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OCR for page 119
~ -
B
Non-Lethal Weapons
Technology Table
The Committee for an Assessment of Non-Lethal Weapons Science and
Technology undertook a survey and assessment of non-lethal weapons technolo-
gies as described in Sections 2.1 and 3.2. Table B.1 provides a consolidated
presentation of that effort.
119
OCR for page 120
120
TABLE B. 1 Non-Lethal Wea ons Technolo ies
P g
APPENDIX B
Type of Technology Comments
If in Acquisiti
ACOUSTIC
TECHNOLOGIES
Audible and ultrasonic
Acoustic impact on
personnel
Acoustic impact on
personnel underwater
..
.~
Tests not reproducible in air; dependent on distance, and
highly dependent on impedance match to personnel; not high
priority; Gayle device is one such system; R&D funding
ended in 1999. Results questionable, effects are unclear.
Many different concepts have been proposed for creating
acoustic sources capable of disabling a suspect. Effectiveness
still unproven despite considerable study (problem: variability
of effect and coupling energy into person).
Acoustic coupling much higher in water than in air. Unaware
of significant research on sonic NLWs for underwater use.
Environmental impact must be assessed.
Infrasound devices
AC(~CSTIC/OPTICAL
Flash bang
Flash bang delivery
systems
XM84 acoustic/optical
stun grenade
66-mm vehicle-launched
non-lethal grenade
Multisensory distraction
device
FIa:sl1
Some animal studies available on the effects of low-frequency
sound on animals' behavior and task performance. Research
apparently abandoned.
Effective in some crowd dispersal situations and for clearing
facilities. Flash-bang systems effective as a distraction; not
as effective against high-level threats.
Nonexplosive, flash grenade; uses array of flashbulbs.
OCR for page 121
APPENDIX B
12
Missions
cam ~
. ~ us at Pa
If in Acquisition, Where? Human Effects ~ ~ — m ~ ~ v, E u' Cal
Currently not funded. Probably safe if sound level X X X X
is low enough not to cause a
permanent threshold shift in
hearing.
Concept.
Human effects not totally X X X X
known. Human tolerance to a
single exposure has been
studied. Effect of continuous
exposure unknown.
Committee meeting, June Human effects unknown. X X
13, 2001 (see preface).
. ~
Human effects unknown. ? ? ?
Being incorporated into
existing delivery systems.
.
Probably safe if sound level
is low enough not to cause a
permanent threshold shift in
hearing.
Human effects unknown if
subject is exposed at
close range.
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
Xv
OCR for page 122
122
TABLE B.1 Continued
APPENDIX B
Type of Technology Comments
. ....
CHEMICALS/MATERIALS
. ~
TECHNOLOGIES
At::
Obscurants
Smokes
~ ~--
If in Acquisiti
Available for procurement with sophisticated delivery
methods.
Advanced obscurants,
including IR capability
``Inks7,
Reactants
Combustion modifiers
I.
Mature technology, in use with various dispensers; IR
capabilities relatively new.
Could have application underwater as a disorienting tool.
Antiadditives
Fuel contaminants
Lubricant contaminants
1Jepolymer~zatton agents
Effective in testing; difficulty of delivering chemicals on
moving targets a drawback. Two types have been tested:
knock producers and engine runaway agents.
Generally agents that counteract lubricant additives. Effective
in 1 to 2 percent concentrations, and disable antiwear and
antioxidant additives in the lubricant. Targets are internal
combustion engines, turbines, and gear boxes.
Compounds that cause stored fuels to thicken or otherwise
become ineffective. Difficulty of delivery of materials can be
a drawback. Generally a large amount of material is needed;
the committee sees little prospect for much improvement of
this characteristic.
Difficulty of delivery of materials a drawback.
Could be useful in some scenarios. Methods of delivery
remain a problem. Demonstrated rubber depolymerizers were
based on an oxidation mechanism. Current tires contain
antioxidants not present in previous work.
