National Academies Press: OpenBook
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Fair Weather: Effective Partnership in Weather and Climate Services. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10610.
×

FAIR WEATHER

Effective Partnership in Weather and Climate Services

Committee on Partnerships in Weather and Climate Services

Committee on Geophysical and Environmental Data

Board on Earth Sciences and Resources

Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate

Computer Science and Telecommunications Board

Division on Earth and Life Studies

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Fair Weather: Effective Partnership in Weather and Climate Services. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10610.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This study was supported by Task Order No. 56-DGNA-1-00002, Award No. 50-DGNA-1-90024, between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Weather Service. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.

International Standard Book Number 0-309-08746-5 (Book)

International Standard Book Number 0-309-50616-6 (PDF)

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 2003102143

Additional copies of this report are available from:
The National Academies Press
500 Fifth Street, N.W. Lockbox 285 Washington, DC20055 (800) 624-6242 (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area) http://www.nap.edu

Cover: A perfect day of sailing. Photograph of the sailboat in the foreground by W. Robert Moore. Composite illustration and design by Van Nguyen, the National Academies Press.

Copyright 2003 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Fair Weather: Effective Partnership in Weather and Climate Services. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10610.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.

www.national-academies.org

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Fair Weather: Effective Partnership in Weather and Climate Services. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10610.
×

COMMITTEE ON PARTNERSHIPS IN WEATHER AND CLIMATE SERVICES

JOHN A. ARMSTRONG, Chair,

IBM Corporation (retired), Amherst, Massachusetts

RICHARD A. ANTHES, Vice-Chair,

University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado

WILLIAM Y. ARMS,

Cornell University, Ithaca, New York

WILLIAM E. EASTERLING III,

Pennsylvania State University, University Park

RICHARD S. GREENFIELD,

American Meteorological Society, Washington, D.C.

WILLIAM W. HOOVER, Consultant,

Williamsburg, Virginia

JESSICA LITMAN,

Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan

GORDON McBEAN,

University of Western Ontario, Canada

RAVI V. NATHAN,

Aquila, Inc., Kansas City, Missouri (through August 2002)

MARIA A. PIRONE,

Weather Services International Corporation, Billerica, Massachusetts

ROY RADNER,

New York University, New York

ROBERT T. RYAN,

WRC-TV, Washington, D.C.

KAREN R. SOLLINS,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge

Consultant

ROGER A. PIELKE, JR.,

University of Colorado, Boulder

National Research Council Staff

ANNE M. LINN, Study Director

CYNTHIA PATTERSON, Program Officer

JENNIFER T. ESTEP, Administrative Associate

SHANNON L. RUDDY, Senior Project Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Fair Weather: Effective Partnership in Weather and Climate Services. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10610.
×

COMMITTEE ON GEOPHYSICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL DATA

J. BERNARD MINSTER, Chair,

Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, La Jolla

ROGER C. BALES,

University of Arizona, Tucson

MARY ANNE CARROLL,

University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

JEFF DOZIER,

University of California, Santa Barbara

DAVID M. GLOVER,

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts

MARK J. McCABE,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta

JOHN M. MELACK,

University of California, Santa Barbara

ROY RADNER,

New York University, New York

ROBERT J. SERAFIN,

National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado

National Research Council Staff

ANNE M. LINN, Senior Program Officer

JENNIFER T. ESTEP, Administrative Associate

SHANNON L. RUDDY, Senior Project Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Fair Weather: Effective Partnership in Weather and Climate Services. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10610.
×

BOARD ON EARTH SCIENCES AND RESOURCES

RAYMOND JEANLOZ, Chair,

University of California, Berkeley

JILL BANFIELD,

University of California, Berkeley

STEVEN R. BOHLEN,

Joint Oceanographic Institution, Washington, D.C.

