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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

Index

Note to the reader: This index contains entries for each of the five volumes of the Veterans and Agent Orange series released to date: Veterans and Agent Orange: Health Effects of Herbicides Used in Vietnam (I), Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 1996 (II), Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 1998 (III), Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2000 (IV), Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002 (V). Page numbers for the discussions of topics in specific volumes follow the roman numerals denoted above. Thus, for example, the entry “Agent Blue, I: 27, 89-90, 93, 97, 100; III: 136, 137; IV: 118” first refers to material found on pages 27, 89-90, 93, 97, and 100 in Veterans and Agent Orange: Health Effects of Herbicides Used in Vietnam, then to material found on pages 136 and 137 of Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 1998 and on page 118 of Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2000.

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

A



Abortions. See Spontaneous abortion



ACC. See U.S. Army Chemical Corps



Acquired immune deficiency syndrome. See AIDS/HIV



ACS. See American Cancer Society



ACTH. See Adrenocorticotropic hormone



Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). See Leukemia



Acute Myelogenous Leukemia. See Veterans and Agent Orange: Herbicides/Dioxin Exposure and Acute Myelogenous Leukemia in the Children of Vietnam Veterans (Acute Myelogenous Leukemia)



Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). See Leukemia



Acute myeloid leukemia (AML). See Leukemia



AD. See Alzheimer's disease



ADA. See American Diabetes Association



Adipose tissue



TCDD distribution, I: 130, 131, 168–169, 259, 269, 280;

IV: 42, 43, 64, 116, 117

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), IV: 59

Aerial spraying, I: 3, 24;

III: 135, 137, 139;

IV: 117, 120, 123, 150, 160, 303

military early research, I: 25–26;

III: 28;

IV: 150

records of, I: 84–85, 287

See also Herbicide application methods;



Herbicides



AFHS. See Air Force Health Study



Aflatoxin, I: 453;

IV: 267

Africa, sub-Saharan, II: 181;

III: 282;

IV: 267

Age and aging



acute lymphocytic leukemia incidence, data for selected age groups III: 384;

IV: 9, 378

acute myeloid leukemia incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 384;

IV: 378

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, V: 524

bone/joint cancer incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 302;

IV: 288;

V: 279

brain cancer incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 356;

IV: 351;

V: 339, 524

breast cancer incidence in US women, data for selected age groups III: 324;

IV: 314;

V: 301

cancer age-specific incidence, I: 436–438

chronic lymphocytic leukemia incidence, data for selected age groups III: 384;

IV: 378

chronic myeloid leukemia incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 384;

IV: 378

diabetes prevalence, data by age, III: 492

epidemiologic studies, control of aging effects, II: 261–262;

III: 409;

IV: 3, 13, 23

female reproductive system cancer incidence, data by type, for selected age groups, III: 329, 330;

IV: 321;

V: 310

gastrointestinal tract cancer incidence, data by type for selected age groups, III: 267;

IV: 250;

V: 244

Hodgkin's disease incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 372;

IV: 365;

V: 355

immune system, IV: 31, 79

kidney cancer, V: 334

laryngeal cancer incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 292;

IV: 277;

V: 268

latency and, II: 261–262, 273, 275;

III: 409, 414–415, 425, 428, 430;

IV: 254, 256, 264, 265

leukemia incidence, data by type, for selected age groups, III: 384;

IV: 378;

V: 367

liver/intrahepatic bile duct cancers incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 282;

IV: 267;

V: 260

lung cancer incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 296;

IV: 281;

V: 272

melanoma incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 313;

IV: 300;

V: 288

multiple myeloma incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 377;

V: 361

nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer incidence, data for selected age groups III: 289;

IV: 273;

V: 265

non-Hodgkin's lymphoma age of onset, I: 436

non-Hodgkin's lymphoma incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 362;

IV: 356;

V: 344

parkinsonism, V: 524

prostate cancer incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 334;

IV: 10, 327;

V: 317, 524

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×


renal cancers incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 352;

IV: 346

reproductive disorders, IV: 51–52, 59, 63, 66, 71, 80, 200

research recommendations, V: 524

soft-tissue sarcoma age of onset, I: 436

soft-tissue sarcoma incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 306;

IV: 292;

V: 282

TCDD half-life, IV: 24, 28, 45

testicular cancer incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 343;

IV: 335;

V: 325

urinary bladder cancer incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 347;

IV: 340;

V: 328

See also Demographic data, Vietnam veterans



Agent Blue, I: 27, 89–90, 93, 97, 100;

III: 136, 137;

IV: 118

volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, data, III: 136

Agent Green, I: 27, 90, 92, 114;

III: 136, 137, 140, 146;

IV: 118

volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, data, III: 136;

IV: 123

Agent Orange, II: 308;

III: 130, 159, 315, 344, 359, 389, 407, 444, 460, 462, 489, 491;

IV: 117–118, 150, 156;

V: 1, 12

Air Force research activities, II: 31–32;

III: 28–29

birth defects association, II: 298, 300;

III: 435;

IV: 400

breast cancer association, V: 307

cancer latency issues, II: 260–276;

III: 407– 431;

IV: 284

chemical composition, I: 27;

II: 102;

IV: 119

chloracne association, II: 317, 318;

III: 479;

IV: 138, 463;

V: 478

congressional hearings, II: 27–28;

III: 25

defoliant effectiveness, I: 90

Department of Veterans Affairs activities, II: 29–31, 153, 156–157;

III: 27–28;

IV: 15

Environmental Protection Agency research activities, II: 32;

III: 29–30

exposure opportunity index (EOI), II: 290– 291;

III: 146, 147, 148;

IV: 124, 405

federal government action/research, I:45– 60;

II: 27–32;

III: 27–32;

IV: 13

health effects of, concerns, I: 2;

II: 19–23, 26–27;

III: 19–20, 236, 237, 240, 242, 243

InTernational Agency for Research on Cancer research activities, III: 30

legislation, I: 47–52;

II: 28–29;

III: 26–27;

IV: 1, 15

Orange II formulation, I: 90;

III: 137;

IV: 119

product liability litigation, I: 34–35

spontaneous abortion, II: 283;

IV: 399–400, 409–412;

V: 414

suspension of use, I: 92–93;

II: 26

TCDD as contaminant of, I: , 114, 126– 127;

II: 102;

III: 140;

IV: 133–135

Vietnam amount used, I: 1, 27, 74, 90, 97– 98, 106;

II: 1, 26;

III: 136;

IV: 115, 118–119

Vietnam military application, I: 1, 3, 27, 74, 84–85, 90, 92–93, 97–107, 543–545;

II: 1, 26–27;

III: 1, 25, 136, 137, 138, 140;

IV: 125–126

Vietnam surplus disposal, I: 93–94

Vietnam veterans' concerns, I: 32–34;

II: 26–27

Vietnam veterans' increased disease risk, II: 22–23;

III: 22–23, 272;

IV: 8–9, 12, 256, 270, 275, 279, 284, 290, 296, 305, 311, 318, 323, 332, 338, 343, 348, 353, 359, 367, 374, 381, 388

volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, data, II: 136;

IV, 120, 123, 150



See also Herbicides;



Incineration, of Agent Orange

Agent Orange, the Deadly Fog,

I: 33

Agent Orange Act of 1991. See Public Law 102-4

Agent Orange Briefs,

I: 56;

II: 31;

III: 28

Agent Orange II. See Agent Orange



Agent Orange Registry (AOR), I: 20, 53, 56, 729;

II: 29, 31, 153, 228;

III: 28, 344

See also Department of Veterans Affairs (DVA)



Agent Orange Review,

I: 56;

II: 31;

III: 28

Agent Orange Scientific Task Force, I: 60–61

Agent Orange Study, I: 19, 57, 58–59, 63–64, 276–278;

II: 102;

III: 147, 148;

IV: 124

Agent Orange Task Force, II: 24–26;

III: 24– 25, 148;

IV: 124

See also Department of Veterans Affairs (DVA)

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

Agent Orange Validation Study, III: 240;

IV: 156, 159, 160, 162, 283, 304, 327, 403

Agent Orange Victims International, I: 34

Agent Orange Working Group, I: 19, 46, 58, 277, 743

research methodology, I: 728

Agent Pink, I: 27, 90, 92, 114;

III: 136, 137, 140, 146;

IV: 118, 122–123

volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, data, III: 136;

IV: 123

Agent Purple, I: 27, 89, 92, 114;

III: 136, 140, 146;

IV: 118, 122–123

Operation Ranch Hand, IV: 123

TCDD in, I: 126;

IV: 122

volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, data, III: 136

Agent White, I: 27, 90, 92–93, 97, 115, 189;

III: 136, 137;

IV: 118–119;

V: 36, 40

volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, data, III: 136

Agricultural/forestry workers



brain tumors, I: 320, 523;

II: 136

Canadian Farmer Cohort, II: 135–136

cancers, I: 13, 37, 320–323, 443, 447, 454;

II: 133–137, 179

case-control studies, I: 326–341, 486–488;

II: 118–122, 138–140;

III: 185–195, 228–232;

V: 113–114

cohort studies, I: 318–323;

II: 118–120, 135–137, 197–198;

III: 178–185, 224– 228;

IV: 197–202;

V: 6, 109–113

epidemiologic studies, I: 37, 318–323;

II: 118–120, 135–137, 232–234, 238–239, 241–243;

III: 178–195, 224–232, 284– 285, 335, 364–365, 379–380, 387–388;

IV: 134, 141–142, 145, 257, 260, 263, 265, 271, 285, 290, 296, 306, 312, 318, 324, 333, 338, 349, 353, 360, 368, 374, 381, 401;

V: 3, 143–153, 222–224

female reproductive and breast cancers, I: 510–511;

IV: 324–325

hepatobiliary cancer, I: 454;

II: 183–184;

III: 284–285;

IV: 271

herbicide exposure assessment, I: 265–266;

III: 154–157;

IV: 202

Hodgkin's disease, I: 550–553;

II: 135

Irish agricultural workers study, II: 136– 137

kidney cancer, I: 515

leukemia, I: 332–335, 566–568;

II: 136;

III: 387–388

malignant lymphoma in, IV: 201

multiple myelomas, I: 11–12, 558–561;

II: 138–139, 238–239, 241–243;

III: 379– 380

non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, I: 9, 256–257, 530–540;

II: 138, 139, 232–234;

III: 364–365;

IV: 359–361

parkinsonism in, V: 6

prostate cancer, I: 11, 518, 519, 575;

II: 8– 9;

III: 335;

IV: 327–329

reproductive outcomes, I: 510–511, 598

respiratory cancer, I: 11, 466;

II: 197–198

soft-tissue sarcomas, I: 37, 326–328, 479– 481, 486–488

sperm dysfunction, I: 632

suicide, I: 650

See also Forests;



Professional herbicide/ pesticide applicators



Agricultural Health Study, IV: 142

See also Iowa



Agricultural herbicides, I: 24, 35, 39, 174–175, 181;

II: 137–139

See also Herbicides



Agriculture. See Agricultural/forestry workers;



Agricultural herbicides;

Food crops;



Forests



Ah receptor (AhR), I: 3, 123, 134;

II: 3–4, 51– 53, 54–56, 57–62;

III: 54–58, 129;

IV: 25–26, 29–30, 42, 47, 50–58, 60, 68, 69, 70–73, 76, 80, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 90, 93, 94, 95, 99–100;

V: 24–25, 52– 55

animal studies and, I: 114, 123;

II: 3–4, 51– 53, 54–56, 57–62, 92–93;

III: 33, 34, 35, 54–58, 62–63, 67–69, 129;

IV: 48– 49, 61–62, 64–67, 74–75

anti-estrogenicity and, II: 62;

III: 67–69

biological consequences of activation, II: 57;

III: 62;

IV: 56–60, 323

blood abnormalities, I: 125

cacodylic acid acute toxicity, I: 188

cacodylic acid and mechanism of toxicity, II: 50–51;

IV: 24

cacodylic acid carcinogenicity, I: 118, 119, 187;

IV: 5, 387

cacodylic acid chronic exposure, I: 188–189

cacodylic acid developmental toxicity, I: 189

cacodylic acid genotoxicity, I: 187–188

cacodylic acid mechanism of action, I: 188– 189

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

cacodylic acid pharmokinetics, I: 186–187

cacodylic acid renal toxicity, II: 50–51

cacodylic acid reproductive toxicity, I: 189

cacodylic acid toxicity summary, II: 50;

III: 48;

IV: 38

cacodylic acid toxicokinetics, I: 188–189;

IV: 24, 27, 38

combinatorial interactions, II: 57–58

DNA binding capability and transcription, activation of, II: 56–57;

III: 58–61

free radicals and, II: 60;

III: 64–65

growth/differentiation signaling, III: 62–63

growth factor and, II: 59

inconsistencies in, II: 57–62

ligand-independent activation, II: 58

multiple forms of, II: 57

nervous system and, I: 161;

V: 470–471

protein kinases and, II: 60–62;

III: 65–67;

IV: 69–71

redox signaling, III: 64–65;

IV: 67–69

signaling interactions, II: 59–62;

III: 62–69;

IV: 60–61, 64, 71–74

structural and functional aspects of, II: 54– 56;

III: 54–58;

IV: 54–56

TCDD biologic plausibility and, I: 3, 133– 138, 452–453;

IV: 4, 25–26, 29, 42, 47– 53, 322, 386

TCDD carcinogenicity and, I: 118, 439

TCDD hepatotoxicity and, I: 151, 152, 457;

II: 3–4

TCDD immunotoxicity and, I: 122, 150

TCDD interactions with, V: 24–25, 52–54, 309

TCDD reproductive toxicity and, I: 123

TCDD teratogenicity and, I: 159–160

transcriptional-independent responses, II: 58–59

See also ARNT



AIDS/HIV, I: 338, 527, 541, 695;

II: 326;

IV: 144, 214, 356, 47, 476

Air Force. See U.S. Air Force



Air Force Health Study (AFHS), I: 62–63, 260, 272, 622;

II: 284, 293–295, 336;

III: 23, 25, 29, 239, 438–439, 495, 505, 514;

IV: 13, 232, 233, 234, 235;

V: 10, 513

appropriation for, I: 51

autoimmune disease in, I: 698

basal/squamous cell skin cancer in, III: 318, 321, 322;

IV: 309

baseline mortality studies, II: 151

birth defects in offspring, II: 286, 293–295;

III: 436, 438, 439;

IV: 402

bone/joint cancer in, III: 303;

IV: 289

cancer and latency in, III: 423, 424, 425, 427

chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy, V: 465–466

circulatory disease in, I: 703–705, 706;

II: 336;

III: 514, 517;

IV: 508–509

cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders, V: 449

data sources, I: 385–386;

II: 150–151

diabetes mellitus in, I: 684;

II: 330;

III: 495, 498–500, 502;

IV: 485–487

epidemiological studies, II: 31, 32, 149, 150–152, 154–156, 293–295;

III: 28–29, 206–207, 218, 237–240, 303, 309–310, 313–314, 318, 321, 322, 339, 340, 385, 436, 438, 439, 446–447, 449, 452–453, 457–458, 481, 486, 495, 498–500, 502, 505, 506, 507, 510, 513, 514, 517;

IV: 291, 294–295, 298, 301, 305–306, 308– 311, 313, 327, 329, 331, 334–36, 342, 345, 347, 350, 352, 355, 357, 362, 366, 370, 373, 376, 380, 383

exposure assessment in, I: 279–280, 281, 386;

II: 4–5, 101, 103, 109;

III: 6, 146– 147, 157–158, 162;

IV: 123–124

gastrointestinal ulcers in, I: 691;

III: 510, 513

immune system disorders in, I: 696

infertility in, II: 280;

III: 446–447, 449

laryngeal cancer in, V: 272

lipid abnormalities in, I: 689;

II: 333;

III: 505, 506, 507;

IV: 494

liver toxicity in, II: 332;

III: 510, 513;

IV: 502

low birthweight in, I: 626, 627;

III: 457– 458

melanoma in, III: 313–314;

IV: 303–304

methodology, I: 230–231, 385–386, 445, 757–762

multiple myelomas in, I: 562;

II: 244, 245;

IV: 373

neurological disorders in, I: 659;

IV: 441– 443, 445, 454–455, 459

non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in, I: 541;

IV: 362

participants, I: 722–723;

II: 150–152

perinatal death in offspring, III: 452–453

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×


peripheral nervous system disorders in, I: 665;

IV: 454–455

porphyria cutanea tarda in, I: 681–682;

II: 321–322;

III: 481

recommendations for, I: 16–17, 722–724;

II: 23, 24;

IV: 13;

V: 524

reproductive outcomes in, I: 601, 612–613, 632, 633, 727;

II: 293–295;

III: 436, 438, 439, 446–447, 449, 452–453, 457– 458;

IV: 403

respiratory cancers in, I: 469;

II: 201

respiratory disorders in, I: 711–712;

III: 486

role of, I: 53

skin cancers in, II: 209;

IV: 303

skin disorders in, I: 678

soft-tissue sarcoma in, I: 492–493;

III: 309– 310;

IV: 294–295

spina bifida in offspring, II: 9, 295–296;

III: 7, 8, 9–10, 438

spontaneous abortions in, II: 283–284

status of, I: 53;

II: 31–32

TCDD half-life estimates, I: 260–261;

II: 104–105;

III: 37, 50, 157–158

TCDD serum levels, I: 273, 281, 285, 656;

II: 101, 103, 105, 109, 351, 356, 357;

III: 146, 147

update of, V: 6

See also Operation Ranch Hand;



U.S. Air Force;



Vietnam veterans



Aktiengesellschaft, Germany, IV: 137

AL-type primary amyloidosis. See Amyloidosis



Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), II: 331, 332;

III: 45, 509, 510;

IV: 37

Alaskan natives



Inuit, III: 50–51

See also Race/ethnicity



Alberta, Canada, II: 135–136, 232, 242, 246;

III: 234–235, 319–320;

IV: 149, 198, 229, 312–313;

V: 117

Alberta Cancer Registry, III: 235

Alberta Health Care Insurance Plan, III: 235

Alcohol consumption, I: 507

ALL. See Leukemia



Allergies, II: 327, 329;

III: 487–488;

IV: 469– 470

See also Immune system disorders



ALS. See Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis



Alsea, Oregon, I: 42–43, 372–373, 598

ALT. See Alanine aminotransferase



Alzheimer's disease (AD), V: 6, 449, 451

American Association for the Advancement of Science, I: 29, 92

Herbicide Assessment Commission, I: 30– 31

American Cancer Society (ACS), I: 334;

II: 177, 181, 189, 191, 204, 205, 209, 211, 217, 223, 228, 231, 239, 245;

III: 267, 282, 289, 292, 295, 296, 302, 304, 312, 322, 324, 329, 334, 343, 347, 351, 356, 362, 371, 377, 383;

IV: 250, 267, 273, 277, 281, 287, 291, 299, 300, 314, 320, 326, 335, 339, 345, 350, 355, 364, 371, 377;

V: 244, 278, 282, 289, 309, 316, 425

Cancer Prevention Study, II: 239;

III: 229

American College of Epidemiology, II: 25

American Diabetes Association (ADA), III: 492, 493, 502;

V: 485

American Industrial Hygiene Association, II: 25

American Journal of Epidemiology,

II: 281

American Legion, I: 60, 278–279, 399, 601– 602, 626, 633;

II: 113, 157;

IV: 133, 158

Vietnam veterans' epidemiological studies, III: 212–213, 243;

V: 126;

V: 126, 187

American Public Health Association, II: 25

American Thoracic Society



Epidemiology Standardization Questionnaire, II: 136

d-Aminolevulinic acid synthetase, I: 153–154

Amitrole, I: 323

AML. See Leukemia



AML. See Veterans and Agent Orange: Herbicides/Dioxin Exposure and Acute Myelogenous Leukemia in the Children of Vietnam Veterans (Acute Myelogenous Leukemia)



Amsterdam, Netherlands, V: 5, 228–229, 511

Amyloidosis, IV: 2, 7, 11, 511–513;

V: 506– 507

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), V: 6, 461–465, 524

clinical features, V: 461

pesticide exposure and, V: 463–465

pesticide occupational exposure studies, V: 462

Anencephaly, IV: 404–405

Angina, I: 708;

IV: 135

See also Circulatory disorders

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

Animal studies, III: 394–396, 524;

IV: 254, 256, 269, 275, 279, 290, 293–294, 296;

V: 35–36

2,4-D carcinogenicity, I: 118–119, 176– 178;

II: 48;

III: 47, 396;

IV: 37

2,4-D chronic exposure, I: 179–180;

IV: 34

2,4-D developmental toxicity, I: 124, 180– 181;

III: 46

2,4-D disease outcomes and mechanisms of toxicity, II: 48–49;

III: 38–39, 44–47;

IV: 30–32, 35

2,4-D genotoxicity, I: 178–179;

IV: 28, 33

2,4-D immunotoxicity, I: 122–123, 181;

III: 46, 423;

IV: 36

2,4-D lethality, III: 44–45;

IV: 35

2,4-D mechanism of action, II: 47–48;

III: 44;

IV: 33

2,4-D mechanism of toxicity, II: 48–49;

IV; 28, 37

2,4-D neurotoxicity, II: 48;

III: 45–46, 473;

IV: 30, 35

2,4-D pharmacokinetics, I: 175

2,4-D reproductive toxicity, I: 124, 180, 181;

III: 46;

IV: 29, 36

2,4-D toxicity profile update summary, II: 46;

IV: 33

2,4-D toxicokinetics, II: 46–47;

III: 43–44;

IV: 24, 27

2,4,5-T acute toxicity, I: 184

2,4,5-T carcinogenicity, I: 118, 119, 182– 184;

III: 396

2,4,5-T chronic exposure, I: 184

2,4,5-T developmental/reproductive toxicity, I: 124, 185;

II: 49–50

2,4,5-T genotoxicity, I: 184

2,4,5-T immunotoxicity, I: 123

2,4,5-T mechanism of action, III: 47–48

2,4,5-T mechanism of toxicity, II: 49–50;

IV: 37

2,4,5-T pharmacokinetics, I: 182

2,4,5-T toxicity profile update summary, II: 49;

IV: 37

2,4,5-T toxicokinetics, II: 49;

III: 47;

IV: 37

Ah receptor, I: 3, 123, 134;

II: 3–4, 51–53, 54–56, 57–62;

III: 54–58, 129;

IV: 4, 30, 386

amyloidosis, IV: 512

blood abnormalities, I: 125;

IV: 496

breast cancer, IV: 29, 317–318

cacodylic acid acute toxicity, I: 188

cacodylic acid carcinogenicity, I: 118, 119, 187;

IV: 5, 387

cacodylic acid chronic exposure, I: 188–189

cacodylic acid developmental toxicity, I: 189

cacodylic acid genotoxicity, I: 187–188

cacodylic acid mechanism of action, II: 50;

III: 49–50

cacodylic acid mechanism of toxicity, II: 50–51;

IV: 24

cacodylic acid pharmacokinetics, I: 186– 187

cacodylic acid renal toxicity, II: 50–51

cacodylic acid reproductive toxicity, I: 189

cacodylic acid toxicity summary, II: 50;

IV: 38

cacodylic acid toxicokinetics, II: 50;

III: 48;

IV: 24, 27, 38

characteristics of, I: 111–114;

IV: 48

epidemiologic studies, IV: 359, 361, 369, 381

evidentiary role, I: 228;

IV: 85, 106, 385, 515–516

generalizability, I: 112, 113, 114, 118, 122– 123, 160;

IV: 26, 85, 426, 459

hepatic abnormalities, I: 124–125, 688;

IV: 25, 57, 59–60

human health relevance of toxicology, III: 35–36;

IV: 26, 48

male-mediated disorders, I: 593–594

nonhuman primates, I: 151

picloram in, I: 118, 119, 125, 190–192;

III: 51

research recommendations, V: 526–527

squamous cell carcinomas, IV: 284

TCDD acute toxicity, II: 75–76

TCDD and bladder cancer in, IV: 342

TCDD and bone/joint cancer in, IV: 290

TCDD and Hodgkin's disease in, IV: 367

TCDD and leukemia disease in, IV: 380

TCDD and multiple myeloma in, IV: 374

TCDD and nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer in, IV: 275

TCDD and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in, IV: 358

TCDD and prostate cancer in, IV: 332

TCDD and soft-tissue sarcoma in, IV: 279

TCDD carcinogenicity, I: 3, 116, 138–142;

II: 3, 65–68;

IV: 26, 305, 311

TCDD cardiovascular toxicity, I: 171;

II: 76;

III: 74–75

TCDD dermal toxicity, I: 173–174;

II: 76

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

TCDD developmental toxicity, I: 123–124, 156–157, 159–160;

II: 3, 71, 72–73;

III: 92–105;

IV: 58

TCDD disease outcomes, II: 3;

III: 39–43, 71–105;

IV: 3, 23

TCDD endocrine effects, III: 83–84

TCDD gastrointestinal toxicity, I: 169–170;

IV: 256

TCDD hepatotoxicity, I: 124–125, 151– 156;

II: 3, 73–75;

III: 76–79

TCDD immunotoxicity, I: 119–122, 146– 151;

II: 3, 68–71;

III: 85–92;

IV: 3, 26

TCDD-induced diabetes, IV: 488

TCDD-induced wasting syndrome, I: 162– 166;

II: 76–77;

III: 80–83;

IV: 57, 76

TCDD lethality, III: 71–73;

IV: 76

TCDD mechanism of action, II: 3, 54–65;

III: 51–53, 54–58, 62–63, 67–69;

IV: 3, 24

TCDD mechanism of toxicity, II: 65–77

TCDD metabolic toxicity, I: 166–169

TCDD neurotoxicity, I: 160–166;

II: 3, 75;

III: 84–85;

IV: 352, 458

TCDD pharmacokinetics, I: 127–133

TCDD renal toxicity, II: 77;

III: 75–76;

IV: 348

TCDD reproductive toxicity, I: 123–124, 156–159;

II: 3, 71–72;

III: 92–105;

IV: 26, 64, 323, 337, 411, 432, 434

TCDD respiratory tract toxicity, I: 170

TCDD toxicity update summary, II: 51–53

TCDD toxicokinetics, II: 3, 53–54;

III: 4–5, 33;

IV: 3, 23, 41, 47

toxicity, potential health risks and contributing factors, III: 106, 107, 108

Anthropometry. See Body weight



AOR. See Agent Orange Registry



Aphasia, V: 447

Apoptosis, TCDD and, II: 3, 67

Arctic, Inuit natives, III: 50–51

Argentina, III: 224

Arkansas, I: 373–374, 663;

III: 234;

IV: 149, 231;

V: 117

Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, I: 494

Army. See U.S. Army



Army Chemical Corps. See U.S. Army Chemical Corps



Army Reserve Personnel Center, II: 152

ARNT, II: 4, 45, 55, 56, 57, 58, 66;

III: 38, 54– 58, 63;

IV: 30, 47–56, 61, 67, 69–73, 86

See also Ah receptor (AhR)



Arsenic



cacodylic acid component, IV: 117–118;

V: 4, 21

respiratory cancer and latency, II: 268;

III: 420

Arsenic in Drinking Water,

V: 21, 38

Arsenic in Drinking Water: 2001 Update,

V: 21, 38

Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, I: 135, 153, 155–156, 170

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor. See Ah receptor



Asbestos, respiratory cancer and latency, II: 268;

III: 420

Asia, III: 471

Asian Americans, II: 188

See also Race/ethnicity



Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), II: 331, 333;

III: 45, 509;

IV: 37

Assembly of Life Sciences (ALS), I: 62, 63

Association of Birth Defect Children, II: 292

AST. See Aspartate aminotransferase



Asthma, I: 708, 711, 713;

IV: 199

See also Respiratory disorders



Astrocytomas, V: 525

Ataxia, I: 658

See also Motor/coordination dysfunction;



Neurobehavioral toxicity



Atlanta, Georgia, II: 241, 296;

III: 229

CDC Birth Defects Study, II: 9;

III: 438;

IV: 237

Atlanta Congenital Defects Program, I: 387

Atlantic Ocean, III: 108

Australia, I: 61, 91, 340, 406, 418, 444, 470, 488–489, 537, 546, 614–615, 633, 702, 710;

II: 113, 132, 149, 160, 202, 293;

III: 216–217, 218, 237, 244–245;

IV: 8, 10, 144, 150, 159, 210, 304

Air Force veterans, III: 244

Army veterans, III: 244, 245;

IV: 159

Australian National Service Vietnam veterans, III: 273, 286

Bureau of Statistics Health Interview Survey, 1989-1990, III: 245, 485, 511, 517

Department of Defense, III: 244, 245

Department of Veterans Affairs, III: 244, 245

Electoral Commission rolls, III: 245

Health Insurance Medicare, III: 245

herbicide use by forces, III: 137–138

lung cancer mortality in Vietnam veterans, III: 424

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×


National Death Index, III: 245

Navy veterans, III: 244

Victorian Cancer Registry, III: 232;

IV: 144

Vietnam veterans epidemiologic studies, III: 9, 273, 285–286, 290, 294, 295, 298, 299, 303, 310, 311, 314, 315, 327, 329, 339, 340, 343, 346, 349, 353, 355, 359, 365, 380, 389, 469, 486, 489, 500, 506, 512–513, 517;

IV: 244–247, 255, 259, 262, 264, 266, 272, 276, 280, 283, 287, 295, 298–299, 305–308, 310, 313, 319, 323–326, 332, 334–335, 337, 339, 345, 350, 355, 362–363, 371, 376, 380, 383, 404–405;

V: 127–127, 191–193, 324, 420

See also Tasmania



Austria, IV: 138–139, 189, 467–468, 500

Autoimmune disease, I: 697–699;

IV: 475–481

See also Immune system disorders;



Systemic autoimmune disease;



Systemic lupus erythematosus



Autoimmunity, I: 693, 697–699;

II: 7, 21, 327, 329;

III: 487–488;

IV: 476–477

See also Immune system disorders

B



B cell function, I: 147, 148

Baltic Sea, II: 329;

III: 108, 236, 272, 285, 358, 484, 515

Baltimore, Maryland, V: 5, 400

Baltimore-Washington Infant Study, V: 400

Basal/squamous cell skin cancer



biologic plausibility, III: 322;

IV: 311;

V: 300

epidemiologic studies, III: 317–322, 323;

V: 296, 297–298, 299

herbicide environmental exposure and, III: 323;

IV: 229, 309;

V: 297–298, 299

herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 321, 323;

IV: 309;

V: 296, 297, 298– 299

herbicides association with, III: 317–322, 323;

V: 295–300

incidence, III: 319–320

morbidity studies, V: 297–298

mortality studies, III: 319, 321;

V: 296

scientific literature update, III: 319–320;

IV: 309;

V: 296, 298–299

Vietnam veterans and, III: 323;

V: 298

See also Melanoma;



Skin cancer



BASF, I: 312–313, 444, 530, 550, 558;

II: 130– 131, 238, 318–319, 325, 330–331, 332– 333, 334, 336;

III: 153, 154, 174, 221– 222, 269–270, 273, 297, 349, 484, 495, 506, 511;

IV: 112, 188–189, 257, 260, 271, 285, 290, 301, 333, 343–344, 368, 382;

V: 108, 135–136

Aktiengesellschaft, III: 221;

IV: 137

Dioxin Investigation Programme, II: 131

Occupational Safety and Employee Protection Department, II: 131

Basic helix-loop-helix (BHLH), II: 54, 55, 56;

IV: 49

Bayer, III: 154;

IV: 112

Beck's Depression Inventory, I: 650, 651

Benefits. See Compensation, veterans



BHLH. See Basic helix-loop-helix



Bias



in an investigation, V: 22

Bias, methodological. See Methodological bias



Binghamton, New York, III: 234;

IV: 149;

V: 117

Biochemical warfare, I: 29, 45

Biologic plausibility, II: 88, 92;

III: 2, 124, 128;

IV: 2–3, 16, 20–22, 26, 29, 106– 107, 249, 385–388;

V: 4, 378–381, 516–518

Ah receptor-TCDD interaction, I: 3, 133– 137, 439, 452–453;

III: 129;

IV: 48, 86

altered sperm parameters, I: 634;

III: 451

amyloidosis, V: 505

animal studies, I: 228;

II: 176;

III: 460–462, 474–475;

IV: 431–435

basal/squamous cell skin cancer, III: 322;

V: 300

birth defects, II: 298;

III: 444;

IV: 403;

V: 404

bladder cancer, III: 351;

IV: 342–343;

V: 333

bone/joint cancer, I: 474;

III: 304;

IV: 290;

V: 282

brain tumors, I: 525;

III: 362;

IV: 352;

V: 343

breast cancer, II: 217;

III: 327, 329;

IV: 317–318;

V: 309

carcinogenicity, I: 116–118, 119, 146, 176– 178, 182–184, 187, 190–191, 439, 451;

II: 176;

III: 394–397;

IV: 385–387

childhood cancer, I: 630;

II: 300;

IV: 426

chloracne, I: 678;

II: 320–321;

III: 480;

IV: 466;

V: 479

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

circulatory disorders, I: 708;

III: 518;

IV: 510;

V: 505–506

diabetes mellitus, I: 692;

II: 335;

III: 502– 503;

IV: 488;

V: 492

endometrial cancer, IV: 322

evidentiary role of, I: 111, 114, 223–224, 240–241, 434;

II: 88, 92, 176;

III: 23, 106–107;

V: 23–24

female reproductive system cancers, I: 512;

III: 334;

IV: 323;

V: 316

fetal/neonatal/infant death, I: 624;

III: 453

gastrointestinal tract cancers, III: 281–282;

IV: 256;

V: 246

gastrointestinal ulcers, III: 513–514;

V: 502

genitourinary tract cancers, I: 521–522

genotoxicity, I: 178–179, 184, 187–188, 191

hepatobiliary cancer, I: 453, 457;

III: 286, 288;

IV: 270;

V: 263–264

Hodgkin's disease, I: 557;

III: 377;

IV: 367;

V: 361

hyperlipidemia, I: 692

immunotoxicity, I: 122, 146–151, 181, 192, 699;

III: 491

infertility, I: 634;

II: 282;

III: 451

laryngeal cancer, III: 295;

IV: 279;

V: 271– 272

leukemia, I: 571;

III: 390;

IV: 380–381;

V: 372, 376

liver disorders, I: 691–692;

II: 335;

III: 513–514;

IV: 270

low birthweight outcomes, I: 628;

III: 458;

V: 425

lung cancer, III: 302;

IV: 284;

V: 278

male-mediated reproductive outcomes, I: 593–595;

III: 451;

IV: 413, 416–417, 426

melanoma, III: 317;

IV: 305;

V: 295

motor/coordination dysfunction, I: 661;

III: 475;

IV: 448

multiple myeloma, I: 12, 563;

III: 383;

IV: 374;

V: 366

nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer, I: 460;

III: 292;

IV: 275;

V: 268

neurobehavioral disorders, II: 314;

III: 474– 475

neuropsychological disorders, I: 658;

IV: 457–459

non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, I: 549;

III: 366;

IV: 358–359;

V: 355

perinatal death, III: 453, 458;

IV: 413;

V: 422

peripheral nervous system disorders, I: 666

porphyria cutanea tarda, I: 679, 682;

II: 323;

III: 482;

IV: 468;

V: 480

prostate cancer, III: 343;

IV: 331–332;

V: 323–324

renal cancers, III: 356;

IV: 348

renal toxicity, I: 179–180

reproductive outcomes, I: 123–124, 180– 181, 185, 189, 192, 605, 618, 628;

II: 300–301;

III: 458, 460–462;

IV: 411

respiratory cancers, I: 472

respiratory disorders, I: 713;

III: 486;

V: 482

skin cancer, I: 503;

IV: 305, 311

soft-tissue sarcoma, I: 500;

III: 311;

IV: 296;

V: 287

spontaneous abortion, V: 420

squamous cell carcinomas, IV: 284

testicular cancer, III: 347;

IV: 337;

V: 327

See also TCDD biologic plausibility



Biological plausibility



kidney cancer, V: 338

Biological samples, I: 20–21, 729–730

Biomarkers



chloracne as, I: 4, 10, 172–173, 262, 401, 672–674;

II: 318;

V: 478

exposure assessment and, I: 259–262, 280– 284;

II: 101–104;

III: 146–147;

IV: 111, 123, 479, 448

research recommendations,I: 17, 725;

II: 25

sperm parameters as, I: 631

Bionetics Research Laboratory, I: 30

Birth defects



biologic plausibility, III: 444;

IV: 403;

V: 404

definition of, I: 605–606;

II: 286;

III: 435;

IV: 400;

V: 393–394

epidemiologic studies, II: 140, 286–296;

III: 436, 437–438, 443;

IV: 247, 403;

V: 404

epidemiology, I: 606;

II: 286;

III: 435–436

evaluation of epidemiologic data, I: 615– 618;

IV: 144–145, 403

herbicide association first reports,I: 1

herbicide association in, I: 13–14, 618;

II: 7, 11, 20, 286–296;

III: 436–444;

IV 400–405;

V: 393–405

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×


herbicide environmental exposure studies, I: 608–609;

II: 140, 287–288, 297;

III: 437;

V: 394, 400–402

herbicide occupational exposure studies, I: 607–608;

II: 286–287, 297;

III: 437;

IV: 197;

V: 394–395

Ranch Hand participants' children and, II: 293–296;

III: 436, 438, 439;

IV: 18;

V: 16

risk factors of, I: 606–607;

II: 298;

III: 444;

V: 405

scientific literature update, III: 437, 439– 443;

IV: 401–402;

V: 394–403, 433– 437

Seveso, Italy, study, II: 287;

III: 436

summary, II: 295–296;

IV: 400–401

TCDD association with, V: 5, 434, 439–441

TCDD biologic plausibility in, I: 618;

II: 298;

III: 460–461

Vietnam veterans' children and, I: 609–615, 618;

II: 288–296, 297, 298;

III: 435, 436, 437–438;

IV: 403;

V: 396–398

See also Cleft lip/palate;



Neural tube defects;



Reproductive disorders;



Spina bifida;



Teratogenicity



Birth Defects Study, II: 9, 290–291, 296;

III: 147, 436, 438, 439;

IV: 405, 429

See also Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)



Births. See Birth defects;



Low birthweight;



Perinatal death;



Preterm delivery (PTD)



Birthweight. See Low birthweight



Bladder cancer and disorders



biologic plausibility, III: 351;

IV: 342–343;

V: 333

epidemiologic studies, I: 515–517;

II: 225– 227;

III: 347–351;

IV: 19, 339–347, 385, 387;

V: 5, 17, 330–332, 333

epidemiology, II: 223;

III: 347

herbicide association in, I: 12, 521, 576;

II: 7, 12, 21, 225–227, 250;

III: 3, 10, 21, 132, 347–351;

IV: 19, 31, 40;

V: 17, 21, 328–333

herbicide environmental exposure and, III: 349, 350–351;

IV: 341;

V: 329, 331– 332

herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 348, 350;

IV: 340–341;

V: 329, 330

histopathology, I: 513

incidence, I: 513

incidence, data by age/gender/race, for selected age groups, III: 347;

IV: 340;

V: 328

risk factors, I: 513–514;

V: 333

scientific literature update, II: 226–227;

III: 348–349;

IV: 340;

V: 329, 332

TCDD association with, IV: 19, 24;

V: 5

Vietnam veterans' risk, I: 513, 517, 522;

II: 223, 226;

III: 349, 351;

V: 333

See also Genitourinary cancers



Body mass index (BMI), II: 281;

III: 499, 502

Body weight, loss of and TCDD, II: 3

Boehringer-Ingelheim, I: 313;

III: 153–154;

IV: 111–112;

V: 220

Bone/joint cancer



biologic plausibility, III: 304;

V: 282

children and, I: 628

chondrosarcomas of the skull, III: 2, 10, 266, 304

epidemiologic studies, III: 303–305;

V: 280–282

epidemiology, I: 472–473;

II: 204;

III: 302

herbicide association in, I: 13, 473–474, 577;

II: 6, 11, 20, 204–205, 249–250;

III: 7, 10, 303–305;

V: 278–282

herbicide environmental exposure and, III: 303, 305;

IV: 289;

V: 280

herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 303, 305;

IV: 288;

V: 280

incidence of, data by gender/race, for selected age groups, III: 302;

IV: 288

scientific literature update, II: 204–205;

III: 303;

IV: 288;

V: 279, 281

Vietnam veterans' risk, I: 473, 474;

II: 204;

IV: 290;

V: 282

Vietnam veterans' studies, III: 303, 305;

IV: 289;

