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Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
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OCR for page 9
r~ABA 1
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Ka;K,D;oe y'Ipe)K,D;eHHe ,~OJI*HO OlIpe~e~HTE ~ 06eCHeHUTE HeO6XO~HMBIe
MaTepua~H~Ie ~ IIe~oselIecKne peCypC~I ,~ pea~3aL~n rIpOrpaMM~I
CO~ep~aH~ ~ ~CHO~B30BaHH~ ~BOTHEIX, OCy~eCTB~HeMOH B COOTBeTCTBHU C
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9
OCR for page 10
10 PYKOBO~CTBO no CO~EP~AHBlO BBC770!1LL30BAHBlO~OPATOPHL~^BOTHL
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~ bash, ncxo,~ ns Toro, HTO OHM ~O~HM COOTBeTCTBOBaTB peKOMeH~a~M
HacToHmero Py~cooodcmea, AWRs ~ PHS Policy. Ha y~pe;K,D;eHne sos~araeTcH
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· KaK MlIHlIMyM O~HH aKTHBHO pa60TaIO~H yqeHEIU, HMeIO~H OHEIT
lICTIO3IB30BaH~ ~BOTHEIX B 3KCHepUMeHTe.
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~CC~e~OBaHHU, ~CHEITaHHU ~ oGyqeHn~. ~OHO~HUTe~BHyIO UH+OpMa~HIO O
COCTaBe KOMUCCHU MO*HO HaUTH B PHS Policy ~ AWRs.
T' _
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COCTaB~SlIO~UX, OHUCaHHEIX B HaCTOH~eM ^KOffO0Cmffe. ~yHK~H KOMUCCHU
BK~IoqaIoT: nHCrIeKTHpOBaHHe BuBapHeB; OLIeHKy rIpOrpaMM ~ rIoMe~eHHH' r,~e
HpOBO~HTCH pa60Ta C *HBOTHEIMH; Hpe~CTaB~eHHe OTqeTOB OTBeTCTBeHHEIM
JI~LlaM yqpe*,~eHn~; 3KCTIepTlI3y rIpe,~JIaraeM~Ix MeTO~OB ~CHO~B30BaHH
*HBOTHEIX B HayqHEIX nCC~e,~OBaHH~X, nCHEITaHH~X ~ o6yqeHHU (T. e.
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co'~ep~aH~ ~BOTHEIX ~ rIpoBo'~nTB rIpOBepKy BuBapHeB ~ ,~pyrux rIOMe~eHHn,
OCR for page 11
ILPABBJ1A ~ 06~3AHHOC~HA~HL~PE~EHBB
11
B KOTOp~X HpOBO~HTCH pa60Ta C ~BOTH~M~, He Pete o~Horo pasa B 6 Decades.
Troche paCCMOTpeH~ lI lIpOBepKlI KOMlICC~ mocha Hpe~CTaBUTB HUCBMeHHMU
oT~eT, r~o,~r~ncaHHun 6o~Bm~HcTsoM Credos IACUC, oTseTcTseHHuM
~O~HOCTHEIM Gloam B a~M~HUCTpa~H y~pe~eH~ O COCTO~HHU Den B paMKaX
lIpOrpaMMLI CO~ep~aH~ ~ ~CHO~B3OBaH~ ~BOTH~X ~ ~pyrux Meponp~Tun,
yKaSaHH~X B ~Koffo~cmffe ~ Tpe6yeM~x ~e~epa~BHuMH7 Hp~H~T~MU ~TaTOM
~ MeCTHuMU UHCTpyK~nHMU ~ HpaBH~aMH. IIPOTOKO~M OHM
paccMaTpuBaTBcH B the ux COOTBeTCTB~ AWRs, PHS Policy, IIp~Hunr~aM
r~pasuTe~BcTsa CIIIA B OTHOmeHHn rIpuMeHeH~ ~ co'~ep~aHH~ rIOsBOHOqHuX
BOTHuX, ncrIo~BayeM~x B nCrI~TaH~X, HayqHuX nCC~e,~OBaH~X ~ o6yqeHHn
[IRAC 1985; CM. rapt. ti7 a TaK*e HaCTOH~eMy py~coffo~cmffy (CM. rIpuM. l).
IlpOTOKO~b! CO~ep~aHMB ~ MCHO~b3OBaHMB ^MBOTHblX
IlpH rIO,~rOTOBKe ~ paCCMOTpeHHn rIpoToKo~oB co'~ep~aHH
ncrIo~BsoBaHH~ *HBOTHuX Heo6xo'~HMo o6paTHTB BHuMaHHe Ha c~e,~ylo~He
BorIpocEI:
o6ocHoBaHHe ~ berg rIpe,~araeMoro ncrI0~30BaH~ *HBOTHuX.
.
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CTaTlICTlIqe CKlI.
· t,ICHO~B3OBaHHe H~H BO3MO*HOCTB HpUMeHeHH~ MeHee UHBa3HBH~X
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rip~. A: >~.
· COOTBeTCTBUe HO~rOTOBKH ~ OH~Ta HepCOHa~a, BMHO~HHIO~erO yKaSaHHMe
rIpO~e~ypM.
Heo6~qHMe Tpe60BaHUSI H0 co~ep~aHHIo ~ pa3Be~eHHIo ~BOTH~X.
pUMeHeHHe COOTBeTCTBylO~UX Ce~aTHBH~X upenapaTos, aHa~BreT~KOB
~ aHeCTeT~KOB. (IIpH HO~rOTOBKe ~ paCCMOTpeHHU HpOTOKO~OB HO~e3H~M
MO*eT OKaSaTBCH ~CHO~B3OBaHHe ~Ka~M 60~H ~H UHBa3HBHOCTH; CM.
rIp~. A: >.)
HeHy*Hoe,~y6~uposaHne ~KCHepUMeHTOB.
· BLITIOJIHeHlIe MHOrOKpaTHLIX 06IIIlIpHLIX x~pypraqecKHx orIepaLlHH.
.
KpuTepHn ~ rIpo~ecc CBOeBpeMeHHOrO BMemaTe~BcTBa, H3~HT~ ~BOTHEIX
~ _
H3 3KcrIeDuMeHTa ~n 3nTaHa3~. ecJIn rIDearIoJIaraloTcH noJIe3HeHHEIe ~n
~ r ~
CTpeCCOBBIe CHTya~.
yxo'~ 3a ~IBOTHEIMU noc~e BBInO~HeH~ 3KcHepuMeHTa.
· MeTo,~ anTaHa3~n ~n ~HKBH~a~H *HBOTHOrO.
Be30r~acHocT~ pa60qnx r~oMemeHnn ,~H r~epcoHa~a.
B HeKOTOpLIX c~yqa~x HpOTOKO~BI Hpe~yCMaTpUBaIOT He BCTpOqaB~HeCH
paHee lIJIlI MOryILllIe BBI3BaTB 60JIB lI CTpa~aHH~ HpO~e~ypLI, KOTOpLIe He~B3H
Ha~e*HO KOHTpO~HpOBaTB. TaKne HpO~e~ypLI MOryT B~IOqaTB ~3HqeCKyIO
~nKCaun~O, MHOrOKpaTH~Ie 06~upH~Ie x~pypr~qecKne or~epaunn,
OrpaHlIqeH~ B rIo~yqaeMon rInme ~n ~KOCTlI, lICTIO3IB30BaHHe a~IOBaHTOB,
~CTIOJIB30BaHHe CMepTlI KaK KOHeqHOlI TOqKlI 3KCTIeplIMeHTa, lIplIMeHeHlIe
Bpe~HEIX CTHMy~HTOpOB, TeCTHpOBaHHe pa3~pa~MOCTH KO~ ~H pOrOBH~BI,
HeOrpaHlIqeHHEIU pOCT oDyxo~H, B3HTHe KpOBU H3 HO~OCTeH cep~ua n~n
OCR for page 12
12 PYKOBO~CTBO no CO~EP~AHBlO BBC770!1LL30BAHBlO~OPATOPHL~^BOTHL
r~asHn~Horo c~Hyca n~n ncr~o~sosaHne Heo6~Hux r~apaMeTpos Ape,
o6nTaH~. Heo6xo,~uMy~o o6~eKTusHy~o nH~opMaun~o o r~poue,~ypax ~ Rebox
KOHKpeTHOrO lICC3Ie~OBaHH~ MO*HO HaUTH B ~HTepaType, HO~yHUTB y
seTep~Hapos, nccJIe,~osaTeJIen ~,~pyrux crIeL~naJIncTos, pacrIoJIara~om~x
,~aHHuMn o6 ux BO3~eUCTBHU Ha *HBOTH~X. B comae orpaHn~eHHoro o6~eMa
,~aHH~Ix rIo KoHKpeTHon rIpoL~e,~ype MO*HO lIpe~BapUTe~BHO HpOBeCTH, HOD
KoHTpo~eM IACUC, He6o~B~on rIo Mat aKcrIepuMeHT, HarIpas~eHHun
Ha OLleHKy BJIn~HH~ ,~aHHOn rIpoLle'~ypM Ha *HBOTHuX. 06~He rIp~HLlurIM
O~eHKH rIo'~o6Hux MeTO,~OB rIpuBo'~HTcH B ,~aHHOM payee, O,~HaKO B pace
c~y~aeB OHn MOryT oKa3aTBcH HerIpHeM~eMBIMH.