VICKI J. COWART,

Colorado Geological Survey, Denver

DAVID L. DILCHER,

University of Florida, Gainesville

ADAM M. DZIEWONSKI,

Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts

WILLIAM L. GRAF,

University of South Carolina, Columbia

RHEA GRAHAM,

New Mexico Interstate Stream Commission, Albuquerque

GEORGE M. HORNBERGER,

University of Virginia, Charlottesville

DIANNE R. NIELSON,

Utah Department of Environmental Quality, Salt Lake City

MARK SCHAFER,

NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia

BILLIE L. TURNER II,

Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts

THOMAS J. WILBANKS,

Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee

National Research Council Staff

ANTHONY R. DE SOUZA, Director

TAMARA L. DICKINSON, Senior Program Officer

DAVID A. FEARY, Senior Program Officer

ANNE M. LINN, Senior Program Officer

PAUL M. CUTLER, Program Officer

KRISTEN L. KRAPF, Program Officer

KERI H. MOORE, Program Officer

LISA M. VANDEMARK, Program Officer

YVONNE P. FORSBERGH, Research Assistant

MONICA R. LIPSCOMB, Research Assistant

EILEEN McTAGUE, Research Assistant

VERNA J. BOWEN, Administrative Associate

JENNIFER T. ESTEP, Administrative Associate

RADHIKA S. CHARI, Senior Project Assistant

KAREN L. IMHOF, Senior Project Assistant

SHANNON L. RUDDY, Senior Project Assistant

TERESIA K. WILMORE, Project Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Fair Weather: Effective Partnership in Weather and Climate Services. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10610.
×

BOARD ON ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES AND CLIMATE

ERIC J. BARRON, Chair,

Pennsylvania State University, University Park

RAYMOND J. BAN,

The Weather Channel Inc., Atlanta, Georgia

ROBERT C. BEARDSLEY,

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts

ROSINA M. BIERBAUM,

The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

HOWARD B. BLUESTEIN,

University of Oklahoma, Norman

RAFAEL L. BRAS,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge

STEVEN F. CLIFFORD,

University of Colorado, Boulder

CASSANDRA G. FESEN,

Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire

GEORGE L. FREDERICK,

Vaisala, Inc., Boulder, Colorado

JUDITH L. LEAN,

Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C.

MARGARET A. LEMONE,

National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado

MARIO J. MOLINA,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge

MICHAEL J. PRATHER,

University of California, Irvine

WILLIAM J. RANDEL,

National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado

RICHARD D. ROSEN,

Atmospheric & Environmental Research, Inc., Lexington, Massachusetts

THOMAS F. TASCIONE,

Sterling Software, Inc., Bellevue, Nebraska

JOHN C. WYNGAARD,

Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Ex Officio Members

EUGENE M. RASMUSSON,

University of Maryland, College Park

ERIC F. WOOD,

Princeton University, New Jersey

National Research Council Staff

CHRIS ELFRING, Director

ELBERT W. (JOE) FRIDAY, JR., Senior Scholar

LAURIE S. GELLER, Senior Program Officer

PETER A. SCHULTZ, Senior Program Officer

DIANE GUSTAFSON, Administrative Associate

ROBIN MORRIS, Financial Officer

ELIZABETH A. GALINIS, Project Assistant

ROB GREENWAY, Project Assistant

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Fair Weather: Effective Partnership in Weather and Climate Services. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10610.
×

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS BOARD

DAVID D. CLARK, Chair,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge

ERIC BENHAMOU,

3Com Corporation, Santa Clara, California

DAVID E. BORTH,

Motorola, Inc., Schaumburg, Illinois

JOHN M. CIOFFI,

Stanford University, California

ELAINE COHEN,

University of Utah, Salt Lake City

BRUCE CROFT,

University of Massachusetts, Amherst

THOMAS E. DARCIE,

AT&T Labs Research, Red Bank, New Jersey

JOSEPH V. FARRELL,

University of California, Berkeley

JOAN FEIGENBAUM,

Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut

HECTOR GARCIA-MOLINA,

Stanford University, California

WENDY A. KELLOGG,

IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York

BUTLER W. LAMPSON, CSTB member emeritus,

Microsoft Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts

DAVID E. LIDDLE,

U.S. Venture Partners, Menlo Park, California

TOM M. MITCHELL,

Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

DAVID A. PATTERSON,

University of California, Berkeley

HENRY (HANK) PERRITT,

Chicago-Kent College of Law, Illinois

DANIEL J. PIKE,

Classic Communications, Tyler, Texas

ERIC SCHMIDT,

Google, Inc., Mountain View, California

FRED B. SCHNEIDER,

Cornell University, Ithaca, New York

BURTON J. SMITH,

Cray, Inc., Seattle, Washington

LEE S. SPROULL,

New York University

WILLIAM W. STEAD,

Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee

JEANNETTE M. WING,

Microsoft Research, on leave from Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