V: 281

Boston Hospital for Women, II: 291–292

Brain tumors, I: 339;

IV: 350

2,4-D exposure and, I: 119, 176–177

agricultural workers and, I: 320;

II: 136

biologic plausibility, III: 362;

IV: 352;

V: 343

clinical features, I: 522

epidemiologic studies, II: 136, 229–230;

III: 356–361;

IV: 198;

V: 340–343

epidemiology, I: 522–523;

II: 228–229;

III: 356

herbicide association in, I: 12, 525, 576;

II: 7, 12, 21, 229–230, 250;

III: 8, 12, 21, 356–362;

IV: 19;

V: 17, 338–343

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×


herbicide environmental exposure and, III: 358, 361;

IV: 351;

V: 341–342

herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 357–358, 360;

IV: 351;

V: 340–341

incidence, data by gender/race, for selected age groups, III: 356;

IV: 351;

V: 339

research recommendations, V: 524

scientific literature update, II: 229–230;

III: 357–359;

IV: 351;

V: 339, 342

TCDD association with, IV: 19

Vietnam veterans' risk, I: 525;

II: 228–229, 230;

IV: 353;

V: 343

Vietnam veterans' studies, III: 358–359, 361;

IV: 352;

V: 342

Breast cancer



agricultural workers and, I: 510;

IV: 140

biologic plausibility, II: 217;

III: 327, 329;

IV: 318;

V: 309

epidemiologic studies, II: 214–216, 217;

III: 324–328;

IV: 318–320;

V: 302–304, 308

epidemiology, I: 505, 506–507;

II: 213– 214;

III: 322, 324;

IV: 144

herbicide association in, I: 13;

II: 6, 11, 12, 20, 89, 213–217, 249–250;

III: 7, 10, 324–329;

IV: 24, 29, 38, 73;

V: 300–309

herbicide environmental exposure studies, I: 511, 512;

III: 328;

IV: 315;

V: 302–303, 304–307

herbicide occupational exposure studies, II: 214–216;

III: 324–326, 328;

IV: 315;

V: 301, 302, 304

histopathology, I: 505–506

incidence in US women, data by race, for selected age groups, III: 324;

IV: 314;

V: 301

risk, estimated, II: 218;

V: 300–301

risk factors, I: 507;

V: 309

scientific literature update, III: 326–327;

IV: 315;

V: 301, 304–307

TCDD association with, V: 5, 65–66, 306– 307

Vietnam veterans' risk, I: 213, 216–217, 505, 511;

III: 329;

IV: 318;

V: 309

Vietnam veterans' studies, III: 326, 328;

IV: 316;

V: 304

See also Reproductive system cancers, women



British Columbia, Canada, III: 10, 227–228, 338, 439–440, 447–448, 449, 452, 453, 457;

IV: 419

Cancer Incidence File, III: 227

Death File, III: 227

Division of Vital Statistics, III: 452, 457

Health Surveillance Registry, III: 227, 439

Bronchitis, I: 708, 711, 713

See also Respiratory disorders



Bronchus cancer. See Lung cancer



Brown, Jesse, II: 24;

III: 24, 25

Bureau of Census, III: 231

Bureau of Labor Statistics, I: 79, 80

Burkitt lymphoma, V: 430

n-Butyl esters, I: 27;

IV: 117–119

C



Ca Mau peninsula, I: 100, 104

Cacodylic acid, I: 88–89;

II: 4;

III: 5, 19, 32, 135, 136, 137, 218;

IV: 22, 117–118, 133;

V: 1, 3, 4

acute toxicity, I: 188

animal studies, I: 185–189;

II: 50–51;

III: 34, 38, 48, 49–50, 396;

IV: 5

carcinogenicity, I: 118, 119, 187;

II: 40;

III: 396;

V: 39

chemical properties/structure, I: 111, 114, 186;

II: 38;

III: 32;

V: 21

chronic exposure, I: 188–189

and circulatory disorders, V: 503

developmental toxicity, I: 124, 189

dimethylarsenic radical formation and, II: 4

disease outcomes, III: 34, 50;

IV: 25, 31

domestic use, I: 185–186

genotoxicity, I: 119, 187–188

kidney toxicity, I: 125;

II: 42

mechanism of action, II: 50;

III: 38, 49–50

mechanisms of toxicity, II: 50–51

metabolism, I: 115, 116

Operation Ranch Hand, use in, IV: 117

pharmacokinetics, I: 186–187

renal toxicity, II: 50–51

reproductive toxicity, I: 124, 189;

II: 42;

IV: 403

toxicity update summary, II: 50;

IV: 23, 33, 38;

V: 38–40, 78

toxicokinetics, II: 50;

III: 32–33, 48;

IV: 24, 27–29;

V: 38–39

Vietnam formulations, I: 186

volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, data, III: 136

Calcium, homeostasis of and 2,4,5-T, II: 4

California, I: 341;

III: 232

See also Irvine, California

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×


Camp Drum, New York, I: 25–26, 89

Canada, I: 11, 319–320, 323, 374–375, 443, 467–468, 537–539, 620, 650;

II: 8, 132, 135–136, 140, 219–220, 243, 248;

III: 226, 232, 303, 309, 335, 344, 348, 353;

IV: 141, 199, 209, 257, 296, 333, 353, 360, 374, 381;

V: 352

Census of Agriculture, 1971, II: 135

Census of Population, 1971, II: 135

Central Farm Register, 1971, II: 135

Central Farm Register, 1981, II: 135

Mortality Data Base, II: 135;

III: 227

Mortality Study of Canadian Male Farm Operators, II: 135–136;

III: 224;

IV: 140, 198–200

Saskatchewan Cancer Foundation, II: 139

Saskatchewan Hospital Services Plan, II: 139

Statistics Canada, III: 227

See also Alberta, Canada;



British Columbia, Canada;



Manitoba, Canada;



New Brunswick, Canada;



Ontario, Canada;



Saskatchewan, Canada



Cancer



age-specific incidence, I: 436–438;

IV: 250, 267, 273, 277, 281, 288, 292, 300, 314, 321, 327, 335, 346, 351, 356, 365, 372, 378

agriculture workers and, I: 320–323, 443;

II: 136, 137–138

biologic plausibility, I: 116–118, 119, 434;

II: 176;

III: 394–397;

IV: 249, 256, 270, 275, 279, 284, 290, 296, 305, 311, 318, 322, 323, 331, 332, 337, 342, 343, 348, 352, 358, 359, 367, 374, 380, 381, 385

children and, I: 14, 594–595, 628–631;

IV: 345, 399, 400, 417–429;

V: 425–432

clinical features, I: 433–436

epidemiologic studies, I: 45, 317, 320–323, 325–326, 367, 383–384, 391–393, 443– 445;

II: 133–138, 147–148;

IV: 182, 251–255, 268–269, 274–275, 277–278, 282–283, 288–289, 292–295, 302–304, 309–310, 315–316, 321–323, 327–329, 336–337, 340–342, 346–347, 351–352, 356–358, 365–367, 372–373, 379–380;

V: 5, 242–393

epidemiology, I: 433, 435–438, 442, 525;

II: 175;

III: 265–266

herbicide association, insufficient evidence for determining, I: 13–14, 577–578;

II: 249–250;

III: 393;

IV: 268, 270, 274, 279, 286, 302, 305, 311, 314, 318, 321, 323, 336, 337, 338, 340, 342, 346, 348, 374, 378, 380, 384

herbicide association, limited/suggestive evidence of, I: 10–12, 574–576;

II: 247– 249;

III: 393;

IV: 256, 278, 279, 283, 331, 373, 384, 385

herbicide association, no evidence of, I: 12– 13, 576–577;

II: 250;

III: 393–394;

IV: 254, 256, 269, 289, 317

herbicide association, sufficient evidence of, I: 8–10, 572–574;

II: 175, 176, 247;

III: 390, 392;

IV: 295, 358, 367, 384

herbicide environmental exposure epidemiologic studies, I: 444, 469;

II: 147–148;

IV: 254, 269, 274, 278, 282, 289, 293, 302, 309, 315, 321, 329, 336, 341, 347, 351, 357, 366, 372, 379

herbicide exposure measures, II: 175, 176;

III: 265–266

herbicide occupational exposure studies, I: 443–444;

II: 133, 134;

IV: 251, 268, 274, 282, 288, 292, 302, 309, 315, 321, 327, 336, 340, 346, 351, 356, 365, 372, 379

herbicide/pesticide applicators and, I: 320– 321, 323, 325–326, 443, 447, 466–468, 488, 491;

II: 137–138;

IV: 276

herbicides, categories of association in, I: 572

mortality studies, I: 442–445;

II: 133, 134, 136, 137, 263;

III: 410–411, 421, 422, 423, 424, 426, 427, 429;

IV: 251–254, 268–270, 277, 282, 288, 289, 292, 293, 294, 299, 302, 303, 305, 327, 329, 330, 331, 332, 336, 341, 346, 347, 351, 352, 356, 357, 358, 365, 366, 367, 372, 373, 379, 380

multistage model, I: 142–143, 434, 439

P450 induction to, I: 144–145, 170

phenoxy herbicide association in, I: 483;

III: 422, 423, 429

research priorities, I: 19, 727

research recommendations, I: 19, 727

risk assessment, I: 442–443, 578;

II: 251, 276;

III: 430–431

site groupings for ICD-9 cancer codes, III: 537–539

TCDD animal studies, I: 138–142;

II: 176;

III: 394, 396;

IV: 306, 311, 317

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

TCDD genotoxicity, I: 143–144

TCDD in initiation/promotion, I: 116, 142– 143, 434, 439

TCDD in P450 induction to, I: 144–145

Vietnam civilians, II: 148

Vietnam veterans, expected incidence, I: 439–440, 442, 452, 460–461, 473, 475, 501, 505, 513, 522, 526, 564;

II: 176– 177;

III: 266–267

Vietnam veterans' risk, I: 391–393, 401, 402–403, 405, 436–438, 444–445, 578;

II: 251, 276;

III: 397, 430–431;

IV: 256, 270, 275, 279, 284, 290, 296, 305, 311, 318, 323, 332, 338, 343, 348, 353, 359, 367, 374, 381, 388

See also Carcinogen(s);

Latency effects in cancer studies;

specific cancer sites;

specific cancers;

specific tumors

Carcinogen(s)

2,4-D as, I: 118–119, 176–178;

II: 40, 48;

III: 47, 396;

IV: 5;

V: 37

2,4,5-T as, I: 118, 119, 182–184;

II: 40;

III: 396

cacodylic acid as, I: 118, 119, 187;

II: 40;

III: 396;

IV: 29, 31

herbicides as, I: 3, 40;

II: 273, 275;

III: 426, 428, 430;

IV: 10, 17, 267, 270, 341, 345, 511

mechanism of action, I: 434;

V: 61–62

picloram as, I: 118, 119, 190–191;

II: 40;

III: 396

TCDD as, I: 3, 116–118, 434, 439;

II: 3, 39–40, 65–68;

III: 394, 396;

IV: 3, 82– 83, 134, 256, 274–275, 279, 284, 290, 296, 305, 311, 318, 330, 332, 337, 342, 348, 352, 358, 367, 374, 380, 385–387, 477;

V: 61–63, 75–76

See also Cancer



Cardiovascular system disorders



cardiomegaly, I: 703

cardiovascular disease, V: 6

circulatory disorders, I: 699–709;

IV: 182;

V: 502–506

developmental, in infants, V: 5

herbicide association in, V: 21

lipid abnormalities in, I: 688

TCDD in, I: 171;

II: 76;

III: 74–75;

IV: 23– 26, 135, 156–157;

IV: 76, 135, 156– 157;

V: 70

See also Circulatory disorders;

Myocardial infarction



CART. See Classification and regression tree method



Case-control studies



agriculture/forestry workers, I: 326–341;

II: 138–140;

III: 185–195, 228–232;

V: 153–166

evidentiary role of, I: 234–235, 727;

II: 94– 95, 178, 179, 180, 188;

III: 130;

IV: 105, 108

herbicide environmental exposure, II: 144– 146, 148–149, 184, 186, 190, 193, 241;

III: 201–204;

IV: 227–231, 322

herbicide exposure assessment for, I: 256– 257, 727;

IV: 9, 137, 144–146, 207– 221, 336, 369, 401, 418–420, 428, 444– 445, 447

herbicide occupational exposure, II: 122– 127, 138–140, 183, 184, 186, 188, 190, 193, 200, 222, 240;

III: 173, 175, 185– 196;

IV: 133, 136, 187, 192, 207–221, 328

paper/pulp workers, II: 126–127, 200;

IV: 147, 221–223

Vietnam veterans, II: 155–157, 159–160, 187, 223;

III: 208–217;

IV: 124, 236– 245, 247, 420, 423–425, 427

Causality



statistical association vs., I: 7, 227, 239, 246;

II: 5, 19, 97, 247;

III: 6, 20, 132– 133, 390;

IV: 6;

V: 22–23

CDC. See Centers for Disease Control and Prevention



CDDs. See Chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins



Cell-mediated immunity (CMI)



TCDD and, II: 69–70

Cell proliferation



TCDD and, II: 3, 67;

IV; 23, 60, 61, 63, 79, 82

Cellular retinoic acid binding protein, type II (CRABP-II), II: 73

Census Bureau. See Bureau of Census



Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), I: 19, 40–41, 51;

II: 9;

III: 363, 517;

IV: 115, 123, 133

Agent Orange action/research, I: 57–62, 63–64;

II: 28;

III: 25;

IV: 125–126

Agent Orange Study, I: 276–278;

II: 102;

IV: 124

birth defects research, I: 387–389, 609–612;

II: 289;

IV: 124;

V: 418

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

epidemiological studies, II: 113, 155–156;

III: 26, 207–209, 218, 240;

IV: 156– 157, 208, 235, 236, 237;

V: 123, 182– 183

exposure opportunity index, I: 274–276, 611–612;

II: 290–291;

III: 147–148

neural tube defects in children, studies by, IV: 18;

V: 16

research methodology, I: 728

TCDD half-life investigation, II: 104–105

validation study, I: 59, 260–261, 281–284, 285, 387, 742–743;

II: 103, 104;

III: 240

See also Birth Defects Study;

Cerebrospinal Malformation (CSM) Study;

General Birth Defects Study (GBDS);

Selected Cancers Study;

Vietnam Experience Study (VES)



Central nervous system (CNS). See Cognitive/ neuropsychiatric disorders;

Motor/ coordination dysfunction;



Neurobehavioral toxicity;

Neurologic disorders



Cerebrospinal Malformation (CSM) Study, I: 610;

II: 289–290

Cerebrovascular disease, I: 702

stroke, I: 658, 659, 660

Cervical cancer, I: 13, 505, 509, 510, 512;

II: 6;

III: 329, 330, 332;

IV: 320–21, 324, 385;

V: 5, 310, 311

Chapaevsk, Russia, V: 5–6, 117–118, 228, 245, 269, 279, 292, 294, 299, 305, 314, 316, 322, 329, 332–333, 337, 368, 371, 402, 416–417, 436, 504–505

Chemical production. See Chemicals and chemical industry;

Herbicides;



Industrial accidents;

Production workers



Chemicals and chemical industry



Agent Orange product liability litigation, I: 34–35

hexachlorophene production, I: 40;

II: 128;

IV: 134–135, 138, 148

production workers exposure studies, I: 303–318;

II: 114–118, 128–135, 171– 175, 182–183, 191, 193–197, 206–207, 232, 237–238, 273–274, 275;

III: 170– 178, 218, 219–224, 284, 363–364, 378– 379, 386–387, 420, 423, 426, 429;

IV: 133–140, 194–197, 252, 257, 258, 260, 262, 263, 265, 266, 271, 276, 280, 285, 286, 293, 296, 297, 301, 306, 307, 318, 319, 325, 327, 333, 334, 338, 343, 344, 348, 349, 353, 354, 360, 368, 374, 381, 382;

V: 3

TCDD contamination in production, I: 91, 126

See also Herbicides;

Industrial accidents



Chemoreception



characteristics of, I: 133–134

dioxin-responsive enhancers in, I: 135–136

estrogen-mediated, I: 145

TCDD dose-response linearity, I: 137–138

TCDD hepatotoxicity and, I: 154–155

TCDD-induced wasting syndrome and, I: 164

See also Ah receptor



Child mortality studies, II: 147

See also Deaths;

Mortality studies



Childhood cancer. See Children, cancer in;



Neuroblastoma



Children



spina bifida in Vietnam veterans offspring, II: 9–10, 296, 298, 309;

III: 7, 8, 9–10, 21, 24–25, 437–438

See also Child mortality studies;

Children, cancer in



Children, cancer in, I: 14, 594–595, 628–631;

II: 7, 11, 20;

IV: 399–400, 417–420, 422, 425–426, 427, 428, 432;

V: 425– 432

epidemiologic studies, II: 299;

V: 427–429, 432

epidemiology, II: 298;

IV: 422–425

herbicide association in, II: 299–300;

V: 425–432

scientific literature update, II: 299–300;

IV: 418–422;

V: 429–431

Seveso, Italy, study, II: 299;

IV: 428

Vietnam veterans' offspring, II: 299;

IV: 426, 429;

V: 431

See also Wilm's tumor



China, I: 458;

II: 188, 320;

III: 159, 289;

IV: 273

See also Shanghai, China



Chloracne, I: 39

animal studies, I: 173–174;

III: 480

biological plausibility, II: 320–321;

III: 480;

IV: 466;

V: 479

chemical production workers and, I: 308, 310, 316;

IV: 464, 466

clinical features, I: 672–673;

V: 477–478

diet and, I: 174;

IV: 463–464

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

epidemiologic studies, I: 674–678;

II: 318– 320;

III: 479–480;

IV: 135–136, 138– 139, 147, 152, 186, 189, 194, 233;

V: 478–479

epidemiology, II: 317–318;

III: 478–479

herbicide association in, I: 10, 678;

II: 5, 6, 20, 318–321;

III: 6, 7, 20, 24, 479–480;

IV: 185, 463–464;

V: 14

scientific literature update, II: 318–320;

III: 480;

IV: 465;

V: 478

Seveso, Italy, accident and, I: 366–367;

IV: 464

skin cancer and, I: 502

TCDD biomarker for, I: 4, 10, 28, 172–173, 262, 401, 672–674;

II: 3, 318;

V: 478

Vietnam veterans and, II: 317, 318, 321;

III: 479, 480;

IV: 233, 465–466;

V: 479

Vietnam veterans compensation for, I: 50, 51, 55, 56;

II: 24, 28–29, 30, 31

See also Skin sensitivity



Chlordane, I: 91

Chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs), II: 63– 64, 65

4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), II: 113, 133, 188, 193, 195–196, 207;

III: 218, 225;

IV: 133, 197, 258, 259, 260, 262, 264, 265, 267, 276, 280, 286– 287, 290, 291, 297, 299, 312, 334, 335, 338, 339, 344–345, 349, 350, 354, 355, 401

2-[4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy]propanoic acid (MCPP), II: 133, 195–196

Chlorodibenzodioxins, I: 28

Chlorophenols, I: 9;

III: 150, 151, 154, 218, 222, 223, 422, 423, 429;

IV: 16;

V: 3, 104

Chondrosarcomas of the skull. See Bone/joint cancer



Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). See Leukemia



Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). See Leukemia



Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), II: 129;

IV: 184, 470, 472, 474, 475

See also Respiratory disorders



Chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy, V: 6, 465–469

scientific literature update, V: 466–467

TCDD and, V: 465–469

Circulatory disorders



biologic plausibility, III: 518;

IV: 510;

V: 505–506

definition, II: 335, 337;

III: 514;

IV: 505

epidemiologic studies, I: 700–707;

II: 335– 337;

III: 514–518;

IV: 506–509;

V: 6

epidemiology, III: 514

herbicide association in, I: 14, 708;

II: 7, 11, 21, 335–337;

III: 3, 8, 514–518

morbidity studies, II: 336

mortality studies, II: 335

research methodology, I: 699–700;

II: 335

scientific literature update, II: 336–337;

III: 515–518;

IV: 506–509;

V: 503–504

Vietnam veterans and, II: 336;

III: 514;

IV: 510;

V: 506

See also Angina;

Cardiovascular system disorders;

Depressive disorders;



Hypertension;

Myocardial infarction



Classification and regression tree (CART) method, V: 414–415

Cleanup efforts. See Hazardous materials disposal and cleanup



Cleft lip/palate, I: 373–374, 375, 611, 612;

IV: 402, 433

See also Birth defects



Clinton, William J., III: 24

CLL. See Leukemia



CMGCs. See Congenital morphogenetic conditions



CMI. See Cell-mediated immunity;

Leukemia



CNS. See Cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders;

Motor/coordination dysfunction



Coast Guard. See U.S. Coast Guard



Cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders



covariants in, V: 449

epidemiologic studies, II: 148, 307–308;

III: 468–469;

V: 449–451

herbicide association in, I: 657–658;

II: 7, 11, 20, 307–309;

III: 468–469;

IV: 441– 443;

V: 449–451

herbicide environmental exposure studies, I: 651–653;

II: 148

herbicide occupational exposure studies, I: 649–651;

V: 6

scientific literature update, II: 307–308;

III: 469;

IV: 441–442;

V: 449–451

Vietnam veterans' risk, I: 653–656;

II: 308;

V: 449–451

See also Encephalopathy;

Neurasthenia;



Neurobehavioral toxicity;

Neurologic disorders;

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
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Cohort studies



agriculture/forestry workers, I: 318–323;

II: 118–122, 135–138;

III: 178–182, 224– 226;

IV: 140–142, 197–206

definition, I: 229

herbicide environmental exposure, II: 141– 147, 190, 218;

III: 197–201;

IV: 224– 237

herbicide exposure assessment for, I: 254– 256;

II: 105–107, 178, 179, 180

herbicide occupational exposure, II: 107– 108, 114–122, 130–133, 182–183, 186, 190, 192, 193, 218, 222, 240;

III: 170– 185, 196;

IV: 134–140, 182–206, 222– 230

methodology, I: 229–232

Ranch Hand cohort, II: 109, 150–152, 154– 156, 201;

IV: 13, 18, 150–156

Vietnam veterans, II: 149–160, 187, 218;

III: 206–217;

IV: 232–247

Vietnamese civilians cohort, II: 108–109

Colon cancer



agricultural workers and, I: 328–329

epidemiologic studies, III: 276–278;

IV: 250–252, 255–256, 262, 385;

V: 250– 253

herbicide association in, I: 12–13, 576–577;

II: 7, 12;

III: 8, 21;

V: 17

See also Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers



Colorado, III: 47

Colorectal cancer, I: 446

Vietnam veterans' risk, I: 447, 450, 451, 452;

IV: 256

See also Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers



Committee on the Assessment of Wartime Exposure to Herbicides in Vietnam, V: 525

Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides, II: 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 264– 266;

III: 17, 18, 19, 23, 412;

IV: 15;

V: 2–3, 12–13

epidemiologic studies of Vietnam Veterans, recommendations, II: 24–25

Compensation, veterans, I: 227

congressional legislation, I: 47, 50–51;

II: 28–29;

III: 26–27

Department of Veterans Affairs, I: 55–56;

II: 24, 30–31;

III: 28

product liability litigation, I: 34–35

Con Thieu province, Vietnam, I: 96;

III: 139;

IV: 121

Concentration difficulties, V: 447

Confidence intervals, I: 244;

V: 17

Confounding distortion



of measures of association, V: 22

Congenital anomalies/malformations. See Birth defects



Congenital morphogenetic conditions (CMGCs), V: 402–403

Congress. See Congressional hearings;



Legislation;

U.S. Congress



Congressional hearings



Agent Orange and, II: 27–28;

III: 25

Connecticut, tumor registry, III: 235, 388

COPD. See Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease



Corticosterone, TCDD and, I: 168, 171–172

Cox Proportional Hazard, III: 499, 502

CRABP-II. See Cellular retinoic acid binding protein, type II



Cretinism. See Thyroid homeostasis



Cryptorchidism, V: 324

CSM. See Cerebrospinal Malformation Study



Cyclophosphamide, V: 40

Cynomolgus monkeys, V: 60

Cytochrome P450. See P450



Cytogenetics



non-Hodgkin's lymphoma studies, III: 365– 366

Cytoplasmic inclusions, V: 464

Czechoslovakia, I: 317, 649, 675, 688;

IV: 139;

V: 6, 449–450

See also Prague, Czechoslovakia

D



2,4-D. See 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid



Data sources



Agent Orange Registry, I: 20, 53, 56, 729;

II: 153

agricultural/forestry worker studies, I: 265– 266, 318–341;

IV: 140–142

animal studies, I: 111–114, 228

biological stored samples as, I: 20–21, 729– 730

Cancerlit, IV: 253

case reports, I: 235–236

Centers for Disease Control studies, I: 387– 391;

II: 113, 155–156;

III: 207–209, 218, 240;

IV: 133, 156–157

chemical production workers, I: 303–318;

IV: 134–140

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

computerized data bases, I: 735–736;

II: 24–25, 31

Department of Veterans Affairs



epidemiologic studies, I: 393–399;

II: 152, 153;

III: 209–212, 218, 240–243;

IV: 151, 157–158

epidemiologic controlled studies, I: 228– 237;

II: 150–153

epidemiologic studies as, I: 737–738

herbicide environmental exposure studies, I: 267–269, 372–375, 383–384;

IV: 147– 150

herbicide exposure reconstruction model, I: 725–726

herbicide non-military exposures, I: 4–5, 222–223, 241–242

herbicide/pesticide applicators, I: 266–267, 323–326;

IV: 142–143

HERBS tapes, I: 20, 62, 85, 96–98, 273– 279, 287, 291, 602, 725;

III: 146, 148;

IV: 123, 125

International Register of Workers Exposed to Phenoxy Herbicides and Their Contaminants, I: 313–314;

IV: 137

mandated efforts, I: 20–21

Medline, IV: 252

organization of, I: 737

paper/pulp mill workers, I: 341, 364;

IV: 114, 134

presentations/reports to committee, I: 739– 756;

II: 343–348;

III: 533–536

randomized controlled trials, I: 227–228

reproductive outcomes, I: 593–595

research future recommendations, I: 287– 289, 291, 722–725, 729–730;

IV: 13

review of, I: 244–245

self-reports, I: 270–271

state government, I: 60

state-sponsored Vietnam veteran studies, I: 400–405, 495–496;

III: 213–215, 243– 244

TCDD production workers, I: 264–265;

IV: 134–140

Toxline, IV: 252

troop location,I: 273–279, 287;

IV: 121

Vietnam casualties, I: 82–83

Vietnam military herbicide use, I: 84–85

Vietnam veteran demographics, I: 79, 80– 84

Vietnam veteran exposure assessment use, I: 270–287

Vietnam veteran reproductive outcomes, I: 601

Vietnamese civilian health outcomes, I: 371–372

women veterans, I: 83–84;

II: 152–153

See also Death certificates;

Epidemiologic studies;

Military records;

Questionnaires



DBCP. See Dibromochloropropane



DDT, I: 87, 91;

IV: 141

Death certificates, I: 236–237;

II: 128, 136, 137–138, 151;

III: 470;

IV: 112

See also Data sources



Deaths



2,4-D lethality, III: 44–45;

IV: 35

Australian Vietnam veterans lung cancer deaths, III: 424

female reproductive system cancer deaths, by cancer site, III: 329

Finland male herbicide applicators respiratory cancer mortality, II: 271

Germany herbicide/chemical production workers cancer mortality, III: 423, 429

non-Hodgkin's lymphoma mortality, III: 429;

IV: 355

prostate cancer mortality, III: 426, 427;

IV: 326;

V: 319–321

respiratory cancer mortality, III: 421, 422, 423;

IV: 273

Seveso, Italy, male cancer mortality, II: 271, 275;

III: 422, 427;

IV: 282

TCDD lethality, III: 71–73;

V: 69–70

See also Child mortality studies;

Death certificates;

Mortality studies;

Perinatal death



Defense Manpower Data Center (DMDC), II: 24–25

Defoliants



Agent Orange as, I: 90;

IV: 38

military applications, I: 25, 26;

III: 135, 137;

IV: 117

Vietnam herbicide mission maps, I: 99–100

Vietnam tactical role of, I: 85

See also Herbicides



Dekonta Company, II: 329

Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), IV: 120

Demographic data, Vietnam veterans, I: 79, 80–84

DEN. See Diethylnitrosamine



Denmark, I: 317, 443, 444, 454, 463, 477, 480, 509, 510, 537, 553, 565, 567;

II: 131– 134, 139–140, 183, 194–195, 207, 209–

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

210, 212, 215, 232, 238;

III: 223, 224, 307, 313, 318, 325, 330–331;

IV: 199– 200, 209, 252, 406, 408

Cancer Registry, III: 232

Central Population Register, II: 133, 139, 224;

III: 352

Danish National Institute for Social Research, II: 140

National Cancer Register, II: 133, 139, 215, 224;

III: 325, 352;

IV: 144

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), II: 45, 48, 50, 51, 54, 55, 56, 57–58, 60, 61, 64, 74, 75;

III: 34, 35, 39, 42, 43, 48, 49, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58–61, 65, 67, 69, 75, 77, 83, 90, 91, 98, 99, 103, 104, 109;

IV: 29, 33, 40, 47, 48, 49, 53, 60, 64, 67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 75, 77, 85, 458;

V: 4

Department of Agriculture, U.S. (USDA), I: 35, 39, 443;

II: 178, 219, 224, 229, 238– 239, 248;

III: 230, 335, 352;

IV: 212, 213, 257, 259, 262, 264, 267, 301, 345, 350, 355, 364, 371, 376, 383

Agricultural Census, IV: 149

extension agents, IV: 144

Department of Air Force, U.S.



Vietnam herbicide use by military, response, II: 31–32;

III: 28–29

Department of Defense, U.S. (DoD), I: 17, 27, 29, 31, 78;

II: 24;

III: 138, 139, 140;

IV: 119, 121

Environmental Services Group, III: 148

herbicide spray mission records, I: 84–85

herbicide use precautions, I: 95;

IV: 121

military records, I: 78, 724–725

See also Defense Manpower Data Center (DMDC)



Department of Veterans Affairs, U.S. (DVA), I: 2, 8, 17, 18, 20, 50–51, 284;

II: 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 18, 19, 26, 27, 89, 153, 176, 181, 187, 218, 249, 260, 278, 305, 312;

III: 1, 2, 3, 6, 11, 12, 17, 18, 20, 24, 25, 26, 125, 132, 266, 303, 304, 390, 407, 434, 468, 478, 519;

IV: 1, 2, 6, 15, 16, 18, 123, 133, 151, 158, 284, 463;

V: 2, 12–13, 20

Agent Orange controversy and, I: 33, 53– 54;

II: 29–31;

III: 28–29;

V: 1

Agent Orange Coordinator, II: 31

Death Beneficiary Identification and Record Location System (BIRLS) II: 151, 152, 153;

III: 238, 241, 242;

IV: 151, 157

health care in, I: 54;

II: 28;

III: 27

military records, I: 78–79, 724–725;

II: 151, 152, 153

mortality studies, II: 101, 152–153, 156– 157;

III: 146;

IV: 151, 157–158

outreach activities, I: 56;

II: 31;

III: 28

Patient Treatment File (PTF), III: 242

recommendations for, I: 724–725, 726–730;

II: 24–25

research efforts, I: 54–55;

II: 29–30;

III: 27–28

veterans' advocacy groups and, I: 61

Vietnam veteran compensation and benefits, II: 24, 30–31;

III: 28

Vietnam veteran epidemiologic studies, I: 50, 393–399, 445, 469–470, 493–495, 543–547, 562;

II: 101, 113, 156–157, 201–202;

III: 209–212, 218, 240–243;

V: 123–126, 183–187

women veterans epidemiological studies, II: 152–153;

IV: 399

See also Agent Orange Registry (AOR);



Agent Orange Task Force;



Environmental Agents Service (EAS);



Environmental Epidemiology Service (EES)



Depressive disorders, I: 650, 651

See also Cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders;

Neurobehavioral toxicity



Dermal toxicity



TCDD and, II: 76;

III: 73–74;

IV: 76

Desiccant herbicides, I: 88–89;

III: 136

See also Herbicides



Detroit, Michigan, II: 241;

III: 229

Developmental disorders



2,4-D in, I: 180–181;

II: 42;

III: 46

2,4,5-T in, I: 185;

II: 42, 49–50

cacodylic acid in, I: 189;

II: 42

neurological, I: 660

picloram in, I: 192;

II: 42

TCDD in, I: 123–124, 149, 156–157, 159– 160, 185;

II: 3, 41–42, 71, 72–73;

III: 92–105;

V: 67–69, 72–73

See also Low birthweight



Diabetes mellitus, I: 683–685, 691, 692, 698;

II: 7;

IV: 481;

V: 6

biologic plausibility, III: 502–503;

IV: 488;

V: 492

diagnostic criteria, III: 493, 494

epidemiologic concerns, III: 494

epidemiologic studies, II: 330–331;

III: 494–502;

IV: 182, 232;

V: 492

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

epidemiology, II: 330;

III: 491–492, 493

herbicide environmental exposure and, III: 497;

IV: 484–485;

V: 489, 491

herbicide exposure and, II: 332–333;

III: 2, 11–12, 125, 494–503;

IV: 152;

V: 485– 492

herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 496;

IV: 483–484;

V: 487–491

pathogenetic diversity of, III: 494

peripheral neuropathy and, relationship, III: 471–472;

V: 468–469

prevalence, data by age/race/gender, III: 492

scientific literature update, II: 330–331;

III: 496, 497;

IV: 483;

V: 487

TCDD and, V: 490

type 2 (adult-onset), IV: 1, 8, 16–18, 21, 150–151, 182–183;

V: 485

Vietnam veterans and, II: 330;

III: 2, 11–12, 495, 497, 498, 500, 502;

IV: 154–156, 485–487;

V: 492

Diamond Shamrock Corporation, I: 34, 35

Diazinon, I: 91

Dibenzofurans, I: 126;

IV: 41, 64, 138

Dibromochloropropane (DBCP), II: 279

4-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy) butyric acid, V: 33

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), II: 4, 18;

III: 5, 19, 135, 136, 137;

IV: 4–5, 110–111, 122, 133;

V: 1, 3, 12

acute toxicity, I: 179

Agent Orange and, I: 27

Agent White and, I: 90

altered sperm parameters, I: 632

animal studies, I: 174–181;

II: 46–49;

III: 34, 36–37, 38–39, 43–47, 396, 462, 475

carcinogenicity, I: 118–119, 176–178, 439;

II: 40, 48;

III: 47, 396

cell stress responses, V: 34

chemical properties, I: 114, 175;

II: 38;

III: 32

chemical structure, I: 111, 114

chronic exposure, I: 179–180

development of, I: 24, 26, 35

developmental toxicity, I: 124, 180–181;

II: 42;

III: 46

disease outcomes, III: 34, 38–39, 44–47;

V: 34–37

domestic use, I: 174–175, 177–178

energy metabolism, V: 33–34

formulations, I: 175

genotoxicity, I: 119, 178–179;

V: 33

half-life of, II: 4

immunotoxicity, I: 122, 181;

II: 41;

III: 46, 524

infertility and, II: 280–282

ingestion of, I: 653

kidney toxicity, I: 125;

II: 42

lethality, III: 44–45

liver toxicity, I: 125;

II: 42;

III: 524

mechanism of action, II: 47–48;

III: 44;

V: 33–34

mechanisms of toxicity, II: 48–49

metabolism, I: 115, 116

military field tests, I: 26

mitochondrial function, V: 33–34

neurobehavioral disorders and, II: 305;

III: 475

neuropsychiatric outcomes and, I: 649, 650, 653

neurotoxicity, II: 48;

III: 45–46;

V: 471

non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and, I: 256–257, 574

occupational exposure, I: 36, 37, 310–311, 321;

III: 218, 224, 225, 226;

IV: 117

peripheral neuropathy and, II: 312;

III: 473

pharmacokinetics, I: 175

plasma concentrations and, V: 32

porphyria cutanea tarda and, II: 322

reproductive toxicity, I: 124, 180–181, 597– 598;

II: 41, 280–282;

III: 46, 460, 461– 462

role of, I: 88

teratogenic potential, I: 30, 92

therapeutic application, I: 659

thyroid hormones, V: 34

toxicity profiles, V: 76–77

toxicokinetics, II: 46–47;

III: 32–33, 36–37, 43–44;

IV: 27–28;

V: 31–32

toxicologic properties, IV: 22–25, 27–31, 33–37

volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, data, III: 136;

IV: 117–119

See also Herbicides



2,4-Dichlorophenoxybutyric acid (2,4-DB)



differences with 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), IV: 5

Diet



breast cancer and, I: 507

cancer risk and, I: 442

chloracne and, I: 174

gastrointestinal cancers and, I: 446

TCDD interactions, II: 64

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

Diethylnitrosamine (DEN)



TCDD and, II: 67;

IV: 71

Digestive disorders. See Metabolic and digestive disorders



Dimethylarsenic radical



bladder hyperplasia and tumors associated with, IV: 31, 40

cacodylic acid and formation of, II: 4

Dimethylarsinous acid (DMA), V: 39

See also Cacodylic acid



Dinoxol, I: 91;

III: 137;

IV: 119

Dioxin. See 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin;

Dioxin congeners;

Dioxin-responsive enhancers;

Dioxin toxic equivalent factors (TEQ factors)



Dioxin congeners, II: 105–107;

III: 158–159

Dioxin Registry, I: 36–37

Dioxin-responsive enhancers, I: 135–136

Dioxin toxic equivalent factors (Teq factors), II: 106, 107;

III: 99, 106, 107, 108, 158, 159;

IV: 139

Diquat, I: 91;

III: 137;

IV: 119

Disease-exposure associations, V: 28

Diseases and disorders. See Health outcomes of herbicide exposure;

Military health care;



specific cancer sites;

specific cancers;

specific diseases and disorders



DMA. See Cacodylic acid;

Dimethylarsinic radical;

Dimethylarsinous acid;



Pentavalent dimethylarsinic acid



DMDC. See Defense Manpower Data Center



DNA. See Deoxyribonucleic acid



DoD. See Department of Defense



Domestic herbicide use



2,4-D, I: 174–175

2,4,5-T, I: 181–182

agricultural use, I: 24, 35, 39, 174–175, 181

pet cancers and, I: 119, 177–178

picloram, I: 189

TCDD contamination in, I: 91

See also Agricultural/forestry workers



Dopaminergic system, I: 163–164, 165

Dormagen, Germany, III: 154;

IV: 112

Dose-response relationship



2,4-D pharmacokinetics, I: 175

animal fetal mortality, I: 159

animal studies, I: 111–114, 118

evidentiary role of, I: 239–230, 252;

V: 18

research recommendations, I: 19, 727

TCDD-chloracne, I: 673;

II: 318

TCDD dermal application, I: 128–129

TCDD-exposed workers and, I: 445

TCDD-immune system processes, I: 696

TCDD immunotoxicity, I: 122

TCDD threshold, I: 137–138

TCDD tissue distribution, I: 130

Doubs, France, IV: 116;

V: 227–228

Dow Chemical Company, I: 34, 35, 307–312, 461–462, 529, 558, 598, 607, 620, 674;

II: 115–116, 130, 178, 191, 193, 207, 232, 238, 286;

III: 152–153, 172–174, 220–221, 270–271, 357–358, 387, 484, 511, 516;

IV: 136, 186–188;

V: 5, 6, 107–108, 132–135, 221–222, 245–246, 298, 318, 325, 329, 334, 338, 339, 351, 356, 419, 462

Drosophila melanogaster



genotoxicity in, V: 38

DVA. See Department of Veterans Affairs



Dystonia, I: 658

See also Motor/coordination dysfunction

E



EAS. See Environmental Agents Service



East Germany. See German Democratic Republic



EES. See Environmental Epidemiology Service



EGF. See Epidermal growth factor



EGFR. See Epidermal growth factor receptor



Electrical transformers, I: 364–365, 444, 626, 675

Electrophoretic mobility shift gene (EMSA) TCDD and, II: 66

Emphysema, I: 708, 713

See also Respiratory disorders



EMSA. See Electrophoretic mobility shift gene



Encephalopathy, I: 649

See also Cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders



End points



molecular and cellular, V: 26

nonfunctional, V: 484

toxic, V: 55–69

Endocrine system, I: 150–151;

IV: 156

TCDD toxicity, III: 83–84;

IV: 77, 331;