G>~3~ecKa~ ¢HKCaLlMB
Icon RECKON ~nKcaunen HOHUMalOT HpUMeHeHHe py~H~X H~n
MeXaHnIIeCKHX Cpe,~CTB, OrpaHnIInBalO~nX IIaCTHIIHO H~n rIo~HocTBlo
HopMa~BHylo rIo'~B~HocTB ~BOTHOrO, C Pueblo era OCMOTpa, sa60pa o6pas~os,
BBe~eHH~ ~apMaKo~orn~ecKnx upenapaTos, ~e~eHn~ H~n BBIHO~HeHH
~KCHepUMeHTa~BH~X MaHHUy~. B 60~B~HHCTBe C~yHaeB *HBOTHMe
HKCHpyIOTCH Ha KOpOTKOe BpeM~, 06~mHo Ha HeCKO~BKO M~HyT.
KpaTKOBpeMeHHaSI ~3~HeCKaH ~HKCa~H *HBOTHEIX OCy~eCTB~HeTCH
JIn60 spy~HyIo, JIn60 c lIOMO~BIO ~HKCHpyIO~UXyCTpOUCTB. TaKHe yCTpOUCTBa
~O~HM H0~6HpaTBCH C y~eTOM UX pa3MepOB, KOHCTpy~H ~ cuocoba ~encTs~
~H TOrO, HTo6M MaKCHMa~BHO yMeHB~HTB ~HCKOM~OpT ~H TpaBM~pOBaHHe
~BOTHOrO. MHOrHe HOpO~M Co6aK, B~M HpUMaTOB [Reinhardt, 1991, 1995]
,~pyrux *HBOTH~X 06yHaIOTCH C HOMO~BIO MeTO~a HO~O*HTe~BHOrO
lIO~Kpe~eHH~ Hpe~HB~HTB KOHe~HOCTH ~H OCTaBaTBCH HeHO~BH*HEIMU B
TelIeHlIe BBIHO3IHeH~ KOpOTKHX HpOue~yp.
IlpUMeHeH~,D~HTe~BHOH ~HKCa~H, B TOM ~nc~e 3aKpe~eH~ upuMaTos
B Kpec~e, c~e~yeT nsberaTB, ec~n TO~BKO TaKOH MeTO~ He ~B~HeTCH
o6~saTe~BH~IM ~ s~IrIo~HeHn~ sa~a~ ncc~e~osaHn~, rIpu yc~osu~ ero
o~o6peH~ IACUC. Ilpe~rIo~TeHne c~e~yeT oT~asaTB MeHee ~ecTK~M c~cTeMaM
~HKCa~H, He OrpaHHHUBaIO~HM CHoC06HOCTB *HBOTHOrO Hp~HUMaTB
HOpMa3IBHEIe ~3~0~0rHHeCKHe HO~O*eHH~, HaUpUMep, HOBO~OK ~H
lIplIMaTOB lIJIlI lIplIBSI3B ~H Ce~BCKOX03~HCTBeHHEIX *HBOTHEIX, ec~n OHU
cosMecTuM~I c 3a~a~aMn ncc~e~osaHn~ [Bryant, 1980; Byrd, 1979; Grandin,
1991; McNamee et al., 1984; Morton et al., 1987; Wakeley et al., 1974~.
t,ICHO~B3yeMBIe ~HKCHpylO~He yCTpOUCTBa ~O~*HEI cHe~Ha~EHo H0~6HpaTECH
,~H ,~OCTH*eHH~ 3a'~alI nCC~e,~OBaHH~, KOTOpLIe He~B3H peIIInTB'~pyrnMn
cp e ~ CTB aMlI, lIJIlI ~H Hp e~y~p e*~ e HH~ Tp aB M~p O B aHH~ *HB OTHEIX H~H
odc~y~sa~omero r~epcoHa~a.
H~e HpUBO~HTCH OCHOBHEIe Tpe60BaHH~ K ~HKCa~H ~BOTHEIX:
· ~HKCHpyIO~He yCTpOUCTBa He~B3H CHUTaTB HOpMa~BHEIM MeTO~OM
CO~ep~aH~ ~BOTHEIX.
· ~lIKCIIpyIO~He yCTpOUCTBa He~B3H HpUMeH~TB HpOCTO KaK y~O6HEIU MeTO~
06paILleHlISI C *lIBOTHEIMH.
· IlpO~O~Te~BHOCTB ~HKCa~H ~O~*Ha 6BITB M~HUMa~BHO HeO6XO~HMOH
,~JI~ BBIrIOJIHeH~ 3a'~alI nCCJIe,~OBaH~.
* 3~ecb ~ ~a~ee HMelOTCH B B~ nonhuman primates - opuMaTbI (KpoMe ~e~oseKa)
fnpu~. ped.).
OCR for page 13
ILPABBJ1A ~ 06~3AHHOC~HA~HL~PE~EHBB
13
IBOTHLIe, lIOMeILlaeMLIe B ~HKCHpyIO~He yCTpOUCTBa, ~O~*HM HpOUTH
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Heo6xo,~uMo rIpe,~ycMoTpeTB Ha6~Io,~eHne sa ~nKcuposaHHuMn
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IACUC.
O6XO~HMO 06eCHeHUTB BeTep~HapHyIO HOMONYM HpH BO3H~KHOBeHHU
HOBpe)K,D;eHHU ~n sa60~esaHnn, CBSI3aHHEIX C ~nKcaunen. ~O~B~eHHe
TpaBM, Sa60~eBaHHU H~H SaMeTHEIX H3MeHeHHU B HOBe~eHHU HaCTO
BBIHy*~aeT H3BIMaTB *HBOTHOe Ha ~HKCHpyIO~erO yCTpOUCTBa Ha
HeKOTOpOe BpeMSI FIJI OKOHIIaTe3IBHO.
MHoroKpaTHb~e o6~pHb~e x~pypr~ecK~e onepau~
06~upHa~ x~pyprn~ecKa~ Crepe rIpe,~rIo~araeT rIpoH~KHoBeHHe B
IO3IOCTB Terra ~ ee 3KCH03~HIO H~H BBI3BIBaeT Cy~eCTBeHHOe Hapy~eHHe
~~3~ecKnx H~n ~3~0~0rn~ecKnx ~yHK~. ~O8TOMy MHOrOKpaTHEIe
XlIpyprlIIIeCKlIe BMeIIIaTe3IBCTBa Ha WHOM ~ TOM me *HBOTHOM He
peKOMeH~yIOTCH, HO MOryT HpOBO~HTBCH, echo Hay~Ho obocHos~IsaIoTc~
ncc~e,~osaTe~eM ~ yTsep*,~aIoTc~ IACUC. HarIpuMep, MHoroKpaTH~Ie
ode x~pyprn~ecKne orIepaunn MOryT 6BITB OUpaB~aHEI, echo OHM
SIBJISlIOTCH COCTaBHOH HaCTBIO ~KCHepUMeHTa~BHOH HpOrpaMMBI, ec~n OHU
H03BO~SlIOT C8KOHOMUTB OrpaH~eHHEIe peCypCEI ~BOTHEIX [NRC, 1990; CM
TaK*e HpUM. l, CTp. 2] n~n ec~n OHU Heo6xo'~HMBI H0 K~HHHHeCK~M
coo6pa~eH~M. Ec~n IACUC ,~aeT pa3pemeHHe Ha TaKne orIepa~n, TO OHa
,~O~*Ha y'~e~HTB oco60e BHuMaHHe COCTO~HnIO ~BOTHEIX rIyTeM pery~HpHoro
Ha6JIIo'~eH~ 3a ux nCXO,~OM. TOJIBKO 3KOHOM~'~eHe*HEIx Cpe,~CTB He ~BJI~eTCH
,~OCTaTO~HEIM OCHOBaHHeM ,~H BBIrIo~HeHH~ MHOrOKpaTHEIX 06~HpHEIX
x~pypr~ecKHx orIepaLlHn C rIocJIe'~yIo~HM'~JInTeJIBHEIM BOCCTaHOBJIeHHeM.
