aL~n MaTepuaJIos
[Schofield, 1994~. 06~Ho ncr~o~B3y~0Tc~ TaKne a~eKTusHme MeTo~m
cTep~3aunn' KaK aBTOK~aB~pOBaHHe ~ o6pa60TKa ra30M. ~H or~pe,~e~eH~,
r~pom~n ~n MaTepua~m ~OCTaTO~HylO 06pa60TKy, ~CHO~B3yI0T UH~HKaTOpM
CTepnJIn3aL~n [Berg, 1993~. Ilpu ncrIoJI~30saHnn *~KnX X~MnIIeCKnX
coe~nHeHnn cTepnJIn3aLlHIo cJIe~yeT rIposo~nTE s TelIeHne Heo6xo~uMoro
rIepHo,~a BpeMeHn ~ rIepe,~ yrIoTpe6~eHHeM orIo~acK~BaTB nHCTpyMeHTEI
CTePH~BHOH BO,~OH H~H ~3~0~0rUlIeCK~M PaCTBOPOM. IlpH 3TOM C~e,~YeT
rIoMHuTB, IITO CTI~PT He ~BJI~eTCH HU CTePHJIH3Y]O~HM, HU CHJIBHO
,~enCTBylO~HM '~e3nH~HLlupylo~HM areHTOM ~ Rutala, 1990] .
KaK rIpaB~O7 acerITHIIecKne x~pypr~ecKne orIepaLlHn He Ha rpM3yHax
C~e,~YeT B~rIO~H~TB B rIpe,~Ha3HalIeHHux,~H BTOH Lle~n rIoMe~eH~x' ec~n
TO~BKO ~CK~IOHeHHe He ~B~HeTCH 060CHOBaHH~M ~ Ba*H~M YC~OBUeM
OCR for page 69
BETEPB~P~BOMO~L
69
HpOTOKO~a 3KCHepUMeHTa, KOTOpMU yTBep)K,D;aeTCH IACUC. ~O~B~HHCTBO
_ ~
JaKTepHU HepeHOCHTCH B3Be~eHHEIMU B B03~yXe HaCTH~aMU ~H Hpe~MeTaM~,
~ _
lI03TOMy OlIepa~HOHHEIU COOK ~O~*eH CO~ep~aTBCH ~ ~CHO~B30BaTBCH TaK,
HT06BI o6ecHeHuTB era ~nCTOTy ~ csecTn So M~HuMyMa HeHy*H~Ie nocemeH~
[AORN, 1982; Bartley, 1993~. B HeKoTop~Ix cuTyaun~x Mo~eT so3H~KHyTB
HeO6XO~HMOCTB ~CHO~B30BaTB OHepa~HOHHEIU 6~0K ~H papyri Fewer. B TaKoM
cyan o6~3aTe~H~IM yc~osueM ~s~eTc~ era o6pa60TKa ~ ,~ose,~eHne To
O~*HOrO ypOBHR HUCTOTEI Leper upose~eHneM TaM 06~upHon onepaunn c
COXpaHeHlIeM ~I3HlI ~IBOTHOMy.
, ~ ~
. . maTe~BH~In MoHuTop~Hr xo,~a crepe ~ csoespeMeHHoe ycTpaHeHne
BO3MO*HEIX OC3IO*HeHlIlI yBe3IlIIIlIBaIOT BepO~THOCTB ee ycnemHoro ncxo~a.
MOHUTOP~Hr BK~IOHaeT rIPOBePKY r~Y6HHEI HaPKO3a ~ ~3~0~0rHHeCKHX
yHKL~n, a TaK*e O~eHKy ~HH~eCKHX HpH3HaKOB ~ COCTO~H~ ~BOTHOrO.