OCR for page 123
APPENDIX B
123
Missions
cam ~
~ .s
~:5
.> cow cast
Is m E 2
^, 2 i, > A ~ m s v, A
If in Acquisition, Where? Human Effects ~ ;: ~ cn vat V cat ~ CQ
X ? X X
COTS. Probably safe for use X X
against humans.
Programs underway at Probably safe for use X X
Sandia and elsewhere. against humans.
Committee meeting, June Human effects unknown; X
13, 2001 (see preface). depends on chemical used.
Former program at Antimateriel. X X
ECBC.
Proposed based on Antimateriel.
previous work; program
currently not active.
X X
Proposed. Antimateriel. X X
Proposed.
Antimateriel.
Proposed; some testing Antimateriel.
done in the past.
6
X X
X X
OCR for page 124
124
TABLE B.1 Continued
APPENDIX B
Type of Technology Comments If in Acquisiti
Corrosive agents
Difficulty of delivery of materials a drawback; precise
placement needed.
Corrosive materials Proposed to be useful against electrical components and other
materiel.
fl~hermites, propellants To fuse elements of metallic platform.
Viscosity agents Fuel thickeners demonstrated; thixotropic gels. Difficulty of
delivering chemicals is a drawback; little chance of extensive
use.
To dissolve "O" rings.
.,
Malodorants (e.g., scatole,
mercaptans)
Calmatives
Calmative agent
sponge projectile
Riot; control agents
Stepper spray (OC)
acrimators (e.g., CS)
Riot control grenade
L96E 1
Systems under consideration potentially useful for area
clearing and area denial. Preliminary exploration for police
actions.
Further research required involving effects, susceptibilities,
safety, delivery methods, and so on. Studies needed of onset
time vs. delivery method and mechanisms to control doses
and exposures.
To incapacitate personnel; sponge with fentanyl derivative
delivers dose. Question: What is tolerance level for dose and
personal susceptibility? Linking calmative with antidote
extends margin of use.
Evaluation of databases done involving chemical payloads, by
ECBC; most of these are RCAs. Study of the use of CS, CN,
OC summarized in IJ Research in Brief, March 1997.
In use with police actions. Coast Guard needs high-accuracy,
long-range dispensing systems.
In use with police actions.
Developed by UK Ministry of Defense; contains CS.
OCR for page 125
APPENDIX B
125
Missions
cam .s
=5 at
. ~ cam us ~
If in Acquisition, Where? Human Effects a u _ ~ ~ u ~ Li °
Antimateriel.
Suggested. Antimateriel. ?
Suggested by Sandia, Antimateriel.
LLNL.
ECBC.
Suggested.
.,
X X
X X
Antimateriel.
Antimateriel.
CEP.
Under study by ECBC
after lull in R&D for 10
years.
Human effects unknown; X X X X
lingering effects a concern.
Human effects known for X X X X
some calmatives. Margin of
error needs to be determined.
Under study by ECBC Margin of error needs to be X X X X
after lull in R&D for 10 determined.
years.
TIP study underway for
. .
me notary use, new
potential systems.
Available for
procurement.
Available for
procurement.
Hazard depends on dosage. X X X X
Hazard depends on dosage. X X X X
Hazard depends on dosage. X X X X
Hazard depends on dosage
and type of casing.
X X X X
OCR for page 126
126
TABLE B.1 Continued
APPENDIX B
Type of Technology Comments If in Acquisiti
Slippery foams and agents
Slippery foam
Rigid foam
HA
Demonstrations effective; require large quantity of material to
be delivered.
When spread on a walkway, makes simply walking across the
area difficult; degree of delay must be sufficient to be
effective; large quantity of material must be used (logistics
problem).
Rigid polyurethane
foam
Sticky foams
Sticky thermoplastic
foam
Underwater sticky
foam
Stabilized aqueous foam
Contaminating abrasives
Microfibers
M,croencapsulation
Appropriate in specific circumstances for local security
measures; deemed not to be used on personnel directly due to
potentially lethal effect (blocking respiration). Appropriate in
specific circumstances for local security measures.