V: 66–67, 73–74

Endometrial cancer, IV: 320–324, 385

Endometriosis, V: 508–510

biological plausibility, V: 509–510

clinical features, V: 508

epidemiologic studies, V: 509

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

herbicide association in, V: 508–510

scientific literature review, V: 508–509

TCDD and, V: 508

Vietnam veterans and, V: 510

England. See United Kingdom



Environmental Agents Service (EAS), II: 31;

III: 28

See also Department of Veterans Affairs (DVA)



Environmental Epidemiology Service (EES), II: 29

See also Department of Veterans Affairs (DVA)



Environmental herbicide exposure



accidental exposures, I: 364–365, 368–370;

II: 141–143, 144, 148;

IV: 114–116

acute and subacute transient peripheral neuropathy and, II: 312–313

agricultural areas exposure, I: 372–375

Alsea, Oregon, I: 39, 42–43, 372–373, 598;

II: 149

assessment strategies, I: 262–263, 267–270;

III: 144–145, 156–157

basal/squamous cell skin cancer and, III: 323;

V: 297–298, 299

birth defects and, I: 608–609;

II: 140, 287– 288;

III: 437;

V: 394, 400–402

birthweight, low, and, III: 459

bladder cancer and, I: 516–517;

III: 349, 350–351;

V: 329, 331–332

bone/joint cancer and, III: 303, 305;

V: 280

brain tumors and, I: 523;

III: 358, 361;

V: 341–342

breast cancer and, III: 328;

V: 302–303, 304–307

breast cancer estimated risk, II: 218;

V: 300–301

cancer risk factor, I: 442

cancer studies, I: 442, 444, 454–455, 469;

II: 147–148, 179–180, 184

chloracne and, I: 676–677

circulatory disorders and, I: 701–702

colon cancer and, V: 251–252

diabetes and, III: 497;

V: 489, 491

epidemiologic studies, I: 3, 301, 365–384, 469;

II: 3, 6–7, 140–149;

III: 197–205, 218, 232–236, 271–272, 275, 277, 279– 281, 283, 285, 287–288, 290, 291, 297– 298, 301, 303, 305, 309, 316, 323, 328, 333, 336, 338, 342, 344, 345, 349, 350– 351, 353, 354, 358, 361, 365, 369, 373, 375, 380, 382, 388–389, 392, 437, 454, 455, 456, 459, 467, 497, 520;

IV: 147– 150, 224–231, 254;

V: 226–229

evidentiary role of research on, I: 4–5, 222– 223, 241–242

female reproductive system cancers and, I: 511;

III: 333;

V: 311, 312, 313, 314

gastrointestinal/digestive disorders and, V: 245

gastrointestinal tract tumors and, II: 179– 180;

III: 271–272, 275, 277, 279–281;

IV: 254;

V: 245

hepatobiliary cancers and, I: 454–455;

II: 184, 185, 186;

III: 283, 285, 287–288;

IV;

V: 262–263;269

Hodgkin's disease and, II: 236;

III: 373, 375;

IV;

V: 358–359;366

immune modulation and, I: 693–694

infant death and, III: 456

laryngeal cancer and, V: 270–271

leukemia and, I: 568–570;

III: 388–389, 392;

IV: 379;

V: 368, 370–371

lipid/lipoprotein disorders and, III: 520;

IV: 493

lung cancer and, III: 297–298, 301;

IV: 282–283;

V: 275–276

melanoma and, III: 316;

IV: 302–303;

V: 291–292

motor/coordination dysfunction and, I: 658– 659

multiple myeloma and, I: 562;

II: 243;

III: 380, 382;

V: 364–365

nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer, II: 189;

III: 290, 291;

IV: 274–275;

V: 266

neonatal death and, I: 621;

III: 455

neural tube defects, II: 297;

III: 437;

IV: 18

neurobehavioral disorders association studies, II: 306;

III: 467

neuroblastoma, V: 429–431

neuropsychiatric outcomes and, I: 651–653;

II: 148

non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and, I: 540–541;

II: 234;

III: 365, 369;

IV: 17;

V: 347– 348, 351–354

ovarian cancer and, III: 333;

IV: 321–322

pancreatic cancer and, V: 258

peripheral nervous system disorders and, I: 663–665

porphyria cutanea tarda and, I: 680–681

preterm birth and, III: 459

prostate cancer and, II: 221, 222;

III: 336, 338, 342;

IV: 329;

V: 320–321, 322

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

rectal cancer and,V: 255–256

renal cancers and, III: 353, 354;

IV: 347

respiratory cancers and, I: 469;

II: 190, 193, 200–201

soft-tissue sarcomas and, I: 491–492;

II: 207–208;

III: 319;

IV: 116;

V: 285–286

spontaneous abortion and, I: 598–599;

V: 414–417

stillbirth and, I: 620;

III: 454

stomach cancer and, V: 248–249

testicular cancer and, III: 344, 345;

V: 327

uterine cancer and, III: 333

Vietnam exposure studies, III: 156–157

Washington residents, II: 149

See also Herbicide exposure assessment;



Herbicides;

Seveso, Italy;

Times Beach, Missouri



Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), I: 39, 59–60, 93;

V: 27

Alsea, Oregon, I: 42–43

directives, IV: 117

Science Advisory Board (SAB), II: 32;

III: 29

TCDD cancer potency estimate, I: 138

Times Beach, Missouri, I: 41;

III: 234;

IV: 148

Vietnam military use of herbicides, response, II: 32;

III: 29–30, 136

Enzyme induction



liver, I: 155–156

lung, I: 170

porphyria, I: 153–154

TCDD and, II: 3, 66–67

EPA. See Environmental Protection Agency



Epidemiologic studies



acute and subacute transient peripheral neuropathy, II: 312–314

aging effects control, II: 261–262;

III: 409

agricultural/forestry workers, I: 318–323, 326–341;

II: 118–120, 135–137, 183, 197–198, 232–234, 238–239, 241–243;

III: 178–195, 224–232, 335, 364–365, 379–380, 387–388;

IV: 134, 140, 144– 145, 197–206

Air Force personnel involved in herbicide spraying, II: 31–32;

III: 28–29;

IV: 232–235

altered sperm parameters, I: 632;

III: 445– 449, 450

amyloidosis, IV: 512;

V: 507

autoimmunity, I: 697–698;

II: 7;

III: 488– 491

basal/squamous cell skin cancer, III: 317– 322, 323;

V: 296, 297–298, 299

birth defects, I: 607–618;

II: 7, 140, 286– 296;

III: 436, 437–438, 443;

IV: 400– 405;

V: 404

bladder cancer, I: 515–517;

II: 7, 225–227;

III: 7, 10, 347–351;

IV: 340–342;

V: 330–332, 333

bone/joint cancer, I: 472–473;

II: 6, 204– 205;

III: 7, 10, 303–305;

IV: 288–289;

V: 280–282

brain tumors, I: 523;

II: 7, 136, 229–230;

III: 8, 12, 356–361;

IV: 351–352;

V: 340–343

breast cancer, II: 6, 176, 213–217, 218;

III: 7, 10, 324–328;

IV: 315–316;

V: 302– 304, 308

cancer, I: 45, 59, 317, 320–323, 367, 383– 384, 391–393, 401, 402–403, 435–445, 574;

II: 133–138, 147–148, 175, 176;

III: 265–266

cancer latency issues, II: 260–276;

III: 407– 431

case-control studies, I: 326–341;

II: 94–95, 118–127, 138–140, 144–146, 148–149, 155, 157, 159–160, 183–184, 186–187, 188, 190, 193, 200, 222–223, 240–241;

III: 173, 175, 185–195, 201–204, 208– 217, 228–232;

IV: 143–146, 207–220, 227–231, 236–245, 247

cervical cancer, III: 332

chemical industry production workers, I: 303–318;

II: 114–118, 128–135, 191, 193–197, 206–207, 232, 237–238;

III: 170–178, 218, 219–224, 363–364, 378– 379, 386–387;

IV: 134–140, 182–197

childhood cancer, I: 628–630;

II: 7, 299– 300

chloracne, I: 674–678;

II: 5, 6, 318–320;

III: 6, 7, 479–480

chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy, II: 310–311

circulatory disorders, I: 700–707;

II: 7, 335–337;

III: 8, 514–518;

IV: 510;

V: 505

cleft lip/palate, I: 373–374, 375

cofounders, possible, V: 527

cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders, II: 7, 307–308;

III: 468–469;

V: 449–451

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

cohort studies, I: 229–232;

II: 105–109, 135–138, 141–147, 154–160, 178, 179, 180, 182–183, 186, 187, 190, 192–193, 204, 218, 222, 240;

III: 170–185, 196, 197–200, 206–208, 217;

IV: 140–143, 182–206, 222–230, 232–247;

V: 25–26

colon cancer, I: 12, 328–329, 576–577;

II: 7;

III: 8, 276–278

congressionally mandated, I: 50;

II: 5

controlled observational, I: 228

cost of, I: 727

cross-sectional studies, IV: 187, 188, 196, 197, 199, 204, 226, 228, 229, 238, 242

cytogenetic studies, III: 365–366

developmental studies, IV: 196, 227, 229, 231, 242

diabetes mellitus, I: 684–685;

II: 7, 330–331;

III: 494–502;

IV: 482, 488–492;

V: 492

ecological design studies, IV: 231

evaluation of, I: 300–301, 591–592, 737– 738;

II: 5, 93–94;

III: 129–130

evidentiary role of, I: 224–225, 228–237, 300, 305;

II: 175, 176;

III: 265, 266;

IV: 104–105

female reproductive system/breast cancers, I: 508–511;

II: 6, 211–213;

III: 7, 10, 330–334;

V: 311–316

gastrointestinal tract cancers, I: 446–447;

II: 7, 177–181;

III: 8, 12, 268–281;

V: 246

gastrointestinal ulcers, I: 691;

II: 334;

III: 510–513;

IV: 505;

V: 502

hepatic enzyme disorders, I: 686–688

hepatobiliary cancers, I: 453–455;

II: 6, 176, 181–187;

III: 7, 10, 282–288;

V: 261–263

herbicide environmental exposures, I: 365– 384;

II: 140–149, 189, 190, 193, 200– 201, 207–208, 218, 221, 222, 234, 236, 241, 243, 287–288, 297, 306, 312–313;

III: 197–205, 218, 232–236, 275, 277, 279–281, 283, 285, 287–288, 290, 291, 297–298, 301, 303, 305, 309, 316, 323, 328, 333, 336, 338, 342, 344, 345, 349, 350–351, 353, 354, 358, 361, 365, 369, 373, 375, 380, 382, 388–389, 392, 437, 454, 455, 456, 459, 467, 497, 520;

IV: 147–149, 224–231, 255, 269, 274–275, 278, 282–283, 289, 293, 294, 302–303, 315–316, 321–322, 329, 336, 341, 347, 351–352, 357, 366, 372–373, 379;

V: 2–3

herbicide exposure assessment for, I: 251– 259;

II: 99–109;

III: 142–146

herbicide exposure indices development, II: 107–109

herbicide exposure levels, II: 175

herbicide exposure reconstruction model and, I: 725, 726–728

herbicide occupational exposure studies, II: 107–108, 112, 113–140, 188–189, 190, 191–199, 206–207, 214–216, 218, 219– 220, 222, 232–234, 235–236, 237–243, 286–287, 297, 306, 312;

III: 170–196, 218, 219–232, 274–280, 282–283, 284, 287, 290, 291, 293–294, 296–297, 300– 301, 303, 305, 308–309, 312, 316, 317, 321, 323, 324–326, 328, 332–333, 335– 336, 337, 338, 341, 344, 345, 348, 350, 353, 354, 360, 363–365, 367–369, 372– 373, 374–375, 378–380, 381–382, 386– 388, 391–392, 437, 450, 454, 455, 456, 459, 467, 483–485, 489, 491, 496, 510– 512, 515–516, 520;

IV: 134–143, 182– 223, 251–254, 268–269, 274, 277–278, 282, 288–289, 292–293, 302, 321, 327– 329, 336, 340–341, 346, 351, 356, 365– 366, 372, 379

herbicide/pesticide applicators,I: 323–326;

II: 31–32, 120–122, 137–138, 198–200;

III: 182–185, 226–228;

IV: 202–206

Hodgkin's disease, I: 9, 329, 331, 335–336, 341, 384, 391, 393, 549–556, 574;

II: 5, 6, 138, 235–236;

III: 6, 7, 372–376;

V: 357–360

immune modulation, I: 693–696

immune system disorders, II: 7, 327–329;

III: 488–491;

IV: 480–481;

V: 484–485

infant death, III: 456

infertility, I: 632–633;

II: 7, 280–282;

III: 445–449, 450

kidney cancer, I: 515;

II: 7, 139–140, 224– 225;

III: 352–355

laryngeal cancer, II: 202–203;

III: 293–295;

V: 270–271

latency (cancer) issues, II: 260–276;

III: 407–431

leukemia, I: 13, 332–333, 334–335, 564– 571, 577–578;

II: 7, 136, 245–247;

III: 7, 10, 385–390, 391–392;

IV: 379–380;

V: 369–372

limitations, I: 4, 223

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

lipid abnormalities, I: 688–690;

II: 7, 333– 334;

III: 504–506, 520–521;

IV: 493, 495

liver cancer, I: 13, 329, 391, 393

liver toxicity, II: 332–333;

III: 510–513;

IV: 499

low birthweight, I: 626–627;

II: 7;

III: 456– 457, 459;

V: 425

lung cancer, III: 296–298, 300–301;

IV: 282–283;

V: 274–277

melanoma, III: 313–317;

V: 288–294

meta-analysis, I: 225, 237–238, 242–243, 244

metabolic and digestive disorders, II: 7, 330–337

molecular and cellular end points, V: 26

motor/coordination dysfunction, I: 658– 661;

II: 7, 309–310;

III: 469–470

multiple myeloma, I: 11–12, 331, 334, 335, 336, 341, 557–563, 576;

II: 6, 138–139, 176, 237–244;

III: 7, 8, 9, 377–383;

V: 363–366

nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer, I: 459;

II: 6, 176, 187–189;

III: 7, 10, 290–291;

V: 267

neonatal death, III: 455

neural tube defects numbers, II: 297

neurobehavioral disorders, II: 305–308, 309–311, 312–314;

III: 457

neurological disorders, I: 365–366, 642– 648;

II: 141

neuropsychiatric disorders, I: 649–657;

II: 7, 148;

III: 468–469

non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, I: 9, 328, 329, 330, 331, 333–334, 335–338, 383, 384, 391–393, 401, 528–548, 573–574;

II: 5, 6, 134–135, 136, 138, 139, 231–234;

III: 6, 7, 362–371, 428–430;

IV: 356– 358;

V: 345–355

NRC Commission on Life Sciences, I: 63

ovarian cancer, III: 333

pancreatic cancer, III: 280–281

paper/pulp workers, II: 126–127, 200, 243;

III: 196, 232;

IV: 134, 252

perinatal death, I: 620–624;

II: 7, 285–286;

III: 451–453, 454, 455, 456;

V: 421–422

peripheral nervous system disorders, I: 662–666;

II: 6, 7, 310–311, 312–314;

III: 7, 8, 470–471, 473

porphyria cutanea tarda, I: 680–682;

II: 5, 6, 129, 321–323;

III: 7, 8, 481–482;

V: 480

proportionate mortality studies, I: 232–233

prostate cancer, I: 11, 518–519, 575–576;

II: 6, 176, 219–223;

III: 7, 8, 9, 335– 342, 426–428;

IV: 327–329;

V: 319– 323

Ranch Hand cohort, II: 31, 32, 109, 150– 152, 154–156, 201, 209, 280, 283–284, 286, 293–295, 321–322, 330, 332, 336;

III: 28–29, 218, 206–207, 237–240, 309–310, 313–314, 318, 321, 322, 339, 340, 385, 436, 438, 439, 446–447, 449, 452–453, 457–458, 481, 486, 495, 498, 502;

IV: 13, 232–235

rare diseases in, I: 231, 499

recommendations, I: 15–20, 721–725, 731;

II: 24–25;

III: 23;

V: 523–527

rectal cancer, III: 278–279

reproductive outcomes, I: 41–42, 311–312, 321, 364–365, 368, 370, 371–375, 387– 388, 389–390, 591–592;

II: 280–282, 283–284, 285, 286–296;

III: 436, 437– 438, 443, 445–449, 450, 451–453, 454, 455, 456–457, 459;

IV: 401–402, 406– 407, 410–411

resolution in, I: 242–243;

IV: 513

resolving power of, V: 23

respiratory cancers, I: 10–11, 364, 461–472, 575;

II: 6, 176, 189–203;

III: 7, 8, 9, 418, 420–426;

IV: 273, 278, 282, 284

respiratory disease, I: 709–713;

II: 7, 324– 326;

III: 483–486;

IV: 475

Seveso, Italy, population studies, I: 44–45, 365–368, 444, 454–455, 469, 491–492, 503, 511, 517, 523, 540, 568–570, 571, 598–599;

II: 141–143, 148, 200–201, 206, 207–208, 209, 210, 211–212, 213, 216, 221, 225, 226–227, 228, 230, 234, 236, 243, 245, 246, 287, 299–300, 312– 313;

III: 197–200, 218, 232–233, 283, 285, 290, 296, 297–298, 299, 303, 307, 309, 314, 318, 324–326, 327, 330, 331, 332, 336, 338, 344, 348, 349, 352, 353, 356, 358, 363, 365, 372, 373, 380, 385, 386, 388–389, 390, 408, 414, 420, 422, 427, 436, 449, 495, 505;

IV: 114–115, 464, 468, 472–475, 484, 487, 491, 501, 507, 509

skin cancer, I: 502–503;

II: 7, 209–211;

III: 8, 10, 312–313;

IV: 302–303

soft-tissue sarcoma, I: 8, 311, 326–328, 329–330, 335–336, 337, 339–340, 384,

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
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391, 393, 395–396, 401, 403, 476, 477– 500, 572–573, 574;

II: 5, 6, 132, 134– 135, 205–208;

III: 6, 7, 306–311;

IV: 116, 292–296;

V: 284–287

sperm abnormal parameters, II: 7;

III: 445– 449, 450

spina bifida, II: 6;

III: 7, 8, 9–10, 437–438;

IV: 404–405

spontaneous abortion, I: 42, 336–337, 372– 373, 405–406, 596–605;

II: 7, 283–284;

IV: 410–411;

V: 420

state-sponsored, I: 399–405, 495–496, 546;

II: 153, 158–159, 161, 202, 292;

III: 213–215, 243–244

stillbirth, III: 454

stomach cancer, III: 274–275;

IV: 251–255

strength of evidence in assessment of, I: 238–241

TCDD biomarkers, I: 259–262;

II: 101– 105, 318

testicular cancer, I: 405, 519;

II: 7, 153, 227–228;

III: 7, 10, 343–346;

IV: 336;

V: 325–327

Times Beach, Missouri, I: 368–370;

II: 144;

III: 200–201, 218, 234, 283;

IV: 115– 116, 133, 148

usefulness of, IV: 103–108

uterine cancer, III: 333;

IV: 321–324

Vietnam environmental herbicide exposure, II: 144–145;

III: 201–202, 218, 234, 283

Vietnam veterans in, I: 50, 57–59, 62–63, 384–418;

II: 149–161, 189, 190, 201– 202, 204, 205, 208, 209, 212, 213, 216, 217, 218, 221, 223, 224, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 234, 235, 236, 244, 245, 246, 278, 283, 285, 286, 288–296, 299, 300–301, 305, 306, 308, 309, 310, 311, 313, 314, 317, 318, 321–322, 323, 330, 332, 333, 336;

III: 206–217, 236–245, 275, 277–278, 279, 281, 283, 285–286, 288, 290, 291, 294–295, 298, 301, 303, 305, 309–310, 312, 316, 317, 323, 326, 328, 333, 336, 338, 339, 340, 342, 343– 344, 345–346, 349, 351, 353, 355, 358– 359, 361, 363, 365, 370–371, 372, 373, 376, 380, 382, 385, 386, 389, 392, 435, 436, 437–438, 445, 446, 450, 454, 456, 457, 459, 467, 468, 469, 470, 473, 475, 479, 480, 481, 482, 485–486, 489, 491, 495, 497, 498, 500, 502, 505–506, 512– 513, 516–518, 523;

IV: 150–160, 232– 247, 255, 269, 275, 278, 282–283, 289, 294–295, 303–304, 309–310, 316, 322– 323, 329, 336–337, 342, 347, 352, 357– 358, 366–367, 373, 380

Vietnamese in, I: 370–372, 599–601;

II: 108–109, 144–145, 148, 287–288;

III: 217, 245, 283;

IV: 116–117, 227–228

See also Epidemiology



Epidemiology



acute lymphocytic leukemia, III: 383

acute myeloid leukemia, III: 383–384

birth defects, I: 606;

II: 286;

III: 435–436

bladder cancer, II: 223;

III: 347

bone/joint cancer, I: 472–473;

II: 204;

III: 302

brain tumors, I: 522–523;

II: 228–229;

III: 356

breast cancer, I: 505, 506–507;

II: 213–214;

III: 322, 324

cancer, I: 433, 435–438, 442, 525;

II: 175;

III: 265–266

children, cancer in, II: 298

chloracne, II: 317–318;

III: 478–479

chronic lymphocytic leukemia, III: 384–385

chronic myeloid leukemia, III: 385

circulatory disorders, III: 514

diabetes mellitus, II: 330;

III: 491–492, 493

female reproductive system cancers, I: 505, 506–508;

II: 211;

III: 329–330

gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers, I: 445– 447;

II: 177;

III: 267–268

gastrointestinal ulcers, II: 334;

III: 508–509

hepatobiliary cancers, I: 452–455;

II: 181– 182;

III: 282

Hodgkin's disease, I: 526, 527–528;

II: 231;

III: 371–372

immune system disorders, II: 326–327;

III: 487–488

infertility, II: 279;

III: 444–445

kidney cancer, I: 513, 514;

II: 223;

III: 351–352;

V: 335–338

laryngeal cancer, III: 292

leukemia, I: 564;

II: 245;

III: 383–385

lipid abnormalities, II: 333;

III: 503–504

liver disorders, II: 331–332;

III: 509–510

low birthweight, I: 625–626;

III: 454, 455, 456

lung cancer, III: 295–296

malignant lymphomas, II: 231;

IV: 137

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

multiple myeloma, I: 526, 528;

II: 236–237;

III: 377

nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer, I: 458–459;

II: 187–188;

III: 288–289

neurobehavioral toxicity, II: 304–305, 307;

III: 466

non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, I: 526, 527;

II: 231;

III: 362

porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT), II: 321;

III: 480–481;

IV: 10

prostate cancer, I: 513, 514–515;

II: 217, 219;

III: 334

respiratory cancers, I: 460–461;

II: 189–191

respiratory disorders, III: 482–483

skin cancer, I: 501–502;

II: 209;

III: 312, 313

soft-tissue sarcoma, I: 475;

II: 205;

III: 304, 306;

IV: 116

spontaneous abortion, II: 282–283

stillbirth/neonatal deaths/infant death, III: 451

testicular cancer, I: 515;

II: 223–224;

III: 343

See also Epidemiologic studies



Epidermal growth factor (EGF), I: 145, 154;

II: 59, 73–74;

III: 77, 97;

IV: 51, 64, 66

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), II: 67;

III: 78, 80, 97;

IV: 64, 67, 70

Epigenetic events. See Apoptosis;

Cell proliferation;

Enzyme induction;



Intracellular communication



Epstein-Barr virus, I: 528;

II: 188;

V: 344, 352

Erbon®, I: 309;

II: 128;

III: 219;

IV: 134;

V: 105

EROD. See Ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase



Error



in design, conduct, or analysis of an investigation, V: 22

Erythrocyte sedimentation, I: 696

Estrogen



hepatic binding, I: 154

receptor mediated responses, I: 145

receptor signaling, III: 65–67

transduction pathway, TCDD interaction, II: 4

Ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), I: 153, 155;

II: 52, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 69, 74;

III: 40, 42, 51, 52, 53, 68, 69, 71, 72, 74, 75, 77, 91, 96;

IV: 386

Europe, III: 108, 308, 471

European registry, II: 197

Evidence of herbicide association. See Herbicide association, insufficient evidence for determining;

Herbicide association, limited/suggestive evidence;

Herbicide association, limited/suggestive negative evidence;



Herbicide association, sufficient evidence



Executive Order 11850,II: 27;

III: 25

Experimental studies



evaluation of, II: 92–93

Exposure assessment. See Herbicide exposure assessment;

Herbicide exposure reconstruction model



Exposure reconstruction model. See Herbicide exposure reconstruction model

F

Farmers. See Agricultural/forestry workers



Fecundity Ratio (FR), IV: 406

Federal government in herbicide management/ research, I: 45–60;

II: 27–32;

III: 25–30;

IV: 13

Federal Register,

II: 30;

III: 28

Federation of American Scientists, I: 29

Female reproductive system cancers. See Reproductive system cancers, women



Fertility. See Infertility



Fetotoxicity



cacodylic acid, V: 39

Fibrosarcoma. See Soft-tissue sarcoma



Finland, I: 324, 364, 383–384, 443, 444, 467, 492, 541, 561;

II: 134, 137, 140, 179, 183, 188–189, 198, 207, 220, 222, 226, 229–230, 233, 235, 243, 246, 269, 271;

III: 226, 232, 234, 348, 372, 422, 472;

IV: 142, 146, 149, 344, 353, 359, 361, 362, 368–369, 374–375, 381, 415;

V: 117

Finnish Cancer Registry, II: 137

Finnish Register of Congenital Malformations, II: 140

Social Insurance Institution, II: 137

Florida, I: 324, 467;

II: 199;

III: 226;

IV: 142, 258, 260, 263, 266, 286, 297, 327–328, 330, 333–334, 336, 338, 344, 349, 354

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), II: 279, 280, 282;

III: 41, 68, 72–73, 444, 445;

IV: 399–400, 405, 408;

V: 405

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

Food crops, I: 89

Agent Orange in destruction of, I: 62, 90

as military target, I: 27, 31, 87, 97, 98–100, 106

Ford, Gerald, II: 27;

III: 25

Foreign veterans, II: 113, 160, 202, 293;

III: 9, 216–217, 218, 244–245, 273, 285–286, 290, 294, 295, 298, 299, 303, 310, 311, 314, 315, 327, 329, 339, 340, 343, 346, 349, 353, 355, 359, 365, 380, 389, 413, 423, 424, 469, 485, 486, 489, 500, 506, 512–513, 517

Forest Service, U.S., I: 42;

IV: 410

Forestry workers. See Agricultural/forestry workers



Forests



2,4,5-T spraying, I: 42–43

defoliant early field tests in, I: 26

Vietnam forests, I: 31–32, 62, 90, 104;

III: 137

See also Agricultural/forestry workers;



Lumber industry;

Mangrove forests



Fort Detrick, Maryland, I: 25

Free radicals, II: 4

TCDD and, II: 60

Frierfjord, Norway, III: 236;

IV: 149;117

FSH. See Follicle-stimulating hormone



Fungicides, I: 91

G

Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), II: 331– 332;

III: 509, 510;

IV: 499, 503;

V: 499–501

Gamma rays



respiratory cancer and latency, II: 268;

III: 418

Gardner's syndrome, V: 283

Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, III: 508–514;

IV: 498–505;

V: 498–502

cacodylic acid in, I: 188

TCDD in, I: 169–170;

IV: 19, 135, 156;

V: 60

See also Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers;



Ulcers, gastrointestinal



Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers



biologic plausibility, I: 451;

III: 281–282;

IV: 256;

V: 502

epidemiologic studies, III: 268–273, 274– 281;

IV: 251–255;

V: 243–259

epidemiology, I: 445–447;

II: 177;

III: 267– 268

herbicide association in, I: 12, 447–451, 576–577;

II: 7, 12, 21, 177–180, 250;

III: 8, 12, 21, 268–282;

V: 17

herbicide environmental exposure and, II: 179–180;

III: 271–272, 275, 277–278, 279, 280–281;

IV: 254;

V: 501

herbicide occupational exposure and, II: 178–179;

III: 268–271, 274–275, 276– 277, 278–279, 280;

IV: 251;

V: 500– 501

incidence, data by type/gender/race/selected age group, III: 267;

IV: 250

pancreatic cancer, epidemiologic studies, III: 280–281;

IV: 250–254, 256, 385– 386;

V: 257–259

rectal cancer, epidemiologic studies, III: 278–279;

IV: 250–251, 255–256, 262n, 264n, 385;

V: 254–256

scientific literature update, II: 178–180;

III: 268–273;

IV 251–255;

V: 245

Vietnam veterans and, I: 446, 452;

II: 177, 180, 181;

III: 272–273, 275, 277–278, 279, 281;

IV: 255;

V: 502

See also Colon cancer;

Colorectal cancer;



Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders



GBDS. See General Birth Defects Study



Gender



acute lymphocytic leukemia incidence, data by gender, III: 384

acute myeloid leukemia incidence, data by gender, III: 384

bladder cancer incidence, data by gender, III: 347;

IV: 339;

V: 328

bone/joint cancer incidence, data by gender, III: 302;

IV: 387;

V: 279

brain cancer incidence, data by gender, III: 356;

V: 339

cancer studies and, II: 180, 181, 183, 190, 191, 204–205, 234, 242, 243, 246;

IV: 199, 249

chronic lymphocytic leukemia incidence, data by gender, III: 384

chronic myeloid leukemia incidence, data by gender, III: 384

diabetes prevalence, data by gender, III: 492

female reproductive system cancer incidence, data by type, for selected age groups, III: 329, 330;

IV: 321;

V: 310

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

gastrointestinal tract cancer incidence, data by type and gender, III: 267;

IV: 145– 146;

V: 244

Hodgkin's disease incidence, data by gender, III: 372;

IV: 356;

V: 355

kidney cancer, V: 334

laryngeal cancer incidence, data by gender, III: 292;

IV: 277;

V: 268

leukemia incidence, data by type and gender, III: 384;

IV: 378;

V: 367

liver/intrahepatic bile duct cancers incidence, data by gender, III: 282;

IV: 267;

V: 260

lung cancer incidence, data by gender, III: 296;

IV: 281;

V: 272

melanoma incidence, data by gender, III: 313;

IV: 300;

V: 288

multiple myeloma incidence, data by gender, III: 377;

V: 361

nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer incidence, data by gender, III: 289;

IV: 273;

V: 265

non-Hodgkin's lymphoma incidence, data by gender, III: 362;

IV: 356;

V: 344

renal cancers incidence, data by gender, III: 352

Seveso, Italy, in, IV: 148

soft-tissue sarcoma incidence, data by gender, III: 306;

IV: 292;

V: 282

See also Demographic data, Vietnam veterans;

Women veterans



General Accounting Office, I: 52–53, 96;

III: 139, 140;

IV: 121

General Birth Defects Study (GBDS), I: 610, 626;

II: 289, 290;

III: 438, 439

See also Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)



General Services Administration, I: 77

Genetic alteration



2,4-D in, I: 119, 178–179

2,4,5-T in, I: 119, 184

cacodylic acid in, I: 119, 187–188

cancer mechanism, I: 433–434

picloram in, I: 191

reproductive outcomes, male-mediated, I: 593–594

TCDD in, I: 118, 142, 143–144, 439;

V: 52–53

Genetic factors



Ah receptor-mediated events and, I: 134

cancer risk and, I: 10;

IV: 249, 273, 300, 364, 386;

V: 264

porphyria cutanea tarda and, I: 10, 679

Genetics. See Cytogenetics;

Genetic alteration;



Genetic factors



Geneva Protocol, I: 45;

II: 27;

III: 25

Genitourinary cancers, II: 223–224

See also Bladder cancer;

Kidney cancer;



Prostate cancer;

Testicular cancer



Genotoxicity, V: 38

Georgia. See Atlanta, Georgia



German Democratic Republic, III: 226

Germany, I: 312–313, 326, 443, 477, 508–509, 530, 565, 675–676;

II: 105, 108, 130– 131, 149, 308, 319–320, 322, 323, 328, 331, 333;

III: 221, 222, 223, 224, 232, 234, 235, 240, 269, 284, 308, 326, 332, 337, 357, 364, 365, 379, 386, 422, 423, 429, 470, 481, 483, 490, 506, 510–511, 515;

IV: 137, 149, 156, 191, 195, 208, 420;

V: 117

German Cancer Research Center, III: 495, 506

herbicide exposure assessment, III: 153– 154, 158, 159–160;

IV: 124, 257, 260, 263, 265, 271, 280, 285, 297, 301, 319, 333, 349, 353, 359, 368, 374, 381

See also Aktiengesellschaft, Germany;



Dormagen, Germany;

Hamburg, Germany;

Ludwigshafen, Germany;



Uerdingen, Germany



GGT. See Gamma-glutamyltransferase



GI. See Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders;



Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers



Givaudan Company, I: 43

Glioblastomas, V: 11, 525

Glucocorticoid receptor, I: 154

Grave's disease. See Thyroid homeostasis



Great Britain. See United Kingdom



Ground/perimeter spraying, I: 20, 24, 74, 85, 90, 91, 94–96, 100, 272, 286, 287, 288– 289;

III: 138–140

See also Herbicide application methods;



Herbicides



Growth factors



epidermal, I: 145, 154;

II: 59

TCDD induction of, I: 136–137;

II: 4, 59;

III: 62–63;

IV: 66

transforming, I: 145;

II: 59

tumor necrosis, II: 59

Guillain-Barre syndrome, II: 10, 312

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
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H

Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, I: 125, 126, 151;

IV: 41, 58, 68, 77

hepatic enzyme induction and, I: 155

Halsted Reitan (HR) neuropsychologic test battery, V: 450

Hamburg, Germany, II: 195, 214–215, 329;

III: 153, 223, 324–325, 515;

IV: 191

Hamburg Boehringer Company, IV: 138

Hancock County, Ohio, III: 229;

IV: 213

Hanoi, Vietnam, II: 148

Hawaii, I: 60, 400, 603;

II: 292;

III: 243;

V: 6

Hazardous materials disposal and cleanup



Agent Orange surplus disposal, I: 93–94

Nitro, West Virginia, accident efforts, I: 38;

IV: 136

Seveso, Italy, I: 43–44, 367–368

See also Incineration, of Agent Orange



HBV. See Hepatitis B virus



HC. See Hydrocortisone



HD. See Hodgkin's disease



HDLP. See High-density lipoprotein receptors



Headaches, I: 650, 660;

V: 447

Health and Human Services, U.S., Department of, I: 57–59

Health care. See Military health care



Health outcomes of herbicide exposure



2,4-D outcomes, II: 48–49;

III: 34, 38–39, 44–47

2,4,5-T outcomes, II: 49;

III: 48;

IV: 185

cacodylic acid outcomes, II: 50–51;

III: 34, 50

categories of evidence for assessing, I: 227– 237

categories of herbicide association in, I: 5– 8, 221, 223–225, 246–247;

II: 4–14, 19– 22, 97;

III: 6–15, 19–22, 132, 390, 392– 394;

IV: 6–12;

V: 7

disease outcomes of, II: 37;

III: 33–35, 38– 43, 44–47, 48, 50, 71–105;

IV: 22, 27, 110

early herbicide research, I: 29–32, 35–36;

II: 19–23;

III: 19–23

early TCDD research, I: 28–29

evaluating exposure reconstruction model and, I: 289–290;

IV: 85

evidence inadequate/insufficient for determining herbicide association in, I: 13–14, 19, 247, 457, 460, 473–474, 512, 521, 571, 577–578, 605, 618, 624, 627, 630, 634, 657, 666, 691, 699, 708, 713, 727;

II: 6–7, 11–12, 20–21, 22, 97, 181– 187, 249–250, 282, 284, 285–286, 298, 300, 325, 329, 334–335, 337;

III: 7–8, 10–12, 21, 132, 133, 292, 304, 316, 322, 327, 332, 334, 346, 349, 351, 355, 390, 393, 444, 449, 453, 458, 459, 473– 474, 486, 491, 503, 507, 513, 518, 522;

IV: 11;

V: 8–9, 15, 16–17, 377–378, 515–516

evidence limited/suggestive of herbicide association in, I: 10–12, 19, 247, 472, 519–521, 563, 574–576, 727;

II: 6, 8– 10, 20, 22, 97, 247–249, 298, 300, 323;

III: 7, 8–10, 20–21, 133, 295, 299, 340, 342, 383, 393, 444, 458, 474, 482, 519;

IV: 6, 7–11, 384;

V: 8, 14, 15, 16, 377, 515

evidence of no association of herbicides in, I: 12–13, 224, 247, 447–451, 503, 521, 525, 576–577;

II: 7, 12–13, 21–22, 97, 177–181, 250–251;

III: 8, 12, 21–22, 133, 359, 393–394, 522;

IV: 7, 11, 384– 385;

V: 9, 15, 17, 378, 516

evidence sufficient for herbicide association in, I: 8–10, 246–247, 500, 548, 556– 557, 572–574, 678, 682;

II: 5, 6, 8, 19, 20, 21, 97, 247, 320;

III: 6, 7, 8, 20, 132–133, 311, 366, 373, 374, 390, 392, 480, 519;

IV: 8, 384;

V: 8, 14, 15, 377, 514–515

research priorities, I: 19, 726–727

research update, II: 37

statistical association of herbicide exposure, II: 88, 90–91;

III: 1–2, 6, 124, 126–127;

IV: 6–12;

V: 22–23

TCDD outcomes, III: 34–35, 71–105;

IV: 20

toxicity potential health risks, estimation of, III: 105–108;

IV: 20

Vietnam veterans' increased risk of disease, II: 14, 22–23, 88, 91, 218, 223, 251, 276, 283, 298, 300–301, 321, 323;

III: 12–13, 14–15, 22–23, 124, 127–128, 329, 334, 343, 397, 430–431, 444, 462, 475–476, 491, 503, 507–508, 525;

IV: 12, 403, 407, 411, 413, 417–418, 421– 422, 424, 426, 431, 435, 459, 468, 475

See also Epidemiologic studies;

specific cancer sites;

specific cancers;

specific diseases and disorders

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

Healthy worker effect, I: 230

Hearing loss, I: 659–660

Heart neoplasms. See Soft-tissue sarcoma



Heat shock protein (HSP90), IV: 30

Helicobacter pylori,

II: 334;

III: 268, 362, 509;

IV: 145;

V: 344

Helicopters



herbicide delivery use, I: 26, 86, 87, 93, 94;

III: 135, 137, 138;

IV: 117

Hematopoietic cancers, IV: 198

Hepatic phosphoenol pyruvate carboxy kinase (PEPCK), II: 63, 75–76, 77;

III: 71, 72, 82

Hepatitis B infection, I: 453

Hepatitis B virus (HBV), II: 182, 183

Hepatitis C infection, I: 453

Hepatitis C virus, II: 182

Hepatobiliary cancers



biologic plausibility, III: 286, 288;

V: 263– 264

epidemiologic studies, III: 282–288;

IV: 268–269;

V: 259–264

epidemiology, I: 452–455;

II: 181–182;

III: 282

herbicide association and, I: 13, 577;

II: 2, 6, 11, 12, 20, 89, 182–187, 249–250;

III: 7, 10, 282–288;

V: 259–264

herbicide environmental exposure and, II: 184;

III: 283, 285, 287–288;

IV: 269;

V: 262–263

herbicide occupational exposure and, II: 182–184;

III: 282–283, 284, 287;

IV: 268–269;

V: 261

incidence, data by gender/race, for selected age groups, III: 282;

IV: 267

risk estimates, II: 186–187;

V: 164

scientific literature update, III: 284–286;

IV: 268;

V: 260–263

TCDD and, IV: 77;

V: 264

Vietnam veterans and, II: 181, 185, 187;

III: 283, 285–286, 288;

IV: 269;

V: 264

See also Liver cancer



Hepatocellular carcinoma, II: 148;

IV: 149

Hepatomegaly, V: 6, 517

Hepatotoxicity



TCDD and, II: 3, 73–75;

III: 76–79;

IV: 23, 71, 77;

V: 58–60, 71

Herbicide application methods



military early research, I: 25–26

Operation Ranch Hand use, I: 85–87;

III: 135, 136, 137, 138, 139

Vietnam use, I: 1, 3, 24, 27, 74, 85–87, 94– 96;

III: 135–142;

V: 229–232

See also Aerial spraying;

Ground/perimeter spraying;

Herbicides;

Professional herbicide/pesticide applicators



Herbicide association, insufficient evidence for determining



altered sperm parameters and, I: 14, 634;

II: 7, 20;

III: 449, 458;

IV: 7

amyloidosis, IV: 7;

V: 507

basal/squamous cell skin cancer and, III: 322, 393;