OrpaHlI~eHlIe IIOTpe6JIeHlISI IIlIILllI lI ~I~KOCTH
Ec~n 3KCIlepUMeHTa~EHEIe yc~oBH~ Tpe6yI0T BBe,~eHH~ orpaHHHeHH~ B
rIn~e ~ ~KOCTH, TO *HBOTHOe ,~O~*HO rIo~yHaTB XOTSI 6BI ux M~HuMa~BHEIe
KO~nHeCTBa, HeO6XO,~HMBIe ,~H pa3BUT~ MO~O,~BIX oco6en H'~H lIO'=ep~aH~
3,~0pOBB~ BCeX ~BOTHEIX B TeqeHHe '~nTe~BHoro BpeMeHH. TaKoe orpaH~qeHHe
B nccJIe'~oBaTeJIBcKHx nHTepeCaX,~O~HO 6BITB HayqHO o6ocHoBaHo; KpOMe TOrO,
,~O~*Ha 6BITB pa3pa6oTaHa rIporpaMMa KOHTpO~H ~3Ho~or~qecKHx ~
IOBe~eHqeCKHX noKa3aTe~en, B~IOqaH KpUTepHU (TaKne KaK CH~eHHe MaCCEI
n ypoBeHE r~paTaLlHn opraHH3Ma) ,~H BpeMeHHoro ~n rIo~Horo H3~HT~
~BoTHoro H3 3KcrIepuMeHTa [Van Sluyters, Oberdorfer, 1991~. orpaH~qeHHoe
lIOTpe6JIeHlIe 06BIqHO OUpe~e~HeTCH KaK HpO~eHT OT HeorpaH~qeHHoro (ad li-
bitum) H~n HopMa~BHoro cpe'~HecyToqHoro rIoTpe6~eHHH' H~n KaK
oTHocHTe~BHoe (B rIpOLleHTaX) H3MeHeHHe MaCCEI Te~a *HBOTHOrO.
B c~yqae orpaH~qeHHoro o6ecrIeqeHH~ *n,~KOCTElO Heo6xo,~HMo
OlIpe~e~HTB MepLI Hpe~OCTOpO*HOCTH ~H TOrO, qT06BI H36e~aTB OCTpOH ~H
XpOHlIqeCKOlI ~erH~paTa~H, KOTOpLIe ~O~*HEI BK~IOqaTB e~e~HeBHyIO
perUCTpa~IO HOTpe6~eHH~ *~KOCTH ~ pery~HpHOe B3Be~HBaHHe—KaK
M~HuMyM pa3 B He,~eJIIO [NIH, 1990] ~n qame, qTo Mo~eT rIoTpebosaTBc~ ,~JI~
Me~KHX ~BOTHEIX, HaUpUMep rpLI3yHOB. Oco60e BHUMaHHe ~O~HO y~e~HTBCH
HOTpe6~eHUIO *HBOTHEIMU COOTBeTCTByIO~e C6a~aHCHpOBaHHOrO KOpMa
[NYAS, 1988i, rIocKo~BKy rIpu OrpaH0qeHHOM yHOTpe6~eHHU ~KOCTH MO*eT
OCR for page 14
14 PYKOBO~CTBO no CO~EP~AHBlO BBC770!1LL30BAHBlO~OPATOPHL~^BOTHL
yMeHBmuTBc~ ero r~oe,~aeMocTB. Ilpu ATOM HeO6XO~HMO ~CHO~B3OBaTB
MlIHlIMa3ILHO ~ODyCTHMBIe orpaHHHeHH~' H03Bo~Io~He OCTANE pe~eHH~
Dayton sa,~alIn. Ilpu rIpose,~eHnn aKcrIepuMeHTos, cs~saHHux c supaboTKon
yC~OBH~X pe~eKCOB, peKOMeH~yeTCH HpH6eraTB He K orpaHHHeHHIo7 a K
~CHO~B3OBaHHIO HaH60~ee Hpe~HOUTHTe~BHOrO KOpMa H~H *~KOCTH B
Ka~ecTse r~o~o~Te~BHoro r~o,~Kpe~eH~. Bor~pocm pery~uposaH~ r~nTaH~
HpH pa3Be~eHHU ~BOTH~X ~H B ~HH~eCKHX He~x paCCMaTpUBalOTCH B rig. 2.
BETEPlIHAPHAII IlOMOIL\b
H eO6XO~HM0 06eCHeHUTB RIO BeTep~HapHyIO HOMONYM, B TOM
IlIC3Ie Dactyl KO BCeM ~BOTHEIM C RIO O~eHKH OX 3~0pOBB~ ~ COCTO~H~.
Canaan, crone lIepe,~ UHCTHTyTOM B Venom, Aeon HpOrpaMMM ~ MaC~Ta6M
lICC3Ie~OBaHHU C *HBOTH~MU oUpe~e~IoT pe~eHHe O HaHMe BeTep~Hapa'
pa60TaIO~erO Ha HOTSHOT ~H HeHO~HOH CTaBKe ~H B KaHeCTBe KOHCy~BTaHTa.
OCMOTPM BeTep~HapOM, pa60TaIO~HM Ha HeHO~HOH CTaBKe ~H B KaHeCTBe
KOHCy3IBTaHTa, ~O~*HEI HpOBO~HTBCH C UHTepBa~aM~, OUpe~e~HeMBIMU
Hy*~aMU HpOrpaMMBI. KOHKpeTHEIe 06~3aHHoCTH BeTep~Hapa
paCCMaTpUBaIOTCH B ret. 3.
Ilo BT~eCK~M, ryMaHHEIM ~ Hay~HEIM coo6pa~eH~M nHor~a TpebyeTc~
IplIMeHeHlIe Ce~aTHBHEIX HpeHapaTOB, aHa~BreT~KOB ~IH aHeCTeT~KOB (CM.
r~p~. A). B o6~3aHHocTn ~e~amero seTep~Hapa (T.e. seTep~Hapa, nMe~omero
cooTBeTcTByIo~He rIo~HoMolI~) BXO~nT rIpe~ocTas~eHHe Hay~HOMy rIepcoHa~y
peKOMeH~a~n, HarIpaB~eHHEIx Ha co6~Io~eHHe ryMaHHEIX Tpe6oBaHHn ~, B TO
~e speM~, cosMecTuM~Ix c Hay~H~IMn 3a,~a~aMu. AWRs ~ PHS Policy
rIpe~ocTaB~HIoT ~elIa~eMy BeTep~Hapy rIo~HoMolInH KoHTpo~HpoBaTB
cooTseTcTsue ,~pyrux aCTIeKTOB CO~ep~aHH~ ~ ~CHO~B30BaHH~ *HBOTHEIX,
KOTOpLIe MOryT BK~IolIaTB BorIpocEI co~ep~aHH~ ~ rInTaHH~ *HBOTHEIX,
CaHuTapHn, KOHTpO~H 300H030B ~ OrIaCHEIX MaTepHa~OB.
KBAJIlld>llKAL\1111 11 IlO,1;rOTOBKA IIEPCOHAJIA
AWRs ~ PHS Policy o6~3BIsaIoT HaylIHEIe ylIpe;KD;eHnH rIp~HuMaTs Ha
pa60Ty H0 CO~ep~aHUIO ~ ~CHO~B30BaHUIO *HBOTHEIX ~, HMeIO~UX
COOTBeTCTByIO~yIO KBa~HKa~HIO. KO~eCTBO ~ KBa~HKa~ nepcoHa~a,
Tpeby~omeroc~,~ BBIHO~HeH~ ~ obecne~eHn~ HpOrpaMMBI H0 co~ep~aHn~o
lI lICTIO3IB30BaHUIO ~BOTHEIX, 3aBUCHT OT HeCKO~BKHX ~aKTOpOB, B TOM Huc~e
OT TlITIa lI pa3Mepa ylIpe*~eHH~, a~M~HUCTpaTHBHOH CTpyKTypLI ~H
o6ecrIeHeH~ Ha~e~a~ero yxo~a 3a *HBOTHEIM~, XapaKTepUCT~K BUBapH~,
KO3IlIIIeCTBa lI BlI~OB co~ep~a~nxcH B HeM *HBOTHEIX, a TaK*e OT THDa
~ ~ _
lICC3Ie~OBaHHU, ~CHEITaHHU ~ O Dy~eH~.