Rapid dispersion and hardening of foam useful for base
security and barrier functions.
Developed for access delay, area denial, and target denial; an
exceptionally tenacious material (difficult to clean up).
Idea of underwater sticky foam discussed; however, work on
this is unknown. Could be useful against swimmers and boats
(to clog intakes).
Large expansion ratio; for use as visual and acoustic isolation,
and fire suppression; irritants could be added.
Materials put into engines degrade precision parts.
Technology assessment of genetic research on spider fibers
(for super strength); terminated December 1998.
Appears to have possible utility in delivery of malodorants or
other chemicals? Design for pressure or temperature release
needed.
OCR for page 127
APPENDIX B
127
Missions
ct
3 ·
~ Cam Cam
O u - E
If in Acquisition, Where? Human Effects ° e ~ O 0 O ~ c
Academic research Hazard to moving vehicles, X X X
underway. which may become involved
in a fatal crash.
Demonstrated. Persistent. X X X
Academic research Principally used as a barrier. X X
underway. Should not be used against
individuals due to lethal
potential for blocking
respiration.
. ~
Foam materials and
dispensers made and
tested at Sandia.
Foam materials and
dispensers made and
tested at Sandia.
Committee meeting, June
13, 2001 (see preface).
Foam materials and
dispensers made and
tested at Sandia.
Academic research
underway.
Should not be used against X X
humans.
Not to be used on personnel
directly, due to potentially
lethal effect (blocking
. .
respiration .
Human effects unknown.
Found to be safe for human X X X
use.
Antimateriel.
Antimateriel.
Depends on munition used.
. . .
X X
OCR for page 128
128
TABLE B.1 Continued
APPENDIX B
Type of Technology Comments
If in Acquisiti
Cloggers
Vessel exhaust stack Displacement hull boats/ships stopped with exhaust cover
blocker delivered by helicopter. Operationally difficult to position
over ship. ESB tested; difficult delivery a shortcoming;
helicopter delivery terminated.
Air intake blocker Thin film/fabric deployed over a battle tank and drawn tightly
over the air intake by airflow.
E;LECTRICALS
Pulsed current
Sticky shocker
Stun guns
Taser mine
Capacitive discharge device for stopping vehicles in high-
speed pursuit; test successful and more effective than HPM.
Wireless projectile based on stun gun technology, barbs attach
to clothing, High-voltage pulses incapacitate, range 10 m.
Delivers high-voltage numbing current after delivery to person.
Biological effects not understood well; under investigation.
Law enforcement officials use frequently.
Taser area denial device Will fire 20 sets of darts a distance of 15 ft; considered an
area-denial device. Human effects study underway.
Taper grenade
Tetherless laser
DIRECTED-ENERGY
TECHNOLOGIES
EI~ECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Electromagnetic pulse
Fires a volley of laser cartridges downrange.
Research gap: need for a tetherless device with 90-m range.
Non-nuclear EMP Intended to stop auto engines; not effective; terminated
August 1998. Some continued interest in application to
stopping ships.
OCR for page 129
APPENDIX B
129
Missions
u, ~
I:, 'D
— c m ° e c -
If in Acquisition, Where? Human Effects l) ' m L
CEP.
Edgewood.
OS&T/ARL.
Antimateriel.
Antimateriel.
Antimateriel.
Jaycor evaluation 2001. Human effects unknown. X X X
Potential hazard of heart
failure and death, particularly
,, in individuals with diseased
hearts.
COTS.
TIP; demonstration 2000.
X
X
X X
Human effects not totally X X X
known.
Human effects not totally X X
known.
Human effects not totally X X X
known.
Human effects not totally X X
known.
Human effects not totally X X X
known.
Hazard depends on power
used.
X X
OCR for page 137
APPENDIX B
137
Missions
cat ~
cat .s
PA
~ 3 , ~ ~ _ v' ,, E ~
— s u s
If in Acquisition, Where? Human Effects a ~ C ,, i,, a, ,, i,
Developed by INEEL May result in lethal crash. X
OLETC.
COTS.