IV: 311;

V: 299–300

basis for finding of, I: 13, 247, 577;

II: 6–7, 11–12, 20–21, 22, 97, 249–250;

III: 7– 8, 10–12, 21, 133, 393

birth defects and, I: 14, 605;

II: 7, 20, 298, 300;

III: 444, 458;

IV: 7;

V: 404

bladder cancer and, III: 7, 10, 132, 349, 351, 393;

IV: 7, 19;

V: 333

bone/joint cancer and, I: 13, 473–474, 577;

II: 6, 20, 205;

III: 7, 10, 304, 393;

IV: 7;

V: 281–282

breast cancer and, II: 217;

III: 7, 10, 327, 393;

IV: 7;

V: 308

chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy, II: 311, 314;

IV: 7

circulatory disorders and, I: 14, 708;

II: 7, 21, 337;

III: 518, 522;

IV: 7;

V: 505

cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders and, I: 14, 657–658;

II: 7, 20, 308–309, 314;

III: 473–474;

IV: 441

diabetes mellitus and, I: 14, 691;

II: 7, 21, 335;

III: 503, 522;

V: 492

female reproductive system/breast cancers and, I: 13, 14, 512, 577;

II: 6, 20, 213;

III: 7, 10, 332, 334, 393;

IV: 7;

V: 316

gastrointestinal tract ulcers and, I: 14, 691;

II: 335;

III: 513, 522;

V: 502

genitourinary tract cancers and, I: 13, 521, 577

hepatic enzyme abnormalities and, I: 14, 691

hepatobiliary cancers and, I: 13, 577;

II: 6, 20, 187;

III: 7, 10, 286, 393;

IV: 7;

V: 263

immune system disorders and, I: 14, 699;

II: 7, 21, 329;

III: 491, 522;

IV: 7;

V: 484–485

infertility and, I: 14, 634;

II: 7, 282, 300;

III: 449, 458;

IV: 7

leukemia and, I: 13, 571, 577–578;

II: 7, 20, 247;

III: 7, 10, 390, 393;

IV: 7, 198;

V: 372

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

lipid abnormalities and, I: 14, 691;

II: 7, 21, 335;

III: 507, 522

liver cancer and, I: 13, 457, 577

liver toxicity and, II: 335;

III: 513, 522

low birthweight and, I: 14, 627;

II: 7, 20;

III: 458;

IV: 7

melanoma and, III: 316;

V: 294

metabolic and digestive disorders and, II: 334–335;

IV: 7

motor/coordination dysfunction and, I: 14, 661;

II: 7, 21, 310, 314;

III: 474;

IV: 7

nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer and, I: 13, 460, 577;

II: 6, 20, 189;

III: 7, 10, 292, 393;

IV: 7;

V: 267

neonatal/infant deaths and stillbirths, IV: 7

neurobehavioral disorders, II: 314;

III: 473– 474

neuropsychiatric outcomes and, I: 14, 657, 666;

II: 7, 20, 308–309, 314;

III: 473– 474;

IV: 7

perinatal death and, I: 14, 624;

II: 7, 20, 285–286, 300;

III: 453, 458;

V: 421– 422

peripheral nervous system disorders and, I: 14, 666;

II: 21;

III: 474

renal cancer and, I: 13, 521, 577;

II: 7, 20, 225;

III: 7, 10, 355, 393;

IV: 7

research recommendations, I: 19, 727

respiratory disorders and, I: 14, 713;

II: 7, 21, 325;

III: 486, 522;

IV: 7;

V: 482

skin cancers, II: 210–211;

III: 8, 10, 21, 393;

IV: 7, 19

spontaneous abortions and, I: 14, 605;

II : 7, 20, 284, 300;

IV: 7

testicular cancer and, I: 13, 521, 577;

II: 7, 20, 228;

III: 7, 10, 346, 393;

IV: 7;

V: 325, 327

Vietnam veterans' children, cancer in, I: 14, 630;

II: 7, 20, 300;

IV: 7;

V: 430–431

Herbicide association, limited/suggestive evidence



acute and subacute transient peripheral neuropathy, II: 314;

III: 7, 8, 21, 474;

IV: 6, 18–19

acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), IV: 7;

V: 372

basis for finding of, I: 10–12, 247, 574– 575;

II: 6, 8–10, 20, 22, 97, 247–249;

III: 7, 8–10, 20–21, 133, 393

birth defects, IV: 6, 18–19;

V: 405

cancer, I: 10–12, 519–521, 574–576;

II: 247–249;

III: 393

diabetes, type 2, IV: 6

laryngeal cancer, III: 295, 393;

V: 268–272

lung cancer, III: 299, 393;

V: 278

multiple myeloma, I: 10, 11–12, 563, 574, 576;

II: 6, 20, 244;

III: 7, 8, 9, 20, 383, 393;

IV: 6, 18–19;

V: 365

neurobehavioral disorders, II: 314

peripheral neuropathy, II: 6

porphyria cutanea tarda, II: 6, 323;

III: 7, 8, 20, 482, 519;

IV: 6, 18–19;

V: 480

prostate cancer, I: 11, 519–521, 575–576;

II: 6, 20, 223;

III: 7, 8, 9, 20, 340, 342, 393;

IV: 6, 10, 18–19;

V: 316

research recommendations, I: 19, 727

respiratory cancers, I: 10–11, 472, 574, 575;

II: 6, 20, 203;

III: 7, 8, 9, 20;

IV: 6, 18– 19

spina bifida, II: 6, 298, 300;

III: 7, 8, 9–10, 21, 444, 458;

IV: 7, 18–19

Herbicide association, limited/suggestive negative evidence



basis for finding of, I: 12–13, 224, 247, 576–577;

II: 7, 12–13, 21, 97, 250;

III: 8, 12, 21–22, 133, 393–394, 522;

IV: 7, 19–20

brain tumors, I: 12, 525, 576;

II: 7, 21, 230;

III: 8, 12, 21, 359, 394;

IV: 7;

V: 343

gastrointestinal tract cancers, I: 12–13, 447– 451, 576–577;

II: 7, 21, 177–181;

III: 8, 12, 21, 268, 273, 282, 394;

IV: 7,19

skin cancer, I: 12, 503, 576;

III: 21

urinary bladder cancer, I: 12, 521, 576;

II: 7, 21, 227;

III: 21;

V: 333

Herbicide association, sufficient evidence



basis for finding of, I: 8–10, 246–247, 572;

II: 5, 6, 8, 19, 20, 21, 97, 247;

III: 6, 7, 8, 20, 132–133, 390, 392;

IV: 6, 17–18

cancer and, I: 8–10, 572–574;

II: 247;

III: 390, 392;

IV: 6, 17–18

chloracne and, I: 10, 678;

II: 5, 6, 20, 320;

III: 6, 7, 20, 480, 519;

IV: 6, 17–18;

V: 479

Hodgkin's disease and, I: 8, 9–10, 556–557, 573–574;

II: 5, 6, 20, 236;

III: 6, 7, 20, 373, 374, 390;

IV: 6, 17–18;

V: 360

non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and, I: 8–9, 10, 548, 573–574;

II: 5, 6, 20, 234;

III: 6, 7, 20, 366, 390;

IV: 6, 17–18;

V: 354–355

porphyria cutanea tarda and, I: 10, 682;

II: 5, 6, 20;

III: 20;

IV: 6, 17–18;

V: 479

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

soft-tissue sarcoma and, I: 8, 9–10, 500;

II: 5, 6, 20, 208;

III: 6, 7, 20, 311, 390;

IV: 6, 17–18;

V: 287

Herbicide exposure assessment



agricultural/forestry workers studies, III: 154–155;

IV: 111–113

biomarkers for, I: 17, 259–262, 280–284;

II: 101–104;

IV: 111

cancer studies use, I: 436–439

case-control studies use, I: 256–257;

IV: 124

Centers for Disease Control Agent Orange Study, I: 58;

II: 102;

IV: 124–125

Centers for Disease Control exposure opportunity index, I: 274–276, 611–612;

III: 147–148;

IV: 124–125

Centers for Disease Control validation study, I: 59, 260–261, 281–284, 387;

II: 103, 104;

IV: 125–126

Centers for Disease Control Vietnam Experience Study, II: 101;

III: 240;

IV: 123

cohort studies use, I: 254–256;

II: 107–109

cumulative exposure, III: 144

current estimates, I: 284–287

data sources (existing) limitations, I: 14–15, 290–291

definition of, methodological issues, II: 4– 5;

III: 5–6;

IV: 16, 20;

V: 4, 215–216

Department of Veterans Affairs mortality studies, II: 101;

IV: 123;

IV: 151, 157– 58

difficulties in, I: 14–15, 222, 247–248, 284, 286–287

dioxin congeners, recent literature, II: 106– 107;

III: 158–159

environmental studies use, I: 262–263, 267– 270;

III: 156–157;

IV: 111, 114–116

epidemiologic studies evaluation and, II: 99–101;

III: 142–146

evidentiary role of, I: 4, 15, 250–253

exposure-dose relationship, I: 252–253

ground spraying, I: 288–289;

III: 138–140

historic exposure reconstruction, I: 17–18, 19–20, 254, 255–256, 725–726, 728;

III: 143

indices development, II: 107–109;

III: 161– 162

individual differences, I: 261, 286

job exposure matrix, I: 259–262

literature update, II: 104–109;

III: 157–162

methodological issues, II: 4–5;

III: 5–6

misclassification bias in, I: 17, 257–259, 724

non-military settings and, I: 4–5, 15, 222– 223, 241–242

occupational studies use, I: 262–267, 269– 270;

II: 107–108;

III: 150–156;

V: 217– 225

paper/pulp mill workers, I: 266–267;

III: 155–156;

IV: 114, 134

process perspective, I: 252–253

Ranch Hand study use, I: 386;

II: 109;

III: 145–147

research recommendations, I: 16–18, 287– 290, 291, 721–722, 724–725

risk assessment use, I: 14–15, 247–248, 250, 578;

III: 14–15

sawmill workers,



III;



IV: 114; 10, 156, 227–228, 338, 439–440, 447–448, 449, 452, 453, 457

self-reports, I: 270–271;

IV: 113

serum TCDD in, I: 19, 20–21, 261, 282– 285, 289, 290, 725, 742–743;

III: 159– 161;

IV: 135, 400

Seveso, Italy, accident, I: 267–268, 285, 598–599;

III: 156;

IV: 400

state-sponsored studies, I: 400, 401–402, 403–404

Stellmans' study, I: 278–279, 284

strategies for, I: 253–254;

III: 144–145

TCDD exposure levels for epidemiological studies, II: 105–106;

III: 159–161

TCDD half-life investigation, II: 104–105;

III: 157–158;

IV: 112, 115–116, 125– 126

Times Beach, Missouri, case, I: 268, 368– 369

Vietnam military records in, I: 271–280;

IV: 125

Vietnam service as element of, I: 271, 284– 287;

II: 101–104;

III: 146–150

Vietnam spray data, I: 273–279

Vietnam troop movement data in, I: 95–96, 273–279, 287

Vietnamese population, I: 108–109, 269, 731;

III: 156–157;

IV: 148–149

workshop on, I: 746–747

See also Environmental herbicide exposure;



Herbicide exposure reconstruction model;

Herbicides;

Occupational herbicide exposure

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

Herbicide exposure reconstruction model



data sources, I: 725–726

epidemiologic research and, I: 726–728

evaluation of, I: 18, 289–290, 726;

II: 25

recommendations, I: 15–16, 17–20, 287– 290, 291, 721–722, 725–728;

II: 25

Request for Proposals (RFP), II: 25–26;

IV: 5

See also Herbicide exposure assessment;



Herbicides



Herbicide/pesticide applicators. See Professional herbicide/pesticide applicators



Herbicides



action of, I: 88

acute and subacute transient peripheral neuropathy and, II: 2, 312–313;

III: 7, 8, 473;

IV: 441, 457

agricultural role of, I: 24, 35, 39, 174–175, 181

Air Force research activities, II: 31–32;

III: 28–29

basal/squamous cell skin cancer association, III: 317–322, 323;

IV: 311;

V: 295–300

biologic plausibility, II: 88, 92, 176, 217, 282, 298, 300;

III: 2, 23, 124, 128, 281– 282, 286, 288, 292, 295, 302, 304, 311, 317, 322, 327, 329, 334, 343, 347, 351, 356, 362, 366, 377, 383, 390, 444, 451, 453, 458, 460–462, 467, 480, 482, 486, 491, 502–503, 507, 513–514, 518, 522– 525;

IV: 22, 26, 29, 48, 85, 86, 249, 256, 270, 275, 279, 284, 290, 296, 306, 311, 318, 322, 323, 331, 332, 337, 342, 343, 348, 352, 358, 359, 367, 374, 380– 381, 385;

V: 25

birth defects association, II: 286–298;

III: 436–444;

IV: 403

bladder cancer association, II: 225–227;

III: 7, 10, 132, 347–351;

IV: 342;

V: 328– 333

bone/joint cancer association, II: 204–205;

III: 7, 10, 303–305;

IV: 289;

V: 278– 282

brain tumors association, II: 229–230;

III: 8, 12, 356–362;

IV: 352

breast cancer association, II: 213–217;

III: 7, 10, 324–329;

IV: 318;

V: 300–309

cancer latency issues, II: 2, 13–14, 175, 260–276;

III: 3, 12–14, 407–431;

IV: 289

cancer risk and development, II: 13–14, 175;

III: 12–14, 265–266

carcinogenicity, I: 118–119;

II: 175;

III: 265–266;

IV: 256, 270, 275, 279, 284, 290, 296, 305, 311, 318, 323, 332, 337, 342, 348, 352, 358, 367, 374, 380, 387

cervical cancer association, III: 332;

IV: 323

chemistry of, II: 38

childhood cancer association, II: 299–300;

IV: 424–425

chloracne association, II: 318–320;

III: 6, 7, 479–480;

IV: 466

chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy and, II: 310–311

circulatory disorders association, II: 335– 337;

III: 3, 514–518;

IV: 510

cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders and, II: 307–309;

III: 468–469;

IV: 443;

V: 449–451

congressional hearings, II: 27–28;

III: 25

congressional legislation on, II: 28–29;

III: 26–27

Department of Veterans Affairs activities, II: 29–31;

III: 27–28;

IV: 151, 157–158

developmental toxicity, I: 124;

IV: 403, 413, 416, 431, 434

diabetes mellitus association, II: 330–331, 334–335;

III: 2, 11–12, 125, 494–503

disease outcomes of exposure, III: 6–15, 33–35, 38–43, 44–47, 48, 50, 71–105

early concerns about, I: 29–32, 35–36, 17– 19;

II: 26;

III: 25

environmental exposure studies, I: 140–149, 184, 186, 189, 190, 193, 200–201, 221, 222, 234, 236, 241, 243, 287–288, 306, 312–313;

II: 271–272, 275, 277, 279– 281;

III: 197–205, 218, 232–236, 283, 285, 287–288, 290, 291, 297–298, 301, 303, 305, 309, 316, 323, 328, 333, 336, 338, 342, 344, 345, 349, 350–351, 353, 354, 358, 361, 365, 369, 373, 375, 380, 382, 388–389, 392, 437, 454, 455, 456, 459, 467, 497, 520;

IV: 249, 254–255, 258, 261, 263, 266, 269, 271, 274, 276, 278, 280, 282, 286, 289, 291, 293, 297, 302. 305–306, 309, 312, 314–316, 319, 321, 323, 325–326, 328–329, 334, 336, 338, 341, 344, 347, 349, 351, 354, 356– 357, 361, 366, 369, 372, 375, 379, 382– 383

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

Environmental Protection Agency research activities, II: 32;

III: 29–30

evidence insufficient for determining association in health outcomes I: 13– 14, 19, 247, 457, 460, 473–474, 512, 521, 571, 577–578, 605, 618, 624, 627, 630, 634, 657, 666, 691, 699, 708, 713, 727;

II: 7, 11–12, 20–21, 22, 97, 181– 187, 189, 205, 210–211, 213, 217, 225, 228, 247, 282, 284, 285–286, 298, 300, 308–309, 310, 311, 314, 325, 329, 334– 335, 337;

III: 7–8, 10–12, 21, 132, 133, 286, 292, 304, 316, 322, 327, 332, 334, 346, 349, 351, 355, 390, 393, 444, 449, 453, 458, 473–474, 486, 491, 503, 507, 513, 518, 522;

IV: 268, 270, 274, 275, 279, 288, 289, 302, 305, 308, 311, 314, 318, 321, 323, 329, 336, 337, 342, 348, 374, 380, 384, 400, 403, 406, 407, 410– 414, 416, 418, 424, 425, 426, 430–432, 441–443, 448, 454–457, 475, 480, 495, 500, 505, 506, 510, 512, 514

evidence limited/suggestive of association in health outcomes, I: 10–12, 19, 247, 472, 519–521, 563, 574–576, 727;

II: 6, 8–10, 20, 22, 97, 203, 223, 244, 298, 300, 314, 323;

III: 7, 8–10, 20–21, 133, 295, 299, 340, 342, 383, 393, 444, 458, 474, 482, 519;

IV: 7

evidence of no association in health outcomes, I: 12–13, 224, 247, 447–451, 503, 521, 525, 576–577;

II: 7, 12–13, 21, 22, 97, 181, 227, 230;

III: 8, 12, 21– 22, 133, 268, 273, 282, 359, 393–394, 522;

IV: 251, 256, 340, 351, 352, 385, 514

evidence sufficient of association in health outcomes, I: 8–10, 246–247, 500, 548, 556–557, 572–574, 678, 682;

II: 5, 6, 8, 19, 20, 21, 97, 208, 234, 236, 320;

III: 6, 7, 8, 20, 132–133, 311, 366, 373, 374, 390, 392, 480, 519;

IV: 6

exposure assessment issues, II: 4–5, 99– 109;

III: 5–6, 135–162

federal government response to concerns over military use of in Vietnam II: 27– 32;

III: 25–30

female reproductive cancers association, II: 211–213;

III: 7, 10, 330–334

gastrointestinal tract cancers association, II: 177–181;

III: 8, 12, 268–282;

IV: 256

gastrointestinal ulcers association, II: 334– 335;

III: 510–514

hepatobiliary cancer and, II: 2, 176, 181– 187;

III: 7, 10, 282–288;

IV: 270;

V: 259–264

Hodgkin's disease association, II: 235–236;

III: 6, 7, 372–376;

IV: 367;

V: 355–361

immune system disorders and, II: 327–329;

III: 3, 488–491;

IV: 480

immunotoxicity, I: 122–123

infertility association, II: 280–282;

III: 445– 451;

IV: 407

International Agency for Research on Cancer research activities, III: 30;

IV: 17, 133, 137–139, 252

laryngeal cancer and, II: 202–203;

III: 292– 295;

IV: 279

latency and cancer risk, II: 13–14, 175, 260–276;

III: 3, 12–14, 265, 407–431

leukemia association, II: 245–246;

III: 7, 10, 385–390, 391–392;

IV: 380;

V: 366–372

lipid abnormalities association, II: 333–335;

III: 504–508, 520–521;

IV: 495

liver toxicity association, II: 332–333, 334– 335;

III: 510–514;

IV: 505

low birthweight and, III: 456–458, 459;

IV: 416

lung cancer and, III: 296–302, 421, 422, 423, 424;

IV: 284;

V: 272–278

mechanism of action, II: 36;

III: 33, 38, 44, 47–48, 49–50, 53–71

mechanisms of toxicity, II: 37

melanoma association, III: 313–317;

IV: 306;

V: 287–295

metabolic and digestive disorders association, II: 330–335;

III: 3

military research and development, I: 25–26

military (U.S.) use ban, I: 32, 45

motor/coordination dysfunction and, II: 309–310;

III: 469–470

multiple myeloma assocation, II: 237–244;

III: 7, 8, 9, 377–383;

IV: 512;

V: 361– 366

nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer and, II: 2, 176, 187–189;

III: 7, 10, 290–292;

IV: 275;

V: 264–268

neural tube defects associated with herbicides, numbers, II: 297

neurobehavioral disorders and, II: 305, 306, 314;

III: 3, 467, 468, 473–476;

IV: 457

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

non-Hodgkin's lymphoma association, II: 231–234;

III: 6, 7, 362–371, 428–430;

IV: 358;

V: 343–355

occupational exposure settings, I: 36–38;

III: 150–156

occupational exposure studies, II: 113–140, 182–184, 186, 188–189, 190, 191–200, 214–216, 219–220, 222, 232–234, 235– 236, 237–243, 286–287, 306, 312;

III: 170–196, 218, 219–232, 268–271, 274– 281, 282–283, 284, 287, 290, 291, 293– 294, 296–297, 300–301, 303, 305, 308– 309, 312, 316, 317, 321, 323, 324–326, 328, 332–333, 335–336, 337, 338, 341, 344, 345, 348, 350, 353, 354, 357–358, 360, 363–365, 367–369, 372–373, 374– 375, 378–380, 381–382, 386–388, 391– 392, 437, 450, 454, 455, 456, 459, 467, 483–485, 489, 491, 496, 510–512, 515– 516, 520;

IV: 114, 249, 251, 253, 255– 257, 259, 262, 265, 268, 270–271, 273– 274, 276–282, 285, 288–290, 292, 296, 300–303, 305–307, 309, 312, 315, 317– 318, 321, 324–325, 327–329, 331–333, 336, 338, 340–342, 346–348, 351, 353, 356, 358–361, 364–365, 368–369, 371– 374, 377, 379, 381, 383

Operation Ranch Hand volume use, data by herbicide type, III: 136

ovarian cancer association, III: 333

perinatal death association, II: 285–286;

III: 451–454, 455, 456;

IV: 413;

V: 421– 422

porphyria cutanea tarda association, II: 321–323;

III: 7, 8, 481–482;

IV: 468

preterm birth and, III: 456–458, 459

prostate cancer association, II: 2, 176, 217– 223, 273–275;

III: 7, 8, 9, 335–343, 426–428;

IV, 10;

V: 316–324

renal cancer association, II: 224–225;

III: 7, 10, 352–356;

IV: 348

reproductive toxicity, I: 124;

II: 278–301;

III: 434–435

research recommendations, II: 23–24;

III: 23;

IV: 13

respiratory cancers and, II: 189–203, 268– 273;

III: 7, 8, 9, 418, 420–426

respiratory disorders association, II: 335– 337;

III: 3, 483–486

skin cancers association, II: 209–211;

III: 8, 10, 312;

IV: 305

soft-tissue sarcomas association, II: 205– 208;

III: 6, 7, 306–311;

IV: 384;

V: 282–287

spontaneous abortions association, II: 283– 284;

IV: 411;

V: 409–421

statistical association with diseases, II: 88, 90–91;

III: 1–2, 6, 124, 126–127;

V: 22–23

TCDD contamination of, I: 2, 3, 27, 91–92, 114, 126–127;

II: 2, 3, 26;

III: 3, 4, 5, 140–142

testicular cancer association, II: 227–228;

III: 7, 10, 343–347;

IV: 337;

V: 324– 328

time-related factors and cancer risk, II: 263–264, 270, 271, 273, 274;

III: 411– 412, 421, 422, 423, 424, 426, 427, 429

toxicity profiles update, II: 45–77;

III: 43– 108

toxicokinetics, II: 35, 36, 38–39;

III: 32–33, 36–37, 43–44, 47, 48, 50–53

toxicology, III: 3–5, 32–110

types of, I: 88

uterine cancer association, III: 333

Vietnam use by U.S. military, I: 1, 3, 24, 27, 74, 84–96, 98–107, 286;

II: 1, 2, 26–27;

III: 135–142

Vietnam veterans' cancer risk and latency, II: 276;

III: 12–13, 430–431

Vietnam veterans' disease increased risk, II: 14, 22–23, 88, 91, 298, 300–301, 321, 323;

III: 12–13, 14–15, 22–23, 124, 127–128, 329, 334, 343, 430–431, 444, 462, 475–476, 491, 503, 507–508, 525;

IV: 2, 9, 12, 20, 103, 105–106, 124

Vietnam veterans' exposure concerns, II: 26–32

Vietnam veterans' exposure studies, II: 149–161, 185, 187, 189, 190, 201–202, 204, 205, 208, 209, 211, 212, 213, 216– 217, 218, 221, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 234, 235, 236, 244, 245, 246, 278, 280, 283, 285, 286, 288– 296, 306, 308, 309, 310, 311, 313, 314, 318–320, 321–323, 324–326, 327–329, 330–337;

III: 206–217, 236–245, 272– 273, 275, 277–278, 279, 281, 282–283, 287–288, 290, 291, 294–295, 298, 301, 303, 305, 309–310, 312, 316, 317, 323, 326, 328, 333, 336, 338, 339, 340, 342, 343–344, 345–346, 349, 351, 353, 355,

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
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358–359, 361, 363, 365, 370–371, 372, 373, 376, 380, 382, 385, 386, 389, 392, 435, 436, 437–438, 445, 446, 450, 454, 455, 456, 457, 459, 467, 468, 469, 470, 473, 475, 479, 480, 481, 482, 485–486, 489, 491, 495, 497, 498, 500, 502, 505– 506, 512–513, 516–518, 521;

IV: 249– 250, 255–256, 259, 262, 264, 266–267, 269–270, 272, 275–276, 278–281, 283– 284, 287, 289–292, 294, 296, 298–299, 301, 303–311, 313–314, 316–320, 322– 327, 329–332, 334–336, 338–340, 342– 343, 345, 347–348, 350, 352–353, 355– 359, 362–364, 366–367, 370–371, 373–374, 376–378, 380–381, 383, 387– 388

See also 2,4-Dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid;



2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCCD);

2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T);

Aerial spraying;

Agent Orange;

Agricultural herbicides;



Chemicals and chemical industry;



Defoliants;

Desiccant herbicides;



Domestic herbicide use;

Environmental herbicide exposure;

Ground/perimeter spraying;

Herbicide application methods;

Herbicide exposure assessment;

Herbicide exposure reconstruction model;

Occupational herbicide exposure;

Phenoxy herbicides;



Professional herbicide/pesticide applicators;

Selective herbicides



HERBS tapes, I: 20, 97–98, 602, 725;

II: 108– 109;

IV: 123, 125

contents, I: 96–97, 273

deficiencies, I: 97, 104–105

exposure assessment use, I: 273–279, 287, 291;

III: 146, 148

source of, I: 62, 85, 96

Hercules Inc., I: 35

1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin (HxCDD), II: 64, 65, 67

2,2',4,4,'5,5'-Hexachlorobiphenyl (HxCB), II: 64,65

Hexachlorophene, I: 40;

II: 128;

III: 218, 219, 234;

IV: 133–135, 138, 148;

V: 104

HI. See Humoral immunity



High-density lipoprotein (HDLP) receptors, II: 333, 334;

III: 501, 503, 520–521

Highway workers, I: 326

Historic exposure reconstruction, I: 17–18, 19– 20, 254, 255–256, 725–726, 728;

III: 143;

IV: 126–127

HIV-I. See AIDS/HIV



Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, II: 108;

IV: 228

Hodgkin's disease (HD)



agricultural/forestry workers and, I: 328, 329, 331, 335–336, 341, 550–553;

II: 138

biologic plausibility, I: 557;

III: 377;

IV: 367;

V: 361

chemical industry workers and, I: 549–550

epidemiologic studies, II: 138, 235–236;

III: 372–376;

IV: 199, 211, 212;

V: 357– 360

epidemiology, I: 526, 527–528;

II: 231;

III: 371–372

herbicide association in, I: 8, 9–10, 556– 557, 574;

II: 5, 6, 20, 138, 235–236, 247;

III: 6, 7, 20, 24, 372–376;

IV: 17;

V: 14, 355–361

herbicide environmental exposure studies, I: 384;

II: 236;

III: 373, 375;

IV: 366;

V: 359–359

herbicide occupational exposure studies, II: 235–236;

III: 372–373, 374–375;

IV: 365;

V: 357–358

histopathology, I: 526–527

incidence, data by race/gender, for selected age groups, III: 372;

IV: 365;

V: 355

research recommendations, I: 19, 727

scientific literature update, II: 235–236;

III: 372–373;

IV: 365;

V: 356

Vietnam veterans and, I: 258, 526, 554– 556;

II: 231, 236;

III: 372, 373, 376;

IV: 366;

V: 359–360, 361

Vietnam veterans' compensation, II: 24, 30, 31

See also Malignant lymphomas



Hoffman-Taff, I: 40

Honolulu Heart Program, 461



Hormonal system



estrogen-mediated responses, I: 145, 154

TCDD carcinogenesis and, I: 116, 145

TCDD in, I: 156–159;

IV: 71

TCDD-induced wasting syndrome and, I: 165

Hormones. See Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH);

Hormonal system;

Luteinizing hormone (LH);

Testosterone

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×


Hourglass spray system, I: 25

House Committee on Veterans Affairs, II: 27;

III: 25

HR. See Halsted Reitan neuropsychologic test battery



H.R. 1565, II: 28

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-I). See AIDS/HIV



Humoral immunity (HI)



TCDD and, II: 69–70

HxCB. See 2,2',4,4,'5,5'-Hexachlorobiphenyl (HxCB)



HxCDD. See 1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin



Hydatidiform mole, I: 30, 600–601

See also Reproductive disorders



Hydrocephalus, I: 609, 611

See also Reproductive disorders



Hydrocortisone (HC), II: 73

Hypercholesterolemia, I: 690

See also Lipid and lipoprotein disorders



Hyperlipidemia, I: 152–153, 688, 692

See also Lipid and lipoprotein disorders



Hypertension, I: 705, 706, 707, 708;

IV: 135

See also Circulatory disorders



Hyperthyroidism



TCDD-induced, I: 168

See also Metabolic and digestive disorders;



Thyroid homeostasis



Hypoglycemia



TCDD-induced, I: 166–168

See also Metabolic and digestive disorders



Hypospadias, I: 609, 611

See also Reproductive disorders

I



IARC. See International Agency for Research on Cancer



ICD. See International Classification of Diseases



Iceland, III: 228, 319, 338, 339, 344, 353;

IV: 142, 312, 333, 338

Association of Vegetable Farmers, III: 228

Cancer Registry, III: 228, 338

Committee on Toxic Substances, III: 228

Farmers' Association of Iceland, III: 228

Horticultural College, III: 228

Horticulturist's Association, III: 228

Market Gardeners Association Pension Fund, III: 228

National Registry, III: 228

Register of Deaths, III: 228

I Corps, I: 52, 96, 98, 394, 493–494, 542, 543, 546;

II: 201;

III: 139, 140, 241

mortality study, I: 233;

IV: 121

II Corps, I: 542

III Corps, I: 59, 104, 276, 281–282, 542, 543;

II: 228;

III: 148, 344;

IV: 125–126

IV Corps, I: 81, 98, 542

IL. See Interleukin-1;



Interleukin-4



ILO. See International Labor Organization



Immune system disorders



2,4-D toxicity, I: 181;

II: 41;

III: 46, 524;

IV: 197;

V: 37

cell-mediated immunity, II: 69–70

cellular immunity, I: 147

endocrine system and, I: 150–151

epidemiologic studies, II: 327–329;

III: 488–491;

IV: 79, 195;

V: 484–485

epidemiology, II: 326–327;

III: 487

herbicide toxicity, I: 122–123;

II: 7, 11, 21, 327–329;

III: 3, 488–491;

V: 483–485

humoral immunity, I: 147–148;

II: 69–70

immune modulation in, I: 692–696, 698– 699

macrophage function, I: 148

picloram toxicity, I: 192;

II: 41;

IV: 5

research methodology, I: 692

scientific literature update, II: 328–329;

III: 489–491;

V: 484

suppression in, I: 693;

II: 326, 329

TCDD toxicity, I: 119–122, 146–151, 338;

II: 3, 40–41, 68–71, 328–329;

III: 85– 92, 488, 489, 490, 491;

IV: 26, 31–32, 77–81;

V: 61, 74–75, 484, 517–518

See also Allergies;



Autoimmune disease;



Autoimmunity;



Systemic autoimmune disease;



Systemic lupus erythematosus;



Viral infection



Immunoglobulin antibodies, I: 693, 696, 697

2,4-D and, IV: 31

Incineration



of Agent Orange, I: 93–94;

IV: 116

of municipal waste, V: 6

Incoordination. See Motor/coordination dysfunction



Indiana, III: 47

Industrial accidents, I: 316–317;

III: 224, 232– 233

BASF, I: 312–313, 444, 530, 550, 558;

III: 153, 221;

IV: 188–189

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

Nitro, West Virginia, I: 38–39, 305–307, 597, 607, 686, 700;

III: 152–153, 220;

IV: 136

Industrie Chimiche Meda Societa Anonima, I: 43

Infant death. See Perinatal death



Infertility, I: 631–634;

II: 7, 11;

V: 405–409

biologic plausibility, II: 282;

III: 451;

V: 409

epidemiologic studies, II: 280;

III: 445–449, 450;

V: 409

epidemiology, II: 279;

III: 444–445

herbicide association in, II: 278, 280–282;

III: 445–451;

IV: 405–409;

V: 405–409

new studies summary, II: 280–281;

III: 446–449, 450

scientific literature update, V: 406–408

Vietnam veterans and, III: 445, 446, 450;

V: 408

See also Reproductive disorders



Influenza, I: 713

See also Respiratory disorders



Insecticides, I: 87–88, 91

Insomnia. See Sleep disorders



Institute of Medicine (IOM), I: 2, 20, 57, 62– 64, 742, 743–744;

II: 1, 2, 17, 24, 25, 27;

III: 1, 2, 5–6, 17, 23, 24, 25, 125, 150;

IV: 1, 15, 126;

V: 1, 12–13

Interagency Working Group on the Long-Term Health Effects of Phenoxyherbicides and Contaminants, I: 46

Interleukin-1, I: 148;

II: 59

Interleukin-4, II: 70–71

Internal Revenue Service (IRS), II: 152, 153

Social Security database, II: 151;

III: 238;

IV: 151

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), I: 8, 12–13, 246, 264–265, 270, 313–314, 478, 479, 499, 565, 573, 577, 731;

II: 101, 107, 131–135, 178–179, 196, 206, 212, 215, 220, 226, 232, 269;

III: 20, 151, 175–177, 218, 222–223, 268, 269, 284, 290, 293, 296, 303, 306, 307, 308, 310, 311, 314, 319, 325, 326, 331, 337, 344, 348, 353, 357, 364, 378, 379, 386, 422–423, 424, 425, 429, 484, 511, 516;

IV: 17;

V: 14, 108–109, 136– 140, 219–221

herbicide exposure assessment in occupational studies, III: 151–152, 154;

IV: 111, 137–139;

IV: 189–194, 252, 257, 259–260, 262–263, 265, 271, 276, 280, 290, 293, 296–297, 300, 306, 312, 318–319, 324–325, 333, 338, 341, 343, 348–349, 353, 359–360, 368, 374–375, 381

Vietnam military use of herbicides, response, III: 30

International Classification of Diseases (ICD), II: 325;

III: 265;

IV: 248, 249;

V: 242, 531–533

ICD.9 cancer codes, SEER program site groupings for, III: 537–539;

IV: 524– 526

International Labor Organization (ILO), II: 324

International Register of Workers Exposed to Phenoxy Herbicides and Their Contaminants, I: 31 3–314;

II: 131–135, 220, 232, 235, 238, 245;

III: 175–177, 218, 222–223

International Society of Exposure Analysis, II: 25

Intracellular communication



TCDD and, II: 3, 67–68

Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), I: 625, 626;

III: 455, 457;

IV: 413–414;

V: 422

See also Reproductive disorders



Involuntary movements. See Motor/ coordination dysfunction



IOM. See Institute of Medicine



Iowa, I: 11, 37, 60, 318–319, 332, 333, 334– 335, 374, 400, 447, 495, 534, 550, 560, 567, 603, 660, 677;

II: 8, 138–139, 219, 239, 248, 292;

III: 224, 229, 234, 243, 335;

IV: 140, 142, 143, 144, 149, 158, 210, 258, 261, 266, 290, 300, 334, 344, 349, 354, 361, 369, 375, 382;

V: 6, 117

Iowa Health Registry, II: 138–139

See also Agricultural health Study



Ireland, Republic of, II: 136, 230, 233, 242, 246;

III: 224–225, 363;

IV: 198

Agricultural Institute, II: 136

Central Statistics Office of Ireland, II: 136

IRS. See Internal Revenue Service



Irvine, California, III: 533

Israel. See Jerusalem, Israel



Italy, I: 320–321, 338–340, 340–341, 384, 486– 487, 492, 523, 537, 552, 553, 561, 566, 632;

II: 183, 229;

III: 9, 224, 230, 232, 234, 235, 271, 284–285, 294, 297, 299, 337, 358, 364, 373, 379–380, 387, 388, 516;

IV: 133, 140, 144, 147–148, 149,

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
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208, 212, 214, 230, 278, 282, 315, 325, 336, 341, 347, 351, 354, 357, 360, 368, 372, 375, 379 381, 425, 430, 445, 464, 472, 501, 507;

V: 5, 117

Forli Province, III: 230

National Statistics Institute, II: 141

Novara Province, III: 225;

IV: 197

Piedmont area, III: 224, 232

See also Lombardy, Italy;



Mantua, Italy;



Milan, Italy;



Palermo, Italy;



Seveso, Italy



IUGR. See Intrauterine growth retardation

J



Japan, II: 237;

IV: 414;

V: 6, 436

Jerusalem, Israel, V: 508–509

Job exposure matrix, I: 256

Johnston Island, I: 93

K



Kansas, I: 9, 37, 335–336, 487, 490, 550;

II: 231;

III: 363;

IV: 215, 260, 297, 361, 369, 446

Kaposi's sarcoma, I: 338, 487, 695;

IV: 144, 214

See also Soft-tissue sarcoma



Khe Sanh-Thonh Son Lam area, I: 96;

III: 140;

IV: 121

Kidney cancer



biologic plausibility, III: 356;

IV: 348;

V: 338

children and, I: 628;

IV: 417, 420, 428

epidemiologic studies, I: 515;

II: 224–225;

III: 352–355;

IV: 346–348;

V: 335–338

epidemiology, I: 513, 514;

II: 223;

III: 351– 352;

IV: 345–346

herbicide association in, I: 13, 521, 577;

II: 7, 11, 20, 139–140, 224–225, 249–250;

III: 7, 10, 352–356;

IV: 342, 346–348, 385;

V: 333–338

herbicide environmental exposure and, III: 353, 354;

IV: 347;

V: 336, 337

herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 353, 354;

IV: 346;

V: 334, 335, 337

histopathology, I: 513

incidence, data by race/gender, for selected age groups, III: 352;

IV: 345–346; 334

risk factors, I: 514;

IV: 342, 345;

V: 338

scientific literature update, II: 224–225;

III: 353, 355;

IV: 346–347;

V: 334, 337

Vietnam veterans' risk, I: 522;

II: 223, 224, 225;

III: 353, 355;

IV: 348;

V: 338

See also Genitourinary cancers;



Wilm's tumor



Kidneys



2,4-D toxicity in, I: 125, 179–180;

II: 42;

IV: 28, 37, 42, 43, 66, 68, 73, 76;

V: 518

arsenic toxicity in, IV: 39

cacolydic acid toxity in, II: 42;

IV: 387

Korea, III: 240;

IV: 156

Korean War, II: 150;

III: 237;

IV: 150

L



Laos, I: 106

Large-cell lymphoma, V: 430

Laryngeal cancer, I: 461, 470–471;

II: 202– 203;

IV: 277–280;

V: 268–272

biologic plausibility, III: 295;

IV: 279;

V: 271–272

epidemiologic studies, III: 293–295;

IV: 277–278, 280–281;

V: 270–271

epidemiology, III: 292;

IV: 277

herbicide environmental exposure studies, V: 270

herbicide exposure and, III: 293–295;

IV: 9, 277–278;

V: 268–272

herbicide occupational exposure studies, III: 293–294;

IV: 277–278;

V: 270

incidence, data by race/gender, for selected age groups, III: 292;

IV: 277

larynx, IV: 6, 8, 9

scientific literature update, III: 293–294, 295;

IV: 277–278;

V: 269

TCDD association with, V: 5

Vietnam veterans studies, III: 294–295;

IV: 278;

V: 269

See also Respiratory cancers



Latency effects in cancer studies, I: 231–232, 434, 435, 436–438, 494, 495, 727;

II: 2, 13–14, 175;

III: 3, 12–14, 266, 407–408

aging effects control, II: 261–262;

III: 409

arsenic and, II: 268;

III: 420

asbestos and, II: 268;