IlepCOHaJI, pa60TaIO~HH C ~BOTHEIM~, ~O~eH HMeTB COOTBeTCTByIO~yIO
HO~rOTOBKy (CM. Hp~. A: >);
HO8TOMy y~pe~eHHe ~O~*HO o6ecHeHuTE ero o6y~eHHe C OTpLIBOM ~H 6e3
OTpLIBa OT pa60TEI, CTpeM~CB 06~erHUTB 8~eKTHBHyIO pea~3a~HIo
HpOrpaMMBI pa60T ~ Hp~H~HOB ryMaHHOrO CO~ep~aH~ ~ ~CHO~B30BaHH~
*HBOTHEIX. B 3aBUCHMOCTH OT 06~aCTH pa60T OT HepCOHa~a MO*eT
IOTpe60BaTBCH 3HaHHe ~pyrUX~HC~HH, HaUpUMep, pa3Be~eH~ ~BOTHEIX,
a~M~HUCTpaTHBHEIX BOUpOCOB, Me~HHEI ~ HaTO~OrHU ~a60paTOpHEIX
~BOTHEIX, rUrHeHEI Tpy~a ~ TeXH~KH 6e30HaCHoCTH, HOBe~eH~ *HBOTHEIX,
OCR for page 15
ILPABBJ1A ~ 06~3AHHOC~HA~HL~PE~EHBB
15
ret ~ ,~pyrux acres, Heo6xo,~uM~x ,~ obecr~e~eHn~
KCHepUMeHTa~BH~X ~CC~e~OBaHHH.
~~H HO~rOTOBKH TeXH~KoB-~a60paHToB Cy~eCTByeT MHOrO pax
Bo3Mo*HocTen. Bo MHorux mTaTax nMe~oTc~ Ko~e~ c aKKpe~nToBaHHuMn
riporpaMMaMn rio BeTep~HapHon TexHo~ornn [AVMA, 1995~; B 60~B~HHCTBe
CJIylIaeB OHlI paCCIIlITaHLI Ha ~ByX~eTHHU KypC 06y~eHH~, HO OKOHUaHHU
KOTOpOrO BM0yCKH~K HO~y~aeT VENOM O HeHO~HOM BECALM 06pa30BaHHU B
o6~acTn ecTecTseHHux HayK, a B HeKOTOp~X coax Ha ~eTupex~eTHnn Kypc
06y~eHUSI, HO OKOH~aHHU KOTOpOrO BM0yCKH~K HO~y~aeT VENOM 6aKa~aBpa
ecTecTseHH~Ix HayK. KpoMe Toro, AMep~KaHcKa~ accounaun~ r~o HayKe o
0paTOpH~X *HBOTH~X (American Association for Laboratory Animal Sci-
ence - AALAS) opraHnsyeT Kypcm c lIpe,~OCTaB~eHHeM,~OMOB TeXH~KOB ~
TeXHO~OrOB ,D~ pa60TM C ~a60paTOpH~MU ~BOTH~MU 6es rIony~eH~ Hay~Hon
CTeHeHH. HaKOHe~, Cy~eCTByIOT KOMMepHeCKHe MaTepua~m ~H
CaMOCTOSITe~EHOrO oGy~eHn~ (npH~. B). HepcoHa~' paboTa~omun c
*lIBOTHEIM~, TaK*e ~O~*eH pery~HpHO yHaCTBOBaTB B MepOUpH~TH~X HO
HeUpep~BHOMy 06yUeHUIO, HMeIO~UX OTHO~eHHe K ero o6~saHHocT~M.
C~e~yeT HOO~p~TB yHaCTHe COTpy~H~KOB B MeCTHEIX ~ Ha~HOHa~BHEIX
KOH+epeHL~X AALAS ~ ,~pyrux rIpO+eCCuOHaJI~H~IX opraHnsaL~.
Ilo,~roTosKa rIo MecTy paboT~I ,~o~*Ha 6~ITB cocTasHon ~acTBIo pa60~nx
06SI3aHHOCTeH TeXH~KOB ~ ~OHO~H~TBCH OpraHH3yeMBIMU y~pe*~eHHeM
,~nCKyCCu~Mn ~ r~porpaMMaMn 06y~eHn~, a TaK*e n3y~eHneM ~nTepaTyp~I,
HMeIO~eH OTHO~eHHe K UX pa60Te ~ B - y ~BOTHEIX, C KOTOpLIM OHU pa60TaIOT
[Kreger, 1995~. Koop,~nHaTop~I rIporpaMM oGylIeHn~ MoryT o6pamaT~c~ 3a
HOMO~BIO B ~H+OpMa~HOHHEIU ~eHTp 3a~HTEI *HBOTHEIX (Animal Welfare
Information Center - AWIC) ~ ILAR [NRC, 1991~. ~eHHEIM ~OHO~HeHHeM K
6~6~0TeKe CHe~Ha~HCTOB HO ~a60paTOpHEIM *HBOTHEIM ~B~HeTCH
<> KaHa~CKOrO COBeTa HO yXo~y 3a *HBOTHEIMU [CCAC, 1993] ~
IpaBlIJIa, lIplIHSITEIe B HeKOTOpLIX ~pyrux cTpaHax (CM. Hp~. ~.
tIccJIe~oBaTeJIU, TeXHlIIIeCKlIlI lIepCOHaJI, lIpaKTlIKaHTEI ~ BpeMeHHEIe
COTpy~H~K~, ocy~ecTs~q~o~He aHecTe3~Io' x~pypr~ecKne orIepaLlHn ~ ~pyrne
aKcrIepuMeHTa~BHEIe MaHurIymR~7 ~O~HEI 6BITB cooTBeTcTByIo~HM o6pa3oM
rIo~roToB~eHEI (rIyTeM o6y~eH~ ~n 6~aro~apH orIBITy pa6oTEI) K BBIrIo~HeHnIo
rIo'~o6HEIx rIpo~e~yp ryMaHHEIM ~ Hay~HO o6ocHoBaHHEIM crIoco6oM.
rilrilEHA TPY,1;A lI bE30IIACHOCTb IIEPCOHAJIA
IlporpaMMa rIo rurneHe Tpy~a ~ 6e3orIacHocTH rIepcoHa~a ~o~*Ha 6BITE
~ - ~
COCTaBHOn lIacTBIo oo~en rIpOrpaMMBI co~ep~aHH~ ~ ncrIo~B3oBaHH~
~BOTHEIX [CDC, NIH, 1993; CFR, 1984 a,b,c; PHS Policyi. TaKa~ rIporpaMMa
~O~*Ha cooTBeTcTBoBaTB ~e~epa~BHEIM, rIp~H~TEIM IIITaTOM ~ MeCTHEIM
lIpaBlIJIaM lI aK~eHTHpoBaTB BHUMaHHe Ha o6ecneHeHnn 6e3oHacHEIx ~
HeHaHOCH~nX Bpe~ 3~0pOBBIO pa6olI~x MeCT. KoHKpeTHEIe rIpOrpaMMBI 3aBucHT
OT 06~eKTa, lICC3Ie~OBaTe~BCKOH ~e~Te~BHOCTH, CHe~HeCKHX OHaCHEIX
Bo3~encTBHn ~ BH~OB *HBOTHEIX. Ily6~nKa~n Ha~HoHa~BHoro Hay~HO-
ncc~e,~osaTe~cKoro CoBeTa <<~urneHa Tpy,~a ~ 6e3or~acHocT~ r~epcoHa~a r~pu
co~ep~aHHn ~ ncrIoJIB3oBaHHn aKcrIepuMeHTaJIBHEIx *HBOTHEIX>> [NRC, B
rIelIaTH] CO~ep*nT peKOMeH~aLlHn ~ CrInCOK JInTepaTypLI ~JI~ pa3pa6oTKH
pea~3aLlHn TaKOn a++eKTHBHOn ~ BCeCTOpOHHen rIpOrpaMMBI (CM. TaK*e rIp~.