Puncture and laceration risk. X
Puncture and laceration risk.
X X X X
X X
CEP. May cause injuries when X X
stopping high-speed vehicles.
-
Materials and dispensers
made and tested at
Sandia.
Foster Miller Co. product.
Puncture and laceration risk. X X X X
Probably safe for human use. X X
Hazard of the casing needs X X
study.
Compressed air launch X X X
from boat and helicopter
demonstrated.
Committee meeting, June
13, 2001 (see preface).
X
OCR for page 138
i.
138
TABLE B.1 Continued
APPENDIX B
Type of Technology Comments
If in Acquisiti
KINIŁTIC-ENERGY
TECHNOLOGIES
Blunt impact projectiles
Sting balls, rubber balls,
batons
Non-lethal crowd
dispersal round
66-mm
vehicle-launched
non-lethal grenade
Beanbag rounds
Sponge grenades
Baton projectiles
Ring air foil
Fin-stabilized projectiles
Coast Guard testing accurate trajectory rounds (foam form
and fin stabilized) for 12-gauge shotgun.
A 40-mm round with 48 sting balls. Degree of
effectiveness and expected level of permanent damage
being modeled; measures of effectiveness need to be
determined.
66-mm vehicle-launched round with sting balls, 50- to
100-m range; the XM99 contains 200 rubber balls, each
0.4 g. Degree of effectiveness and expected level of
permanent damage being modeled; measures of
effectiveness need to be determined.
Effective, but accuracy is relatively poor. USCG has
chosen not to continue use.
Soft, blunt nose minimizes injury while delivering sting.
Rubber baton shapes fired in crowds for control.
Donut-shaped projectile, more accurate than other NLW
rounds; range: 40 m; OC-dispensing feature under
development. Program halted despite positive results.
Coast Guard tests underway.
Water cannon Navy tactic for crowds and unruly situations close to ship.
Technology opportunities exist for improved capability.
OCR for page 139
APPENDIX B
139
Missions
If in Acquisition, Where? Human Effects
cn
-
ct
. _
. ~ cat
3 ~ ~ ~
0 an — _
~ ~ C) ._
~ .~ ~ m
O Ct >
O ~ - 0 ~
i_ V) Cal
._
cn
._
.s
— V) · ~
,_ A U)
Cal
~ O
_ ~ U)
~ V) ~
it ~
i- ~
.s ~
3 En
V)
o
V) ~
CEP.
.
. -
COTS.
COTS.
NIJ-Guilford
Engineering.
Available as a tactic.
Human effects of heavier
projectiles not totally known.
Eight projectiles present
hazards to the eye.
Human effects not totally
known.
Eye hazard needs to be
studied.
X X X
X X X
Eye hazard needs to be X X X
studied and human effect of
. . .
CaSlllg IS UllKllOWIl.
Human effects not totally X X X
known.
Human effects not totally X X X
known.
Human effects not totally X X X
known.
Human effects not totally X X X
known.
Human effects not totally X X X
known.
Can be hazardous at X X X
close range.
OCR for page 140
~-
140
TABLE B.1 Continued
APPENDIX B
Type of Technology Comments
If in Acquisiti
Bounding non-lethal
munition
Modular crowd control
munition (MCCM)
Vortex ring gun
Water barrier ship
self-defense
ENABLING
TECHNOLOGIES
SENSING TECHNOLOGY
Electromagnetic
Radar
Wide/ultrawide band
Pulsed radar
IR focal plane array
FLIR
Contains 600 PVC sting balls. Degree of effectiveness and
expected level of permanent damage being modeled; measures
of effectiveness need to be determined.
Demonstrated.
Explosive detonation below water generates plume of water
designed to prevent penetration by sea-skimming missiles.
Similar technique might also be used to prevent small boats
from penetrating defense.
RF, microwave, optical sensors are extensive in DOD.
Waterside security need for easily portable, quickly set-up
system.
Good for imaging through walls; available for procurement;
short-pulse radar able to detect heartbeat and breathing
through walls.