Oco60e 3HaHeHHe HMeeT rIo,~ep~aHHe HopMa~EHon TeMrIepaTypLI Terra' HTO
I03BO3ISIeT CBeCTlI ~0 M~HUMyMa Hapy~eHH~ Cep~e~HO-COCy~HCTOH
,~IxaTe~BHon ~yHKunn, s~I3saHH~Ie,~encTsueM aHecTeT~Kos [Dardai, Heavner,
1987~.
BE *nsoTHoro oKa3~IsaeT she Ha 3~eMeHT~I ~ nHTeHcusHocTB
rIporpaMM~I see orIepaunn. B HaCTOH~ee BpeMR 06Cy)K,D;aeTCH BOrIPOC of
OTHOCHTe~BHOH {IPe ~PaCTIO~O*eHHOCTH rPLI3YHOB K X~PYPr~eCKOH UH~eKLIHH;
HMeIo~HecH'~aHHEIe rIo3Bo~RIoT'~yMaTB7 HTO CY6K~HH~eCKHe UH~eKUHU MOrYT
BBI3BaTE He6~arOUpH~THEIe ~3~0~0rn~ecKne ~ nose~eH~ecKne peaKunn
[Beamer, 1972; Bradfield et al., 1992; Cunliffe-Beamer, 1990; Waynforth, 198O,
1987i, KOTOPLIe, B CBOIO olIepe'~B' MOryT oTpa3nTBcH Ha pe3yJIBTaTax KaK
x~pypr~ecKoro BMeIIIaTeJIBCTBa, TaK ~ 3KCHepUMeHTa~BHOrO ~CC~e~OBaH~.
H eKOTOpLIe XapaKTepuCT~KH 06BI~HO BBIrIo~HHeMBIx x~pyprnHecKHx
MaHurIyJI~LlHn Ha JIa6opaTopHEIx rpLI3yHax7 HarIpuMep 6oJIee MaJIeHBKne
Ha~pe3BI, MeHB~ee KO~eCTBO ~eHOB x~pyprn~ecKon 6pura~I, BBIHO~HeHHe
orIepa~n O~HOBpeMeHHO Ha ~O~B~OM KO~HeCTBe *HBOTHEIX ~ MeHBmaH
rIpo~o~nTe~EHocTE orIepaLlHn rIo cpaBHeHHIo C rIpoBe~eHHeM orIepaLlHn Ha
*HBOTHEIX 6oJIee KpylIHEIX BH~OB, MOrYT 06YCJIOBuTB HeO6XO~HMOCTB HJIn
,~nKaL~n CTaH,~apTH~IX aCerITnIIeCKnX MeTo,~os [Brown,
1994; Cunliffe-Beamer, 1993~. t,IMelOTCH Hy6~HKa~H, B KOTOPLIX CO~eP*aTCH
peKOMeH~a~H OTHOCHTe~BHO TOrO, KaK c~e~yeT pe~aTB HeKOTOpLIe
yH~KaJIBH~Ie rIpo6JIeM~I, so3H~KaIomne rIpu orIepaL~x Ha rp~I3yHax [Cunliffe-
Beamer, 1983, 1993~.