National Research Council Staff

MARJORY S. BLUMENTHAL, Executive Director

ERIC BASQUES, Program Officer

KRISTEN BATCH, Research Associate

JENNIFER M. BISHOP, Senior Project Assistant

JANET BRISCOE, Administrative Officer

D.C. DRAKE, Senior Project Assistant

JON EISENBERG, Senior Program Officer

RENEE HAWKINS, Financial Associate

MARGARET HUYNH, Senior Project Assistant

ALAN S. INOUYE, Senior Program Officer

HERBERT S. LIN, Senior Scientist

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Fair Weather: Effective Partnership in Weather and Climate Services. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10610.
×

LYNETTE I. MILLETT, Program Officer

DAVID PADGHAM, Research Associate

CYNTHIA A. PATTERSON, Program Officer

JANICE SABUDA, Senior Project Assistant

ROBIN SCHOEN, Program Officer

JERRY R. SHEEHAN, Senior Program Officer

BRANDYE WILLIAMS, Office Assistant

STEVEN WOO, Dissemination and Program Officer

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Fair Weather: Effective Partnership in Weather and Climate Services. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10610.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Fair Weather: Effective Partnership in Weather and Climate Services. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10610.
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Acknowledgments

This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:

Raymond Ban, The Weather Channel, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia

David Chang, retired, Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc., Lexington, Massachusetts

Stanley Changnon, emeritus, Illinois State Water Survey and University of Illinois, Champaign

Surajit Chaudhuri, Microsoft Research, Redmond, Washington

Bennett Z. Kobb, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., Arlington, Virginia

Clifford Mass, University of Washington, Seattle

Warren Qualley, American Airlines Flight Academy, Fort Worth, Texas

Robert M. White, Washington Advisory Group, Washington, D.C.

John Zysman, University of California, Berkeley

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Fair Weather: Effective Partnership in Weather and Climate Services. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10610.
×

Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Christopher A. Sims, Princeton University. Appointed by the National Research Council, he was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.

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Preface

Over the last four decades the provision of weather and climate services in the United States has evolved from an almost exclusively governmental function to one carried out by a combination of federal, state, and local government agencies (referred to collectively as the public sector), the private sector, and academia. This change has improved and diversified weather and climate services, but has also raised questions about the proper roles of the various sectors and the potential for actual or perceived competition. A recent National Research Council report discussed the roles of the public, academic, and private sectors in a broad range of environmental disciplines (including weather), and proposed guidelines for purchasing data and products for public purposes, dealing with data restrictions, and privatizing government functions. This report focuses on the provision of civilian weather and climate services, barriers to communication among the sectors, and opportunities for improving the effectiveness of the weather and climate enterprise.

In gathering information for this report, the committee solicited input from representatives of the three sectors, key user communities—agriculture, aviation, weather risk management, and emergency management— and experts in public policy, technology transfer, social science, and information technology. In addition to holding meetings, the committee visited several weather companies, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration facilities, and academic organizations. These include AccuWeather; NBC; WeatherData; WSI Corp.; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Penn State University; the University Corporation for Atmospheric Re-

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Fair Weather: Effective Partnership in Weather and Climate Services. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10610.
×

search; National Weather Service (NWS) headquarters; National Climatic Data Center; Climate Diagnostics Center; Forecast Systems Laboratory; Climate Diagnostics Laboratory; and NWS forecast offices in Tauton, Massachusetts; State College, Pennsylvania; and Wichita, Kansas. Altogether, the committee held four committee meetings and six site visits. To facilitate communication with the broader community, the committee hosted a “town hall” meeting at the 2002 American Meteorological Society annual meeting and maintained a web site with meeting and background information. The committee actively solicited public comment and received dozens of letters.