New, inexpensive miniature transponders can improve short-
range motion sensing, distance measurements, mine detection,
explosives diagnostics, bridge inspection, and security
measures; short-pulse radar able to detect heartbeat and
breathing through walls.
128 x 128 solid-state focal plane array imager operating at
liquid nitrogen temperatures.
Waterside security need for easily portable, quickly set-up
system.
OCR for page 141
APPENDIX B
14
Missions
us cat
cot ~
3 ._
.= ~
._ ~ V,
cn 3 ~ ~ ~ ~ v, ~ ~ ~
u 3 s O ~ _ c
If in Acquisition, Where? Human Effects ~ ~ ~ c~~ vat A) vat :
Human effects not totally X X X
known.
Human effects not totally X X X
known.
Hazard depends on munition X X X
used.
NSWCDD.
t
..
X X
X X X X X
Safe for humans at low
power.
Through-Wall Sensor
working group, NIT, no power.
funding 2000.
LLNL.
X X
Safe for humans at low
X X X
Safe for humans at low X X X X X X
power.
NRL. No known human effects. X X X
No known human effects. X X
OCR for page 142
142
TABLE B.1 Continued
APPENDIX B
Type of Technology Comments If in Acquisiti
Acoustic
Bullet tracker
Chemical
Explosives detection
Ground sensors
Smart buoys
;
f
Appropriate for special situations.
Two methods to track sniper's bullet exist, one based on
acoustic sensors, the other on infrared sensors. Demonstrated
capability to sense and point TV camera automatically in 0.3 s.
Improved instruments are needed for detection from remote
platforms (e.g., small UAV and handheld portable
applications). Non-direct contact detection methodologies
(standoff) very desirable but so far not possible.
Unattended ground sensors to accompany non-lethal weapons
operations to gather intelligence.
Gather intelligence, broadcast warnings when deployed
around ship's perimeter. Autonomous or semiautonomous
control envisioned.
TECHNOLOGIES TO
DELIVER NLWs
Weapon systems to deliver
materials
Mortars, grenade
launchers, smoke
generators
Combustible mortar: testing underway; 81-mm mortar: testing
underway; reducing integrity of shell to reduce lethality;
effective over 25 m2.
NEW launcher Launcher for NEW with variable velocity correlated with
rangefinder to adjust exit velocity to distance of target.
Overhead liquid dispersal
system (OLDS)
Small arms munition
(;OICW)
Device that bursts to dispense liquids or aerosols above
designated area in isotropic pattern.
Non-kinetic munition using airburst rounds for antipersonnel
and antimateriel loads; 5- to 2,000-m range.
OCR for page 143
APPENDIX B
143
Missions
_ ~
~ Hi,
If in Acquisition, Where? Human Effects a U ~ ~ ~ .i 9 LO ~ a
X X X
Probably safe for human
use.
Safe for human use.
Co-CINC sponsor.
X
X X
Safe for human use. X X X X X
Committee meeting, June
13, 2001 (see preface).
Pre-Milestone A.
TIP.
Safe for human use.
Munitions of large mass can
present human hazards.
Lightweight projectiles
present eye hazards. Grenade
casings can be injurious.
Lower risk of injury than X
from velocity weapons. Still
need to know human
tolerance to munitions.
Hazard depends on munition X X
used.
Pre-Milestone A. Hazard depends on munition X X
used.
X X
OCR for page 144
144
TABLE B.1 Continued
APPENDIX B
Type of Technology Comments
If in Acquisit
Attachment to guns
(rifles, pistols, shotguns,
machine guns, naval guns)
Under-weapon OC
dispenser
Missiles, rockets
Bombs
Smart fish
i
..
in
Under-barrel tactical delivery system (pneumatic); Service
interest not yet obvious.
Lightweight, 15-ft range.
ERGM design and analysis underway; frangible or
combustible casings under study to develop non-lethal
delivery; 2.75-inch rocket platform being studied for NEW
applications.