B o6meM, MO*HO YTBeP)K,D;aTB, HTO Ce~BCKOXO3~HCTBeHHEIe *HBOTHEIe,
~CrIO~B3YeMBIe B 6~0Me,~HHCKHX ~CC~e,~OBaHH~X, ,~O~*HEI rIO,~BePraTBCH
X~pyprulIeCK~M OrIepaL~M C ncrIo~30saHneM rIpoL~e,~yp ~ rIOMemeHnn,
COOTBeTCTBYIO~UX OrI~CaHHEIM B ~aHHOM pa3~e~e Tpe60saHn~M. O~HaKo
HeKOTOpLIe HebO~B~He MaHHUy~H ~ HeOT~O*HEIe BMe~aTe~BCTBa, KOTOpLIe
06~HO BBIrIO~HRIOTCH B K~HH~eCKOH BeTeP~HaPHOH {IPaKT~Ke ~ B YC~OB~X,
THTI~HEIX,~JI~ CeJIBCKOXO3~HCTBeHHOrO {IPOH3BO,~CTBa, MOrYT OCY~eCTBJI~TBCH
B MeHee CTPOrUX YC~OBH~X, IIeM 3KCrIePUMeHTa~BHEIe X~PYPrUlIeCKHe
rIpoL~e'~ypLI7 BBITIOJIHHeMBIe B 6lIOMe~HHCKOH ~a60paTopHH. ~a~e B TeX
cJIy~a~x, Kor~a x~pypr~ecKne rIpoLle~ypLI BBIrIOJIHRIOTCH Ha ~ePMe, CJIe,~YeT
C06~IO,~aTB HeO6XO~HMBIe upasu~a aCeUT~K~, ~CHO~B30BaTB Ce~aTHBHEIe
rIperIapaT~I, aHaJIBreT~K~, aHeCTeTlIKlI lI co3,~asaTB yCJIOB~, COOTBeTCTByIO~He
cTerIeHn pucKa' KOTOpOMy rIo,~sepraeTc~ 3,~0pos~e ~ 6JIarorIoJIy~ne ~soTHoro.
O,~HaKO B HeKOTOPLIX CHTYaUH~X MO*eT rIOTPe60BaTBCH ~CrIO~B30BaHHe
OCR for page 70
70 PYKOBO~CTBO no CO~EP~AHBlO BBC770!1LL30BAHBlO~OPATOPHL~^BOTHL~
OrInCaHHuX BMIIIe OrIepaLInOHHuX 6JIOKOB, rIOMe~eHHn ~ rIpoLIe'~yp.
IlpH ~aHupOBaHHn orIepaUnn Heo6xo'~HMo rIpe'~ycMoTpeTB Tpe6oBaH~
K lIOCJIeOlIepa~HOHHOMy MOHUTOp~Hry, yXo~y ~ ~e~OUpOH3BO~CTBy, yKa3aB Ace,
OTBeTCTBeHHuX 3a ux BurIO~HeHHe. 3KcrIepuMeHTaTop ~ BeTep~Hap BMeCTe
HecyT oTBeTcTBeHHocTE 3a o6ecrIeHeHHe rIoc~eorIepaUnoHHoro yxo,~a Ha
~O~*HOM ypOBHe, Ba*H~M 8~eMeHTOM KOTOpOrO ~B~HeTCH 06eCHeHeHHe
Ha6~Io'~eHH~ 3a *HBOTH~M ~ BMe~aTe~BCTBa, B c~yHae Heo6Xo~HMocTH, B
rIpoUecce B~XO,~a H3 HapKo3a ~ BM3~opoB~eH~. I IHTeHcHBHocTB MOHuTOp~Hra
3aBlICIIT OT BlI~a *HBOTHOrO ~ OT BMHO~HeHHOH onepaUnn; BO BpeM~
HeHOCpe~CTBeHHOrO B~XO~a H3 HapK03a OHa MO*eT 6BITB BBIme7 HeM Ha 60~ee
oT,~a~eHH~Ix rIoc~eorIepaunoHH~Ix aTarIax. B rIepHo'~ BBIXO~a H3 HapK03a
~IBOTHOe ~O~*HO HaXO~HTBCH B HUCTOM ~ CyXOM HOMe~eHHU HO~ pery~HpHEIM
Ha6~Io,~eHHeM crIe~Ha~EHo o6y~eHHoro rIepcoHa~a. Oco60e BHuMaHHe c~e,~yeT
y,~eJI~TE TepMOperyJI~LlHU opraHn3Ma' Cep,~elIHO-COCy,~HCTOH ~ ~BIXaTe~EHOH
~yHKLl~M, rIpo~BJIeHnIo rIOCJIeOrIepaLlHOHHOn 60JIn ~ncKoM~opTa rIpH
BBIXO~e H3 HapK03a. ~pH BTOM MO*eT HOTpe60BaTBCH HpOBe~eHHe
~OHO~HUTe~BHEIX MepOUpH~THU, B TOM Huc~e HapeHTepa~BHoe BBe~eHHe
*n,~KocTen ,~JI~ rIo,~,~ep~aHn~ so,~Ho-coJIesoro 6aJIaHca [FBR, 1987i,
aHaJIEreT~Kos ~n ,~pyrux rIperIapaTos; o6pa6oTKa x~pypr~ecKnx pa3pe30s
se,~eHne HeO6XO~HMBIX ~ypHa~OB perucTpaunn.