OCR for page 16
16 PYKOBO~CTBO no CO~EP~AHBlO BBC770!1LL30BAHBlO~OPATOPHL~^BOTHL~
A). 3~eKTHBHaH HpOrpaMMa Hy~aeTCH B C~BHOH HO~ep*Ke CO CTOpOHM
a,~M~HucTpaL~n ylIpe;K,D;eHn~ ~ ssauMo,~encTsun pas~Hux era OT~e~OB, B
TOM Miscue 3KcrIepuMeHTa~BHoro (rIpe,~cTas~qeMoro ncc~e,~osaTe~eM), oT,~e~os
IO CO~ep~aHUIO ~ ~CHO~B30BaHUIO *HBOTHEIX (Hpe~CTaB~eMOrO BeTep~HapOM
IACUC), KOHTpOJIIO OKpy~aIO~eH Cpe~BI, OXpaHEI Tpy~a ~ TeXH~KH
6esorIacHocTu, a TaK*e a,~M~HucTpaTusH~Ix c~y*6 (HarIpuMep, oT,~e~a Ka,~pos,
~HHaHCOBOrO oT~e~a ~ ~KC~yaTa~HOHHOH C~y*6BI). O~HaKO OHepaTHBHEIe ~
rIosce'~HesHEIe o6HsaHHocTn rIo o6ecrIeHeHnIo 6esorIacHocTn pa60Hnx MecT
so3~ara~0Tc~ Ha pyKOBO~HTe~eH ~abopaTopun H~n BUBapH~ (HanpuMep,
OTBeTCTBeHHOrO lICTIO3IHlITe3ISI 3KCTIeplIMeHTa, 3ase,~yIomero BlIBaplIeM ~IlI
BeTep~Hapa) ~ 3aBUCSIT OT co6~Io~eH~ HpaB~ TeXH~KH 6e3oHacHocTH BCeMU
COTpy~H~KaMH.
14~eHTHtp~Ka~R OBaCHblX BO3~e~CTBMM ~ O~eHKa CTeHeHM p~CKa
COTPY~H~K~, OCY~eCTB~HIO~He ~ 06eCrIeHUBaIO~He rIoMomB rIpH
BBIHO~HeHHU ~KCHepUMeHTa~BHEIX ~CC~e~OBaHHU C ~CHO~B30BaHHeM OHaCHEIX
6~0~0rHHeCKHX, X~MHHeCKHX H~H +~3~HeCKHX areHTOB (B TOM Huc~e
HoHH3HpyI0~en ~ HenoHH3HpyI0~en pa,~Ha~), ~O~*HEI 06~a~aTE
~OCTaTO~HOH KBa~HC ,nKaunen ~H onpe~e~eHn~ CTeHeHU OHaCHOCTH TaKHX
nCC~e,~OBaHHn ~ BBI6opa a,~eKBaTHEIX Cpe,~CTB 3a~nTEI. Lte~B 3~eKTHBHOn
HpOrpaMMBI H0 rurneHe Tpy~a ~ TeXH~Ke 6e3onacHocTn—CHn~eHne pucKa'
CBH3aHHOrO C 3KCrIePUMeHTa~BHEIM ~CrIO~B30BaHHeM *HBOTHEIX, ~0
rIPHeM~eMOrO YPOBHH. TaK*e ~O~HEI 6BITB ~eHTH~HPOBaHEI ~ OUeHeHEI
rIOTeHLIHa~BHO OTIaCHEIe ~aKTOPLI, TaKHe KaK BO3MO*HOCTB {IO~Y~eH~ YKYCOB
~BOTHEIX, X~M~eCKHe MOIO~He CPe~CTBa, a1~ePreHEI ~ 300HO3BI, CBH3aHHEIe
C ~BOTHEIMU ~H HeH36e*HEIe rIpH Pa60Te C HUMH. CrIeUHa~HCTEI rIO OXPaHe
Tpy~a ~ TeXH~Ke 6e3onacHocTu' HMeIO~He CHe~Ha~BHyIO HO~rOTOBKy no
COOTBeTCTByIO~HM ~HC~HHaM, ~O~*HEI Hp~HUMaTB yHaCTHe B O~eHKe
CTeHeHU pUCKa, CBSI3aHHOrO C OHaCHOH ~e~Te~BHOCTBIO ~ B pa3pa60TKe
rIpoLle'~yp' HarIpaBJIeHHEIX Ha ero yMeHBIIIeHHe. MacIIITa6 ~ ypoBeHB y~acT~
pcoHa3Ia B lIporpaMMe lIO rlIrlIeHe Tpy~a ~ TeXH~Ke 6e3oHacHocTH ~O~*HEI
OCHOBBIBaTBCH Ha CTeHeHU pUCKa, CBH3aHHOrO C ~CHO~B3yeMBIMU ~BOTHEIMU
lI MaTepua~aMu; Ha lIHTeHCIIBHOCTlI, lIpO~O~HTe~BHOCTH ~ HaCTOTe
B03HlIKHOBeHlISI TaKOlI OlIaCHOlI CIITya~; Ha CTeHeHU HyBCTBUTe~BHOCTH
r~epcoHa~a ~ Ha UH~OpMa~H O HpO~eCCHOHa~EHEIX 3abo~esaHn~x ~
TpaBMaTH3Me Ha '~aHHoM pa6oHeM MecTe [Clark, 1 993l .
06y~eH~e nepcoHa~a
Ilo,~sepra~omunc~ plICKy rIepCOHaJI ,~OJI*eH pacrIoJIaraT~ IIeTKlIM
OTInCaHHeM {IPOLle~YP' HeO6XO~HMBIX {IPH BBIHOJIHeHHU CBOUX pa60lInx
06~3aHHOCTeH, OCO3HaBaTB CBH3aHHYIO C 3THM OrIaCHOCTB ~ YMeTB rIP~HUMaTB
HeO6XO~HMBIe MepLI 6e3onacHocTu.
IlepcoHa~o~*eH 6BITB HO~rOTOB~eH B COOTBeTCTBHU CO CTeHeHBIO PUCKa,
CBSI3aHHOrO C KOHKpeTHEIM pabo~uM MeCTOM, H0 C~e~yIO~HM BOUpOCaM:
300HO3BI, 6e30rIaCHOCTB rIpH Pa60Te C X~M~eCK~MU Be~eCTBaM~, OrIaCHOCTB
HpH M~KpO6~0~0rHHeCKHX ~ ~3~ecKnx B03~eUCTBH~X (B~IOHaH o6~y~eHne
a~eprnn), HeO6BI~HEIe yC~OBH~ H~H areHTEI, KOTOpLIe MOryT ~B~HTBCH
COCTaBHOn lIacTBIo 3KcrIepuMeHTa~BHEIx rIpoLle'~yp (BK~IolIaH ncrIo~B3osaHHe
*HBOTHEIX, {IO~YIIeHHEIX MeTO~aMU reHHOH UH*eHePHU, ~ IIe~OBelIeCKHX
OCR for page 17
ILPABBJ1A ~ 06~3AHHOC~HA~HL~PE~EHBB
17
TKaHeH y ~BOTH~X C OC~a6~eHH~M HMMyHUTeTOM), ~HKBH~a~ pax
OTXO~OB, Tpe60BaH~ WAHOO rurneHM ~ ~pyrne acneKTu (HanpuMep, oco6me
MepM Hpe~OCTOpO*HOCTH HpH 6epeMeHHocTu, sabo~esaH~x ~n HOH~eHHOM
lIMMyHlITeTe).
Jl~qHa~ r~r~eHa
Bce COTpy~H~KH 06~3aHM CO6~10~aTB HpaBH~a THOR rUrHeHM.
YIIpe*~eHHe PONCHO CHa6*aTB COTpy~H~KOB o~e*~on, upuro~Hon ~~
~CHO~B3OBaHH~ B BuBapHn ~ ~a6opaTopH~x7 rue HpOBO~HTCH pa60Ta C
*HBOTH~M~, ~ o6ecrIeUnsaTB ee OHnCTKy. Bo MHorux c~yHa~x MO*HO
HO~B3OBaTBCH KOMMepHeCK~MU HpaHe~H~MH; O~HaKO ~~H obes3apa*nsa
eke; KOTOpaH MO*eT rIo~sepraTBcH OrIaCHuM BOs~enCTB~M, Heo6xo~HMo
r~p~HuMaTB cooTseTcTsy~omne Mepu. B HeKoTop~x cuTyaun~x c~e,~yeT
rIpuMeH~TB rIepHaTKn' Mackay, rO~OBHMe y60pu, xa~aTM' KoM6nHe3oHM ~
Fax O~HOPa3OBOrO rIO~B3OBaH~. COTPY~H~KH ~O~*HM MITE PYKH ~ MeH~TB
o'~e;K'D;y rIo Mepe HeO6XO~HMOCTH ~~H co6~Io~eHH~ HpaB~ THOR rUrHeHM.