III: 420

data limitations, III: 413, 414, 415, 416

data requirements, II: 264, 265, 266;

III: 412, 414, 415, 416;

IV: 283

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
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epidemiological studies, analysis of, II: 261–266;

III: 408–412

epidemiological studies, new, III: 419;

IV: 148, 254, 256, 269, 293, 329, 473, 483, 484, 506

gamma rays and, II: 268;

III: 418

literature review results, II: 266–267;

III: 416–418, 420–424, 426–427, 429;

IV: 257, 260, 263, 265, 271, 280, 297, 333, 343, 353, 368, 375

measurement errors, II: 263–264;

III: 411– 412

mortality and incidence studies for examining, II: 263;

III: 410–411, 421, 422, 423, 424, 426, 427, 429

nickel and, II: 269;

III: 420

non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, III: 428–430

potential problems with, II: 264, 265, 266;

III: 413, 414, 415, 416

prostate cancer, II: 273–275;

III: 426–428

radon daughters and, II: 268;

III: 418

random misclassification and, II: 263–264;

III: 411–412

relative risks, II: 264, 265, 266, 271, 275, 351;

III: 412, 413, 414, 415, 418, 420, 422, 426–427, 428, 430–431

respiratory cancer, II: 268–273;

III: 418, 420–426;

IV: 284, 285

smoking and, II: 268;

III: 418;

IV: 250, 273

time-related factors, II: 262, 263–264;

III: 411–412, 421, 422, 423, 424, 426, 427, 429;

IV: 464, 465

Vietnam veterans, relevancy for, II: 276, 351;

III: 12–13, 430–431;

IV: 466

See also Cancer



Lawn care, I: 119, 177–178;

IV: 274

LDL. See Low-density lipoprotein receptors



Leather tanners, I: 486, 514

Legal issues



Agent Orange manufacturers' liability, I: 34–35

federal government liability, I: 34

South Korean Vietnam veterans, I: 62

Times Beach, Missouri, I: 41;

IV: 133

Legislation



epidemiologic studies on Agent Orange, II: 28;

III: 26

federal, I: 45–60;

III: 26–27

health care associated with Agent Orange, II: 28

Public Law 91-441, I: 47, 62

Public Law 96-151, I: 50, 52, 57;

II: 28;

III: 26, 240

Public Law 97-72, I: 50;

II: 28;

III: 26

Public Law 98-181, I: 51

Public Law 98-542, I: 50–51;

II: 28–29;

III: 26–27

Public Law 99-272, I: 50;

II: 28;

III: 26

Public Law 100-687, I: 51

Public Law 101-239, I: 51

Public Law 102-4, I: 2, 7, 20, 21, 51, 572, 721, 728–730;

II: 1, 5, 17, 19, 29, 97, 247;

III: 1, 6, 14, 17, 20, 124, 132, 390, 397, 462, 475, 519, 525;

IV: 1, 2, 6, 15, 103, 132, 388

Public Law 102-585, II: 28;

III: 26

Public Law 103-452, II: 28;

III: 26

Public Law 104-110, III: 26

Public Law 104-204, III: 24, 26

Public Law 104-262, III: 26

Public Law 105-114, III: 25

Veterans' Health Programs Extension and Improvement Act of 1979, III: 240

Vietnam veterans' compensation, I: 47, 50– 51, 55–56;

II: 28–29;

III: 26–27

Leiomyosarcomas, I: 475

See also Soft-tissue sarcoma



Lethality. See Deaths



Leukemia



acute lymphocytic leukemia, III: 383, 384;

IV: 377;

V: 366

acute myelogenous leukemia, IV: 417–429, 432;

V: 16, 366

acute myeloid leukemia, III: 383–384;

IV: 9, 377;

V: 366

agricultural workers and, I: 13, 332–333, 334–335, 566–568;

II: 136;

III: 387– 388;

IV: 140, 143–144, 216

categories of herbicide association in, V: 7

children and, I: 628;

IV: 18, 417–424

chronic lymphocytic leukemia, III: 384– 385;

IV: 208, 211, 377, 417, 422;

V: 7, 366–367, 372–376

chronic myeloid leukemia, III: 384, 385;

IV: 377–378, 417;

V: 367

epidemiologic studies, I: 564–572;

II: 136, 245–247;

III: 385–390, 391–392;

IV: 149, 198;

IV: 379–380, 381–383, 418– 422, 427–429;

V: 369–372

epidemiology, I: 564;

II: 245;

III: 383–385;

IV: 377–378

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

herbicide association in, I: 13, 571, 577– 578;

II: 7, 11, 20, 245–247, 249–250;

III: 7, 10, 385–390, 391–392;

IV: 379– 380, 385, 418–422;

V: 366–372

herbicide environmental exposure and, III: 388–389, 392;

IV: 379, 419–420;

V: 368, 370–371

herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 386–388, 391–392;

IV: 379, 418–419;

V: 368, 369–370

incidence, data by type/race/gender, for selected age groups, III: 384;

IV: 377– 378;

V: 367

production workers and, I: 564–566;

III: 386–387;

IV: 379

pulp/paper workers and, I: 568;

IV: 379

risk factors, I: 564;

V: 372

scientific literature update, II: 245–246;

III: 386–389;

IV: 379–380, 418–422;

V: 368, 371

Seveso, Italy, studies, I: 13, 568–570, 571, 577;

III: 385, 386, 388–389, 390;

IV: 379

TCDD biologic plausibility in, I: 571;

III: 390;

IV: 380–381, 426

Vietnam veterans' risk, I: 564, 570, 571– 572;

II: 245, 246;

IV: 381, 426;

V: 372

Vietnam veterans' studies, III: 385, 386, 389, 392;

IV: 373, 380, 420–422;

V: 371

Lewy bodies, V: 464

Leydig cells, II: 71, 279;

III: 445;

IV: 405;

V: 405

LH. See Luteinizing hormone



Li-Fraumeni syndrome, V: 283

Lindane, I: 91

Lipid and lipoprotein disorders, I: 688–690, 692;

IV: 492–497

biologic plausibility, III: 507;

IV: 495;

V: 498

epidemiologic studies, I: 45;

II: 333, 334;

III: 504–506, 520–521;

IV: 479, 493– 494, 496–497;

V: 494, 498

epidemiology, II: 333;

III: 503–504;

IV: 492–493

herbicide environmental exposure and, III: 520;

IV: 493–494;

V: 496

herbicide exposure association with, II: 7, 21, 333–334;

III: 504–508, 520–521;

IV: 493–494

herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 520;

IV: 493–494;

V: 495–496

scientific literature update, II: 334;

III: 504– 506, 520, 521;

IV: 493–494;

V: 494

TCDD in, I: 152–153, 259–260;

II: 333, 334;

III: 505, 506, 507;

IV: 471, 474, 493–495;

V: 498

Vietnam veterans and, II: 333;

III: 505–506, 521;

IV: 494;

V: 496–498

See also Hypercholesterolemia;



Hyperlipidemia;

Liver disorders;



Metabolic and digestive disorders



Liposarcoma. See Soft-tissue sarcoma



Listeria



TCDD exposure and, II: 68

Literature. See Data sources;

Scientific literature update;

specific topics



Liver cancer



background, IV: 267

biologic plausibility, IV: 270

children and, I: 628

epidemiologic studies, I: 453–455;

IV: 268– 270

herbicide association in, I: 13, 457, 577;

IV: 143, 157, 385

picloram in, I: 190

research recommendations, I: 19, 727

risk factors, I: 453

Seveso, Italy, studies, I: 454–455;

IV: 269

TCDD in, I: 116, 138–139, 142, 143;

IV: 267, 386–387, 515

Vietnam veterans and, I: 391, 393, 455, 457;

IV: 269

See also Hepatobiliary cancers



Liver disorders



2,4-D in, I: 179;

III: 524;

IV: 505

2,4,5-T in, II: 42;

III: 524;

IV: 500, 505

arsenic and, IV: 39–41

biologic plausibility, III: 513–514, 524;

IV: 505;

V: 502

enzyme activity, I: 155–156, 685–687, 691– 692

epidemiologic studies, I: 45;

II: 332–333;

III: 510–513;

IV

500–504;

V: 502

epidemiology, II: 331–332;

III: 509–510;

IV: 498–500

herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 510–512;

IV: 500–501

herbicides in, I: 125;

II: 332–333;

III: 510– 514 ;

IV: 135, 139, 141, 500–505

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×


picloram chronic toxicity, I: 191–192;

II: 42;

III: 524

scientific literature update, II: 332–333;

III: 510–513;

IV: 500–504;

V: 500–501

Seveso, Italy, studies, I: 367;

IV: 501–502

TCDD in, I: 115, 124, 129–130, 151–156, 165–166;

II: 42, 331–333;

III: 509;

IV: 25–30, 34, 37, 41–44, 56–60, 66–73, 77, 83, 498–505;

V: 499–500, 516–517

Vietnam veterans and, II: 332;

III: 512–513;

IV: 502–504;

V: 501

See also Hepatomegaly;



Lipid and lipoprotein disorders;



Metabolic and digestive disorders



Lombardy, Italy, II: 147, 299;

IV: 329

Low birthweight



biologic plausibility, III: 458;

IV: 416–417;

V: 425

definition, I: 625;

IV: 413–414;

V: 422

epidemiologic studies, III: 456–457, 459;

IV: 414–416;

V: 425

epidemiology, I: 625–626;

III: 454, 455, 456;

IV: 413–414

herbicide association in, I: 14, 627–628;

II: 7, 11, 20;

III: 456–458, 459;

IV: 413– 417;

V: 422–425

herbicide environmental exposure and, III: 459;

IV: 414–416;

V: 423

herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 459;

IV: 414–416;

V: 423

risk factors, I: 625–626;

IV: 412;

V: 425

scientific literature update, III: 457, 459;

IV: 414–416;

V: 423–424

Vietnam veterans exposure studies, III: 457, 459;

IV: 417;

V: 423–424, 425

See also Preterm delivery (PTD);



Reproductive disorders



Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors, I: 154–155;

II: 333, 334;

III: 503;

IV: 489, 492

Ludwigshafen, Germany, III: 153, 154, 269, 297, 484, 511

Lumber industry



lumberjacks pesticide exposure, V: 5

sawmill workers herbicide exposure, III: 10, 156, 227–228, 338, 439–440, 447–448, 449, 452, 453, 457;

IV: 114, 142, 290, 296, 306, 307, 312, 333, 338, 343, 368, 404, 408, 418, 419, 422, 427;

V: 225

See also Forests



Lung cancer



2,4-D in, I: 177

agricultural/forestry workers and, I: 466;

IV: 142

biologic plausibility, III: 302;

IV: 284;

V: 278

cacodylic acid and, I: 187;

IV: 24;

V: 21

environmental exposure studies, III: 297– 298, 301;

IV: 282–283;

V: 275–276

epidemiological studies, II: 139;

III: 296– 298, 300–301;

IV: 157, 210, 278, 282– 284, 285–287, 473;

V: 274–277

epidemiology, III: 295–296;

IV: 281

herbicide association in, I: 472;

II: 6;

III: 296–302;

IV: 282–284;

V: 21

herbicide/pesticide applicators and, I: 326, 466–468;

II: 139;

IV: 142

incidence, data by gender/race, for selected age groups, III: 296;

IV: 281

latency and, III: 421, 422, 423, 424

occupational exposure studies, III: 296–297, 300–301, 421, 423;

IV: 142, 144, 282;

V: 274–275

paper/pulp mill workers and, I: 364, 468

production workers and, I: 461–466;

III: 421, 423;

IV: 282

Ranch Hands, IV: 9, 283

scientific literature update, III: 296–298;

IV: 282–284;

V: 273, 277

Seveso, Italy, studies, I: 469;

III: 296, 297– 298, 299, 422;

IV: 278, 282–283

TCDD and, V: 277

TCDD association with, V: 5

Vietnam veterans and, I: 469–470, 472;

III: 298, 301, 424;

IV: 283, 284;

V: 278

See also Respiratory cancers



Luteinizing hormone (LH), II: 182, 279, 280, 281;

III: 41, 72–73, 444–445;

IV: 34, 399, 405;

V: 405

Lymphocytic leukemia. See Leukemia



Lymphopoietic cancers, V: 5

M



Maine, I: 60, 400, 603;

II: 292;

III: 243;

IV: 158

Malathion, I: 87, 88, 91

Male reproductive function. See Infertility



Malignant lymphomas



2,4-D exposure and, I: 119, 177–178

epidemiology, II: 231;

IV: 137, 140, 143

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

See also Hodgkin's disease (HD);

Multiple myeloma;

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL)



Malignant neoplasms of heart. See Soft-tissue sarcoma



Mangrove forests, I: 31, 62, 90, 104

See also Forests



Manitoba, Canada, II: 135–136, 232, 242, 246;

IV: 198

Mantua, Italy, V: 229, 283

March of Dimes, II: 286;

III: 435;

IV: 400;

V: 393

Marine Corps. See U.S. Marine Corps



Maryland. See Baltimore, Maryland;

Fort Detrick, Maryland



Massachusetts, I: 60, 400–401, 405–406, 445, 470, 496, 602–603, 613, 620, 621, 622;

II: 202, 291;

III: 243, 244, 303, 310, 315, 339, 346, 349, 353;

IV: 158, 291, 298, 299, 308, 334, 339, 345, 350, 363

Cancer Registry, III: 244

Mast cells, I: 693

Maternal toxicity



no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL), V: 35

MC-1 spray system, I: 25

MCMI. See Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory



MCPA. See 4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid;

2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid



MCPP. See 2-[4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy]-propanoic acid



Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System, I: 735

Mekong Delta, II: 104

Melanoma



biologic plausibility, III: 317;

IV: 305;

V: 295

epidemiologic studies, III: 313–317;

IV: 299–302, 306–308;

V: 288–294

herbicide association with, III: 313–317;

IV: 302–308;

V: 287–295

herbicide environmental exposure and, III: 316;

IV: 302, 303;

V: 291–292

herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 316, 317;

IV: 302;

V: 288, 289, 290, 291, 292

incidence of, III: 313, 315;

IV: 299–300

mortality studies, III: 314–315, 316;

IV: 306–307;

V: 291–292

scientific literature update, III: 314–315;

IV: 302–304;

V: 290, 292

Vietnam veterans studies, III: 316, 317;

IV: 303–306;

V: 288, 289, 292, 293–294

See also Basal/squamous cell skin cancer;



Skin cancer



Melatonin, TCDD-induced wasting syndrome and, I: 165

Meta-analysis, I: 243, 244

Meta risk ratio (MRR), IV: 253, 265, 267n

Metabolic and digestive disorders



biological plausibility, II: 335;

III: 513– 514;

IV: 505;

V: 502

epidemiological studies, II: 330–331, 332– 335;

III: 510–513;

IV: 500–504;

V: 502

epidemiology, III: 508;

IV: 498–500

herbicides association in, II: 7, 11, 21, 330– 331, 332–335;

III: 3, 510–514;

IV: 500– 505

herbicides occupational exposure and, III: 510–512;

IV: 500–501;

V: 500–501

scientific literature update, III: 510–513;

IV: 500–504;

V: 500–501

Vietnam veterans and, III: 510, 512–513;

IV: 502–504;

V: 502

See also Diabetes mellitus;



Hyperthyroidism;

Hypoglycemia;

Lipid and lipoprotein disorders;

Ulcers, gastrointestinal



Methodological bias



biological stored samples, analysis, I: 20– 21, 729–730

cancer studies, I: 436

controlling for, I: 33, 226–227, 234–235, 242–246;

IV: 105, 108–09

healthy worker effect, I: 230

herbicide exposure assessment, I: 17, 257– 259, 286–287, 291, 724

latency studies, II: 263–264;

III: 408–412

proportionate mortality studies, I: 233

recall bias, I: 256, 601

reproductive outcome studies, I: 591–592, 601

self-reports, I: 270–271;

II: 109, 150

See also Methodology



Methodology



Agent Orange Study, I: 58–59, 63–64;

II: 2

Agent Orange Working Group, I: 19, 728

Alsea, Oregon, investigation, I: 372–373, 598

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

American Legion Agent Orange study, I: 602

assessment of strength of evidence, I: 238– 241;

II: 88–97;

III: 124–133

BASF study, I: 312–313

biologic plausibility, II: 88, 92;

III: 124, 128

burden of proof approach, I: 226–227, 245

cancer expected incidence, I: 439–440

cancer studies, I: 435–440, 442–443, 445;

II: 175, 176;

III: 265–266

case-control studies, I: 234–235, 256–257, 326–341;

II: 94–95;

III: 130;

VI: 9

case reports, I: 235–236

Centers for Disease Control Birth Defects Study, I: 611–612

Centers for Disease Control epidemiologic studies, I: 19, 387–393, 498, 728

circulatory disease studies, I: 699–700, 705–706, 707;

II: 335;

IV: 11, 463, 502, 506

cohort studies, I: 229–232, 254–256, 318– 323;

IV: 8–13, 28, 43, 46, 111, 114, 123–161 passim, 182–247 passim, 251– 253, 256–388 passim, 402, 409, 418– 422, 425–431, 473–474, 478–479, 483, 486–492, 500–509

confidence intervals, I: 244;

IV: 19, 43, 251, 278, 342, 385, 419, 445, 472, 483, 515

controlled observational studies, I: 228

Department of Veterans Affairs studies, I: 393–399, 494–495;

IV: 1, 15, 133, 151, 157–158, 255, 284, 399, 421

disease latency effects, I: 231–232, 434, 436–438, 494, 495, 727;

II: 351–357

dose-response relationship, I: 239–230, 252;

II: 89;

IV: 40

Dow studies, I: 307–312

epidemiologic studies evaluation, I: 300– 301;

II: 93–94;

III: 129–130;

IV: 103– 109, 132–161, 182–247

evidence categories, I: 227–237;

III: 132;

IV: 103–109 passim

experimental studies evaluation, II: 92–93

health outcome categories for herbicide association, I: 5–8, 223–225, 246–247;

II: 97;

III: 132;

IV: 6–12

herbicide environmental exposure assessment, I: 262–263, 269–270;

III: 156–157

herbicide exposure, statistical association with diseases, II: 88, 90–91;

III: 1–2, 6, 126–127;

IV: 103;

V: 22–23

herbicide exposure assessment strategies, I: 251–259, 270–287;

III: 144–145

herbicide exposure reconstruction model evaluation, I: 18, 289–290, 726;

II: 25

herbicide occupational exposure assessment, I: 262–264, 269–270;

III: 150–156

immune system research, I: 692

indirect adjustment, I: 229

information management, I: 735–738

judgment in, I: 245–246;

II: 96;

III: 131– 132

latency and cancer studies, II: 261–266, 351;

III: 407–416

meta-analysis, I: 225, 237–238, 242–243

neurological assessment, I: 14, 641–642, 649

neuropsychiatric studies, I: 657

new evidence integration, II: 96;

III: 132

NIOSH studies, I: 303–305;

II: 350–351, 356, 357;

IV: 111, 136

Nitro, West Virginia, industrial accident studies, I: 305–307

NRC Commission on Life Sciences, I: 63

odds ratio determination, I: 234, 239;

II: 90;

III: 126–127;

IV: 105

Office of Technology Assessment, I: 19, 728

paper/pulp mill worker studies, I: 341, 364

publication bias, II: 95–96;

III: 131;

IV: 108;

V: 27–28

Ranch Hand study, I: 230–231, 385–386, 498, 757–762

random misclassification and latency, II: 263–264;

III: 411–412

relative risk assessment, I: 229, 239, 258;

II: 90, 351, 356;

III: 126, 127;

IV: 105

reproductive outcome studies, I: 591–592

respiratory disease studies, I: 708–709, 712–713;

II: 324

risk assessment, I: 225–226;

II: 89;

III: 127–128

sample size and disease frequency, I: 231, 242–243, 440, 499

Selected Cancers Study, I: 234–235, 498

self-reports, I: 270–271;

II: 109;

IV: 9, 113, 122, 125–126, 135, 141, 154–157, 159, 255, 262, 287, 297, 299, 304, 308, 310,

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
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313, 320, 324, 325, 326, 335, 336–337, 339, 364, 380, 383, 402, 406, 418–419, 421–425, 484, 487, 492, 503–504, 507– 509

soft-tissue sarcoma studies, I: 482–490, 497–500

standardized mortality ratio, I: 229–230

statistical significance/power, I: 226–227, 243;

V: 23

TCDD biomarkers, I: 259–262

Times Beach studies, I: 368–370

toxicologic studies evaluation, III: 128–129

type I error, I: 243

type II error, I: 243

Vietnam veterans disease risk estimation and latency, II: 349–357

Vietnam veterans serum TCDD mean maximum estimation, II: 349–350

See also Data sources;



Methodological bias;



Research needs;



Risk assessment methodology



2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), I: 700;

V: 104

6-Methyl-1,3,8-trichlorodibenzofuran, I: 153

Michigan, I: 374, 375, 383;

II: 113, 153, 161, 202, 308;

III: 159, 160, 218, 221, 234, 235, 243, 270, 357–358, 363, 373, 387, 388, 484, 511, 516;

IV: 133, 136, 149, 158, 231, 266, 335, 350, 355, 363, 368, 370, 381, 383, 414;

V: 117

Department of Management and Budget's Vietnam-era Bonus List, II: 153, 161, 202, 208, 221, 225, 230, 234, 236, 246;

III: 308, 336, 353, 489

Department of Public Health, II: 161

See also Detroit, Michigan;



Midland, Michigan;



Tecumseh, Michigan



Midland, Michigan, III: 152, 221, 234;

IV: 149;

V: 117

Midwest Research Institute, I: 29–30

Milan, Italy, II: 243;

III: 232;

IV: 144

Military health care



Agent Orange legislation, II: 28;

III: 26, 27

Department of Veterans Affairs activities, II: 29;

III: 27

Military occupation specialty code (MOS), II: 153;

III: 242

Military operations



Agent Orange surplus disposal, I: 93–94

herbicide early research, I: 25–26;

II: 27– 32;

III: 25–30

herbicide (strategic) use ban, I: 32, 45

herbicide use precautions, I: 95

South Vietnam tactical zones, I: 98

Vietnam distribution of personnel, I: 81, 82

Vietnam herbicide applications, I: 1, 3, 24, 27, 74, 84–96, 98–107, 286;

II: 26–27;

III: 135–142;

V: 229–232

Vietnam herbicides aerial spraying, I: 27, 85–91;

II: 26;

III: 135, 137, 138

Vietnam herbicides ground spraying, I: 94– 96;

II: 26;

III: 138–140

Vietnam herbicides use early objections, I: 29, 31–32;

II: 26–27

Vietnam troop movements, I: 52–53, 96, 273–279, 287

Vietnam U.S. involvement, I: 75–76, 84

See also Military records;



Operation Ranch Hand



Military personnel. See Demographic data, Vietnam veterans;



Foreign veterans;



Military health care;



Military occupation specialty code (MOS);



Military operations;



Military records;



Operation Ranch Hand;



U.S. Air Force;



U.S. Army;



U.S. Army Chemical Corps;



U.S. Coast Guard;



U.S. Marine Corps;



U.S. Navy;



U.S. Special Forces;



Vietnam veterans;



Women veterans



Military records, I: 742–743

herbicide exposure assessment use, I: 271– 280, 287–288;

II: 101;

III: 138, 140;

IV: 125

herbicide spray missions records, I: 27, 62, 84–85, 104–106

HERBS tapes, I: 62, 96–98;

III: 146, 148;

IV: 123–125

research recommendations, I: 17, 724–725

Vietnam casualties, I: 82–83

Vietnam herbicide ground spraying, I: 94, 95;

IV: 110–111, 113–114

Vietnam service identification in, II: 24–25, 175

Vietnam veterans in, I: 75–80, 106;

II: 150– 153

Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI), V: 449

Minnesota, I: 37, 326, 332, 333, 468;

II: 47, 137–138, 178, 199, 325;

III: 226–227, 229, 440–441;

IV: 144, 210, 286, 306, 344, 349, 354, 362, 369, 375, 382

Department of Agriculture, II: 137;

III: 226, 440;

IV: 149

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory,I: 641

Miscarriages. See Spontaneous abortion



Missouri, I: 621, 626, 664–665, 681;

II: 280;

III: 500;

IV: 133, 135, 148, 227, 272, 404, 484, 487, 493

See also Times Beach, Missouri;

Verona, Missouri



Mixed-function oxidase activity, I: 131, 155, 156

MM. See Multiple myeloma



MMA. See Pentavalent monomethylarsonic acid;

Trivalent monomethylarsonous acid



Models and modeling. See Herbicide exposure reconstruction model;

Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models



Monsanto Company, I: 34, 35, 38, 305–307, 444, 674, 700;

II: 114–115, 179, 182, 193, 204, 207, 220, 236;

III: 152, 171– 172, 220, 348;

IV: 136, 185–186, 257, 260, 271, 371, 290, 301, 333, 343;

V: 106–107, 131–132

Montagnards, I: 31, 371, 599

Montana, II: 268;

III: 420;

IV: 149, 344, 349, 354, 362, 369, 375, 382

Mortality. See Child mortality studies;

Deaths;



Mortality studies;

Perinatal death



Mortality of Vietnam Veterans: The Veteran Cohort Study,

III: 273, 285–286

Mortality studies, II: 130;

IV: 140, 141, 144, 146, 149, 156, 157, 159, 184–194, 252, 253

basal/squamous cell skin cancer, III: 319, 321;

V: 296

cancer, I: 442–445;

II: 133, 134, 136, 137, 185;

IV: 137, 140, 142, 143, 150, 199– 200–206

circulatory disorders, II: 335;

V: 504

death certificate data, I: 236–237;

II: 136, 137–138

female reproductive cancers statistics, II: 211

Finland respiratory cancer mortality and latency, II: 271;

III: 422

Germany, in, IV: 137, 138

latency results, II: 263;

III: 410–411, 421, 422, 423

melanoma, III: 314–315, 316;

V: 291–292

methodology, I: 229–233, 435

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducted by, IV: 105, 136, 251

non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and latency, III: 429

prostate cancer and latency, II: 273, 274, 275, 276;

III: 426, 427;

V: 319–321

Ranch Hand baseline mortality studies, II: 151;

IV: 151–153

respiratory cancer mortality and latency, II: 270, 271;

III: 421, 422, 423, 424

Seveso, Italy, children study, II: 147;

IV: 148

Seveso, Italy, males cancer mortality and latency, II: 271, 275;

III: 422, 427;

IV: 148

standardized mortality ratio, I: 229–230

women veterans, II: 152–153, 201

See also Child mortality studies;

Deaths;



Perinatal death



MOS. See Military occupation specialty code



Motor/coordination dysfunction



epidemiological studies, II: 309–310;

III: 469–470;

IV: 445–447

herbicide association in, I: 661–662;

II: 4, 7, 11, 21, 309–310;

III: 469–470;

IV: 443–447;

V: 452–465

herbicide environmental exposure studies, I: 658–659;

IV: 445–447

herbicide occupational exposure studies, I: 658;

IV: 445–447

scientific literature update, II: 309–310;

III: 470;

IV: 445–447

Vietnam veterans' risk, I: 662;

II: 309, 310

See also Ataxia;

Dystonia;

Neurobehavioral toxicity;

Neurologic disorders;



Parkinsonism;

Stroke



Motor neuron disease, V: 461

Motor/sensory/coordination problems, I: 14, 658–662

MPTP, I: 661;

IV: 445, 448

MRR. See Meta risk ratio



Multiple myeloma (MM), I: 331, 334, 335, 336, 341;

IV: 6, 8, 10, 144, 149

agricultural/forestry workers and, I: 558– 561;

II: 138–139, 238–239, 241–243;

III: 379–380;

IV: 140

biologic plausibility, I: 563;

III: 383;

IV: 374;

V: 366

epidemiologic studies, I: 331, 334, 335, 336, 341, 557–563;

II: 138–139, 237–244;

III:

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×
377–383;

IV: 199, 209, 211, 212, 215, 372–373, 374–376;

V: 363–366

epidemiology, I: 526, 528;

II: 236–237;

III: 377;

IV: 371–372

herbicide association in, I: 10, 11–12, 563, 574, 576;

II: 6, 8, 20, 89, 236–244, 247;

III: 7, 8, 9, 20, 24, 377–383;

IV: 18, 143;

V: 14, 361–366

herbicide environmental exposure and, II: 241, 243;

III: 380, 382;

IV: 372–373;

V: 364–365

herbicide occupational exposure and, II: 237–243;

III: 378–380, 381–382;

IV: 372;

V: 363–364

histopathology, I: 527

incidence, data by race/gender, for selected age groups, III: 377;

IV: 371–372;

V: 361

paper/pulp workers and, II: 143

production workers and, II: 237–238;

III: 378–379;

IV: 373

risk estimates, II: 240–241;

V: 366

scientific literature update, III: 378–380;

IV: 372–373;

V: 362

Vietnam veterans' compensation, II: 24, 30, 31

Vietnam veterans' risk, I: 563;

II: 231, 244;

IV: 374;

V: 366

Vietnam veterans' studies, III: 380, 382;

IV: 373;

V: 365

See also Malignant lymphomas



Myeloid leukemia. See Leukemia



Myocardial fibrosis, V: 505

Myocardial infarction, I: 708;

IV: 135, 507–510

See also Cardiovascular system disorders;



Circulatory disorders

N



NAS. See National Academy of Sciences



Nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer



biologic plausibility, III: 292;

IV: 275;

V: 268

clinical description, I: 457–458

epidemiologic studies, II: 6, 187–189;

III: 290–291;

IV: 143, 274–276;

V: 267

epidemiology, I: 458–459;

II: 187–188;

III: 288–289;

IV: 273

herbicide association in, I: 13, 19, 460, 577;

II: 2, 6, 11, 12, 20, 89, 187–189, 249– 250;

III: 7, 10, 290–292;

IV: 7, 11;

V: 264–268

herbicide environmental exposure and, II: 189;

III: 290, 291;

IV: 274–275;

V: 266

herbicide occupational exposure and, II: 188–189;

III: 290, 291;

IV: 274;

V: 266

incidence, data by race/gender, for selected age groups, III: 289;

IV: 273

scientific literature update, III: 290;

IV: 274–275;

V: 265–267

TCDD association with, V: 5

treatment, I: 458

Vietnam veterans' risk, I: 460;

IV: 275;

V: 268

Vietnam veterans' studies, II: 189;

III: 290, 291;

IV: 275;

V: 266–267

Nasal olfactory mucosa, I: 130

National Academy of Sciences (NAS), I: 2, 28– 29, 31, 43, 47, 51, 55, 57;

II: 1, 17, 25, 29, 30, 63;

III: 1, 23, 28, 146;

IV: 1, 15;

V: 1, 12

National Cancer Institute (NCI), I: 9, 30, 37, 439;

II: 231;

III: 218, 363

National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), III: 266;

IV: 249

ICD-9 cancer codes, SEER program site groupings for, III: 537–539;

IV: 524– 526;

V: 243, 531–533

National Death Index, II: 130, 152, 153

National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG), III: 492, 493

National Health and Nutrition Evaluation Survey III (NHANES III), III: 498

National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), III: 499;

IV: 411

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), I: 8, 12, 36–37, 260, 264, 270, 285, 303–305, 443, 478, 479, 499, 564, 573, 577, 650–651, 686, 731;

II: 13, 95, 101, 103, 105, 114–115, 128– 129, 132, 178, 196, 206, 221, 229, 269, 270, 272, 273, 274, 275, 280, 309, 322, 350–351, 356, 357;

III: 11, 12, 131, 144, 162, 170–171, 218, 219–220, 306, 310, 420, 421, 424, 425, 426, 428, 445, 449, 469, 481, 500, 502;

IV: 10, 111, 133–134, 136, 182–184, 251, 257, 260, 263, 265, 268, 270–271, 277, 280, 282– 283, 288, 290, 292, 295, 297, 300, 327, 331, 333, 341, 343, 346, 349, 351, 353, 356, 358, 366, 368, 372, 375, 379;

V: 10, 104–106, 128–131, 218–219, 410, 419, 487

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), V: 526

National Institutes of Health (NIH), I: 92

National Library of Medicine, I: 735

National Medical Expenditures Survey (NMES), III: 243;

IV: 238

National Occupational Mortality Surveillance System, III: 231, 470

National Personnel Records Center, I: 17, 77, 385, 724;

II: 150, 152;

III: 237, 242

National Research Council, I: 20, 62–64

National Survey of the Vietnam Generation, IV: 411

National Technical Information Service, III: 29

National Toxicology Program, I: 139–141;

IV: 284

National Veterans Legal Services Project, I: 60

National Vietnam Veterans Birth Defects/ Learning Disabilities Registry and Data Base, I: 741–742;

II: 292–293

National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study, I: 79, 83, 655

Nature, IV: 511

Navy. See U.S. Navy



NCHS. See National Center for Health Statistics



NCI. See National Cancer Institute



NDDG. See National Diabetes Data Group



Nebraska, I: 9, 37, 332, 333–334, 535;

II: 139, 231, 233–234, 241;

III: 229, 363;

IV: 143–144, 211, 216, 360, 375, 382

Nebraska Lymphoma Study, II: 139

Neonatal death. See Perinatal death



Nerve conduction studies, V: 466

Netherlands, I: 316–317, 323, 325–326, 443, 464, 468, 477, 558;

II: 132–133, 179, 196, 199, 220, 226, 232, 238, 243, 269;

III: 10, 223, 226, 230, 236, 348, 441– 442, 490;

IV: 252–253, 256–257, 259– 260, 262, 265, 293, 295–296, 302, 306, 333, 340, 343, 346, 348, 351, 353, 356, 358–360, 365, 368, 372, 374–375, 379, 381, 404–405;

V: 5;

V: 117

Central Bureau of Statistics, II: 133

herbicide exposure assessment, III: 150– 151

National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection, II: 132–133

See also Amsterdam, Netherlands;



Rotterdam, Netherlands



Neural tube defects, II: 297;

III: 437–438;

IV, 18, 400–405;

V: 16, 399–400

See also Birth defects;

Reproductive disorders;

Spina bifida



Neurasthenia, I: 649;

IV: 440;

V: 447

See also Cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders



Neurobehavioral toxicity



2,4-D, I: 180;

II: 305;

III: 473, 474

biological plausibility, II: 314;

III: 474–475

definition, II: 304

epidemiological studies, II: 306, 307–308, 309–310, 311, 312–313, 314;

III: 467– 473

epidemiology, II: 304–305, 307;

III: 466, 468

evidence in epidemiological studies, II: 314;

III: 473–474

herbicide association, II: 305–314;

III: 3, 467–475

herbicide environmental exposure studies, II: 306;

III: 467

herbicide occupational exposure studies, II: 306;

III: 467

TCDD, II: 305, 307–308, 309, 310–311, 314;

III: 469, 470–471, 474, 475;

IV: 25–26;

V: 71–72

Vietnam veterans increased risk, II: 305, 306, 314;

III: 475–476

See also Ataxia;

Cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders;

Depressive disorders;

Motor/ coordination dysfunction;

Neurologic disorders;

Peripheral nervous system (PNS) disorders;

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD);

Stroke



Neuroblastoma, I: 594;

V: 5

children and, I: 628;

IV: 422, 425;

V: 425– 432

Neurofibromatosis, V: 283

Neurologic disorders



2,4-D in, I: 179;

II: 48;

III: 45–46, 473, 474

assessment issues, I: 14, 641–642;

IV: 440– 441

biologic plausibility, III: 474–475;

IV: 457– 459

childhood cancer, I: 628

classification of, I: 640;

II: 304–305;

V: 447–448

cognitive/neuropsychiatric effects, I: 649– 658;

III: 468–469;

IV: 441–443;

V: 448–452

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

epidemiologic studies, I: 44–45, 643–648;

II: 141, 305, 307, 309;

III: 467–473;

IV: 441–459

herbicide association in, I: 14, 657, 661, 666;

III: 467–476;

IV: 441–459

herbicide occupational exposure studies and, I: 649–651, 658, 662–663;

III: 467

motor/coordination dysfunction, I: 14, 658– 662;

III: 469–470;

IV: 443–448

peripheral nervous system disorders, I: 662–666;

III: 470–473;

IV: 454–459

Seveso, Italy, studies, I: 365–366, 523;

II: 141;

IV: 227

TCDD in, I: 160–166;

II: 3, 75;

III: 84–85, 469, 470–471, 474, 475;

IV: 441–443, 445;

V: 60–61

Vietnam veterans' compensation, I: 55

Vietnam veterans' offspring and, I: 609, 660

Vietnam veterans' risk, I: 658, 662, 666;

III: 475–476;

IV: 459

See also Chronic peripheral neuropathy;



Cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders;



Motor/coordination dysfunction;



Neurobehavioral toxicity;

Peripheral nervous system (PNS) disorders



Neuropathies. See Peripheral nervous system (PNS) dysfunction



New Brunswick, Canada, III: 234;

IV: 149

New Hampshire, I: 341, 364;

III: 232;

IV: 146, 222

New Jersey, I: 656, 695;

II: 280;

III: 243, 500;

IV: 158, 483, 487, 493

Agent Orange Commission, I: 60, 280–281, 401–402, 741;

II: 292

See also Newark, New Jersey



New Mexico, I: 60, 402;

III: 243;

IV: 159

New York, II: 202;

IV: 149, 159, 230, 291, 298, 355, 364, 371;

V: 429I: 60, 364– 365, 402–403, 444, 470, 495, 626

See also Binghamton, New York;

Camp Drum, New York



New York City, V: 5

New Zealand, I: 329–331, 373, 486, 490, 535– 536, 552, 560–561;

II: 132, 134, 242;

III: 226, 229;

IV: 113, 142, 143, 149, 206, 215, 216, 297, 361, 369, 375, 404

See also Northland, New Zealand



Newark, New Jersey, II: 128–129;

III: 219, 220;

IV: 134–135;

V: 105

NHANES III. See National Health and Nutrition Evaluation Survey III



NHIS. See National Health Interview Survey



NHL. See Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma



Nickel, respiratory cancer and latency, II: 269;

III: 420

NIEHS. See National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences



NIH. See National Institutes of Health



NIOSH. See National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health



Nitro, West Virginia



industrial accident, I: 38–39, 305–307, 597, 607, 686, 700;

II: 287;

III: 152, 220, 318;

IV: 136

NMES. See National Medical Expenditures Survey



No-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL), V: 35

NOAEL, sNo–observed–adverse–effect level (NOAEL). See No-observed-adverse-effect level



Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL)



2,4-D in, I: 256–257

age of onset, I: 436

agricultural/forestry workers and, I: 530– 540;

II: 135, 138, 139, 232–234;

III: 364–365;

IV: 140

biologic plausibility, III: 366;

IV: 358–359;

V: 355

cytogenetic studies, III: 365–366

epidemiologic studies, I: 328, 329, 330, 331, 333–334, 335–338, 383, 384, 391– 393, 401, 528–540, 573–574;

II: 134– 135, 138, 139, 231–234;

III: 362–371;

IV: 116, 137, 199, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 294, 356–358, 359–364;

V: 5, 345–355

epidemiology, I: 526, 527;

II: 231;

III: 362;

IV: 355–356

herbicide association in, I: 8–10, 548, 573– 574;

II: 5, 6, 20, 102, 108, 231–234, 247;

III: 6, 7, 20, 24, 362–371;

IV: 6, 8, 17, 384, 422, 425;

V: 14, 343–355

herbicide environmental exposure studies, I: 540–541;

II: 234;

III: 365, 369;

IV: 149, 357;

V: 5, 347–348, 351–354, 430–431

herbicide occupational exposure and, II: 232–234;

III: 363–365, 367–369;

IV: 142, 143–144, 146, 356;

V: 344, 345– 347, 350–351

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

histopathology, I: 526

incidence, data by race/gender, for selected age groups, III: 362;

IV: 355–356;

V: 344

latency issues, III: 428–430

paper/pulp workers and, I: 540

production workers and, I: 9, 529–530, 548;

II: 232;

III: 363–364, 429

research recommendations, I: 19, 727

scientific literature update, II: 232–234;

III: 363–366;

IV: 356–358;

V: 344, 350– 351

Selected Cancers Study and, I: 234–235

Vietnam veterans and, I: 9, 401, 526, 541– 548, 549;

II: 231, 234;

III: 363, 365, 370–371;

IV: 156–157, 357–358, 359;

V: 348–350, 354, 355

Vietnam veterans compensation, I: 51, 55– 56;

II: 24, 29, 30, 31

See also Malignant lymphomas



Nonmelanoma skin cancer. See Basal/ squamous cell skin cancer;