Iloc~e BBIXO,~a H3 HapKo3a Ha6~Io'~eHHe 3a *HBOTHEIMU CTaHOBUTCH, KaK
HpaB~O, MeHee T~aTe~BHEIM; TeM He MeHee, OHO ~O~*HO 6BITB HanpaB~eHo
Ha OCHOBHEIe 6no~orn~ecKne ~yHK~H, B~IOHaH noTpe6~eHne ~ BBIBe~eHHe
HH~H ~ BO~BI, noBe~eHHecKne HpH3HaKH noc~eonepa~HoHHon 60~7
lIOSIB3IeHlIe lIOC3IeOlIepa~HOHHEIX UH~eK~H, COCTO~HHe x~pyprn~ecKnx paH,
BK]IIOHaH HepeBH3K~, ~ CBOeBpeMeHHOe y~a~eHHe ~BOB, 3a~MOB ~H CKo60K
[UFAW, 1989~.
bOJlb, AHAJIbrE31111 11 AHECTE31111
H eOT~eM~eMBIM 3~eMeHTOM BeTep~HapHOH Me~HHEI ~B~HeTCH
rIpe'~yrIpe;K'D;eHHe ~n yMeHBIIIeHHe 60JIn, CBH3aHHOn C 3KCTIepUMeHTaJIBHEIMn
H X~pypr~eCK~MU HpO~e~ypaMH. ~O~B Hpe~CTaB~eT co60H KOM~eKCHOe
O~y~eHHe, 06BI~HO B03H~KaIO~ee H0~ ~eUCTBUeM pa3~pa*HTe~H, KOTOpLIU
pa3pymaeT ~n MO*eT BBI3BaTB pa3pymeHne TKaHeH. CHOCO6HOCTB ~CHEITEIBaTB
60JIB ~ pearUpOBaTB Ha Hee ~HpOKO paCHpOCTpaHeHa B *HBOTHOM M~pe.
BBI3BIBaI0~H 60~B pa3~pa*HTe~B 06yC~oB~HBaeT peaK~HIO OT~eprUBaH~
lI36eraHlISI. ~O~B ~B~HeTCH CTpeCCOpOM, KOTOpLIU MO*eT, ec~n ero He CH~TB,
lIplIBeCTlI K pa3BlITlIIO y *HBOTHEIX HeUpHeM~eMOrO ypOBH~ CTpeCCa ~
,~ncTpecca. IlpaBlIJIBHOe HpUMeHeHHe aHeCTeT~KOB ~ aHa~BreT~KOB y
3KCTIeplIMeHTaJIBHEIX ~BOTHEIX Hpe~CTaB~HeT co60H 06~3aTe~BHoe 3T~eCKOe
HaylIHoe Tpe60BaHHe. Ily6JIHKa~HH <<~pH3HaHHe ~ o6~erHeHHe 60~H ~
CTpa~aHH~ ~a6opaTopHEIx *HBOTHEIX>> [NRC, 1992] SIB~SIeTCSI XOpOmuM
nCTO~H~KOM nH~opMa~n rIo BOUpOCaM B03H~KHOBeH~ 60~H ~ ee yCTpaHeH~
(CM. TaK*e rIp~. A).