Finally, information was gathered from the literature and from web sites. The information from web sites provided in this report was correct, to the best of the committee’s knowledge, at the time of publication. It is important to remember, however, the rapidly changing content of the Internet. Resources that are free and publicly available one day may require a fee or restrict access the next, and the location of items may change as menus and home pages are reorganized.

The committee would like to acknowledge the many individuals who briefed it, wrote letters, or provided background material or other input. They include Elliot Abrams, David Bacon, Ray Ban, Thomas Baumgardner, Nancy Bellar, James Block, Charles Bostian, William Brandon, Lee Branscome, Francis Bretherton, Bill Brune, Bruce Budd, Craig Burfeind, David Chang, Stanley Changnon, Don Coash, John Couzelis, Michael Dangelo, William Depuy, Randy Dole, Rainer Dombrowsky, Kelvin Droegemeier, John Dutton, Steve Easley, Dick Elder, Kerry Emmanuel, Allen Eustis, Nick Faust, Margaret Fowke, John Freeman, Joe Friday, Michael Fritsch, Craig Fugate, Fred Gadomski, Rodger Getz, Mark Gildersleeve, Mary Glackin, Russell Gold, David Goodrich, Edward Gross, Richard Grumm, Ron Guy, Jim Hansen, Robert Hart, James Hatch, Chance Hayes, Jack Hayes, Stan Heckman, Steven Hilberg, David Hofmann, Charles Hosler, Ian Hunter, Lodovica Illari, Doug Jonas, Tom Karl, Frank Kelly, Jack Kelly, Michael Kleist, Paul Knight, Rob Korty, Kevin Lavin, Greg Lawson, Sharon LeDuc, Alexander MacDonald, Greg Mandt, Marvin McInnis, David McLaughlin, Greg McRae, Jim Menard, Rick Murnane, Barry Lee Myers, Evan Myers, Joel Myers, Celeste Oakes, David Ondrejik, Chris Orr, Joseph Ostrowski, Alan Plumb, Irwin Prater, Jeff Reaves, Kenneth Reeves, Dan Ristic, Steven Root, Jim Severson, Jeffrey Shorter, Michael Smith, Richard Spinrad, Carl Staton, Mike Steinburg, Peter Stone, Michael Stonebraker, Robert Thompson, Lloyd Treinish, Lou Uccellini, Bill Weaving, Jonathan Weinberg, Roger Williams, Greg Withee, Megan Woodhead, John Wroclawski, and John Zillman. The committee also thanks Edward Johnson and Peter Weiss of the NWS Strategic Planning Office for their detailed responses to letters from the private sector and to numerous questions from the committee. Thanks go to the study director, Anne Linn, and

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Fair Weather: Effective Partnership in Weather and Climate Services. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10610.
×

the program officer, Cynthia Patterson, for their outstanding support throughout the committee’s work. Finally, the committee extends special thanks to Roger Pielke, Jr., and Edward Zajac, who wrote white papers at the request of the committee. Roger also served as an unpaid consultant to the committee and provided invaluable insight to the policy issues surrounding the public-private partnership throughout the course of the study.

John A. Armstrong, Chair

Committee on Partnerships in Weather and Climate Services

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Fair Weather: Effective Partnership in Weather and Climate Services. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10610.
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Decades of evolving U.S. policy have led to three sectors providing weather services—NOAA (primarily the National Weather Service [NWS]), academic institutions, and private companies. This three-sector system has produced a scope and diversity of weather services in the United States second to none. However, rapid scientific and technological change is changing the capabilities of the sectors and creating occasional friction. Fair Weather: Effective Partnerships in Weather and Climate Services examines the roles of the three sectors in providing weather and climate services, the barriers to interaction among the sectors, and the impact of scientific and technological advances on the weather enterprise. Readers from all three sectors will be interested in the analysis and recommendations provided in Fair Weather.

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