Ilpe~MeTM BepXHen eke; B KOTOP~X COTPY~H~KH Pa60TaJOT B {IOMe~eH~X,
r~e HaXO~HTCH ~BOTHMe, He~B3H HOCHTB sa Hpe~e~aMn BuBap~. COTPY~H~KH
He ~O~*HM eCTB, HUTB, KypUTB ~H HO~B30BaTBCH KOCMeT~KOH B HOMe~eH~X,
r,~e Haxo,~Tc~ ~soTH~Ie.
Pa60~e noMemeH~, upOue,~ypbI ~ MOH~TOp~Hr
OMe~eH~, Heo6xo,~uMme,~ obecr~e~eH~ Tpe60BaHHU rurneHm Tpy,~a
TeXH~KH 6esor~acHocTu, CBSI3aHHMe C HpOrpaMMaMU co~ep~aHn~ ~
~CHO~B3OBaHH~ *HBOTH~X, MOryT 6MTB CaMMMU pa3H~MH. ~OCKO~BKy
CO6~10~eHHe HpaB~ ~HOH rUrHeHM ~B~HeTCH 06~3aTe~BH~M, HeO6XO~HMO
06eCHeHUTB yC~OBH~ ~H BMHO~HeHH~ BTOrO Tpe60BaHHH. ~H BTOH ~e~n
HeO6XO~HMO HMeTB MOe~HMe HOMe~eHH~ ~ ~ymesue. ~OMe~eHH~,
o60py,~osaHne ~ rIpoue,~ypu ~O~*HM 6uTB cupoeKTuposaHu, no~o6paHm ~
pa3pa60TaHM TaK, HTo6M 06eCHeHUTB a~eKBaTHMe C TOUKH 3peH~ BprOHOM~KH
orIepaL~n, KOTOpLIe yMeHB~aIOT B03MO*HOCTB HO~y~eHH~ ~3~eCKHX TpaBM
IepCOHaJIOM (HaTIplIMep, lIplI lIO~H~THU TH*e~OrO 060py~0BaHH~ H~H
~BOTH~X ~H BMHO~HeHHU MOHOTOHH~X ~BH*eHHH). B ~e~x 6e3onacHocTn
060py~0BaHHe HeO6XO~HMO CO~ep~aTB ~O~*H~M 06pa30M ~ pery~HpHO
IpOBepSITB.
Bu60p COOTBeTCTByIO~UX CHCTeM CO~ep~aHH~ *HBOTH~X Tpe6yeT
IpOC JeCCHOHa~BHEIX 3HaHHU ~ OHEITa ~ 3aBUCHT OT XapaKTepa B03MO*HEIX
OlIaCHEIX B03~eUCTBHU, THDa ~CHO~B3yeMBIX *HBOTHEIX ~ HpOTOKO~a
~KCHepUMeHTOB. 3KCHepUMeHTa~BHEIX ~BOTHEIX C~e~yeT pa3Me~aTB TaK~M
06pa30M, HT06BI HMeTB B03MO*HOCTB KOHTpO~HpOBaTB ~ y~a~HTB HOTeH~Ha~BHO
KOHTaMlIHlIpOBaHHEIe HH~eBBIe HpO~yKTEI, HO~CTH~, ~eKa~H ~ MO~y.
Heo6xo,~uMo lIpe~yCMOTpeTB HOMe~eHH~, obopy~osaHne ~ HpO~e~ypLI ~H
rIpaB~ILHOH ~HKBH~a~H MaTepua~a' ncn0~3yeMoro ~H no~cT~a.
Heo6xo,~uMo lICTIOJIB30BaTB Ha~e*HEIe MeTO~BI ~H onpe~e~eHn
B03~eUCTBH~ HOTeH~Ha~BHO OHaCHEIX 6no~orn~ecKnx, X~MHHeCKHX
~3ulIeCKnX areHTOB TaM, r,~e cymecTsyeT sepo~THocT~ rIpeB~IIIIeHn
rIpe,~e~BHo ,~orIycTuM~Ix yposHen so3,~encTs~ [CFR, 1 984b] .
OCR for page 18
18 PYKOBO~CTBO no CO~EP~AHBlO BBC770!1LL30BAHBlO~OPATOPHL~^BOTHL~
~KCHep~MeHTb! Ha ~BOTHblX, COUp~eHHble C p~CKOM
Ilpu su60pe KOHKpeTH~X Mep 6e30TIaCHOCTH lIpH rIpose,~eHnn
~KCHepUMeHTOB Ha ~BOTH~X, CBH3aHH~X C OHaCH~MU B03~eUCTB~M~, oco60e
BHUMaHHe HeO6XO~HMO y~e~HTB HpO~e~ypaM CO~ep~aHH~ *HBOTH~X,
XpaHeHlIIO ~ yHHUTO*eHUIO pa3~HHEIX Be~eCTB, ~03HpOBKe ~ BBe~eHUIO
HpeHapaTOB, 06pa~eHUIO C *~K~MU Cpe~aMU ~ TKaH~MU OpraHH3Ma,
y~a~eHUIO OTXO~OB ~ TpyHOB *HBOTHEIX, a TaK*e 3amuTe nepcoHa~a.
H eO6XO~HMO ~CHO~B30BaTB 6e30HaCHoe 060py~0BaHHe B COHeTaHHU C
HpaB~BHoH aKC~yaTa~HeH ~ cooTBeTcTByIo~HMU MepaMU 6e3oHacHocTH. B
o6~eM' 6e3orIacHocTB orIpe'~e~HeTcH rIo'~roToB~eHHEIM rIepcoHa~oM' KOTOpLIn
Hey~OHHO C06~IO,~aeT rIpas~a TeXH~KH 6e30TIaCHOCTH.
y~pe;K'D;eHHe ,~O~*HO HMeTB rIncBMeHHo 3a~nKCHpOBaHHEIe nHCTpyK~n,
KacaIomnec~ lIpOBe~eHH~ 3KCHepUMeHTOB C ~CHO~B30BaHHeM OHaCHEIX
6no~or~ecKnx, X~M~eCKHX ~ ~3~ecKnx areHTOB. Heo6xo,~uMo pa3pa60TaTB
MexaHH3M KOHTpOJI~ (HarIpuMep, ylIpe'~nTB KOMuCCHIO rIo TeXH~Ke
6e30TIaCHOCTH) c y~aCTHeM ~U, 3HaKOMBIX C BOUpOCaMU O~eHKH OHaCHOCTH ~
o6ecrIeHeH~ 6e3orIacHocTH. IIOCKO~BKY ncrIo~B3oBaHHe *HBOTHEIX B TaKHX
lICCJIe~OBaHH~X Tpe6yeT CHe~Ha~BHOrO paCCMOTpeHH~, TO HpO~e~ypLI ~
lIOM eILl eHHSI, lIp e~~Ha3HalI eHHEIe ,~JISI UX lIp OB e,~ eHHSI, ,~ OJI*HEI lIp OlITlI
3KCHepTH3y B OTHO~eHHU COOTBeTCTB~ HpaB~aM 6e30HaCHoCTH. HeO6XO~HMO
O~Ha~BHO Hp~H~TB HpOrpaMMBI HO 06eCHeHeHUIO 6e30HaCHoCTH,
HpH3BaHHEIe O~eHUTB CTeHeHB pUCKa, BBIpa60TaTB MepLI Hpe~OCTOpO*HOCTH
,~JI~ ero peryJI~pOBaHH~, rapaHTHpOBaTB ,~OJI*HEIU ypOBeHB HO~rOTOBKH
rIepcoHa~a ~ ero B~a,~eH~ cooTBeTcTByIo~HMn HaBBIKaMn ~ rapaHTHpoBaTB
COOTBeTCTBUe y~pe*,~eHn~ yC~OBUSIM 6e3orIacHoro HpOBe~eHH~ Hay~HEIX
~CC~e~OBaHHH. H eO6XO~HMO 06eCHeHUTB TeXH~eCKyIO HOMO~B ~H KOHTpO~H
lI rapaHTlIlI CO6JIIO~eH~ Tpe60BaHHU 6e30HaCHoCTH B ~aHHOM y~pe~eHHH.