06SI3aTe~BHEIM yC~OBUeM yCTpaHeH~ 60~H y ~BOTHEIX ~B~HeTCH yMeHHe
pacrIo3HaBaTB K~nH~eCKne rIpH3HaKH ee rIpO~B~eH~ y ~BOTHEIX pa3~HlIHEIx
B~OB ~ Hughes, Lang, 1983; Soma, 1 987l . ~BoTHEIe pa3HEIx B~OB rIo-pa3HoMy
pearupyloT Ha 60JIB [Breazile, 1987; Morton, Griffiths, 1985; Wright et al., 1985~;
H03TOMy KpUTepHU O~eHKH CTeHeHU 60~H y pa3HEIX BH~OB oT~HaIoTcH.
OCR for page 71
BETEPB~P~BOMO~L
71
HeKoTopme su~ocr~eun~Hme r~ose~eH~ecKne repose 60~n n~n
~HCTpeCCa ~CHO~B3yI0TCH KaK OX HOKa3aTe~; K HUM OTHOCHTCH H3~aBaHHe
3syKos, ~erIpecc~ ~n ~pyrne n3MeHeH~ Rosen, Heo6ulIHun sHeIIIHnn
Bus ~H H03a ~ HeHO~B~HOCTB [NRC, 1992~. B BTOH CBH3H OHeHB Ba*HO,
HTo6M HepCOHa~, OCy~eCTB~SIlO~H yXo~ 3a *HBOTH~MU H~H OX
ncr~o~B30saHne, 6~ xopomo 3HaKoM c su~ocr~eun~HuMn (n
lIH~HBH~ya~EHEIMH) HOBe~eHHeCK~M~, ~3~0~0rn~ecK~Mn ~
6~0X~M~eCK~MU HOKa3aTe~RMU COCTOS[H~ ~BOTH~X [Dresser, 1998; Dubner,
1987; Kitchen, et al., 1987]. B LleJIOM, CJIe,~YeT CII~TaTE, IITO rIpoLle~ypu,
BM3MBaIO~He 60~B Y qe~OBeKa, TaK*e 06YC~OB~HBaIOT BO3H~KHOBeHHe 60~H Y
~BOTHEIX, echo He H3BecTHo ~n He yCTaHOB~eHO rIpOTHBOrIO~O*HOe ~B~eHHe
[IRAC, 1985].
~ _
BMbOp OUTHMa~EHOrO aHa~reT~Ka H~n aHeCTeT~Ka onpe~e~eTc~
rIPO~eCCHOHa~BHEIM OTIBITOM CTIeLIHa~HCTOB, KOTOPLIe CTPeM~TCH
Y,~OB~eTBOPUTB K~HH0qeCKHe ~ rYMaHHEIe TPe60BaH~, He ~ePTBY~ rIPH ATOM
HayqHEIMU aCHeKTaMU HpOTOKO~a ~CC~e~OBaH~. BBe~eHHe aHa~BreT~Ka So ~n
BO BpeMSI orIepa~n Mo~eT yC~nTE rIoc~eorIepa~HoHHylo aHa~Ere3~Io. BBI60P
3aBUCHT OT MHOrUX ~aKTOPOB, HaTIPUMeP OT B~,~a ~ BO3PaCTa *HBOTHOrO,
XaPaKTePa ~ CTerIeHU 60~H, BO3MO*HEIX 8~eKTOB KOHKPeTHEIX
~apMaKo~or~qecKnx rIperIapaTos Ha orIpe,~e~eHHEIe CIICTeMBI lI OpraHEI,
HTe~BHOCTH x~pypr~qecKnx MaHHUy~H ~ 6e3onacHocTn ~aHHOrO
HpeHapaTa ~H *HBOTHOrO, OC06eHHO B c~yqAe, KOr~a X~pypr~qeCKHe H~H
3KCTIeplIMeHTa3IBHEIe HpO~e~ypLI BBI3BIBaIOT HapymeHne ~3~0~0r~qecKon
HK~. ~pUMeHeHHe TaKHXyCTpOUCTB, KaKTOqHO HO~OrHaHHEIe UHra~TOpLI
~ peCHUpaTOpLI HOBBI~aeT CTeHeHB 6e30HaCHoCTH ~ paC~HpHeT B03MO*HOCTH
BBI6opa nHra~HOHHEIX rIperIapaToB ,~H ncrIo~B3oBaH~ rIpH orIepa~x Ha
rpLI3yHax ~ ,~pyrux Me3IKlIX *lIBOTHEIX.