Skin cancer



North America, II: 197;

III: 510

North Carolina, IV: 202;

V: 6

See also Agricultural Health Study



North Dakota, IV: 149, 344, 349, 354, 362, 369, 375, 382

Northeast Pharmaceutical and Chemical Corporation, I: 40

Northland, New Zealand, III: 234;

IV: 149

Norway, III: 10, 225, 442–443;

IV:

197, 209, 404



Central Population Register, III: 225, 442

Medical Birth Registry, III: 225, 442

Population Registry, III: 236

See also Frierfjord, Norway



Null hypothesis, I: 225

O

Occupational herbicide exposure, I: 5, 303

acute and subacute transient peripheral neuropathy and, II: 312;

IV: 10

agricultural/forestry workers, II: 183–184, 197–198, 232–234, 238–239, 241–243;

III: 178–195, 224–232, 284–285, 335, 364–365, 379–380, 387–388;

IV: 112– 113, 140–142

basal/squamous cell skin cancer and, III: 321, 323;

IV: 309;

V: 296, 297, 298– 299

birth defects and, II: 286–287;

III: 437;

IV: 404;

V: 394–395

bladder cancer and, III: 348, 350;

IV: 341– 342;

V: 329, 330

bone/joint cancer and, III: 303, 305;

IV: 288–289;

V: 280

brain tumors and, III: 357–358, 360;

IV: 351;

V: 340–341

breast cancer and, II: 214–216;

III: 324– 326, 328;

IV: 317;

V: 301, 302, 304

breast cancer estimated risk, II: 218;

V: 300–301

cancer mortality, I: 443–444;

II: 133, 134, 136, 137

cancer risk factor, I: 442;

II: 133–135

cervical cancer and, III: 332

childhood cancer, IV: 418–419, 427

circulatory disorders and, III: 515–516;

IV: 506–507;

V: 503

colon cancer and, V: 250–251

diabetes mellitus and, III: 496;

IV: 483– 484;

V: 487–491

epidemiologic studies, I: 303–365;

II: 3, 6– 7, 113–140;

III: 170–196, 218, 219– 232, 268–271, 274–280, 282–283, 284, 287, 290, 291, 293–294, 296–297, 300– 301, 303, 305, 308–309, 312, 316, 317, 321, 323, 324–326, 328, 332–333, 335– 336, 337, 338, 341, 344, 345, 348, 350, 353, 354, 357–378, 360, 363–365, 367– 369, 372–373, 374–375, 378–380, 381– 382, 386–388, 391–392, 437, 450, 454, 455, 456, 459, 467, 483–485, 489, 491, 496, 510–512, 515–516, 520;

IV: 134– 147, 251–254, 257–258, 259–260, 262– 263, 265–266, 268–269, 276, 277–278, 280, 285–286, 290, 292–293, 306, 307, 312, 318–319, 324, 325, 333–334, 338, 343–344, 348–349, 353–354, 359–361, 368–369, 374–375, 381–382, 404, 408, 418–419, 427, 445, 446, 473–474, 483– 484, 489–490, 500–501, 506–507;

V: 104–115

exposure assessment strategies, I: 253–256, 258–259, 262–267, 269–270;

II: 5, 99– 101, 107–108;

III: 144–145, 150–156

exposure indices development, II: 107–108;

III: 161–162

female reproductive system cancers and, III: 332–333;

IV: 321;

V: 311, 312, 313

gastrointestinal/digestive disorders and, III: 510–512;

IV: 500–501;

V: 245

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

gastrointestinal tract tumors and, II: 178– 179;

III: 268–271, 274–280;

IV: 251– 254;

V: 245

hepatobiliary cancer and, II: 182–184, 185, 186;

III: 282–283, 284, 287;

IV: 268– 269;

V: 261

Hodgkin's disease and, II: 235–236;

III: 372–373, 374–375;

IV: 365–366;

V: 357–358

immune system disorders and, III: 489, 491

infant death and, III: 456

infertility and, III: 450;

IV: 406–407

laryngeal cancer and, III: 293–294;

IV: 277–278;

V: 270

leukemia and, III: 386–388, 391–392;

IV: 198, 379;

V: 368, 369–370

lipid abnormalities and, III: 520;

IV: 114– 15, 117, 493

low birthweight and, III: 459;

IV: 414–416;

V: 423

lung cancer and, III: 296–297, 300–301, 421, 422, 423, 424;

IV: 282;

V: 274–275

melanoma and, III: 316, 317;

IV: 302;

V: 288, 289, 290, 291, 292

multiple myeloma and, II: 237–243;

III: 378–380, 381–382;

IV: 372;

V: 363– 364

nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer and, II: 188– 189;

III: 290, 291;

IV: 274;

V: 266

neonatal death and, III: 455

neural tube defects numbers, II: 297

neurobehavioral disorders association studies, II: 306;

III: 467

non-Hodgkin's disease and, II: 232–234;

III: 363–365, 367–369, 429;

IV: 356;

V: 344, 345–347, 350–351

ovarian cancer and, III: 333

pancreatic cancer and



production workers, II: 182–183, 191, 193– 197, 206–207, 232, 237–238;

III: 170– 178, 219–224, 284, 363–364, 378–379, 386–387, 420, 423, 426, 429;

IV: 111– 112, 134–140, 251–254, 271, 282, 288– 289, 296–297, 302, 321, 327–329, 336, 340–341, 346–347, 351, 356, 365–366, 372, 379

professional herbicide/pesticide applicators, II: 198–200;

III: 182–185, 226–228;

IV: 113–114, 142–143, 404

prostate cancer and, II: 219–220, 222;

III: 335–336, 337, 338, 341, 426, 427;

IV: 327–329;

V: 319–320

pulp/paper workers, I: 37–38, 267, 341, 364, 443, 447, 454, 468, 516, 523, 540, 561–562, 568;

II: 126–127, 184, 200, 243;

III: 196, 232;

IV: 114, 134, 252, 268

rectal cancer and, 254



renal cancers and, III: 353, 354;

IV: 346– 347

research recommendations, I: 15–16, 731

respiratory cancers and, II: 190, 191–200;

IV: 282

respiratory disorders and, III: 483–485;

IV: 473–474

sawmill workers, III: 10, 156, 227–228, 338, 439–440, 447–448, 449, 452, 453, 457;

IV: 114

skin cancer and, III: 312;

IV: 300, 301

soft-tissue sarcomas, II: 206–207;

III: 308– 309;

IV: 292–293;

V: 284–285

stillbirths and, III: 454

stomach cancer and, V: 247–248

testicular cancer and, III: 344, 345;

IV: 336;

V: 326

uterine cancer and, III: 333

Vietnam veteran exposure vs., I: 4, 285, 290

See also Herbicide exposure assessment;



Herbicides



Occupations. See Agricultural/forestry workers;



Highway workers;

Leather tanners;



Paper/pulp industry workers;

Production workers;

Professional herbicide/ pesticide applicators;

Railroad workers;



Tannery workers



Odds ratio, I: 224, 234;

II: 90;

III: 126–127;

IV: 105

Odds ratios, V: 22

Office of Technology Assessment, I: 19, 50, 52, 57, 728;

II: 28;

III: 26

OGTT. See Oral glucose tolerance test



Ohio, I: 336, 550

See also Hancock County, Ohio



Olshan, Andrew, III: 25

Ontario, Canada, II: 199;

V: 5, 305, 414, 435

Ontario Farm Family Health Study, V: 414, 435

Operation Ranch Hand, I: 3, 4, 15, 16–17, 24, 74;

II: 5, 14, 18, 23, 54, 251, 293;

III: 6, 11, 12, 22, 23, 37, 50, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139;

IV: 13, 18, 117–119, 150– 156, 160–161;

V: 10, 18

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×


application techniques, I: 25, 85–86, 87–88;

IV: 120–122

Army Chemical Corps and, IV: 123–124

birth defects in offspring of, IV: 18, 403– 404, 408, 430;

V: 16

categorization based on potential exposure, V: 120

chloracne and, IV: 8, 464–466

chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy, V: 465–466

cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders, V: 449–451

continuation of, IV: 21, 160–161

diabetes mellitus, V: 491–492

epidemiological studies, II: 31, 32, 150– 152, 154–156;

III: 28–29, 237, 438– 439, 498;

IV: 9, 10, 150–156, 255, 262, 269, 272, 275–276, 278, 280, 283–284, 287, 291, 295, 298–299, 301, 303–305, 308–310, 313, 327, 329, 331–332, 334– 336, 339, 342–343, 345, 347, 350, 352, 355, 357, 359, 362–363, 366, 370, 373, 376, 380, 383, 430–431, 435, 474, 479, 480, 485–488, 494, 502–504, 508–510;

V: 118–123, 177–181

exposure assessment, V: 232–233

herbicide formulations, I: 88–91;

V: 230

herbicide surplus disposal, I: 93–94

herbicide volume used, data by type, III: 136

neurological disorders in, IV: 442, 454– 455, 459

number of military personnel in, I: 94, 273

objectives, I: 85

operations data, I: 86, 87, 92, 106–107

porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT), IV: 466– 467;

V: 480

questionnaires, self-administered, II: 109, 151;

IV: 124

research recommendations, V: 524

spontaneous abortion, V: 418

start of, I: 84, 85

suspension of, I: 27, 31, 32, 92–93;

II: 109

targeting procedures, I: 86

TCDD half-life in, IV: 24, 28, 43

thyroid homeostasis and, V: 513

See also Air Force Health Study (AFHS)



Operational Report Lessons Learned, IV: 125

Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), III: 498, 500

Oregon, I: 336–337, 341;

II: 149;

III: 230, 232, 234;

IV: 149, 231;

V: 117

See also Alsea, Oregon



Outreach activities



Vietnam Veterans and, II: 31;

III: 28

Ovarian cancer, I: 338–339, 506, 510–511;

III: 333;

V: 313

herbicide association in, I: 13, 512;

II: 6;

III: 333;

IV: 320–323, 326, 385

See also Reproductive system cancers, women

P



P450, I: 130, 144–145, 170, 709;

II: 56, 70, 72, 74, 76;

III: 220;

IV: 27, 41–42, 47–48, 50–52, 54–55, 58–60, 63, 65, 67–69, 72–76, 78;

V: 379

PACER HO, I: 93

PAI-2. See Plasminogen activator inhibitor



Palermo, Italy, V: 462

Pancreatic cancer. See Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers



Paper/pulp industry workers



cancers in, I: 443, 454, 468, 516, 523, 540, 568;

II: 200;

IV: 114, 134, 252, 268

chemical exposures in, I: 37–38, 267;

III: 155–156;

IV: 134, 252

epidemiologic studies, I: 38, 341, 364;

II: 126–127, 184, 200, 243;

III: 196, 232;

IV: 134, 221–223, 252, 268;

V: 114– 115, 166–167, 225

hepatobiliary cancer, II: 184

multiple myeloma and, II: 243

Parkinsonism, I: 661;

II: 140, 149, 309–310;

III: 469–470, 475;

IV: 144, 443–445, 448, 458;

V: 6, 453–461, 524;

V: 453– 461

epidemiologic studies, V: 454–459

herbicide association in, V: 453–460, 464

scientific literature update, V: 460–461

See also Motor/coordination dysfunction



Parkinson's Disease (PD). See Parkinsonism



Parma, Italy, IV: 445

See Also Italy



PBPK. See Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model



PCBs. See Polychlorinated biphenyls



PCDDs. See Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins



PCDFs. See Polychlorinated dibenzofurans

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

PCMR. See Proportionate cancer mortality ratio



PCP. See Pentachlorophenol



PCT. See Porphyria cutanea tarda



PD. See Parkinsonism



Pennsylvania, I: 60, 403, 562;

II: 244;

III: 243;

IV: 186

1,2,3,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (PnCDD), II: 64, 65

2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran (PnCDF), II: 64, 65

Pentachlorophenol (PCP), II: 320;

III: 221, 511, 516;

IV: 257, 260, 263, 265, 271, 280, 285, 290, 296, 338, 353, 359, 368, 381

Pentavalent dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), V: 39

Pentavalent monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), V: 39

Pentoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase (PROD)



TCDD and, II: 64

PEPCK. See Hepatic phosphoenol pyruvate carboxy kinase



Perimeter spraying. See Ground/perimeter spraying



Perinatal death



biologic plausibility, III: 453, 458;

IV: 413;

V: 422

definitions, I: 618–619;

II: 284;

III: 451;

IV: 412

descriptive epidemiology, I: 619–620;

II: 284–285;

III: 451

epidemiological studies, I: 620–624;

II: 285–286;

III: 451–453, 454, 455, 456;

V: 421–422

herbicide association in, I: 14, 624;

II: 7, 11, 20, 278, 285–286;

III: 451–454, 455, 456;

IV: 413;

V: 421–422

herbicide environmental exposure and, III: 454, 455, 456

herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 454, 455, 456

risk factors, I: 619–620;

V: 422

scientific literature update, II: 285;

III: 452– 453, 454, 456;

V: 421–422

TCDD biologic plausibility in, I: 624;

V: 422

Vietnam veterans and, II: 285;

III: 454, 455, 456;

IV: 413;

V: 422

Peripheral nervous system (PNS) disorders, I: 55, 662–666;

II: 304, 312;

IV: 440

acute and subacute transient peripheral neuropathy, II: 2, 6, 89, 311–314;

III: 7, 8, 473;

IV: 10, 18, 457–459;

V: 14, 16, 27

biologic plausibility, V: 470–472

chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy, II: 89, 310–311;

III: 470–472; 454–456

diagnosing, V: 467–468

epidemiological studies, II: 310–311, 312– 314;

III: 470–473;

IV: 135, 454–455, 457;

V: 465–470

herbicide association with, I: 666;

II: 2, 6, 10, 11, 21, 89, 310–314;

III: 7, 8, 21, 470–473;

V: 465–469; 454–457

herbicide environmental exposure studies, I: 663–665;

II: 312–313

herbicide occupational exposure studies, I: 662–663;

II: 312

methodology, II: 311–312

scientific literature update, II: 310–311;

III: 471, 473;

IV: 454–455, 457;

V: 466– 467, 469

Seveso, Italy, residents and, II: 312–313

Vietnam veterans' risk, I: 666;

II: 311, 313;

IV: 457, 459

See also Chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy;

Neurobehavioral toxicity;



Neurologic disorders



Pesticide/herbicide applicators. See Professional herbicide/pesticide applicators



Pesticides. See Agricultural herbicides;



Desiccant herbicides;

Fungicides;



Herbicides;

Insecticides;

Phenoxy herbicides;

Selective herbicides



Pharmacokinetics



2,4-D, I: 175

2,4,5-T, I: 182

cacodylic acid, I: 186–187

picloram, I: 190

TCDD, I: 127–133, 260–261, 284;

II: 53– 54;

III: 161;

IV: 41, 42, 47

TCDD-induced wasting syndrome, I: 162– 166

Phenoxy herbicides, I: 8, 9, 10, 11, 27;

III: 150, 151, 154, 222, 223, 422, 423, 429;

V: 3, 5

action of, I: 27;

IV: 16

IARC registry and, IV: 137

See also Herbicides



Phenoxyacetic acid, V: 415

Phenoxyenolpyruvate carboxykinase, I: 172

Phenoxypropionic acids, I: 327

Philadelphia chromosome, V: 367

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model, V: 32

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
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Phytar 560-G, I: 89

Picloram, I: 88, 90, 91;

II: 4;

III: 5, 19, 135, 136, 137, 218;

IV: 5, 117–119, 133;

V: 1, 3

acute toxicity, I: 191

animal studies, I: 189–192;

III: 50, 396, 460

biologic plausibility, III: 460, 524;

IV: 426

carcinogenicity, I: 118, 119, 190–191;

II: 40;

III: 396;

V: 40

chemical properties/structure, I: 111, 114– 115, 189;

II: 38;

III: 32

chronic exposure, I: 191–192

developmental/reproductive toxicity, I: 192;

II: 42;

III: 460;

IV: 416, 426, 431, 434– 435

domestic use, I: 189

genotoxicity, I: 191

immunotoxicity, I: 122–123, 192;

II: 41

liver toxicity, I: 125;

II: 42;

III: 524

metabolism, I: 115, 116

neurologic effects, V: 40

pharmacokinetics, I: 190;

IV: 27–28

toxicity profile update, II: 51;

III: 50;

IV: 22–24, 31, 33–34, 40–41;

V: 40, 79

volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, data, III: 136;

IV: 117

PKC. See Protein kinase C



Plantation workers. See Agricultural/forestry workers



Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-2), II: 74

Plasmodium, TCDD exposure and, II: 68

Plausibility. See Biologic plausibility



Pleurisy, I: 711, 713

See also Respiratory disorders



PMRs. See Proportionate mortality ratio



PnCDD. See 1,2,3,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin



PnCDF. See 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzo-furan



Pneumoconiosis, I: 713

See also Respiratory disorders



Pneumonia, I: 710, 713

See also Respiratory disorders



PNS. See Peripheral nervous system disorders



Pointman Project, I: 60, 280, 401–402, 656

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), II: 64, 67, 68, 182, 329;

III: 236, 515;

IV: 138, 399;

V: 27, 305, 478

Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), I: 126, 327;

II: 53, 64, 133, 149, 320, 329;

III: 153, 154, 156, 160, 221, 223, 236, 511, 515, 516;

IV: 111–112, 114;

V: 487, 503

Polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), II: 53, 64, 68, 149, 320, 329;

III: 153, 154, 160, 223, 236

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils, I: 148

Population characteristics. See Age and aging;



Deaths;

Demographic data, Vietnam veterans;

Gender;

Perinatal death;

Race/ ethnicity



Porphyria, I: 153–154

Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT)



biological plausibility, II: 323;

III: 482;

IV: 468;

V: 480

clinical features, I: 679;

IV: 466–467;

V: 479

epidemiologic studies, I: 680–682;

II: 6, 129, 321–323;

III: 481–482;

IV: 194, 467–468;

V: 480

epidemiology, II: 321;

III: 480–481;

IV: 10, 466–467

herbicide association in, I: 10, 682;

II: 5, 6, 10, 20, 129, 321–323;

III: 7, 8, 20, 24, 481–482;

IV: 17, 18, 135, 183, 467, 468;

V: 14

scientific literature update, II: 322–323;

III: 482;

IV: 467–468;

V: 480

Vietnam veterans' compensation, I: 50, 55;

II: 24, 28–29, 30, 31

Vietnam veterans' risk, I: 682–683;

II: 321, 322, 323;

III: 481, 482;

IV: 468;

V: 480

See also Skin sensitivity



Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), I: 397– 398, 653–656, 658;

II: 304, 308;

IV: 440;

V: 447

See also Cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders



PR. See Prevalence ratio (PR)



Prague, Czechoslovakia, III: 224

Preterm delivery (PTD), III: 454, 455, 456– 458, 459;

IV: 400, 413, 416, 432;

V: 422–425

See also Low birthweight



Prevalence ratio (PR), V: 460

PROD. See Pentoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase



Production workers



bladder cancer, I: 513–517;

IV: 341–342

brain cancer, I: 523;

IV: 351

cancer mortality, I: 443–444;

II: 133, 134, 270, 273, 274;

III: 423, 426, 429;

IV: 251, 268

chemical industry production workers studies, I: 303–318;

II: 114–118, 128–

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
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135, 171–175, 182–183, 191, 193–197, 206–207, 232, 237–238, 273–274, 275;

III: 170–178, 219–224, 363–364, 378– 379, 386–387, 422, 423, 426, 429;

IV: 270, 292;

V: 3

chloracne, I: 674–676

circulatory disorders, I: 700–701;

IV: 506– 507

diabetes mellitus, I: 684 ;

IV: 483–484

epidemiologic studies, I: 36–37, 303–318;

II: 113, 114–118, 128–135, 182–183, 191, 193–197, 232, 237–238;

III: 170– 178, 219–224, 284, 363–364, 378–379, 386–387;

IV: 182–197, 300, 312;

V: 105–109, 128–142, 218–222

female reproductive/breast cancer, I: 508– 510;

IV: 317, 321

gastrointestinal tract cancers, I: 447;

IV: 251–254

gastrointestinal ulcers, I: 691

German herbicide employees, exposure assessment, II: 4–5, 105, 108;

III: 423, 429

hepatic enzyme dysfunction, I: 686, 687

hepatobiliary cancers, I: 453–454, 455;

II: 182–183;

III: 284;

IV: 268–269

herbicide exposure assessment, I: 264–265;

II: 103, 105, 107–108;

III: 150–154

Hodgkin's disease, I: 9;

IV: 365–366

immune system disorders, I: 697–698

international register of workers exposed to phenoxy herbicides, II: 131–135;

III: 175–177, 222–223

latency and cancer, II: 269, 270, 272, 273– 274, 275;

III: 422, 423, 426, 429;

IV:

284, 293, leukemia, I: 564–566, 570–571;

III: 386– 387;

IV: 379

lipid abnormalities, I: 688–689;

IV: 493

multiple myeloma, I: 557–578;

II: 237–238;

III: 378–379;

IV: 372

nasal/nasopharyngeal cancers, I: 458, 459;

IV: 274

neurologic/neuropsychiatric disorders, I: 649, 650–651, 662–663

non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, I: 9, 529–530, 548;

II: 134, 135, 232;

III: 363–364, 429;

IV: 356

porphyria cutanea tarda, I: 680;

II: 129

prostate cancer, I: 518;

II: 273–274, 275;

III: 426, 427;

IV: 327–329

renal cancer, I: 515;

IV: 346–347

reproductive outcomes, I: 596–598, 607, 620, 621

respiratory cancer, I: 10, 461–466, 471;

II: 191, 193–197, 269, 270, 272;

III: 423;

IV: 282

respiratory disorders, I: 709–710;

IV: 273– 274

skin cancer, I: 502;

IV: 300, 301

soft-tissue sarcoma, I: 8, 477–479, 499;

II: 132, 134–135, 206–207;

IV: 292–293

testicular cancer, I: 519;

IV: 336

See also Industrial accidents



Professional herbicide/pesticide applicators



cancer in, I: 320–321, 323, 325–326, 443, 447, 466–468, 488, 491;

II: 137–138, 198–200;

III: 422;

IV: 321, 327–328, 330, 336

cohort studies, IV: 202–206;

V: 112–113

epidemiologic studies, I: 323–326, 447, 466–468;

II: 120–126, 137–140;

III: 182–185, 226–228;

IV: 142–143, 144– 145;

V: 224–225

Finland respiratory cancer mortality and latency, II: 271;

III: 422

herbicide exposure assessment, I: 266–267;

II: 107–108;

III: 155;

IV: 113–114

reproductive outcomes, I: 324–325;

IV: 410

See also Herbicide application methods;



Herbicides



Prolactin, I: 165

Proportionate cancer mortality ratio (PCMR), II: 179, 183, 197–198, 203, 204–205, 207, 210, 212, 216, 219, 224, 226, 227, 229, 233, 235, 246

Proportionate mortality ratio (PMR), I: 232– 233;

II: 161, 180, 185, 208, 225, 230, 234, 236, 242, 246;

III: 417–418, 428;

IV: 253, 369

Prostate cancer



biologic plausibility, III: 343;

IV: 332

epidemiologic studies, I: 518–519;

II: 6, 219–223;

III: 335–342;

IV: 202, 327– 329, 330–331, 333–335;

V: 319–323

epidemiology, I: 513, 514–515;

II: 217, 219;

III: 334;

IV: 326–327

herbicide association in, I: 10, 11, 519–521, 575–576;

II: 2, 6, 8–9, 20, 89, 217–223, 247;

III: 7, 8, 9, 20, 335–343;

IV: 6, 8, 10, 18;

V: 14, 316–324

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
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herbicide environmental exposure studies, III: 336, 338, 342;

IV: 329;

V: 320–321, 322

II: 221, 222

herbicide occupational exposure studies, II: 219–220, 222;

III: 335–336, 337, 338, 341;

IV: 202, 327–329;

V: 319–320

histopathology, I: 513

incidence, data by race, for selected age groups, III: 334;

IV: 249, 326–327;

V: 317

latency issues, II: 13, 14;

III: 426–428

mortality and latency, II: 273, 274, 275;

III: 426, 427;

V: 319–321

research recommendations, I: 19, 727;

V: 524

risk, estimated, II: 222–223;

V: 324

scientific literature update, III: 336–339;

IV: 74, 327–331;

V: 318, 322

Seveso, Italy, male mortality and latency, II: 275;

III: 336, 338, 427;

IV: 329

TCDD association with, V: 63–64

Vietnam veterans' risk, I: 11, 518, 519, 522;

II: 221, 223;

III: 343, 431;

IV: 332;

V: 324

Vietnam veterans' studies, III: 336, 338, 339, 340, 342;

IV: 329;

V: 321, 322

See also Genitourinary cancers



Protein kinase C (PKC), II: 4, 52, 59, 60, 61, 62;

III: 65–67, 105;

IV: 69–71, 72

Psychiatric disorders



assessment for, I: 641

epidemiological studies, I: 649–657

herbicide association in, I: 14, 657;

IV: 135, 151

posttraumatic stress disorder, I: 397–398, 653–656, 658;

IV: 440

PTD. See Preterm delivery



PTSD. See Posttraumatic stress disorder



Public concern, I: 1, 2, 23–24, 29–32, 35–36, 39

federal government response to, I: 45–60;

II: 27–32;

III: 25–30

Public Law 91-441, I: 47, 62

Public Law 96-151, I: 50, 52, 57;

II: 28;

III: 26, 240

Public Law 97-72, I: 50;

II: 28;

III: 26, 240

Public Law 98-181, I: 51

Public Law 98-542, I: 50–51;

II: 28–29;

III: 26–27

Public Law 99-272, I: 50;

II: 28;

III: 26

Public Law 100-687, I: 51

Public Law 101-239, I: 51

Public Law 102-4, I: 2, 7, 20, 21, 51, 572, 721, 728–730;

II: 1, 5, 17, 19, 29, 97, 247;

III: 1, 6, 14, 17, 20, 124, 132, 390, 397, 462, 475, 519, 525;

IV: 1, 2, 6, 15, 103, 388;

V: 1–3, 12–13

Public Law 102-585, II: 28;

III: 26

Public Law 103-452, II: 28;

III: 26

Public Law 104-110, III: 26

Public Law 104-204, III: 24, 26

Public Law 104-262, III: 26

Public Law 105-114, III: 25

Pulmonary system



TCDD absorption, I: 129;

IV: 135, 156;

V: 71

Vietnam veterans disorders, I: 402

See also Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD);

Respiratory cancers;



Respiratory disorders

Q



QSAR. See Quantitative structure-activity relationship models



Quail Run mobile home park, I: 268, 369–370, 455, 665, 681, 687, 694;

II: 144, 184;

III: 200–201, 234, 283;

IV: 115, 148;

V: 116, 171–172

Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models, III: 106;

V: 27;

VI: 84

Questionnaires, II: 109, 136, 150, 292;

IV: 111, 124

R



RA. See Retinoic acid



Race/ethnicity



acute lymphocytic leukemia incidence, data by race, III: 384;

IV: 378

acute myeloid leukemia incidence, data by race, III: 384;

IV: 378

bladder cancer incidence, data by race, III: 347;

IV: 340;

V: 328

bone/joint cancer incidence, data by race, III: 302;

IV: 288

brain tumor incidence, data by race, III: 356;

IV: 351;

V: 339

breast cancer incidence, data by race, III: 324;

IV: 314

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
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cancer studies and, II: 179, 180, 181, 183, 214, 219, 227, 237;

IV: 249–250

cardiovascular disorders, adjusted by, IV: 494, 507

chronic lymphocytic leukemia incidence, data by race, III: 384;

IV: 378

chronic myeloid leukemia incidence, data by race, III: 384;

IV: 378

diabetes prevalence, data by race, III: 492;

IV: 484–486, 492

female reproductive system cancer incidence and other effects, data by race, III: 330;

IV: 321, 414, 421, 423, 429

gastrointestinal tract cancer incidence, data by race and cancer type, III: 267;

IV: 250

Hodgkin's disease incidence, data by race, III: 372;

IV: 365;

V: 355

laryngeal cancer incidence, data by race, III: 292;

IV: 273

liver/intrahepatic bile duct cancer incidence, by race, III: 282;

IV: 267, 502

lung cancer incidence, data by race, III: 296;

IV: 281

melanoma incidence, data by race, III: 313;

IV: 300

motor dysfunction, adjusted by, IV: 444

multiple myeloma incidence, data by race, III: 377;

IV: 372;

V: 361

nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer incidence, data by race, III: 289;

IV: 273

non-Hodgkin's lymphoma incidence, data by race, III: 362;

IV: 356;

V: 344

prostate cancer incidence, data by race,III: 334;

IV: 326–327

renal cancers incidence, data by race, III: 352;

IV: 346

risk adjusted by, IV: 135, 150–152, 154– 156

soft-tissue sarcoma incidence, data by race, III: 306;

IV: 292

testicular cancer incidence, data by race, III: 343;

IV: 335;

V: 324

Vietnam veterans, I: 81, 82, 83, 84;

II: 180

See also Alaskan natives;

Asian Americans;



Demographic data, Vietnam veterans



Race/ethnicity eukemia incidence, data by type and race, III: 384;

IV: 378

Radiation exposure, I: 564, 595

Radon daughters



respiratory cancer and latency, II: 268;

III: 418

Railroad workers, I: 323–324, 467, 486, 649– 650, 658;

IV: 206

Ranch Hand study. See Operation Ranch Hand



RARb. See Retinoic acid receptor b



Reagan, Ronald, III: 26

Rectal cancer. See Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers



Registries. See Agent Orange Registry (AOR);



Dioxin Registry;

European registry;



National Vietnam Veterans Birth Defects/Learning Disabilities Registry and Data Base



Regression analysis, II: 281

Relative risk, I: 224, 229, 230, 239, 258;

II: 90, 178, 264, 265, 266, 271, 275, 297, 351, 356;

III: 126–127, 412, 413, 414, 415, 418, 420, 422, 426–427, 428, 430–431;

IV: 83, 105, 138, 142, 153, 254, 277, 278, 282, 284, 303, 310, 315, 321, 322, 329, 331, 332, 366, 373, 379, 424, 447, 472, 500

Renal cancer. See Kidney cancer



Renal toxicity



cacodylic acid and, II: 50–51

TCDD and, II: 77;

III: 75–76;

IV: 76–77

Reproductive disorders



2,4-D in, I: 180–181;

II: 42, 280–282;

III: 46, 460, 461–462;

IV: 416

2,4,5-T in, I: 185;

II: 42, 280–282, 287;

III: 462;

IV: 404;

IV: 416

animal studies, I: 123–124;

III: 460–462;

IV: 426, 431–435

biologic plausibility, II: 300;

III: 444, 451, 453, 458, 460–462;

IV: 416, 426

cacodylic acid in, I: 189;

II: 42;

IV: 403, 407, 411, 413, 416, 431, 435

epidemiologic studies, III: 436, 437–438, 443, 445–449, 450, 451–453, 454, 455, 456–457, 459;

IV: 135, 153, 209, 227, 228, 233, 431;

IV: 416, 426

herbicide association in, I: 13–14, 605, 634;

II: 6, 7, 278–279, 300–301;

III: 3, 434– 435, 436–444, 445–454, 455, 456–458, 459;

IV: 135

male-mediated, I: 593–595;

III: 444–451;

IV: 413

methodological approach to study of, I: 591–592

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
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occupational risk factors, I: 594–595;

IV: 399–400, 402, 404, 408, 418–419

picloram in, I: 192;

II: 42;

III: 462;

IV: 403, 413, 416, 431

Ranch Hand study, I: 758–762;

II: 293–295;

III: 436, 438, 439, 446–447, 449, 452– 453, 457–458;

IV: 233

research recommendations, I: 727

TCDD in, I: 123–124, 156–159;

II: 3, 41– 42, 71–72, 282, 285–286;

III: 92–105, 446–449, 460–461, 462;

IV: 26, 81–82, 416;

V: 64–65, 72–73

Vietnam veterans' increased disease risk, II: 278, 298, 300–301;

III: 444, 462;

IV: 417, 426, 431

See also Birth defects;

Cervical cancer;



Endometrial cancer;

Hypospadias;



Infertility;

Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR);

Low birthweight;



Neural tube defects;

Ovarian cancer;



Perinatal death;

Preterm delivery (PTD);



Reproductive system cancers, women;



Sperm parameter disorders;



Spontaneous abortion



Reproductive system cancers, women, I: 13, 14, 505–512, 577;

II: 6;

IV: 320–326;

V: 309–316

biologic plausibility, III: 334;

IV: 323;

V: 316

epidemiologic studies, I: 508–512;

II: 211– 213;

III: 330–334;

IV: 321–326;

V: 311–316

epidemiology, I: 505, 506–508;

II: 211;

III: 329–330;

IV: 320–321

herbicide association in, I: 13, 14, 512, 577;

II: 6, 11, 20, 211–213, 249–250;

III: 7, 10, 330–334;

IV: 7, 11, 323, 385;

V: 309–316

herbicide environmental exposure and, III: 333;

IV: 321–322, 325, 326–329, 334;

V: 311, 312, 313, 314

herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 332–333;

IV: 321;

V: 311, 312, 313

histopathology, I: 506

incidence and mortality statistics, II: 211;

III: 329–330;

IV;

321

scientific literature update, II: 212;

III: 331– 332;

IV: 321–324;

V: 313–315

Vietnam veterans' risk, I: 512;

II: 211, 213;

III: 334;

IV: 323–324;

V: 316

Vietnam veterans' studies, III: 333;

IV: 322–323;

V: 311, 312, 313, 314–315

See also Breast cancer;

Ovarian cancer;



Reproductive disorders;

Uterine cancer



Request for Proposals (RFP), II: 25, 26;

III: 6, 126, 150;

IV: 5, 126–127

Research



Department of Veterans Affairs efforts, II: 29–30;

III: 27–28;

IV: 151, 157–58

experimental studies update, II: 43–45

herbicide exposure and cancer latency, literature review, II: 266–275;

III: 416– 431

herbicide exposure assessment strategies, recent literature, II: 104–109;

III: 157– 162;

IV: 5

publication bias, II: 95–96;

III: 131;

IV: 108;

V: 27–28

See also Research needs



Research needs



age and aging, V: 10

biomarkers, I: 17, 725;

II: 25

cost of, I: 727

health outcome priorities, I: 19, 726–727

herbicide exposure assessment, I: 4, 15, 16– 17, 287–290, 291, 721–722, 724–728

herbicide occupational exposure data, I: 731

Hodgkin's disease, I: 19, 727

military records, I: 17, 724–725;

II: 24–25

motor/coordination dysfunction, I: 660–661

neurobehavioral functioning, I: 657

recommendations, I: 15–21, 721–731;

II: 23–24;

III: 23;

IV: 13

research management, I: 16, 17–18, 723– 724, 726

risk assessment, I: 731

serum mandated testing, I: 21, 730

Vietnamese population studies, I: 731

Respiratory cancers



agricultural/forestry workers and, I: 466;

II: 197–198

arsenic and, latency, II: 268;

III: 420

asbestos and, latency, II: 268;

III: 420

epidemiologic studies, I: 461–472;

II: 189– 203;

IV: 274–275, 276, 277–278, 280, 285–287

epidemiology, I: 460–461;

II: 189–191;

IV: 273–274, 277, 281

Finland male herbicide/pesticide applicators mortality and latency II: 271;

III: 422

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×


gamma rays and, latency, II: 268;

III: 418

herbicide association in, I: 10–11, 19, 574– 575;

II: 6, 8, 20, 89;

II: 189–203, 247, 269–273;

III: 7, 8, 9, 20, 24;

IV: 6, 8, 18, 275, 279, 284,;

V: 14

herbicide environmental exposure and, II: 190, 193, 200–201;

IV: 274–275, 278, 282–283

herbicide occupational exposure and, II: 190, 191–200;

IV: 274, 277, 282

latency issues, II: 13–14, 268–273;

III: 418, 420–426

literature review, II: 269–272;

III: 420–424

nickel and, latency, II: 269;

III: 420

paper/pulp workers and, I: 468–469;

II: 200

production workers and, I: 461–466;

II: 191, 193–197;

III: 420, 422, 423, 429;

IV: 277, 282

professional herbicide/pesticide applicators, II: 198–199

radon daughters and, latency, II: 268;

III: 418

relative mortality and latency, II: 270;

III: 421, 422, 423, 424

risk estimates, II: 190, 192–193

risk factors, I: 461

Seveso, Italy, men lung cancer mortality, II: 271;

III: 422, 424;

IV: 278

Seveso, Italy, outcomes, I: 469;

IV: 275, 278, 282–283

smoking and, latency, II: 268;

III: 418

Vietnam veterans' compensation, I: 55;

II: 24, 30, 31

Vietnam veterans' risk, I: 460–461, 469– 470, 472;

II: 190, 201–202, 203;

III: 430–431;

IV: 275–276, 279, 283, 284

See also Laryngeal cancer;



Lung cancer;



Respiratory disorders



Respiratory disorders



biologic plausibility, III: 486;

IV: 475;

V: 482

cofounding factors, V: 481

epidemiologic studies, II: 324–326;

III: 483–486;

IV: 272–274;

V: 6

epidemiology, III: 482–483;

IV: 468–471

herbicide association in, I: 14, 713;

II: 7, 11, 21, 324–336;

III: 3, 483–486;

IV: 275;

V: 482

herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 483–485;

IV: 273–274

paper/pulp mill workers and, I: 341, 364

production workers and, I: 709–710;

IV: 273–274;

V: 6

research methodology, I: 708–709, 712– 713;

II: 324

scientific literature update, II: 325;

III: 483– 486;

IV: 272–274;

V: 482

TCDD in, I: 170, 472, 709–710, 712, 713– 714;

III: 484;

IV: 468, 471–475;

V: 481

Vietnam veterans' risk, I: 713–714;

III: 485–486;

IV: 275;

V: 483

See also Asthma;



Bronchitis;



Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD);



Emphysema;



Influenza;



Pleurisy;



Pneumoconiosis;



Pneumonia;



Respiratory cancers;



Tuberculosis



Retinoic acid (RA), II: 73;

III: 53, 73, 98

Retinoic acid receptor b (RARb), II: 73

RFP. See Request for Proposals



Rhabdomyosarcoma. See Soft-tissue sarcoma



Ribonucleic acid (RNA), II: 55, 58, 59, 62, 74, 75;

III: 80, 82, 99, 101, 102, 103, 104

Risk assessment, Vietnam veterans, I: 5, 14–15, 221, 225–226, 246, 247–248, 578;

II: 14, 22–23, 91;

III: 14–15, 22–23, 127– 128, 475–476, 525;

IV: 388, 517

amyloidosis, IV: 513;

V: 507

birth defects, I: 618;

II: 298, 300–301;

V: 405

bone/joint cancer, I: 474–475;

IV: 290;

V: 282

breast cancer risk, II: 218;

III: 329;

IV: 318;

V: 309

cancer, I: 440, 442–443, 578;

II: 251, 276;

III: 397, 430–431

cancer in offspring, I: 630–631;

IV: 426

chloracne, I: 678–679;

II: 321;

IV: 466;

V: 479

circulatory disorders, I: 708;

IV: 510;

V: 506

diabetes mellitus, I: 692;

III: 503;

IV: 489;

V: 492

disease risk methodology, II: 349–357

female reproductive system cancers, I: 512;

III: 334;

IV: 323;

V: 316

fetal/infant death, I: 625;

IV: 413

gastrointestinal cancers, I: 452;

IV: 356

genitourinary tract cancers, I: 522

hepatic enzyme disorders, I: 692;

IV: 505

hepatobiliary cancers, I: 457;

II: 187;

IV: 270

Hodgkin's disease, I: 557;

IV: 367;

V: 361

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×


immune system disorders, I: 699;

III: 491;

IV: 481;

V: 485

leukemia, I: 571–572;

IV: 381;

V: 372

linear extrapolation of exposure and risk, II: 356

lipid abnormalities, I: 692;

III: 507–508;

IV: 495

low birthweight outcomes, I: 628;

IV: 417

motor/coordination dysfunction, I: 662

multiple myeloma, I: 563;

IV: 374;

V: 366

nasal/nasopharyngeal, I: 460;

IV: 275

neuropsychiatric outcomes, I: 658

non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, I: 549;

IV: 359;

V: 355

peripheral nervous system disorders, I: 666;

II: 314;

IV: 459

porphyria cutanea tarda, I: 682–683;

II: 323;

IV: 468;

V: 479

prostate cancer risk, II: 223;

III: 343;

IV: 332;

V: 324

reproductive outcomes, I: 634;