B rIy6~nKaunn <<~no~or~ecKa~ 6e3orIacHocTB B M~KpO6~0~0r~eCKHX ~
6noMe,~unHcKnx ~a60paTop~x>> [CDC, NIH, 1993i, a TaK*e B MaTepHa~ax
HaunoHa~BHoro Hay~Ho-ncc~e,~osaTe~BcKoro coBeTa [NRC, B HeHaTH]
HpUBO~HTCH peKOMeH~a~H HO MeTO~aM ~ HpO~e~ypaM, 6e30HaCHoMy
060py~oBaHUIo ~ XapaKTepUCT~KaM HOMe~eHHU ~H pa60TEI C OHaCHEIMU
6no~or~ecK~Mn areHTaMn ~ MaTepua~aMu. Jla60paTopun, r,~e ncr~0~3y~0Tc~
HelI3BeCTHEIe H0 CTeHeHU pUCKa MaTepHa~BI, ~O~HEI KOHCy~BTHpOBaTBCH CO
cTIe~Ha~HcTaMU H3 ~eHTpa HO KOHTpO~IO ~ HpO~aKT~Ke 3a6o~eBaHHU
(Center for Disease Control and Prevention - CDC) B OTHO~eHHU B03MO*HOH
OHaCHOCTH ~ Me~HHCKOrO Ha6~IO~eH~.
~H 3a~HTEI HepCOHa~a, pa60TaIO~erO C *HBOTHEIM~,
3KcrIepuMeHTaTopos, ,~pyrux ~u, Haxo,~nxc~ B BUBapHU, Hy6~HK~,
~BOTHEIX ~ OKpy~aIO~eH Cpe~BI OT B03~eUCTB~ OHaCHEIX 6~0~0r~eCKHX,
XlIMlIIIeCKlIX lI ~3~HeCKHX areHTOB, ~CHO~B3yeMBIX B 3KCHepUMeHTaX Ha
*HBOTHEIX, HeO6XO~HMO HMeTB CHe~Ha~BHEIe HOMe~eHH~ ~ 6e30HaCHoe
060py~0BaHHe. ~OMe~eH~, Hpe~Ha3HaHeHHEIe ~ pa60TEI C ~BOTHEIMU HpH
~CHO~B30BaHHU OHaCHEIX areHTOB, ~O~*HEI 6BITB OT~e~eHEI OT ~pyrux
rIOMe~eHHn, r,~e co'~ep~aTcH *HBOTHEIe, BcrIoMoraTe~BHEIx rIOMe~eHHn
nccJIe'~oBaTeJIBcKHx ~ KJInHulIecKHx JIa6opaTopHH7 a TaK*e 60JIBHHUHEIX
IO3IlIK3IlIHlIIIeCKlIX OT~e~eHHH; TaKHe HOMe~eHH~ ~O~*HEI HMeTB HeTKOe
o6o3HalIeHHe7 a ~OCTyD B HUX pa3pe~eH TO~BKO OUpe~e~eHHOMy KpyLy ~.
IlplIIIeM lIpOeKTlIpOBaHlIe lI CTpOlITeJIBCTBO TaKHX HOMe~eHHU ~O~*HEI
OCR for page 19
ILPABBJ1A ~ 06~3AHHOC~HA~HL~PE~EHBB
19
Hpe~yCMaTpUBaTB y~O6CTBO SIX ybopKu ~ co~ep~aH~ MeXaH~eCKHX CHCTeM.
paB~BHO KOHTpO~HpyeMOe ~ ~CHO~B3yeMoe noMemeHne c ~ByXKOp~OpHOH
n 6apBepHon CHCTeMOH SIB~SIeTCSI 8~eKTHBH~M Cpe~CTBOM yMeHB~eH~
TIePeKPeCTHOrO SaPa~eH~. CTOKH B r~o~y'~o~*HM 6MTB r~ocTo~HHo Sa~HTM
~KOCTBIO ~H 6MTB Ha~e*HO H3O~HPOBaHM KaK~M-~60 ~PYrUM CI1OCO60M.
CH~OHM ~O~*HM 6MTB 060PY~OBaHM MeXaHH3MOM aBTOMaT~eCKOH SaP~KH
H {IO=eP*aHH~ B HUX ~O~*HOrO YPOBH~ *~KOCTH.
orIacHMe MaTepHa~o~*HM ocTaBaTBcH BHyTpH aKcrIepuMeHTa~BHon
30HM. K°HTP°~B 3a rIOTOKaMn Bo3~yxa (HarIpuMep' rlyTeM rIpuMeHeHH~
6Ho~ornHecKH 6e3orIacHux 60KCoB), rIo3Bo~Io~n CBeCTH '~o M~HuMyMa
y~eTy~HBaHHe 3arpH3HHIo~nx rIpuMecen' ~B~HeTCH OCHOBHuM 6apBepoM rIpH
pa6oTe C orIacHuMn areHTaMn ~ BCKpuTHn 3aPa~eHH~X~BOTH~X [CDC, 1995;
Kruse et al. 7 1991 ] . crIe~Ha~EHMe ycTponcTBa B rIoMe~eHHn' TaKne KaK ~Io3~,
OTPHLIaTeJILHOe ~aBJIeHHe BO3~YXa, BO3~YIIIHMe ~UJIETPM ~ ~Y6JI~PY]O~ee
MexaH~ecKoe o6opy'~osaHHe c aBTOMaT~eCK~M rIepeK~IoHeHHeM' ~B~IOTCH
BTOPHUHuMn 6aPBePaMH' {IPe~Ha3HaHeHHuMn ~JIH {IPe~YTIPe*~eHH~
c~y~anHoro BM6poca orIacHux MaTepHa~oB 3a rIpe,~e~M BuBap~ ~ Bo3~encTB~
Ha oKpy~alo~ylo cpe,~y.
B03~eUCTBUe OTpa60TaHH~X UHra~HOHH~X aHeCTeT~KOB ~O~*HO 6MTB
orpaH~eHo. 3To 06~Ho ,~ocTuraeTc~ ~CHO~B30BaHHeM pa3~Hux MeTO~OB
y,~a~eHH~ OTpa60TaHH~X ra30B. B c~yHae rIpuMeHeH~ 3~Hpa 6e3orIacHocTE
rIepcoHa~a o6ecrIeHuBaeTcH rIpaB~EHuM c~e~~oBaHHeM Ha~~rIncHM~ a TaK*e
ncrIo~B3oBaHHeM o6opy'~oBaHH~ ~ MeTO,~OB, rIo3Bo~Io~nx CBeCTH '~o
MlIHlIMyMa plICK B3pLIBa 3Toro ra3a.
ttH~MBM~ya~bHaR 3am~Ta
IlpH HeO6XO~HMOCTH y~pe~eHHe ~O~*HO 06eCHeHUTB COTpy~H~KOB
060py~0BaHHeM ~ Cpe~CTBaMU UH~HBH~ya~BHOH 3a~HTM ~ Hp~H~TB ~pyrne
MepM 6e30HaCHoCTH. COTPY~H~K~, OCy~eCTB~HIO~He yXo~ 3a *HBOTH~M~,
~O~HM HOCHTB Hpe~ocTaB~HeM~o y~pe~eHHeM 3a~nTH~o o~e~y, oGysB ~n
6ax~M ~ HepHaTKH. IlpH 3TOM 3a~HTHyIO o~e~y Hy*Ho MeH~TB no Mepe
Heo6xo,~uMocTu. Ec~n 3TO ~e~eCoo6pa3Ho' COTpy~H~KH ~O~*HM Hp~HUMaTB
,~yIII, rIOK~a~ rIOMemeH~, r,~e co,~ep~aTc~ 3KCrIepuMeHTa~H~Ie *nsoTH~Ie,
BBIHO~HRIOTCH 3KCHepUMeHTa~BHEIe HpO~e~ypLI ~H rOTOB~TCH HpeHapaTEI ~H
BBe,~eH~ ~BOTHEIM. 3a~HTHyIo o'~e;K'D;y ~ ,~pyrne cpe'~cTsa 3amuTEI He~B3H
HOCHTE 3a rIpe,~e~aMn pa60Hen 30HEI, r,~e Haxo'~HTcH orIacHEIe MaTepHa~BI, ~n
BHe BuBapHH. COTPY,~H~K~, KOTOpLIe MOryT rIo'~BepraTBcH Bo3~encTBuIo
orIacHEIx areHTOB, ,~O~*HEI 6BITB o6ecrIeHeHEI cooTBeTcTByIo~HMn Cpe,~CTBaMn
UH~HBH~YaJIBHOH 3a~HTEI [CFR, 1984C]. HaTIPUMeP, COTPY~H~KOB,
pa60TaIO~UX c HpUMaTaM~, HeO6XO~HMO obecne~nTB TaK~MU Cpe~CTBaMU
3a~nTEI, KaK rIeplIaTK~, HapyKaBH~K~, MaCKH ~ ~nTKH ,~JI~ JInLla. B
rIoMe~eHH~x c BBICOK~M ypOBHeM myMa Heo6xo'~HMo rIpe'~ocTaBuTB
COTpy,~H~KaM Cpe,~CTBa 3a~nTEI opraHa cJIyxa. COTPY,~H~KOB, pa6oTaIo~nx B
rIOMe~eH~X, r,~e OHn MOryT rIo'~BepraTBcH Bo3~encTBuIo 3apa~eHHEIx IIaCTHLl
B Bo3~yxe ~n rIapax' c~e'~yeT o6ecrIeHuTB cooTBeTcTByIo~HMn pecrInpaTopaMn
[CFR, 1984C].
