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Colloquium Self-perpetuating structural states in biology, disease, and genetics Susan L. Lindquist*t and Steven Henikoff$ *Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142; and tThe Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109 Over the past half-century, the central dogma, in which DNA makes RNA makes protein, has dominated thinking in biology, with continuing refinements in understanding of DNA inheritance, gene expression, and macromolecular interactions. However, we have also witnessed the elucidation of epigenetic phenomena that violate conventional notions of inheritance. Protein-only inheritance involves the transmission of phenotypes by self-perpetuating changes in protein conformation. Proteins that constitute chromatin can also transmit heritable informa- tion, for example, via posttranslational modifications of histories. Both the transmission of phenotypes via the formation of protein conformations and the inheritance of chromatin states involve self-perpetuating assemblies of proteins, and there is evidence for some common structural features and conceptual frameworks between them. To foster interactions between re- searchers in these two fields, the National Academy of Sciences convened an Arthur M. Sackler Colloquium entitled "Self- Perpetuating Structural States in Biology, Disease, and Genet- ics" in Washington, DC, on March 22-24, 2002. Participants described new phenomenology and provided insights into fun- damental mechanisms of protein and chromatin inheritance. Perhaps most surprising to attendees was emerging evidence that these unconventional modes of inheritance may be common. First described in studies of scrapie and other transmissible encephalopathies in mammals, prions were later shown to cause some classical phenotypes in yeast. In each case, an alternative protein conformation leads to formation of structures resem- bling amyloid fibers seen in human disease. How these are www. peas. org /cg i /d o i /1 0.1 073/p nas.2 1 2 504699 seeded has been elucidated by in vitro studies, leading to a satisfying picture of prior-like protein propagation. Other cases of prion inheritance have been discovered in genetic screens, which suggests that we are seeing only the tip of the iceberg. Indeed, it now appears that amyloid fiber formation is the default state for misfolded proteins, and fibrillar aggregates found in amyloidoses result from defects in the cellular machinery that prevents protein misfolding. Excitement also pervades the chromatin field, with new in- sights into how nucleosomes specify and maintain distinct chro- matin states. Remarkably, a single modification of a histone tail residue underlies the distinction between euchromatin and het- erochromatin, and even maintenance of DNA methylation can depend on histone tail modification. From insights such as these, we have begun to realize that the relationship between chroma- tin conformation and gene expression might have a simple basis. Genetic and biochemical approaches have begun to elucidate how his/one-modifying enzymes and nonhistone structural pro- teins regulate chromatin inheritance. Although these alternate mechanisms of inheritance have shaken our blind faith in the central dogma, they whet our appetite for further revolutionary insights. This paper serves as an introduction to the following papers, which result from the Arthur M. Sackler Colloquium of the National Academy of Sciences, "Self-Perpetuating Structural States in Biology, Disease, and Genetics," held March 22-24, 2002, et the National Academy of Sciences in Washington, DC. tTo whom reprint requests should be addressed. E-mail: lindquist~wi.mit.edu. PNAS 1 December 10, 2002 1 vol. 99 1 suppl. 4 1 16377