Minnow
Torpedoes
Mines
(JAVs
NEW dispenser drone
Unmanned powered
parafoil
Pioneer remotely
piloted vehicle
Munition dropped upstream from hydroelectric plant enters
penstock to disable power plant; claim of estimate of 14-day
disruption to make repairs (seems to be unreasonably short).
Small munition able to enter cooling pond and cooling lines
to heat exchanger, then detonate.
Minimal investigation for NLWs.
Non-lethal mines considered on many occasions on land; little
consideration for them in water.
Testing underway for numerous scenarios (extensively studied
for many tactical situations, lethal and non-lethal). Hand-
launched UAVs desirable for ship's perimeter protection.
LEWK, FASM are examples; loitering submunition study
made. LEWK currently being tested in prototype.
Dragon drone; aerial dispenser system for various NLWs; uses
GPS-guided dispensing system.
Unmanned powered parafoil as remote-controlled aerial spray
dispenser for NLWs.
Concept: reconnaissance, surveillance, target acquisition, short
out power lines, artillery adjustment, damage assessment.
OCR for page 145
APPENDIX B
145
Missions
ct ~
.= G)
3 <, c' ~ ·~ v' c,,
o u O O , 3
U o ~ ° ° ° o ° U
If in Acquisition, Where? Human Effects a u ~ ~ ~ u
Hazard depends on munition X X
used.
2000, MCWL. Human and environmental
effects unknown.
CEP.
JFC.
.,
s
X X
Hazard depends on munition
used.
An t i m ate ri e l
LLNL.
Antimateriel
Hazard depends on munition
used.
Hazard depends on munition X X X X
used.
Hazard depends on
. .
munltlon used.
X
1996, MCWL, NSWC, Hazard depends on munition X X X
Indian Head. used.
1997, EBCC, NSWCDD. Hazard depends on munition X X
used.
Antimateriel.
X
X X
X X
OCR for page 146
146
TABLE B. 1 Continued
-
APPENDIX B
Type of Technology Comments
If in Acquisiti
MAVs
Land vehicles
Robots
Robotic jet ski
, ~
Hand-launched electrically powered microplanes as platforms
to place tags and sensors and munitions.
Variety of wheeled and tracked vehicles from a primary
platform for strategy and tactics for using NLWs.
Applications examined for bridge defense, perimeter security,
in-building communication relay; airfield denial. Research
ongoing, studying decentralized control of cooperative robots
to carry out tasks such as communication relay, navigation,
searching, and intrusion detection.
Prototype demonstrated as potential sensor or weapons
platform. Demonstration with RGES for stopping small boats
is underway. A prototype "RC Ship Sentinel" is undergoing
tests (June 2001).
UUVs
MARKERS, DYES, AND
TAGGANTS
UV-light visible
IR+visible reactive
~Pa~ ball guns
Taggers active
RF taggant
Laster designator around
perimeter
UUVs have potential to detect, interrogate, and deliver NLWs.
One form of a much broader set of dyes, markers, and
taggants that can be useful for both identification and
psychological operations. Many commercially available
materials in use to mark and identify people and vehicles.
For friend-or-foe identification. Additive to fuel that makes
exhaust emit IR signature.
Commercially available; potentially useful to deliver chemical
agents.
Using GPS and transmitter, encase taggant in a "super sticky
bullet" to pinpoint fleeing vehicles. Systems ready to be
produced if customer identified.
Idea to "paint" perimeter warning lines on water around ship
with scanning laser.
OCR for page 147
APPENDIX B
147
Missions
con ~
can ~
Is ._
._
. ~ us care ~
~ ' - 2 2
If in Acquisition, Where? Human Effects a ~ Y j ~ ~ w a
JFC. Antimateriel. X X X
COTS.
JFC.
NSWC-D.
I.
X
Hazard depends on intensity.
May not be eye-safe.
COTS.
Can be eye hazard. X X X
Hazard depends on intensity.
Probably safe for use with
humans.
Committee meeting, June Eye-safe if low-level laser
13, 2001 (see Preface). used.
X
X X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
?
6
Representative terms from entire chapter:
hazard depends