OCR for page 20
20 PYKOBO~CTBO no CO~EP~AHBlO BBC770!1LL30BAHBlO~OPATOPHL~^BOTHL
Me~MHCKOe Ha6~o~eH~e ~ HpO{pH~aKT~Ka sabo~esaH~ nepcoHa~a
IlpH pa3pa6oTKe ~ peat rIporpaMMM Me'~nHcKoro Ha6~Io,~e
~ HpO~aKT~KH Sa60~eBaHHU HepCOHa~a HeO6XO~HMO HO~HTB UH~OpMa~HIO
y CrIeLlHaJI~CTOB, HarIpuMep y spalIen ~n cpe,~Hero Me~HHCKOrO nepcoHa~a'
crIeUna~Hpylo~nxcH B 06~aCTH rUrHeHM Tpy~a ~ HpO~eCCHOHa~EH~X
Sa60~eBaHHH. ~pH BTOM HeO6XO~HMO yHUT~BaTB Tpe60BaHH
KoH~eHLIna~BHocTH ~,~pyrne Me~HHCKHe ~ IOpH~HHeCKHe aCHeKTEI B
KOHTeKCTe COOTBeTCTByIO~UX ~e~epa~BHEIX, Hp~H~TEIX ~TaTOM ~ MeCTHEIX
3aKOHOB.
Ilepe,~ HarIpaBJIeHHeM Ha pa6oTy oT'~eJIBHEIx COTpy,~H~KOB peKOMeH,~yeTCH
O3HaKOMUTBCH C UX ~CTOp~MU 60~e3HU ~H O~eHKH pUCKa, KOTOpOMy OHU
MOryT HO~BeprHyTBCH. TaK*e peKOMeH~yeTCH HpOBO~HTB pery~HpHEIe
Me~HHCKHe OCMOTpLI ~, OTHOCH~UXCH K pa3~HHEIM rpyHDaM pUCKa.
CJIe,~yeT yTBep~HTB COOTBeTCTByIO~H rpa~nK HMMyHH3a~. Ba*Ho HpOBeCTH
HMMyHH3a~HIO pa60TaIO~UX C ~BOTHEIMU COTpy~H~KOB HpOTHB CTo~6H~Ka.
KpoMe Toro, CJIe,~yeT rIpeWIO~TE JI~LlaM, rIo,~sepra~omuMc~ plICKy 3apa~eH~
H~H BO3~eUCTBH~ B~pyCOB 6e~eHCTBa H~H reHaTHTa B, HpOUTH
ripe~BapuTe~Hy~o nMMyHnsaun~O. Ec~n n~aHupy~OTC~ 3KCnepuMeHT~I c
UH~eK~HOHHEIMU Sa60~eBaHH~M~, HpOTHB KOTOpLIX Cy~eCTByIOT
3~eKTHBHEIe BaK~HHEI, peKOMeH~yeTCH HpOBeCTH BaK~HHa~HIO nepcoHa~a.
KOHKpeTHEIe peKOMeH~a~H MO*HO HaUTH B Hy6~HKa~H <<~HO~OrHHeCKaH
6e30HaCHOCTB B M~KpO6~0~0rHHeCKHX ~ 6~0Me~HHCKHX ~a60paTopH~X>>
[CDC, NIH, 1993~. B3HTHe CEIBOpOTKH ~O HpHeMa Ha pa60Ty ~H ~O HaHa~a
pa60TEI C *HBOTHEIMU peKOMeH~yeTCH TO~BKO B OCO6BIX CHTya~X,
OUpe~e~HeMBIX CHe~Ha~HCTaMU B 06~aCTH rUrHeHEI Tpy~a ~ TeXH~KH
6esonacHocTn [NRC, B HeHaTHi. B TaKHX CHTya~X HeO6XO~HMO pe~HTB
BOlIpOCEI, CBH3aHHEIe C H~eHTH~HKa~HeH, BBI~B~eHHeM ~CTO~H~Ka,
cTa6~BHocTBIo ~ yC~OB~Mn XpaHeH~ 6HorIpo6. IIOMUMO 3TOrO, HeO6XO~HMO
y6e~HTBCH B TOM, HTO ~e~n, B KOTOpLIX 6y~yT ~CHO~B30BaTBCH B3HTEIe HpO6BI
CEIBOpOTK~, He HpOTHBOpeHaT COOTBeTCTByIO~HM Hp~H~TEIM ~TaTOM 3aKOHaM
COr~aCyIOTCH C ~e~epa~BHEIMU HpaB~aMU H0 OXpaHe ~, ~CHO~B3yeMBIX B
ncc~e~osaHn~x (~e~epa~H~In perucTp 56(117): 28002-28032, 18 HIOH~ 1991
r.) [Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects (Federal Register 56(117):
28002-28032, June 18, 1991)~.
COCTaBHOlI IIaCTBIO HpOrpaMMBI Me~HHCKOrO Ha6~IO~eHH
HpO~aKT~KH 3a60~eBaHHU HepCOHa~a ~B~HeTCH KOHTpO~B 300H030B [CDC,
NIH, 1993; Fox et al., 1984; NRC, B lIelIaTlI]. COTPY~H~KH ~O~*HEI HO~yHUTB
lIHCTpyKLl~H UH~OpMnpOBaTB upe'~cTasuTeJIen a,~M~HUCTpaLl~H O
lIOTeH~Ha~BHOM ~n pea~BHOM CTO~KHOBeHHU C ~CTOqH~KOM UH~eK~H ~
rIo'~o3peBaeMon yrpo3e 3,~0pOBBI0 ~n 3a6o~eBaHHH. Heo6xo'~HMo ycTaHoBuTB
qeTKlIe lIpO~e~ypLI perUCTpa~H ~I06BIX HeCqaCTHEIX C~yqAeB, yKyCOB, ~apaHUH
~ a~epraqecKnx peaKunn [NRC, B rIeqaTHi.
~O~e3HU, Hepe~aBaeMBIe qe~OBeKy OT ~pyrux HpuMaToB7 MoryT
rIpe'~cTaB~HTB cepBe3HyIo orIacHocTB. IIO3TOMY pa6oTaIo~He c HuMn
TeXH~qeCKne COTpy,~H~K~, K~nHuLluCTEI, ncc~e'~oBaTe~' aCrInpaHTEI
~OKTOpaHTEI, TeXH~KH-~a60paHTEI, KOHCy~BTaHTEI, peMOHTHEIe pa60que,
COTpy,~H~KH oT'~eJIa OXpaHEI ~ JIIo6BIe ,~pyrne JInLla, KoHTaKTHpyIo~He C
rIpuMaTaMn ~n BBIrIO~HRIO~He ~I06BIe B~BI pa60T B 3oHe ux pa3Me~eH~'
~O~*HEI pery~HpHO HpOXO~HTB HpOBepKy Ha Ty6epKy~e3. Yq~TEIBaH
OCR for page 21
BPABB~ ~ 06~3~HOC~HL~ ~PE~EHBB
21
BO3MO*HOCTE BO3~eUCTBH~ B~pyCa Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 (paHee
Ha3MBaB~HCH Herpe~irus simiae), coda, pa6oTalo~He C MaKaKaMH7 ~O~HM
HMeTE ACTS ~ HOSTS UHCTp~H B OTHO~eHHU 06pa~eH~ B CTaH~H
HeOT~O*HOH HOMO~H HpH yKycax n~n uapar~nHax [Holmes et al.,l995~.
Heo6xo,~uMo paspaboTaT~ rIpoL~e,~ypy o6ecrIelIeH~ Me'~HLl~HcKon rIOMO~H rIplI
yKycax ~ L~aparInHax.
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
phs policy
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