IlpelIapaTEI OlIpe,~e~eHHEIX K~aCCOB, HaUpUMep Ce~aTHBHEIe ~
aHKCHO~HTHqeCKHe Cpe~CTBa H~n MHOpe~aKCaHTEI, He 06~a~aIOT
o6e36o~nsaIomuM ~n HapKOTH3HpyIO~HM ~eUCTBUeM ~, C~e~OBaTe~BHO, He
CHUMaIOT 60~eBBIe O~y~eH~. O~HaKO UX MO*HO ~CHO~B30BaTB B COqeTaHHU
C HpaBH~BHO H0~06paHHEIMU aHa~BreT~KaMn ~ aHeCTeT~KaMH.
MHOpe~aKCaHTEI (HaUpUMep, HaHKypOHHH) nHor~a HpUMeH~IOTCH ~H
oKa3aH~ rIapaJIn3yIo~ero 3~eKTa Ha CKe~eTHEIe MBI~BI BO BpeMR onepa~n
C rIpuMeHeHHeM o6~ero HapKo3a [Klein, 1987]. t,ICH0~30BaHHe TaKHX
HpeHapaTOB BO BpeM~ x~pypr~qecKon orIepa~n H~n ~Io60n ,~pyron
60JIe3HeHHOlI lIpOLle,~ypLI ~CK~IOqAeT MHOrlIe lIplI3HaKlI, CB~eTeJIBCTByIO~He
o r~y6nHe HapKo3a' H3-3a rIapa~nqa MycKy~aTypLI. TeM He MeHee' peaK~n
BereTaTlIBHOlI HepBHOlI CIICTeMBI B qaCTHOCTH, BHe3aDHOe H3MeHeHHe qaCTOTEI
Cep~eqHEIX COKpa~eHHU H~n apTepua~BHoro ~aB~eHHH) MOryT C~y*HTB
rIoKa3aTeJI~Mn 60JIn, o6ycJIoBJIeHHon He,~OCTaTOqHOn rJIy6nHon HapKo3a.
IlpH Heo6xo'~HMocTH ncrIo~3oBaHH~ rIapa~3yI0~ero rIperIapaTa
peKOMeH~yeTCH 3apaHee onpe~e~nT~ a~eKBaTHEIU o6~eM aHeCTeT~Ka Ha OCHOBe
pe3yJIBTaTOB aHa~Or~qHOH HpO~e~ypLI, B KOTOpOH ~aHHEIU aHeCTeT~K
rIpuMeH~cH 6e3 6~oKaTopa [NRC, 1992] .
IIOMUMO aHeCTeT~KOB, aHa~BreT~KOB ~ TpaHKBH~3aTOpOB, qaCTO
3~eKTHBHEIMn oKa3BIBaIoTcH He~apMaKoJIoraqecKne crIoco6BI KOHTpOJI7R 60JIn
[NRC, 1992; Spinelli, 1990].