II: 300–301;

IV: 407, 431

respiratory cancer, I: 472;

II: 190, 192–193;

IV: 279, 284

respiratory disorders, I: 713–714;

IV: 475;

V: 483

skin cancer, I: 505;

IV: 305–306, 311

soft-tissue sarcoma, I: 500;

IV: 17, 296;

V: 287

spina bifida in offspring, II: 298, 301;

IV: 403

spontaneous abortion, I: 605;

IV: 411;

V: 417–418

TCDD concentrations with time after exposure, II: 356–357

TCDD serum levels back-extrapolated to measure dose, II: 357

TCDD serum levels linear extrapolation, II: 356

TCDD serum levels use to estimate disease risk, II: 350–357

Risk assessment methodology, I: 5, 221, 246

EPA dioxin research, I: 59–60

predisposing factors, I: 731

relative risk determination, I: 224, 229, 258;

II: 351, 356;

IV: 105;

V: 22–23

standardized mortality ratio in, I: 229–230

strength of association in, I: 239

terminology, I: 224

Vietnam veterans' disease risk estimation, II: 349–357;

IV: 17

Vietnam veterans' TCDD concentrations with time after exposure, II: 356–357

Vietnam veterans' TCDD serum levels back-extrapolated to measure dose, II: 357

Vietnam veterans' TCDD serum levels linear extrapolation, II: 356

Vietnam veterans' TCDD serum levels use to estimate disease risk, II: 350–357;

IV: 182

RNA. See Ribonucleic acid



Ronnel®, II: 128;

III: 219;

IV: 134;

V: 105

Rotterdam, Netherlands, III: 236;

V: 512

Rung Sat Special Zone, I: 100, 104, 105, 106

Russia, II: 319

See also Chapaevsk, Russia;



USSR

S



Salmonella, TCDD exposure and, II: 68

Samara region. See Chapaevsk, Russia



Saskatchewan, Canada, II: 135–136, 200, 232, 242, 246, 325;

III: 232;

V: 6, 504

Sawmills. See Lumber industry



Schistosoma haematobium,

III: 347;

V: 328

Scientific literature update, IV: 27–32, 104– 105, 108, 248–388 passim, 399–435 passim;

V: 4–6

SCL-90-R. See Symptom Checklist-90-Revised



Scotland, V: 462

Seasonal factors



herbicide distribution and, I: 26, 87

SEER. See Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program



Selected Cancers Study



exposure assessment use, II: 101;

III: 146, 231, 240

goals, I: 59, 387, 391

hepatobiliary cancers, II: 185;

III: 283

Hodgkin's disease in, I: 554–556

liver cancer in, I: 455

methodology, I: 57, 234–235, 243, 258, 391–393, 440, 527

nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer, I: 459;

II: 189

non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in, I: 9, 541–543, 573;

II: 231;

IV: 17

soft-tissue sarcoma in, I: 493, 498

Selective herbicides, I: 24, 88

See also Herbicides



Self-Report Symptom Inventory, I: 641

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

Senate Committee on Veterans Affairs, II: 24, 27–28;

III: 23–24, 25

Sensory dysfunction. See Neurologic disorders



Serontonergic system, I: 166

Sertoli cells, V: 405

Serum levels, TCDD, I: 4, 19, 21, 261, 281– 285, 289, 290, 725, 728, 729, 742–743;

II: 4–5, 104–106;

III: 140–142, 146– 147;

IV: 37, 46, 112, 114, 125–126, 252, 293, 331

back-extrapolated serum TCDD as measure of dose, II: 357;

IV: 154

Centers for Disease Control validation study, I: 281–284;

II: 103, 104

concentrations of TCDD with time after exposure, II: 356–357;

III: 159–161

estimated mean maximum levels, II: 252– 255

latency results, linear extrapolation from long exposure, II: 356

measurement technique, I: 260;

II: 349–350

pharmocokinetics, I: 259–261

recommendations, I: 20–21

significance of, I: 4, 19, 261, 284–285, 289, 290, 725, 742–743;

II: 4–5, 102–106, 108–109

testing, mandated, I: 728, 729

Vietnam veterans disease risk estimation, use for, II: 350–357

Services HERBS tapes. See HERBS tapes



Seveso, Italy, III: 9;

IV: 8–9, 147–148

accidental contamination in, I: 43;

II: 140– 141;

III: 232–233;

IV: 147

birth defects, II: 287;

III: 436

bladder cancer, I: 517;

II: 226–227;

III: 348, 349;

IV: 341

bone/joint cancer, III: 303;

IV: 289

brain tumors, I: 523;

II: 230;

III: 356, 358;

IV: 351–352

breast cancer, II: 216;

III: 324–326, 327;

IV: 315

cancer incidence, II: 141, 148

cancer mortality, I: 444;

III: 422, 424

child mortality study, II: 147

childhood cancer, II: 299–300;

IV: 425

chloracne, I: 267, 676–677;

IV: 464

circulatory disorders, I: 701–702;

IV: 507– 509

diabetes mellitus, III: 495;

IV: 11, 484

epidemiologic studies, I: 44–45, 63, 365– 368;

II: 113, 141–143, 148;

III: 130, 197–200, 232–233, 283, 285, 290, 296, 297–298, 303, 307, 309, 314, 318, 325– 326, 327, 330, 331, 332, 336, 338, 344, 348, 349, 352, 353, 356, 358, 363, 365, 372, 373, 380, 385, 386, 388–389, 390, 436, 449, 495, 505;

IV: 224, 225, 226, 227, 258–259, 261, 263–264, 266, 271– 272, 276, 280, 286–287, 291, 297–298, 306–307, 313, 319, 325–326, 334, 338, 344, 349, 354–355, 361–362, 369–370, 375–376, 382–383, 428, 430–431, 491;

V: 115–116, 168–171

exposure assessment, I: 267–268, 285, 598– 599;

II: 4–5, 103, 105–106;

III: 150, 156, 158, 160–161, 162;

IV: 111, 114– 115, 126;

V: 226–227

female reproductive cancers, I: 511;

II: 211–212, 213;

III: 330, 331, 332;

IV: 321–322

gastrointestinal tract tumors, II: 177, 180;

III: 271, 273;

IV: 254

gastrointestinal ulcers, I: 691;

IV: 501–502

hepatic enzyme disorders, I: 686–687

hepatobiliary cancers, II: 184;

III: 283, 285;

IV: 269

Hodgkin's disease, II: 236;

III: 372, 373

immune modulation, I: 695

infertility, III: 449

latency and cancer risk, II: 271, 272, 273, 274, 275;

III: 13, 408, 414, 420, 422, 424, 425, 426, 427, 428, 430

leukemia, I: 13, 569–570, 571;

II: 245–246;

III: 385, 386, 388–389, 390;

IV: 379, 425

lipid abnormalities, I: 689;

III: 505

liver cancer, I: 454–455

liver disorders, I: 367;

IV: 501–502

lung cancer, I: 469;

II: 271;

III: 296, 297– 298, 299, 422, 424;

IV: 282–283

mortality studies, I: 652;

II: 141, 271, 272– 273, 275;

III: 422, 424, 426, 427

multiple myeloma, I: 562;

II: 243;

III: 380;

IV: 372–373

nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer, II: 189;

III: 290;

IV: 275

neurological disorders, II: 141

neuropsychiatric outcomes, I: 651–652

non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, I: 540–541;

II: 234;

III: 363, 365;

IV: 357

peripheral nervous system disorders, I: 663–664;

II: 10, 312–313

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

porphyria cutanea tarda, I: 680–681

prostate cancer, I: 11;

II: 9, 221, 248, 274, 275;

III: 336, 338, 426, 427;

IV: 329

renal cancer, II: 225;

III: 352, 353;

IV: 347

reproductive outcomes/toxicity, I: 598–599;

II: 72;

III: 436, 449;

IV: 400, 430–431

respiratory cancer, II: 200–201, 269, 272;

III: 422, 424;

IV: 278, 279, 282–283, 284

respiratory outcomes, I: 710;

IV: 472–473, 474, 475

response to accident, I: 43–44

sex ratio, V: 434

skin cancer, I: 503;

II: 12, 209, 210;

III: 314, 318;

IV: 302

soft-tissue sarcoma, I: 491–492;

II: 206, 207, 208;

III: 307, 309;

IV: 293–294, 295

testicular cancer, II: 228;

III: 344;

IV: 336

Sex ratio, V: 432–438

SFR. See Standardized fertility ratio



SGOT. See Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)



SGPT. See Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)



Shanghai, China, II: 188

Silvex®, I: 309, 324;

II: 128;

III: 219;

IV: 134;

V: 105

Skaraborg, Sweden, III: 234;

IV: 149

Skin cancer



animal studies, I: 141, 142–143;

IV: 5, 24, 31, 40

biologic plausibility for TCDD, I: 503;

IV: 305, 311

clinical features, I: 501, 502

epidemiologic studies, I: 502–503;

II: 209– 211;

III: 312–313;

IV: 19, 149, 154, 232, 302–305, 306–308, 312–313;

V: 5

epidemiology, I: 501–502;

II: 209;

III: 312, 313;

IV: 299–300

herbicide association in, I: 12, 576;

II: 7, 11–12, 21, 209–211, 249–250;

III: 8, 10, 21, 312;

IV: 7, 11;

V: 16–17, 21

herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 312;

IV: 302

morbidity studies, V: 289

TCDD association with, I: 141, 142–143, 502–503;

II: 209–211;

III: 313–316, 317, 319, 320, 322;

IV: 19;

V: 5

Vietnam veterans and, II: 209;

III: 312;

IV: 303–304, 305, 309–311

See also Basal/squamous cell skin cancer;



Melanoma



Skin sensitivity



2,4-D and, I: 181

picloram and, I: 192

Ranch hands, IV: 8

TCDD and,



I: 172–174

See also Chloracne;

Porphyria cutanea tarda



Sleep disorders, I: 650;

IV: 442;

V: 449

SMRs. See Standardized mortality ratios



Social Security Administration, II: 130, 152, 153

Society for Epidemiologic Research, II: 25

Soft-tissue sarcoma (STS), I: 311, 314

age of onset, I: 436

agricultural/forestry workers and, I: 322, 326–328, 329–330, 335–336, 337, 339– 340;

IV: 140, 149

biologic plausibility of TCDD in, I: 500;

III: 311;

IV: 296;

V: 287

case-control studies, I: 481–491;

IV: 143– 44

CDC Selected Cancers Study and, IV: 157

children and, I: 628

clinical features, I: 475, 476

cohort studies, I: 231, 243;

V: 5

epidemiologic studies, I: 231, 476, 477– 500;

II: 132, 134–135, 205–208;

III: 306–310, 311;

IV: 149, 187, 216, 292– 295, 296–299;

V: 5

epidemiology, I: 475;

II: 205;

III: 304, 306;

IV: 116, 136–137, 140, 143–144, 149, 157;

V: 282–287

herbicide association in, I: 8, 9–10, 500, 572–573;

II: 5, 6, 20, 205–208, 247;

III: 6, 7, 20, 24, 306–310, 311;

IV: 6, 8, 17;

V: 14

herbicide environmental exposure studies, I: 375, 383, 384;

II: 207–208;

III: 309;

IV: 293–294;

V: 285–286

herbicide occupational exposure studies, III: 308–309;

IV: 292–293;

V: 284–285

IARC registry and, IV: 137, 293

incidence, data by race/gender, for selected age groups, III: 306;

IV: 292

Midland, Michigan cohort, IV: 136

pesticide applicators and, I: 491

production workers and, I: 8, 477–479, 499;

II: 132, 134–135, 206–207;

IV: 136, 292–293

research recommendations, I: 19, 727

risk factors, I: 10, 477;

V: 287

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×


scientific literature update, II: 206–208;

III: 308–310;

V: 283; 292–295

Vietnam veterans and, I: 395–396, 401, 475, 492–498, 500;

II: 205, 208;

III: 309–310;

IV: 157, 294–295;

V: 286– 287

Vietnam veterans compensation, I: 51, 55, 56;

II: 24, 29, 30, 31

See also Kaposi's sarcoma;



Leiomyosarcomas



Somatostatin, I: 168, 169

South America, III: 510

South Dakota, IV: 149, 344, 349, 354, 362, 369, 375, 382

South Korea, I: 61–62;

II: 108–109

Southeast Asia, II: 181, 188, 294, 295;

III: 29, 237, 239, 241, 243, 282, 289, 318, 321, 452;

IV: 267

Soviet Union. See Russia;



USSR



Spain, IV: 144–145, 207, 401

Special Forces. See U.S. Special Forces



Sperm parameter disorders



altered sperm parameters, I: 631, 632, 633– 634;

II: 7, 11, 20;

III: 444–451;

IV: 200, 405–406, 433

See also Reproductive disorders



Spina bifida, I: 609, 611, 612;

II: 6, 295–296

Vietnam veterans offspring, II: 9–10, 296, 298, 309;

III: 7, 8, 9–10, 21, 24–25, 437–438;

IV: 7, 10, 18, 404–405

See also Birth defects;



Neural tube defects



Spontaneous abortion, I: 592

agricultural/forestry workers and, I: 336– 337;

IV: 197, 410–411

Alsea, Oregon, case, I: 42–43, 372–373, 598

biologic plausibility, V: 420

definition, I: 595–596;

II: 282;

IV: 409;

V: 409

epidemiologic data, quality of, I: 603–605

epidemiologic studies, II: 283;

IV: 410– 411;

V: 420

epidemiology, II: 282–283

farm families, V: 5

herbicide association in, I: 14, 605;

II: 7, 20, 278, 283–284;

V: 409–421; 411– 412

herbicide environmental exposure and, I: 598–599;

IV: 410–411;

V: 414–417

herbicide occupational exposure and, I: 596–598;

IV: 410;

V: 410, 413–414

maternal risk factors, I: 596

Ranch Hand participants, II: 283–284

risk factors, I: 594;

IV: 409;

V: 420

scientific literature update, II: 283–284;

IV: 410–411;

V: 410–417

TCDD and, V: 410, 413

Vietnam veterans' increased risk, II: 283;

IV: 411;

V: 417–418

Vietnam veterans' wives and, I: 405–406, 601–603

Vietnamese civilians and, I: 599–601

women Vietnam veterans' increased risk, V: 417–418

See also Reproductive disorders



Sprayers. See Professional herbicide/pesticide applicators



Standardized fertility ratio (SFR), III: 448

Standardized incidence ratio (SIR), IV: 252– 253, 269, 289, 293–294, 328–329, 336, 357, 365–366, 379

Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs)



cancer studies, II: 134, 136, 137, 178, 182, 183, 191, 193, 194, 195, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 204, 206, 269, 270, 271, 273, 274;

III: 420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426, 429;

IV: 138, 142, 153;

IV: 251– 253, 268, 292, 302, 327, 332, 341, 346– 347, 351–352, 365–366, 372, 379

role of, I: 229–230;

V: 503

State governments, I: 60

Vietnam veterans epidemiologic studies by, I: 399–405, 495–496;

II: 153, 158–159, 161, 202, 292;

III: 213–215, 243–244;

V: 126, 188–191

See also specific state



Statistics Sweden, IV: 145

Umea Department of Oncology, II: 138;

III: 228

University Hospital, Linkoping, II: 138;

III: 228, 229

University Hospital, Umea, III: 228

See also Skaraborg, Sweden;



Umea, Sweden;



Uppsala, Sweden



Stillbirth. See Perinatal death



Stomach cancer, I: 446, 447;

II: 7, 12;

III: 274– 275;

IV, 250–254, 256, 259n, 385;



V: 17, 247–249

TCDD effects in, I: 169

See also Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers



Streptococcus pneumoniae, TCDD exposure and, II: 68

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

Stroke



herbicide exposure risk, I: 658, 659, 660

See also Motor/coordination dysfunction;



Neurobehavioral toxicity



STS. See Soft-tissue sarcoma



Subcommittee on Hospitals and Health Care, III: 25

Substance abuse, I: 655

Suicide, I: 398, 650, 655–656;

IV: 440;

V: 447

Surrogate-animal models, V: 24

Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program, I: 336, 439–440, 506;

II: 205, 213;

III: 229, 266, 313;

IV: 215, 249

ICD-9 cancer codes, site groupings for, III: 537–539;

IV: 524–526;

V: 243, 531– 533

Sweden, I: 8, 9, 13, 37, 322–323, 326–329, 344, 350, 356, 375, 443, 444, 447, 467, 479, 480, 481, 482–486, 490, 510, 528– 529, 530–533, 539, 548, 551–553, 561, 572–573;

II: 138, 183–184, 185, 197, 198, 199, 209, 215, 231, 233, 235–236, 242–243;

III: 226, 228–229, 236, 271– 272, 285, 297, 306, 308, 309, 310, 314, 315, 317, 319, 325, 338, 340, 349, 353, 358, 363, 372, 484, 515;

IV: 201, 202, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 212, 213, 214, 322, 328, 330, 367;

V: 117, 292, 298, 318, 339, 416

Cancer Environment Register, III: 224;

IV: 140

Cancer Registry, III: 224, 228, 229;

IV: 142;

V: 362

Lund University Hospital, III: 229

National Register of Causes of Death, IV: 141

Orebro Medical Center Hospital, III: 229

Regional Cancer Registry, II: 138;

III: 228, 229

Switzerland, II: 134

Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R), V: 449

Synchotron infrared spectromicroscopy, V: 59

Systemic autoimmune disease, I: 697–699

See also Autoimmune disease;

Immune system disorders



Systemic lupus erythematosus, I: 697

See also Autoimmune disease;

Immune system disorders

T

2,4,5-T. See 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid



T cell function, I: 147–148, 151;

II: 3;

IV: 62, 80

autoimmunity and, I: 697

immune modulation and, I: 694, 695

TCDD and, II: 68–70;

IV: 61, 62, 78

Vietnam veterans and, I: 698

T-H Agricultural & Nutrition Company, I: 35

Taiwan, III: 231, 470

chloracne as a biomarker in, IV: 464

Movement Disorders Clinic, National Taiwan University Hospital, III: 231

Tannery workers, I: 486, 514

Tasmania, I: 418, 603;

II: 293;

III: 244;

IV: 246

TBG. See Thyroxine-binding globulin



TCDD. See 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin;

Serum levels, TCDD;

TCDD biologic plausibility



TCDD biologic plausibility, IV: 2, 3, 11–12, 107, 110, 385–387, 432–435, 515–517

Ah receptor in, I: 133–138;

IV: 25–27, 29– 30, 42, 47–58, 85–86, 458

animal carcinogenicity studies, I: 138–146, 439;

III: 394, 396

brain tumors and, I: 525;

IV: 352

cancer, II: 176;

IV: 248–388 passim

carcinogenesis, I: 116–118, 434, 439;

III: 394, 396;

IV: 279, 385

cardiovascular toxicity, I: 171;

IV: 510

childhood cancer and, I: 630;

IV: 426

chloracne and, I: 172–174, 678;

II: 320– 321;

III: 480;

IV: 8, 17–18, 135;

IV: 466;

V: 479

cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders and, II: 314

diabetes mellitus, III: 502–503;

IV: 488;

V: 492

fetal/infant death and, I: 624;

IV: 413

gastrointestinal toxicity, I: 169–170, 451;

III: 513–514

genitourinary tract cancers and, I: 521–522

hepatobiliary cancers and, I: 457;

IV: 270

Hodgkin's disease and, I: 557;

IV: 8, 367

immune system disorders and, I: 122, 146– 151, 699;

III: 523–524;

IV: 481;

V: 484

lethality, IV: 76, 137

leukemia and, I: 571;

IV: 380

lipid abnormalities, III: 507;

IV: 495

liver disease, III: 522–524;

IV: 10, 505

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

motor/coordination dysfunction and, I: 661;

II: 314

multiple myeloma and, I: 563;

IV: 374

nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer and, I: 460;

IV: 275

neurological disorders and, I: 160–166;

III: 474, 475;

IV: 441–443, 445, 457–459

non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and, I: 549;

IV: 8, 116, 358

peripheral neuropathy and, II: 314;

IV: 457–459

porphyria cutanea tarda and, I: 682;

II: 323;

IV: 468

reproductive disorders and, I: 123–124, 156–159, 605, 618, 634;

II: 282;

III: 460–461, 462;

IV: 323, 403, 407, 411, 431

respiratory toxicity, I: 170;

IV: 475

skin cancer and, I: 503;

IV: 305–311

soft-tissue sarcoma and, I: 500;

IV: 8, 116, 296

See also 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD);

Ah receptor (AhR);



Biologic plausibility



TCP. See 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol



TEC. See Toxic equivalent concentration



Tecumseh, Michigan, III: 235, 388

TEFs. See Toxic equivalency factors



TEQ factors. See Dioxin toxic equivalent factors



Teratogenicity, I: 57, 62, 606–607

2,4-D, I: 180–181

2,4,5-T, I: 185, 373–374;

II: 4

cacodylic acid, I: 189;

V: 39

picloram, I: 192

TCDD, I: 28, 30, 123, 159–160, 185, 368, 370, 372;

III: 461;

IV: 29, 53

viral potential, I: 607

See also Birth defects



Testicular cancer, I: 405

biologic plausibility, III: 347;

IV: 337;

V: 327

epidemiologic studies, I: 519;

II: 153, 227– 228;

III: 343–346;

IV: 336–337, 338– 339;

V: 325–327

epidemiology, I: 515;

II: 223–224;

III: 343;

IV: 335

herbicide association in, I: 13, 521;

II: 7, 11, 20, 227–228, 249–250;

III: 7, 10, 343–347;

IV: 7, 11;

V: 324–328

herbicide environmental exposure and, III: 344, 345;

IV: 336;

V: 327

herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 344, 345;

IV: 336;

V: 326

histopathology, I: 513

incidence, data by race, for selected age groups, III: 343;

IV: 335;

V: 324

scientific literature update, II: 227–228;

III: 344, 346;

IV: 159, 336–337;

V: 325

studies summary, III: 343–344, 345–346;

IV: 336, 338–339

TCDD association with, V: 63

Vietnam veterans' risk, I: 519, 522;

II: 153, 223–224, 227, 228;

IV: 338;

V: 328

Vietnam veterans' studies, III: 343–344, 345–346;

IV: 157, 159, 336–337;

V: 326–327

See also Genitourinary cancers



Testimony,I: 739–756;

II: 343–348;

III: 533– 536

Testosterone, I: 123, 157–158;

II: 280, 281, 282;

IV: 183, 399–400, 405, 407–408, 429, 433

Tetrachlorobenzene, I: 28

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), III: 5, 19;

IV: 16, 132;

V: 1–4, 12, 329, 516–518

acute toxicity, II: 75–76

Ah receptor interaction, I: 3, 114, 118, 122, 123, 133–138, 150, 151, 152, 159–160, 439, 452–453, 457;

II: 3–4, 51–53, 54– 56, 57–62, 176;

III: 33, 34, 35, 53, 54, 58–61, 62–69, 129;

IV: 25, 26, 30, 32, 47–53, 58, 60;

V: 52–54

animal studies, I: 111–114, 138–142, 477;

II: 3–4, 12, 51–77;

III: 4–5, 33, 34–36, 37, 40–43, 54–58, 62–63, 67–69, 74– 105, 128, 129, 130, 394, 396, 460–461, 474, 475, 482, 501, 522–523;

IV: 26, 53–57, 59, 270, 284, 305, 311, 416, 426, 432–435, 458–459, 512

anti-estrogenicity and, I: 512;

II: 62;

III: 67–69

apoptosis of, II: 3, 67

autoimmunity and, I: 697–699

bioavailability, I: 128–129

biological consequences of activation, II: 57;

III: 61–62

biomarkers, I: 4, 17, 259–262, 725;

II: 101– 104;

III: 146–147

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

birth defects and, V: 439–441

bladder cancer association, II: 225–227;

III: 347–348;

IV: 341–342

body burdens, III: 107–108;

IV: 478

body temperature regulation and, I: 169

bone/joint cancer association, II: 204–205;

III: 303;

IV: 289

brain distribution, I: 160–161

brain tumors association, II: 229, 230;

III: 357, 358;

IV: 351

breast cancer association, II: 215–217;

III: 327, 329;

IV: 316–317;

V: 65–66, 306

carcinogenesis promoter capability, I: 116, 142–143, 434, 439

carcinogenicity, I: 28–29, 116–118, 138– 146, 439, 451;

II: 3, 39–40, 65–68, 175, 176;

III: 265, 394, 396, 430–431;

IV: 60–66, 270, 279;

V: 61–63, 75–76

cardiovascular toxicity, I: 171;

II: 76;

III: 74–75;

V: 58, 70

cell proliferation capability of, I: 145;

II: 3, 67;

IV: 60

cellular effects of, V: 4, 56–57

chemical properties, I: 28, 114, 127

chemical significant interactions, II: 64–65;

III: 69–71

chemical structure, I: 125–126;

II: 38

chloracne and, I: 4, 10, 28, 172–173, 262;

II: 3, 5, 6, 317–321;

III: 479–480;

IV: 135, 464;

V: 56

chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy association, V: 465–469

circulatory disorders and, I: 701–708;

II: 336–337;

III: 514, 515–516, 518;

IV: 506–507;

V: 503

cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders and, II: 308;

V: 449–452

concerns about, I: 1, 2, 23–24, 28–32, 35– 36;

II: 2, 17, 18, 19, 26–27;

III: 3–5, 12, 13, 14

corticosteroids and, I: 168, 171–172

cytochrome P4501A2 and, I: 130, 144–145, 170, 709;

IV: 274, 386

dermal toxicity, II: 76;

III: 73–74;

V: 56–57

developmental toxicity, I: 123–124, 149, 156–157, 159–160, 185;

II: 3, 41–42, 71, 72–73;

III: 92–105;

V: 67–69, 72– 73

diabetes mellitus and, I: 683;

II: 330–331;

III: 494, 495, 500–501, 502;

IV: 483, 489;

V: 492

dietary significant interactions, II: 64

dioxin categorization, I: 23n, 125

disease outcomes, V: 69–76

DNA binding capability and transcription activation and, II: 56–57;

III: 58–61

dose-response relationships, I: 111–114, 122, 128–129, 130, 137–138, 445, 673, 696;

II: 318

endocrine effects, III: 83–84;

V: 66–67, 73– 74

endometriosis and, V: 508–509

environmental exposure assessment, I: 262– 263, 267–270;

II: 140–149, 179–180, 184, 186, 190, 193, 200–201, 221, 222, 234, 236, 243;

III: 156–157, 232–233, 234, 235–236, 297–298, 303;

IV: 114– 116, 147–150, 254, 269, 274–275, 278, 293, 296, 336, 347, 351, 357, 379

environmental persistence, I: 288

enzyme induction of, II: 3, 66–67

estrogen-mediation of carcinogenesis, I: 144–145

excretion, I: 132–133

exposure assessment issues, II: 4–5, 104– 106;

III: 140–142, 144, 157–158, 159– 161;

IV: 122–127, 132

exposure sources, I: 127

fatty acid biosynthesis and, I: 168–169

female reproductive system/breast cancers and, I: 512;

II: 211–213;

III: 331, 332;

IV: 315, 316, 322;

V: 309

free radicals, II: 59;

III: 64–65

gastrointestinal toxicity, I: 169–170, 447– 452, 690–692;

II: 177–181;

III: 268– 272, 511;

IV: 251–254, 499–501

gastrointestinal ulcers and, II: 334–335;

III: 510;

V: 501

genotoxicity, I: 118, 143–144;

II: 3;

V: 48– 51

growth factor and, II: 59

half-life, I: 129, 260–261;

II: 104–105;

III: 157–158;

IV: 24, 27;

V: 44–47

hepatic enzyme disorders and, I: 155–156, 685–688, 691–692

hepatobiliary cancers and, I: 457;

II: 181– 187;

III: 283–285;

V: 263

hepatotoxicity, II: 3, 73–75;

III: 76–79;

V: 58–60, 71

herbicide contaminant capacity, I: 2, 3, 27, 91–92, 114, 126–127;

II: 2, 3, 26;

III: 1, 3, 5, 6, 140–142

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

hexachlorophene manufacture and, I: 40;

IV: 134–135, 138, 148

H4IIE-luc cells and, III: 107

Hodgkin's lymphoma and, II: 5, 6, 235, 236;

III: 372–373;

IV: 366

hypoglycemia and, I: 166–168

immune modulation and, I: 694–696;

II: 328–329;

III: 488, 489, 490, 491;

IV: 26

immunotoxicity, I: 119–122, 146–151, 338, 477;

II: 3, 40–41, 68–71;

III: 85–92;

IV: 478–480;

V: 61, 74–75

infertility association, II: 282

inflammatory responses and, I: 148

interactions, significant, III: 69–71

intracellular communication of, II: 3, 67–68

latency issues, II: 13–14, 269, 270, 272;

III: 420, 421, 423, 424, 425, 426, 429, 431

lethality, III: 71–73;

V: 69–70

leukemia association, II: 246;

III: 386–388, 390;

IV: 379, 426

lipid abnormalities and, I: 688–690;

II: 333–334;

III: 505, 506, 507

liver toxicity, I: 115–116, 124, 138–139, 142, 143, 151–156, 165–166;

II: 42, 331–333;

III: 509;

IV: 27, 268, 269, 499

lung cancer and, III: 297–298, 299, 421, 423;

IV: 282–283;

V: 277

mechanism of action, animal studies, II: 3, 54–65;

III: 54–58, 62–63, 67–69;

IV: 28–30;

V: 4

mechanisms of toxicity, II: 65–77;

IV: 67– 76, 426;

V: 47–69

metabolism, I: 115–116, 131–133, 155

multiple myeloma association, II: 237–238, 243, 244;

III: 378–380, 383;

IV: 372– 373

nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer and, I: 460;

IV: 274–275

neuropsychiatric outcomes and, I: 649–650, 651–652, 656, 657–658;

II: 308

neurotoxicity, I: 160–166, 642;

II: 3, 75;

III: 84–85, 469, 470–471;

IV: 31;

V: 71–72

non-Ah-mediated toxicity, I: 138

non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and, I: 8, 9, 528– 529, 574;

II: 5, 6, 231–234;

III: 364, 429;

IV: 357

occupational exposure, I: 36–39, 262–267, 269–270, 303;

II: 108–109, 113–140, 178–179, 190, 191–200, 219–220, 222, 232–234, 237–238;

III: 153, 154, 155, 219, 220, 221–222, 223, 224 284–285, 293, 296–297, 303;

IV: 111–114, 134– 147, 187–190, 195–196, 251, 257, 259– 260, 262, 265, 268, 271, 277, 280, 282, 284, 289, 290, 292, 306, 312, 318, 341, 343, 346, 348, 353, 359, 374;

V: 6

opioid antagonist capacity, I: 164

oral administration, I: 128

perinatal death association, II: 285–286

peripheral neuropathy and, II: 310–311, 314;

III: 470–471;

IV: 184

pharmacokinetics, I: 127–133, 160, 259– 261, 284

porphyria cutanea tarda and, II: 5, 6, 321– 323;

III: 481–482;

IV: 466–468;

V: 59

potential health risk estimating, II: 63–65;

III: 105–108

production of, I: 28, 114

prostate cancer association, II: 220–223, 273, 274, 275;

III: 336–337, 425, 426;

IV: 327–328, 329–331;

V: 63–64

protein kinases and, II: 60–62;

III: 65–67

protein modulation, V: 48–51

pulmonary toxicity, V: 58, 71

Qsar model approach, III: 106

Ranch Hand study, II: 109;

III: 50, 146– 147;

IV: 18

renal cancer association, II: 225;

III: 353;

IV: 346–347

renal toxicity, II: 77;

III: 75–76

reproductive toxicity, I: 123–124, 156–159, 368, 371–372, 597, 599, 605;

II: 3, 41– 42, 71–72;

III: 92–105, 446, 449;

IV: 398–438 passim;

V: 64–65, 72–73

respiratory cancers and, II: 13–14, 189–203, 269, 270, 272;

IV: 282–283

respiratory disorders and, I: 170, 472, 709– 710, 712–714;

III: 484;

IV: 471–474

sensitivity interspecies and interindividual differences, II: 63–64;

III: 108

skin cancer and, I: 141, 142–143, 502–503;

II: 209–211;

III: 313–316, 317, 319, 320, 322

soft-tissue sarcoma and, I: 477, 478, 490, 498–500;

II: 5, 6, 205–208;

III: 307, 308;

IV: 292–293;

V: 287

solubility, I: 114, 115–116, 127

teratogenicity, I: 28–29, 30, 31, 123, 159– 160, 185, 368, 370, 372;

III: 461

testicular cancer association, II: 228;

III: 346;

IV: 336;

V: 63

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×


tissue specificity, II: 64

toxic end points, V: 55–69

toxic equivalency factors approach, II: 63;

III: 106, 158, 159;

V: 26

toxic equivalent concentration approach, III: 107

toxicity, factors influencing, II: 63–65;

III: 105–108;

IV: 83–84

toxicity profile, III: 50–108; 33–84

toxicity update summary, II: 51–53;

IV: 3– 5, 22, 26, 44, 62, 64, 83–86;

V: 40–76, 79–81

toxicokinetics, animal studies, II: 3, 53–54;

III: 4–5, 48;

IV: 41–46;

V: 41–42

toxicokinetics, human studies, V: 43–44

Vietnam amount used, I: 27, 106;

II: 26;

IV: 122

Vietnam military exposure, I: 17, 26, 149– 161;

II: 21, 22, 181, 185, 187, 190, 201–202, 204, 205, 208, 209, 211, 212, 226, 276, 308;

III: 146, 147, 237, 239, 240, 430–431;

IV: 150–160;

V: 231– 232

Vietnam veterans' compensation, II: 28–29;

III: 26–27

Vietnamese civilians exposure, II: 108–109, 148;

III: 156–157;

IV: 116–117, 148– 149

wasting syndrome, I: 160–161, 162–166;

II: 76–77;

III: 80–83;

IV: 25, 31, 57;

V: 56

See also Herbicides;



Serum levels, TCDD;



TCDD biologic plausibility



12-O-Tetradexanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), II: 76

Texas, I: 60, 403–404, 696;

III: 243

TGF. See Transforming growth factor



Thailand, I: 26, 90

Thompson Chemicals Corporation, I: 35

Thyroid



TCDD effects, I: 168–169;

IV: 135, 386– 387

thyroiditis, I: 697, 698

Thyroid homeostasis, V: 510–514

biological plausibility, V: 514

clinical features, V: 512–513

epidemiologic studies, V: 513–514

herbicide association in, V: 510–514

scientific literature review, V: 511–513

Vietnam veterans and, V: 514

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), V: 510– 514

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), V: 510

Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), V: 511

Times Beach, Missouri, I: 40–42, 268, 368– 370, 693–694;

II: 113, 144, 184;

III: 200–201, 234, 283;

IV: 115–116, 133, 148;

V: 116, 171–172, 227

Tissue distribution, TCDD, I: 129–131, 259

TNF. See Tumor necrosis factor



Tobacco exposure and use, I: 11, 223, 442, 461, 463;

II: 190–191, 197;

III: 299, 377;

V: 328

perinatal mortality and, I: 619–620

respiratory cancer and latency, II: 268;

III: 418

Tollerud, David, III: 25

Topography, I: 25

Tordon 75D®, V: 36

Tordon 101®, IV: 117–118

See also 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D);



Picloram



Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs), II: 45, 52, 63;

III: 37, 105, 106, 108;

IV: 83–84;

V: 26

Toxic equivalent concentration (TEC), III: 105, 107

Toxic equivalent factors. See Dioxin toxic equivalent factors (TEQ)



Toxicity



2,4-D profile update, II: 46–49;

III: 43–47;

IV: 33–37;

V: 76–77

2,4,5-T profile update, II: 49–50;

III: 47– 48;

IV: 37–38;

V: 77–78

cacodylic acid profile update, II: 50–51;

III: 48–50;

IV: 38–40;

V: 78

contributing factors, III: 105–108

definition, II: 35

health risk estimation, III: 105–108

picloram profile update, II: 51;

III: 50;

IV: 40–41;

V: 79

TCDD profile update, II: 51–77;

III: 50– 108;

IV: 41–81;

V: 79–81

Toxicokinetics, III: 32–36

2,4-D, II: 46–47;

III: 32–33, 43–44;

IV: 24, 33

2,4,5-T, II: 49;

III: 47;

IV: 24, 37

cacodylic acid, II: 50;

III: 32–33, 48;

IV: 24, 38–39

definition, II: 35

literature update, II: 36;

III: 36–37

picloram, IV: 24

previous reports summary, II: 38–39

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

TCDD, II: 53–54;

III: 33, 53, 161;

IV: 23– 24, 27–28, 41–46, 85–86

Toxicology



2,4-D profile update, II: 46–49;

III: 43–47

2,4,5-T profile update, II: 49–50;

III: 47–48

cacodylic acid profile update, II: 50–51;

III: 48–50

disease outcomes, II: 37, 48–49, 50–51, 65– 77;

III: 33–35, 38–43, 44–47, 48, 50, 71–105

earlier reports summary, II: 37–42;

III: 36

evaluation issues, III: 108–110

human health relevance, III: 35–36;

IV: 43

literature update, II: 43–45;

III: 36–43

mechanisms of toxic action, II: 36, 47–48, 50, 54–65;

III: 33, 38, 44, 47–48, 49– 50, 53–71;

IV: 24

picloram profile update, II: 51;

III: 50

studies evaluation, III: 128–129

summary, II: 35–37;

III: 3–5, 32–36;

IV: 24–25

TCDD profile update, II: 51–77;

III: 50– 108

toxicity profiles update, II: 45–77;

III: 45– 108;

V: 76–81

TPA. See 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate



Trail-Making Test, II: 308

Transforming growth factor, I: 145;

II: 59, 74

Tremors. See Motor/coordination dysfunction



TRH. See Thyrotropin-releasing hormone



2,4,5-Trichlorophenol (TCP), I: 28;

II: 319;

III: 152, 153, 219, 220, 223, 515;

IV: 16, 134, 136, 138, 186, 251, 268, 292, 500;

V: 104

2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), II: 4, 18;

III: 5, 19, 218, 219, 220, 223, 224, 226, 234;

IV: 2, 22, 110, 251, 268, 292, 474, 478, 479;

V: 1, 3, 12

acute toxicity, I: 184

Agent Orange and, I: 27;

II: 26

animal studies, I: 181–185;

II: 49–50;

III: 47–48, 396, 462;

IV: 34, 426, 434–435, 458, 459, 512, 517

birth defects and, II: 287;

III: 462;

IV: 404, 405n;

V: 394

calcium homeostasis and, II: 4

carcinogenicity, I: 37, 118, 119, 182–184;

II: 40;

III: 396;

IV: 387

chemical properties, I: 114, 182;

II: 38;

III: 32

chemical structure, I: 111, 114

chloracne and, I: 36;

IV: 135, 500

chronic exposure, I: 184

circulatory disorders and, I: 700–701

development of, I: 24, 26, 35, 181;

III: 135, 136, 137, 138, 140

developmental toxicity, I: 185;

II: 42, 49– 50

disease outcomes, III: 48

domestic use, I: 181

environmental exposure events, I: 42–43

genotoxicity, I: 119, 184

half-life of, II: 4

industrial exposure events, V: 6

infertility and, II: 280–282

liver toxicity, I: 125;

II: 42;

III: 524

mechanisms of action, III: 33, 38, 47–48

mechanisms of toxicity, II: 49–50

metabolism, I: 115, 116

military applications, I: 26, 88;

II: 26

myelotoxicity, IV: 5, 31

neurobehavioral toxicity, III: 475

pharmacokinetics, I: 182

porphyria cutanea tarda and, II: 322

reproductive toxicity, I: 185;

II: 42;

III: 462;

IV: 407, 413, 416, 426, 431, 434– 435

respiratory disorders and, I: 709

suspension of use, I: 1, 39, 42–43, 92, 181– 182

TCDD contamination of, I: 2, 3, 27, 91, 114, 126, 182;

III: 140

teratogenicity, I: 30, 92, 373–374

toxicity profile update summary, II: 49;

IV: 22–24, 28–29, 31, 37–41;

V: 37–38, 77–78

toxicokinetics, II: 49;

III: 47

volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, data, III: 136

See also 2,3,7,8-Tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD);



Herbicides



Triglyceride levels, I: 688–689;

III: 520–521

Trinoxol, I: 91;

III: 137;

IV: 119

Trivalent monomethylarsonous acid (MMA), V: 39

TSH. See Thyroid-stimulating hormone



Tuberculosis, I: 711

See also Respiratory disorders



Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), I: 148;

II: 59, 60;

III: 87, 88

Twin studies, I: 398–399, 406, 703, 711

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

Type 2 Diabetes. See Veterans and Agent Orange: Herbicides/Dioxin Exposure and Type 2 Diabetes (Type 2 Diabetes)

U



UDP glucuronyl transferase (UGT1), II: 74;

III: 37, 52

Uerdingen, Germany, III: 154;

IV: 124

UGT1. See UDP glucuronyl transferase



Ulcers, gastrointestinal, I: 690–692

epidemiologic studies, II: 334;

III: 510– 513;

IV: 500–504;

V: 502

epidemiology, II: 334;

III: 508–509;

IV: 498–499

herbicide environmental exposure and, V: 501

herbicide exposure association with, II: 334;

III: 510–514;

IV: 505

herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 510–512;

IV: 500–501;

V: 500–501

scientific literature update, II: 334;

III: 510– 513;

IV: 500–504;

V: 500–501

Vietnam veterans and, III: 512–513;

IV: 502–505;

V: 502

See also Metabolic and digestive disorders



Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, V: 290

Umea, Sweden, III: 228, 229

Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), V: 460–461

Uniroyal Inc., I: 35

United Kingdom, I: 315–316, 340, 382, 444, 462–463, 464, 477, 479, 537, 565, 595, 689;

II: 194, 196, 269;

III: 223, 224, 420

England National Cancer Register, III: 232;

IV: 144

herbicide exposure assessment, III: 151;

IV: 139

Parkinson's Disease Society Brain Bank, IV: 445

See also Scotland;



Yorkshire, England



United Nations, I: 45

United Paperworkers International Union, III: 232

Update 1996. See Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 1996 (Update 1996)



Update 1998. See Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 1998 (Update 1998)



Update 2000. See Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2000 (Update 2000)



UPDRS. See Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale



Uppsala, Sweden, III: 228

Urinary bladder cancer. See Bladder cancer



Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (UROD), II: 321;

III: 480, 481

U.S. Air Force, I: 81, 113;

III: 29, 138, 218, 237, 239, 339, 513, 517

Armstrong Laboratory, Population Research Branch, III: 29

Baseline Morbidity Report, II: 32

Baseline Mortality Report, 1982, II: 31

Follow-Up Examination Results, 1985, 1987, 1992, II: 32

Human Resources Laboratory records, II: 150, 152;

III: 237

Military Personnel Center records, II: 151;

III: 238;

IV: 151

Mortality Updates, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1989, 1991, II: 32

Reproductive Outcomes, II: 32

Serum Dioxin Level Follow-Up Examination Results, II: 32

TCDD half-life investigations, II: 104–105

Vietnam casualties, I: 83

women veterans mortality studies, II: 152– 153

See also Air Force Health Study (AFHS);



Operation Ranch Hand



U.S. Army, I: 81, 280, 281, 702;

II: 140, 185;

IV: 121–22, 126

Army Chemical Corps Vietnam Veterans Health Study proposal, II: 24

Army I Corps, IV: 157

Environmental Support Group (ESG), II: 152

Vietnam casualties, I: 83

Vietnam veteran studies, II: 201, 226, 244;

III: 240, 241, 283, 294, 298, 313, 315, 318, 338, 339, 344, 346, 348, 365, 373, 380, 485, 512, 517;

IV: 21

women veterans mortality studies, II: 152– 153, 201

See also U.S. Army Chemical Corps;



U.S. Special Forces



U.S. Army Chemical Corps (ACC), I: 13, 15, 16–17, 94–95, 272, 273, 286, 394, 470, 571, 703–704, 705, 711, 722–725;

II: 5, 23, 24, 101, 103, 104, 201–202, 245;

III: 6, 23, 138–139, 146–147, 241, 272, 298, 309, 314, 344, 358–359, 385, 389,

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×
485, 512, 517;

IV: 120–124, 157, 287;

V: 10–11, 233–234, 525

U.S. Coast Guard, I: 81

U.S. Congress, I: 2, 31, 46–52;

III: 25–28, 237, 240

See also Congressional hearings;



Legislation



U.S. Marine Corps, I: 81, 96, 280, 545, 702, 710;

II: 185, 201, 226, 244;

III: 140;

IV: 121

non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in, I: 542, 545, 546–547

Vietnam casualties, I: 83

Vietnam veterans studies, III: 241, 242, 283, 294, 298, 309, 313, 315, 338, 339, 346, 348, 365, 373, 380, 485, 489, 512, 517;

IV: 287, 298, 339

women veterans mortality studies, II: 152– 153

U.S. Military Assistance Command, III: 138;

IV: 119

U.S. Navy, I: 81, 280–281, 286;

II: 185, 228;

III: 339, 344

herbicide use in, I: 95;

II: 104;

III: 135, 139, 140

non-Hodgkin's lymphoma odds ratio in, I: 542

Vietnam casualties, I: 83

women veterans mortality studies, II: 152– 153

U.S. Special Forces, I: 286;

II: 103–104;

III: 138

USDA. See Department of Agriculture, U.S.