KaK yHOM~Ha~OCB BBI~e, MHOpe~aKCaHTEI He yCTpaH~IOT 6o~es~Ie
OILlyILleH~. OHTI rIplIMeHSIlOTCH ~H OKa3aHH~ Hapa~3yI0~ero 3~eKTa Ha
OCR for page 72
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OCR for page 74
OCR for page 75
OCR for page 76
Representative terms from entire chapter:
laboratory animal
72 PYKOBO~CTBO no CO~EP~AHBlO BBC770!1LL30BAHBlO~OPATOPHL~^BOTHL~
CKe~eTHylO MyCKy~aTypy ~BOTHOrO, HaXO~erOCH B COCTO~HHU r~y60Koro
HapKO3a. FIX MO*HO HpUMeH~TB K *HBOTH~M, HaXO~HMCH B CO3HaHHU ~
obecr~e~eHHux ~OCTaTO~HOH BeHTH~HeH ~erKnx, HpH BMHO~HeHHU
OUpe~e~eHH~X BLOB 6e360~e3HeHH~X, XOpO~O KOHTpO~HpyeM~X
Henpo~no~orn~ecKnx nCc~e'~oBaHnn. TeM He MeHee' 06SI3aTe~EH~M
yC~OBUeM SIB~SIeTCSI BHUMaTe~BHOe paCCMOTpeHHe no~o6Horo ~CC~e~OBaH~
IACUC c ~e~B~o obecr~e~eHn~ 6~aror~o~y~ *nsoTHoro, r~ocKo~BKy
CHUTaeTCSI, HTO BC~e~CTBUe Hapa~Ha B COCTO~HHU 60~pCTBOBaHH~ MO*eT
B03H~KHyTB OCTpMU CTpeCC; HpH 3TOM H3BeCTHO, HTO 60~pCTByIO~H He~OBeK,
~ _
lIapa3IlI30BaHHEIU H0~0 DHEIMU HpeHapaTaM~, MO*eT OKa3aTBCH B COCTO~HHU
aMounoHa~Horo ~ncTpecca [NRC, 1992; Van Sluyters, Oberdorfer, 1991~.
(311TAHA31111
3nTaHa3~ rIpe~cTas~eT co60n aKT yMep~B~eH~ ~BOTHOrO C HOMO~BIO
MeTo~os, obecrIe~nsaIom~x 6~ICTpyIo rIoTepIo co3HaH~ ~ cMepTB 6e3 60~n ~n
~HCTpeCCa. ~pUMeHHeMBIe MeTO~BI ~O~*HEI COOTBeTCTBOBaTB <
BETEPB~P~BOMO~L
73
rIpoue,~ypa,~o~*Ha lIpOBO,~HTBCH HpO~eCCHOHa~BHO ~ C COCTpa~aHHeM. ~aKT
CMepTH ~O~*eH 6MTB yCTaHOB~eH CHe~Ha~HCTOM, KOTOpMU MO*eT OUpe~e~HTB
OTCyTCTBUe HpH3HaKOB *~3HU y *HBOTHOrO ~aHHOrO Baja. 3HTaHa3~H
IBOTHLIX ~BJI~eTCH T~eJIOH lIC~XOJIOr~qeCKOH rIpoL~e,~ypon ,~q HeKoTop~x
cr~euna~ncTos, OCy~eCTB~SIlO~UX yam, seTep~HapHoe Ha6~o~eHne H~n
3KcrIepuMeHTa~BHme ncc~e,~osaH~, ocobeHHO7 ec~n OHU pery~SIpHO yqaCTByIOT
B MepOlIplISIT~X lIO 3nTaHa3~n ~n ec~n OHlI 3MO~HOHa~BHO HpUBH3a~HCB K
*HBOTHEIM, no'~BepraIo~HMcH yMep~B~eHnIo [Arluke, 1990; NRC, 1992;
Rollin,1986; Wolf~e, 19 85~. I103TOMY rIpH Ha3HaqeHHn ~7 oTBeTcTBeHHux 3a
~ -
BBIHO~HeHHe 3HTaHa3~H, MeHe~*epLI ~O~BI ~HTEIBaTE 3TO oncTo~Te~EcTBo7
rIOCKO~EKy OHO MO*eT oKa3aTEcH TH*e~BIM nCrIBITaHHeM '~H HeKOTOpLIX
COTpy~H~KOB ~n HpaKT~KaHTOB.
JIlITEPATYPA
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