USSR, I: 317;

III: 224

See also Russia



Utah, I: 560;

II: 241

Uterine cancers, I: 506;

III: 329, 333;

V: 312

herbicide association evidence, I: 13;

II: 6, 211, 213;

III: 333;

IV: 323–324

See also Reproductive system cancers, women

V



VAO. See Veterans and Agent Orange: Health Effects of Herbicides Used in Vietnam



Verona, Missouri, II: 128–129;

III: 219, 220;

IV: 135, 148;

V: 105

Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) receptors, II: 333;

III: 503

VES. See Vietnam Experience Study



Veterans. See Foreign veterans;



Vietnam veterans;



Women veterans



Veterans Administration. See Department of Veterans Affairs



Veterans and Agent Orange: Health Effects of Herbicides Used in Vietnam (VAO) ,

II: 1, 2, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12, 35, 45, 63, 65, 71, 89, 90, 91, 96, 97, 99, 101, 102, 104, 107, 112, 132, 176, 179, 180, 181, 187, 190, 196, 207, 209, 210, 214, 218, 225, 228, 232, 236, 237, 246, 247, 249, 250, 266, 271, 278, 279, 286, 293, 296, 300, 305, 312, 323, 328, 357;

III: 1, 2, 3, 5, 12, 32, 43, 85, 124, 125, 126, 132, 150, 157, 169, 220, 221, 223, 286, 303, 311, 320, 359, 389, 390, 416, 434, 435, 519, 522;

IV: 5, 156–159;

V: 1–2, 12–14, 16–18, 20–21, 104

background, II: 17–19;

III: 17–23;

IV: 15, 103–104, 110, 132, 137, 249, 268, 351

basal/squamous cell skin cancer studies summary, III: 317–318, 321, 323;

IV: 308, 312–313;

V: 295–296

birth defects studies summary, III: 436– 439;

IV: 400–401, 404, 435;

V: 394

bladder cancer studies summary, II: 225– 226;

III: 347–348, 350–351;

IV: 340, 343–345;

V: 329

bone/joint cancer studies summary, II: 204;

III: 302, 305;

IV: 288, 290–291;

V: 279

brain tumor studies summary, II: 229;

III: 356–357, 360, 361;

IV: 351, 353–355;

V: 339

breast cancer studies summary, III: 324– 326, 328;

IV: 314–315, 319–320;

V: 301

childhood cancer studies summary, II: 299;

IV: 418, 429

chloracne studies summary, II: 318;

III: 479–480;

IV: 465;

V: 478

chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy studies summary, II: 310;

IV: 454

circulatory disorders studies summary, II: 335–336;

III: 514;

IV: 506;

V: 503

cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders studies summary, II: 307;

III: 468–469;

IV: 441–442;

V: 448–449

congressional hearings on Agent Orange, II: 27–28;

III: 25

Department of Veterans Affairs Task Force, II: 4–26;

III: 24–25

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

diabetes mellitus studies summary, II: 330;

III: 496–497;

IV: 482, 487, 488, 490, 492;

V: 486

federal government response to concerns over military use of herbicides in Vietnam, II: 27–32;

III: 25–30

female reproductive cancers studies summary, II: 211–212;

III: 330–331, 332, 333;

IV: 321, 324–325

gastrointestinal tract tumors studies summary, II: 177–178;

III: 268, 274– 281;

IV: 251, 256;

V: 244–245

gastrointestinal ulcers studies summary, II: 334;

III: 510;

IV: 500;

V: 500

health outcomes conclusions, II: 19–23;

III: 19–20;

IV: 11, 18–19, 20, 21, 384, 385, 414, 465, 467, 471, 513, 514;

V: 6–9

hepatobiliary cancers studies summary, III: 282–283, 287–288;

IV: 268, 269;

V: 259–260

herbicide environmental exposure studies, II: 142–143, 144, 145–146;

III: 197– 202, 203–205, 275, 277, 279, 281, 283, 288, 291, 301, 316, 323, 328, 336, 342, 345, 350–351, 354, 369, 382, 392, 437, 454, 455, 456, 459, 479, 520;

IV: 147– 149, 261, 264, 266–267, 271–272, 276, 286, 291

herbicide occupational exposure studies,



II: 114, 115–116, 117–118, 119–120, 121– 126;

III: 170–174, 176–178, 180–182, 183–185, 188–196, 274–275, 276–277, 278–279, 280, 282–283, 286, 291, 294, 300–301, 305, 310, 312, 316, 317, 321, 323, 324–326, 328, 332, 333, 335–336, 345, 350, 354, 360, 367–369, 374–376, 381–382, 391–392, 454, 455, 456, 459, 496, 520;

IV: 137, 139, 140–142, 144– 146, 257–261, 263, 265–266, 271, 276, 280, 285, 290

Hodgkin's disease studies summary, II: 235;

III: 372, 374–375, 376;

IV: 365, 368;

V: 356

immune system disorders, studies summary, II: 327;

III: 488–489;

IV: 477;

V: 484

impact of report, II: 24–26;

III: 23–25

infertility studies summary, II: 280;

III: 445–446, 450;

IV: 406, 409

laryngeal cancer studies summary, III: 293, 294;

IV: 277, 280;

V: 268–269

legislation on Agent Orange, II: 28–29;

III: 26–27

leukemia studies summary, II: 245;

III: 385–386, 391–392;

IV: 378–379, 381, 383;

V: 368

lipid abnormalities studies summary, II: 333;

III: 504, 520, 521;

IV: 483

liver toxicity studies summary, II: 332;

III: 510;

IV: 500

low birthweight studies summary, III: 456– 457, 459;

IV: 399, 400, 412;

V: 423

lung cancer studies summary, III: 296, 300– 301;

IV: 281, 285–286;

V: 273

melanoma studies summary, III: 313–314, 316, 317;

IV: 302, 306;

V: 290

metabolic and digestive disorders, studies summary, II: 330, 332, 333, 334;

IV: 500

motor/coordination dysfunction studies summary, II: 309;

III: 469–470;

IV: 443–444

multiple myeloma studies summary, III: 377–378, 381–382;

IV: 372, 375–376;

V: 362

nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer studies summary, III: 290, 291;

IV: 274;

V: 265;274

neuroblastoma, V: 426

non-Hodgkin's lymphoma studies summary, II: 231–232;

III: 362–363, 367–369, 370–371;

IV: 356, 360–363;

V: 344

perinatal death studies summary, II: 285;

III: 451, 454, 455, 456;

IV: 412

peripheral neuropathy studies summary, III: 470–471, 473;

IV: 454

porphyria cutanea tarda studies summary, II: 321–322;

III: 481–482;

IV: 467;

V: 479

prostate cancer studies summary, III: 335– 336, 341, 342;

IV: 327, 333–335;

V: 317–318

renal cancer studies summary, II: 224;

III: 352–353, 354, 355;

IV: 346, 349–350

research recommendations, II: 23–24;

III: 23;

IV: 21

respiratory disorders studies summary, II: 324–325;

III: 483;

IV: 471;

V: 481

sex ratios of offspring, IV: 429–430;

V: 433

skin cancer studies summary, III: 312;

IV: 299–314

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

soft-tissue sarcomas studies summary, II: 205–206;

III: 306–308;

IV: 292, 297– 299;

V: 283

spontaneous abortion studies summary, II: 283;

IV: 410;

V: 410

summary of, II: 37–42

toxicology, overview, III: 36;

IV: 22, 38, 41;

V: 30–31

Veterans and Agent Orange: Herbicides/Dioxin Exposure and Acute Myelogenous Leukemia in the Children of Vietnam Veterans (Acute Myelogenous Leukemia)

,

V: 2, 13, 14, 16–17, 21

Veterans and Agent Orange: Herbicides/Dioxin Exposure and Type 2 Diabetes (Type 2 Diabetes)

,

IV: 1, 10–11, 16, 104;

V: 2, 12–13, 16, 486–487

Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 1996 (Update 1996)

,

III: 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 10, 32, 37, 43, 44, 50, 85, 106, 109, 125, 126, 132, 150, 157, 159, 169, 220, 221, 222, 223, 266, 286, 295, 298, 303, 309, 311, 319, 320, 339, 349, 359, 389, 390, 416, 417–418, 424, 426, 428, 434, 435, 444, 458, 519, 522, 533;

IV: 1;

V: 2, 12–14, 16–18

background, III: 17–23;

IV: 15–21, 110, 132, 137, 247, 251

basal/squamous cell skin cancer studies summary, III: 317–318, 321, 323;

IV: 308–314;

V: 295–296

birth defects studies summary, III: 436– 439;

IV: 400–401, 435;

V: 394

bladder cancer studies summary, III: 347– 348, 350;

IV: 330–345;

V: 329

bone/joint cancer studies summary, III: 302, 305;

IV: 287–291;

V: 279

brain tumor studies summary, III: 356–357, 360, 361;

IV: 350–355;

V: 339

breast cancer studies summary, III: 324– 326, 327, 328;

IV: 314–320;

V: 301

childhood cancers, IV: 418

chloracne studies summary, III: 479–480;

IV: 465;

V: 478

circulatory disorders studies summary, III: 514;

IV: 506;

V: 503

cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders studies summary, III: 468–469;

IV: 441–442;

V: 448–449

congressional hearings on Agent Orange, III: 25

Department of Veterans Affairs Task Force, III: 24–25

diabetes mellitus studies summary, III: 496;

IV: 482–483, 490;

V: 486

federal government response to concerns over military use of herbicides in Vietnam, III: 25–30

female reproductive system cancers studies summary, III: 330–331, 332, 333;

IV: 321–326;

V: 310

gastrointestinal tract tumors studies summary, III: 268, 274–281;

IV: 257– 264;

V: 244–245

gastrointestinal ulcers studies summary, III: 510;

IV: 500;

V: 500

health outcomes conclusions, III: 19–20

hepatobiliary cancers studies summary, III: 282–283, 287–288;

IV: 267–272;

V: 259–260

herbicide environmental exposure studies, III: 197, 201, 203, 275, 277, 279, 283, 288, 323, 328, 336, 342, 345, 354, 369, 375, 382, 392;

IV: 147, 149

herbicide occupational exposure studies, III: 170, 172, 174, 175–176, 179, 183, 186– 187, 274, 276, 278, 280, 282–283, 286, 291, 294, 300, 305, 316, 317, 321, 324– 326, 328, 332, 333, 335–336, 345, 350, 354, 360, 367, 374, 381, 391, 496;

IV: 135–137, 140–142, 144

Hodgkin's disease studies summary, III: 373, 374, 375, 376;

IV: 364–371;

V: 356

impact of report, III: 23–25

infertility studies summary, III: 445–446;

IV: 406–408

laryngeal cancer studies summary, III: 293, 294;

IV: 277–281;

V: 268–269

legislation on Agent Orange, III: 26–27

leukemia studies summary, III: 385–386, 391, 392;

IV: 377–383;

V: 368

lipid abnormalities studies summary, III: 504;

IV: 493

liver disorders studies summary, III: 510;

IV: 500

low birthweight studies summary, III: 456– 457;

IV: 412;

V: 423

lung cancer studies summary, III: 296, 298, 300;

IV: 281–287;

V: 273

melanoma studies summary, III: 313–314, 316, 317;

IV: 302–308;

V: 290

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

motor/coordination dysfunction studies summary, III: 469–470;

IV: 444

multiple myeloma studies summary, III: 377–378, 381, 382;

IV: 371–377;

V: 362

nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer studies summary, III: 290, 291;

IV: 273–276;

V: 265

non-Hodgkin's lymphoma studies summary, III: 362–363, 367, 369, 370;

IV: 355– 364;

V: 344

pancreatic cancer, IV: 264–267

perinatal death studies summary, III: 451;

IV: 412

peripheral neuropathy studies summary, III: 470–471, 473;

IV: 18

porphyria cutanea tarda studies summary, III: 481–482;

IV: 467;

V: 479

prostate cancer studies summary, III: 335– 336, 341, 342;

IV: 326–335;

V: 317– 318

renal cancers studies summary, III: 352– 353, 354, 355;

IV: 345–350

research recommendations, III: 23

respiratory disorders studies summary, III: 483;

IV: 471–472;

V: 481

sex ratios of offspring, IV: 429–430;

V: 433

skin cancer, IV: 299–301

soft-tissue sarcoma studies summary, III: 306–308;

IV: 291–299;

V: 283

testicular cancer studies summary, III: 343– 344, 345;

IV: 335–339;

V: 325

toxicology, overview, III: 36;

IV: 22;

V: 30–31

Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 1998 (Update 1998),

V: 2, 12–14, 16–18

Australian Veterans, IV: 159

background of, IV: 1, 3, 8–10, 110, 132, 247, 251, 399–400

basal/squamous cell skin cancer studies summary, IV: 308–314;

V: 295–296

birth defects studies summary, IV: 400– 401, 435;

V: 394

bladder cancer studies summary, IV: 330– 345;

V: 329

bone/joint cancer studies summary, IV: 287–291;

V: 279

brain tumor studies summary, IV: 350–355;

V: 339

breast cancer studies summary, IV: 314– 320;

V: 301

childhood cancers, IV: 418, 426

cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders studies summary, V: 448–449

Department of Veterans Affairs and, IV: 157–158

environmental exposure, IV: 148–149

epidemiology, IV: 257

female reproductive system cancers studies summary, IV: 321–326;

V: 310

gastrointestinal tract tumors studies summary, IV: 257–264;

V: 244–245

hepatobiliary cancers studies summary, IV: 267–272;

V: 259–260

Hodgkin's disease studies summary, IV: 364–371;

V: 356

infertility studies summary, IV: 406–408

laryngeal cancer studies summary, IV: 277– 281;

V: 268–269

leukemia studies summary, IV: 377–383;

V: 368

low birthweight studies summary, IV: 412;

V: 423

lung cancer studies summary, IV: 281–287;

V: 273

melanoma studies summary, IV: 302–308;

V: 290

mortality in, IV: 254

multiple myeloma studies summary, IV: 371–377;

V: 362

nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer studies summary, IV: 273–276;

V: 265

non-Hodgkin's lymphoma studies summary, IV: 355–364;

V: 344

occupational exposure, IV: 135–137, 139– 142, 144

Operation Ranch Hand, IV: 150, 152

pancreatic cancer, IV: 264–267

prostate cancer studies summary, IV: 326– 335;

V: 317–318

quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models, V: 27

renal cancers studies summary, IV: 345– 350

sex ratios of offspring, IV: 429–430;

V: 433

skin cancer, IV: 299–301

soft-tissue sarcoma studies summary, IV: 291–299;

V: 283

spontaneous abortion, IV: 408–412;

V: 410

testicular cancer studies summary, IV: 335– 339;

V: 325

toxicology overview, IV: 22;

V: 30–31

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2000 (Update 2000),

V: 2, 12–18, 21, 103

basal/squamous cell skin cancer studies summary, IV: 308–314;

V: 295–296

birth defects studies summary, V: 394

bladder cancer studies summary, V: 329

bone/joint cancer studies summary, V: 279

brain tumor studies summary, V: 339

breast cancer studies summary, IV: 314– 320;

V: 301

carcinogenicity, V: 37

cell stress responses, V: 34

cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders studies summary, V: 449–450

developmental toxicity, V: 35–36

disease outcomes, V: 34–37

energy metabolism, V: 33–34

female reproductive system cancers studies summary, V: 310

gastrointestinal tract tumors studies summary, V: 244–245

genotoxic effects, V: 33

Hodgkin's disease studies summary, V: 356

immunotoxicity, V: 37

laryngeal cancer studies summary, V: 268– 269

leukemia studies summary, V: 368

lung cancer studies summary, V: 273

mechanisms of toxic action, V: 33–34

melanoma studies summary, V: 290

mitochondrial function, V: 33–34

multiple myeloma studies summary, V: 362

nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer studies summary, V: 265

neuroblastoma, V: 426

neurotoxicity, V: 35

non-Hodgkin's lymphoma studies summary, V: 344

parkinsonism, V: 453, 460

prostate cancer studies summary, IV: 326– 335;

V: 317–318

reproductive toxicity, V: 35–36

respiratory disorders studies summary, V: 481

sex ratios of offspring, V: 433

soft-tissue sarcoma studies summary, V: 283

testicular cancer studies summary, V: 325

thyroid hormones, V: 34

toxicology overview, V: 30–31

Veterans' benefits. See Compensation, veterans



Veterans' compensation. See Compensation, veterans



Veterans' Dioxin and Radiation Exposure Compensation Standards Act of 1984. See Public Law 98-542



Veterans' Health Care, Training, and Small Business Loan Act of 1981. See Public Law 97-72



Veterans' Health Care Eligibility Reform Act of 1996. See Public Law 104-262



Veterans' Health Programs Extension and Improvement Act of 1979, III: 240

Vibrotactile abnormalities, V: 466, 468

Vietnam, III: 533

herbicide latency issues, methodology, II: 13;

III: 12–14

herbicide targeting in, I: 99–106;

IV: 116– 117

herbicide use in, concerns about, I: 29–32, 45;

II: 1, 2, 4, 11, 17, 18, 26;

III: 1, 2, 5, 12, 13, 17, 18, 25;

V: 3, 30–31, 229– 232

research in, I: 30–31

troop movements in, I: 52–53, 96, 287

U.S. casualties in, I: 82–83

U.S. involvement, I: 75–76, 84

U.S. military herbicide use in, I: 1, 3, 24, 27, 84–85, 89–93, 94–96, 98–107, 286;

II: 17, 18, 26, 27–32;

III: 135–142;

V: 116–117

See also Ca Mau peninsula;

Con Thieu province, Vietnam;

Hanoi, Vietnam;

Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam;

Khe Sanh-Thonh Son Lam area;

Mekong Delta;



Rung Sat Special Zone;

Vietnamese



Vietnam Experience Study (VES), III: 26, 240, 512

birth defects in offspring, II: 288, 289, 290;

III: 436, 438, 439, 445

cancer mortality in, I: 444–445

childhood cancer in, I: 629;

II: 300

chloracne in, I: 677

circulatory disorders in, I: 702

exposure assessment use, II: 101;

III: 146

hepatobiliary cancers, II: 185;

III: 283

Hodgkin's disease in, I: 556

immune system disorders in, I: 696

infertility in, II: 280

liver cancer in,



I: 455

low birthweight outcomes in, I: 626

lung cancer in, I: 469

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

methodology, I: 57–58, 281, 284, 389–391

multiple myeloma, II: 244

neonatal death in, I: 622

neurologic/neuropsychiatric outcomes in, I: 656

non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in, I: 542–543

origins, I: 50

reproductive outcomes in, I: 601, 609, 610– 611, 626, 632

respiratory cancer in, II: 201

respiratory disorders in, I: 710–711

spina bifida in offspring, II: 9;

IV: 8

Vietnam herbicides use by military, II: 26–27

Vietnam Veteran Agent Orange Health Study, I: 741

Vietnam veterans, I: 1;

II: 2;

V: 20–21

acute and subacute transient peripheral neuropathy, II: 313;

III: 473;

IV: 6, 459

advocacy groups, I: 60–61

Air Force research activities, II: 31–32;

III: 28–29;

IV: 13, 42–43, 150–156, 160– 161

altered sperm parameters in, I: 632, 634;

III: 445, 446, 450;

IV: 7

amyloidosis, IV: 7;

V: 507

Australian, I: 61, 91, 406, 418, 444, 470, 496–497, 546, 614–615, 633, 702, 710;

II: 113, 149, 160, 202, 293;

III: 9, 216– 217, 218, 237, 244–245, 273, 285–286, 290, 294, 295, 298, 299, 303, 310, 311, 314, 315, 327, 329, 339, 340, 343, 346, 349, 353, 355, 359, 365, 380, 389, 413, 424, 425, 469, 486, 489, 500, 506, 512– 513, 517;

IV: 9, 10, 159–160, 322–333, 402, 421–422

autoimmune disease in, I: 698, 699

basal/squamous cell skin cancer in, III: 323;

IV: 309–310;

V: 298, 300

birth defects in children of, I: 609–615, 618;

II: 288–296, 298, 300;

III: 435, 436, 437–438;

IV: 7, 402;

V: 402–403

bladder cancer in, I: 517;

II: 223–224;

III: 349, 351;

IV: 7, 342;

V: 332, 333

bone/joint cancer in, I: 473, 474–475;

II: 204;

III: 303, 305;

IV: 7, 289;

V: 281

brain tumors in, I: 522, 523, 525;

III: 358– 359, 361;

IV: 7, 352;

V: 342, 343

breast cancer in, II: 213, 217, 218;

III: 326, 328, 329;

IV: 7, 316;

V: 304, 309

cancer expected incidence, I: 439–440, 442, 446, 452, 461, 501, 505, 513, 522, 526, 564;

II: 176–177;

III: 266–267, 430– 431;

IV: 249–250

cancer in children of, I: 629, 630–631;

II: 299;

IV: 7, 420–422;

V: 430–431

cancer mortality, I: 444–445

cancer studies, I: 391–393, 401, 402–403, 405, 436–438;

II: 176–177;

III: 266– 267, 430–431

chloracne in, I: 677–679;

II: 317, 318, 321;

III: 479–480;

IV: 6, 135, 485;

V: 479

chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy in, II: 311;

IV: 7, 456

circulatory disorders in, I: 702–705;

II: 336;

III: 516–518;

IV: 7, 508–509

class action suit, I: 34–35

cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders in, II: 318;

III: 469;

IV: 7, 443;

V: 449–451

colon cancer in, V: 252

compensation for, I: 34–35, 47, 50–51, 55– 56;

II: 28–29, 30–31;

III: 26–27, 28

congressional responses to concerns of, I: 46–52;

II: 27–29;

III: 25–28

defining, I: 78

demographics, I: 79, 80–84

developmental toxicity, II: 72

diabetes mellitus in, I: 684, 685, 698;

II: 330;

III: 495, 497, 498, 500, 502;

IV: 6, 485–487;

V: 489–490, 491

disabilities discharges, I: 32

disease increased risk for, I: 14–15, 221, 225–226, 247–248, 578;

II: 14, 22–23, 88, 89, 91, 218, 223, 251, 276, 298, 300–301, 314, 321, 323;

III: 14–15, 22– 23, 124, 127–128, 329, 334, 343, 397, 430–431, 444, 462, 475–476, 491, 503, 507–508, 525;

IV: 12, 256, 270, 275, 279, 284, 290, 296, 305–306, 311, 318, 323–324, 332, 338, 343, 348, 353, 359, 367, 374, 381, 403, 407, 411–412, 413, 417, 426, 466, 468, 475, 489, 495, 505, 510, 513;

V: 246, 264, 268, 272, 278, 282, 287, 295, 300, 309, 316, 324, 328, 333, 338, 343, 355, 361, 366, 372, 376, 405, 409, 420–421, 422, 425, 432, 441, 472, 479, 480, 483, 485, 492, 498, 502, 506, 510, 518–519

distribution by branch of service, I: 81

Environmental Protection Agency research activities, II: 32;

III: 29–30

epidemiologic studies, I: 50, 57–59, 62–63, 384–418;

II: 3, 6–7, 28, 113, 149–161;

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

III: 26, 206–217, 236–245, 272–273, 275, 277–278, 279, 281, 283, 285–286, 288, 290, 291, 294–295, 298, 301, 303, 305, 309–310, 312, 316, 317, 323, 326, 328, 333, 336, 338, 339, 340, 342, 343– 344, 345–346, 349, 351, 353, 355, 358– 359, 361, 363, 365, 370–371, 372, 373, 376, 380, 382, 385, 386, 389, 392, 435, 436, 437–438, 445, 446, 450, 454, 455, 456, 457, 459, 467, 468, 469, 470, 473, 479, 480, 481, 482, 485–486, 489, 491, 495, 497, 498, 500, 502, 505–506, 512– 513, 516–518, 521;

IV: 150–160, 255, 269, 275, 278, 283, 294–295, 303–304, 309–310, 316, 322–323, 329, 336–337, 342, 347, 357–358, 366–367, 373, 380, 402, 411, 420–422, 474, 485–487, 494, 502–504, 508–509;

V: 177–193

exposure assessment, 234–235



federal government activities/research on military use of herbicides II: 27–32;

III: 25–30

female reproductive system cancers in, I: 505, 511–512, 577;

II: 211, 212;

III: 333;

IV: 7, 322–323;

V: 311, 312, 313, 314–315

gastrointestinal tract cancers in, I: 446;

II: 177, 180–181;

IV: 7, 255;

V: 245–246

gastrointestinal ulcers in, I: 691, 692;

III: 512–513;

IV: 502–504;

V: 502

genitourinary tract cancers in, I: 513, 518, 522;

II: 223–224;

III: 272–273, 275, 277–278, 279, 281;

IV: 7, 342

health care of, II: 28, 29;

III: 26, 27

health concerns of, I: 1, 32–34, 46–47;

II: 17–24, 26–27;

III: 17–30

hepatic enzyme disorders in, I: 687

hepatobiliary cancers in, I: 455, 457;

II: 181, 185, 187;

III: 283, 285–286, 288;

IV: 7, 269;

V: 264

herbicide exposure assessment issues, II: 4– 5, 14, 17–24, 26–27;

III: 2, 5–6, 142, 143, 146–150;

IV: 122–127;

V: 28

herbicide exposure assessment strategies for, I: 270–284;

II: 99–109;

III: 144–145

Hodgkin's disease in, I: 526, 554–556, 557;

II: 235, 236;

III: 372, 373, 376;

IV: 6, 366–367;

V: 359–360, 361

immune modulation in, I: 695–696, 699;

III: 489, 491

infertility, I: 632, 633, 634;

II: 280;

III: 445, 446, 450;

IV: 7

International Agency for Research on Cancer research activities, III: 30

laryngeal cancer in, III: 294–295;

IV: 6, 9, 278;

V: 272

latency relevance for assessing herbicides effect on cancer risk in, II: 276;

III: 12– 13, 430–431

legislation concerning herbicide exposure and health of, II: 28–29;

III: 26–27

leukemia in, I: 13, 564, 570, 571–572;

II: 245, 246;

III: 385, 386, 389, 392;

IV: 7, 380;

V: 371

lipid abnormalities in, I: 689, 692;

II: 333;

III: 505–506, 521;

IV: 7, 494

liver toxicity in, II: 332;

III: 512–513;

IV: 502–504

low birthweight outcomes for, I: 626, 628;

III: 457, 459;

IV: 7;

V: 423–424, 425

lung cancer in, III: 298, 301;

IV: 6, 283;

V: 278

melanoma in, III: 316, 317;

IV: 303–304;

V: 288, 289, 292, 293–294

military experiences, I: 75, 82, 272, 286, 399

motor/coordination dysfunction in, I: 659– 660, 662;

II: 309, 310;

III: 469, 470;

IV: 7, 448

multiple myeloma in, I: 526, 562, 563;

II: 244;

III: 380, 382;

IV: 6, 10, 373;

V: 365

nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer in, I: 459, 460;

II: 189;

III: 290, 291;

IV: 7, 275;

V: 268

National Personnel Records Center listing, I: 17

neural tube defects in offspring, numbers, II: 297;

IV: 7, 18, 404–405;

V: 16

neurobehavioral disorders in, II: 305, 308, 309, 310, 311, 313, 314;

III: 467, 468;

IV: 457–459;

V: 472

neuropsychiatric outcomes, I: 653–656, 658;

II: 308;

III: 469;

IV: 443

non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in, I: 526, 541– 548, 549;

II: 234;

III: 363, 365, 370– 371;

IV: 6, 357–358;

V: 348–350, 354, 355

number of, I: 3, 4, 74, 75–80

outreach activities, II: 31;

III: 28

(See also Air Force Health Study (AFHS);



Compensation, veterans;

Demographic data, Vietnam veterans;

Operation Ranch Hand;

Risk assessment, Vietnam veterans)

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
×

pancreatic cancer in, V: 258–259

Parkinson's disease in, II: 309–310

perinatal deaths in offspring, II: 285;

III: 454, 455, 456;

IV: 7

peripheral nervous system disorders in, I: 665, 666;

II: 311, 313;

III: 473, 475;

IV: 6, 7, 456

porphyria cutanea tarda in, I: 681, 682–683;

II: 321–322, 323;

III: 481, 482;

IV: 6, 8;

V: 480

prostate cancer in, I: 513, 518, 519, 522;

II: 9, 217–218, 221, 223;

III: 336, 338, 339, 340, 342;

IV: 6, 8, 10, 329;

V: 321, 322

records-based exposure assessment, I: 271– 280;

IV: 121–126

records identification, II: 24–25

rectal cancer in, V: 256

renal cancers in, III: 352, 353, 355;

IV: 7, 347

reproductive outcomes, I: 405–406, 418, 601–603, 609–615, 618, 620–622, 625;

II: 71, 278, 300–301;

III: 435, 436, 437–438, 445, 446, 450, 454, 455, 456, 457, 459;

IV: 7, 402

research recommendations, II: 23–25;

III: 23;

V: 523–525

respiratory cancers in, I: 469–470, 472;

II: 190, 201–202, 203;

IV: 6, 283

respiratory disorders in, I: 710–712, 713– 714;

III: 485–486;

IV: 7, 474;

V: 483

risk assessment for, I: 14–15, 221, 225–226, 247–248, 578;

II: 14, 22–23, 89, 91, 251, 276, 298, 300–301, 314, 321, 323, 349–357;

III: 14–15, 22–23, 124, 127– 128, 430–431;

IV: 20, 105–108;

V: 7, 9–10 23

serum testing, I: 20–21

skin cancer in, I: 501, 505;

II: 209;

III: 312;

IV: 7, 301

soft-tissue sarcoma in, I: 475, 492–498, 500;

II: 205, 208;

III: 309–310;

IV: 6, 294–295;

V: 286–287

South Korea, I: 61–62

spina bifida in offspring, II: 9–10, 296, 298, 301;

III: 7, 8, 9–10, 21, 24–25, 437– 438;

IV: 7, 10, 18, 402

spontaneous abortions in, I: 601–603, 605;

II: 283;

IV: 7, 411;

V: 420–421

state-sponsored studies of, II: 152–153, 158–159, 161, 202, 292;

III: 213–215, 243–244;

IV: 158–159

stomach cancer in, V: 249

suicide incidence, I: 655–656

testicular cancer in, II: 153;

III: 343–344, 345–346;

IV: 7, 336–337;

V: 326–327

twin studies, I: 398–399, 406, 703, 711

Vietnamese veterans, Vietnamese studies of, III: 245

women, I: 50, 83–84;

II: 152–153, 180, 181, 190, 201, 204, 205, 209, 211, 212, 213, 216–217, 218, 223, 226, 228, 229, 231, 245, 278, 280;

III: 326–329, 333, 434–435;

IV: 316

Vietnam veterans' exposure studies, II: 154, 156–157, 158–159;

III: 206–209, 210– 217, 275, 278, 279, 281, 283, 288, 291, 305, 310, 312, 316, 317, 323, 326, 328, 336, 342, 345–346, 351, 355, 370–371, 376, 382, 437–438, 450, 454, 455, 456, 459, 497, 521;

IV: 150, 156–158, 262, 264, 272–273, 276–277;

V: 118–127, 232–235

Vietnam veterans' increased disease risk, II: 22–23;

III: 22–23

Vietnam Veterans of America, I: 60

Vietnamese



birth defects and herbicide exposure, II: 287–288;

V: 394, 400

cancer in, II: 148;

III: 283

epidemiologic studies, I: 599–601;

II: 113, 144–145, 148, 184, 287–288;

III: 202, 234, 283;

V: 172–173

herbicide environmental exposure, II: 144– 145, 148, 287–288;

III: 283

herbicide exposure assessment, I: 269, 370– 372;

II: 4–5, 108–109;

III: 156–157;

IV: 116–117;

V: 3, 229

herbicide exposure indices development, II: 107–108

reproductive outcomes, I: 599–601, 608– 609;

IV: 148–149

research recommendations, I: 731;

V: 11, 526

scientists in, studies of Vietnamese veterans, III: 245

Vietnamese Veterans, IV: 160

Viral infection



immune system response, I: 692–693

TCDD-enhanced susceptibility, I: 149

teratogenic potential, I: 607

See also Immune system disorders



Vitamin A, I: 174

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
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VLDL. See Very low density lipoprotein receptors

W



WAIS. See Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales (WAIS)



Wales. See United Kingdom



Walking abnormalities. See Motor/coordination dysfunction



War Research Service, I: 25

Washington, D.C., II: 343;

III: 533;

V: 5, 400

Washington state, I: 336–338, 341, 487–488, 535;

II: 149, 241;

III: 229, 230, 232, 234;

IV: 149, 215;

V: 117

Waste incineration workers, V: 6

Wasting syndrome, TCDD-induced, I: 162– 166;

II: 76–77;

III: 80–83;

IV: 25, 31, 57, 76;

V: 56

Weakness. See Motor/coordination dysfunction



Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales (WAIS), I: 641;

V: 450–451

Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS), V: 450–451

West Germany, II: 328–329;

III: 223, 337, 379, 387, 483, 506, 511, 515

West Virginia, I: 60, 404, 470, 496, 546, 621, 662–663, 686, 689, 700;

II: 202;

III: 243;

IV: 364, 371

See also Nitro, West Virginia



Western Europe, II: 268;

III: 510

WHO. See World Health Organization



Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT), V: 450–452

Wilm's tumor, I: 594;

V: 334

See also Children, cancer in;

Kidney cancer



Wisconsin, I: 37, 60, 336, 404–405, 445, 455, 470, 496, 517, 523, 534, 546, 556, 560, 702, 710;

II: 185, 202, 226, 229, 239, 241;

III: 229, 243, 283, 313, 348;

IV: 259, 262, 264, 267, 272, 291, 299, 301, 335, 339, 345, 350, 355, 361, 363–364, 371, 375

WMS. See Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS)



Women. See Breast cancer;

Cervical cancer;



Demographic data, Vietnam veterans;



Gender;

Ovarian cancer;

Reproductive disorders;

Reproductive system cancers, women;

Uterine cancer;

Women veterans



Women veterans, I: 79;

II: 30

breast cancer estimated risk, II: 218;

III: 329;

IV: 318;

V: 301

breast cancer expected incidence, I: 440, 461, 501, 505, 513, 522, 526, 564;

II: 213;

IV: 314;

V: 301

breast cancer in, II: 213, 216–217;

III: 322, 324–328, 329;

IV: 314–320;

V: 300– 301

circulatory disease in, I: 702

epidemiologic studies, I: 50, 81;

II: 28, 152–153, 180, 181, 190, 201, 204, 205, 209, 211, 212, 213–217, 218, 219–223, 226, 228, 229, 231, 245, 278, 280;

III: 324–328, 333;

IV: 314–320

mortality studies, I: 394–395, 470, 545;

II: 152–153, 180, 201

reproductive outcomes, III: 434–435;

IV: 399–400;

V: 5

reproductive system cancers in, II: 211, 212;

III: 333;

IV: 320–326;

V: 314–316

research recommendations, I: 728

statistics, I: 83–84

See also Reproductive system cancers, women



Women Veterans Health Programs Act of 1992. See Public Law 102-585



World Health Organization (WHO), II: 282;

III: 30, 454, 492;

IV: 413, 415;

V: 372, 422

TEF factors, V: 26–27

World War II, I: 25, 32, 82;

II: 150, 268;

III: 237, 420

WRAT. See Wide Range Achievement Test

X



Xenobiotic responsive elements (XREs), II: 56, 57, 58, 71;

III: 66, 67, 104

Y



Yorkshire, England, III: 234;

IV: 149;

V: 117

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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10603.
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This book updates and evaluates the available scientific evidence regarding statistical associations between diseases and exposure to dioxin and other chemical compounds in herbicides used in Vietnam, focusing on new scientific studies and literature.

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