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Index
A
Aberration detection and response, 297–299
Academia, 12, 13, 14, 15, 189, 203
comprehensive research agenda and, 221
inappropriate use of antimicrobials and, 207
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), 2, 20, 24, 32, 41, 227.
See also Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
antiretroviral therapy for, 85, 90box, 150, 227
antivirals and, 198
famine and, 126
global burden of, 25–26, 27fig., 28–29
increasing incidence of, 59box
nosocomial infections and, 112
social network model and, 339
sub-Saharan Africa and, 26, 28, 128box, 150, 227
Acute respiratory disease, 73, 287
Aerosol terrorist attacks, 48, 49, 50, 131, 132, 134–135
Afghanistan, 157box
Africa, 21, 26, 36t, 70, 188
cholera in, 109, 110
demographic changes in, 81
food emergencies in, 125
HIV/AIDS in, 26, 28, 128box, 150, 227
illicit drug use in, 87, 88
Lassa fever virus in, 73
malaria in, 31, 35t
malnutrition in, 63
measles in, 115
political instability in, 228
sexually transmitted diseases in, 89– 90box
tuberculosis in, 30–31
vaccinations in, 114
yellow fever in, 68, 186
Agency for International Development (USAID)
global disease surveillance and, 9, 159
interdisciplinary disease centers and, 17, 224
response capacity, 8, 151
vaccine strategy and, 13, 190
Agent-based models, 337–338
Agriculture, 3, 20, 22, 126
ecosystem disruption and, 67
inappropriate use of antimicrobials and, 207–209
international trade and, 103–104
Agriculture, Department of (USDA)
diagnostic tests and, 11, 179
disease control and, 15
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domestic disease surveillance and, 10, 167
global disease surveillance and, 9, 151
global response capacity and, 8, 151
interdisciplinary disease centers and, 17, 224
Plum Island facility, 183box
Air travel, 99–101
American trypanosomiasis, 95
Andes virus, 68, 74, 75fig.
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), 183box
Animal husbandry practices, 91–93
anthrax and, 133box
inappropriate use of antimicrobials and, 207–209
influenza virus and, 145–146
Animal reservoirs, 2, 4, 59box, 68
abundance and distribution of, 71–75
changes in environment and, 64
domestic animals, 223
increased human contact with, 5, 20, 75–76, 213
of influenza viruses, 139, 141
intelligence gathering about, 324–325
Animals, 22, 166
antibiotic use in, 211box
antimicrobials in growth promotion of, 15
raised as food products, 6
relation to microbes, 54
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis), 20, 46, 48–49, 166
diagnostics and, 174–175
immunohistochemistry and, 177
as natural zoonotic disease, 223
need for stockpile of antimicrobials and, 203
public health capacity and, 162
syndromic surveillance and, 282–283, 287, 289
terrorists and, 34t, 130, 132, 133box, 134, 165, 186
vaccine for, 187
Antibiotics, 24box, 184, 190–191, 192– 195t, 320
animal husbandry and, 92–93
bacterial resistance to, 146–147
bioterrorism and, 48, 49
broad-spectrum, 11, 175
chronic conditions treated with, 43
inappropriate use of, 176
new classes of, 13–14
Antigenic drift, 142, 144
Antimicrobial resistance, 32, 38–40, 41fig., 202, 212box, 320
animal husbandry practices and, 92
climate change and, 65
diagnostics and, 176
tuberculosis control and, 117
Antimicrobials, 6, 91
in aquaculture, 93–94
inappropriate use of, 11, 14–15, 204– 209
need for new drugs, 13–14, 190–191, 192–197t, 198, 199t, 200fig., 201– 204
Antiretroviral therapy, 150, 201t, 227
Antitoxins, 14, 204
Antivirals, 14, 143, 203
HIV and, 198, 201
influenza and, 201–202
need for new drugs, 191, 195–197t, 198
Aquaculture, 93–94, 104
Arbovirus, 118
Archaea pathogens, 313, 314
Arenaviruses, 72, 73
Argentina, 73, 74
Argentine hemorrhagic fever, 73
Arthropod vectors, 68, 70, 71, 185, 186, 213
Asia, 71, 73, 77, 89–90box, 155
“Asian flu,” 138
Aspergillosis/Aspergillus spp., 66box, 86
Atherosclerosis, 42t, 44
Aum Shinrikyo, 130
Australia, 36t, 40, 72box
Autopsies, 177, 178box
Avian influenza, 33fig., 139, 141fig., 142fig., 144
B
Babesiosis, 95
Bacteria, 23n, 34–35t.
See also Microbes;
Microbial threats;
specific species
chronic conditions associated with, 42t
diversity of, 313
etiologic diagnosis and, 178
genetic mutations in, 56
human immune system and, 57
multidrug-resistant, 2
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Bangladesh, 30, 78, 110
Bartonella henselae, 179
Behavior. See High-risk behaviors; Human behavior
Belarus, 115
Biological agents, intentional use of, 17, 49– 50, 130–131, 228.
See also Terrorism
aerosol dissemination, 134–135
anthrax, 20, 46, 48–49, 281, 307
emerging viruses likely to be used, 47box
influenza virus and, 146
intelligence gathering about, 324
national security and, 3, 7, 130
nature of threat, 131–133
research agenda and, 16, 131
surveillance systems and, 10, 132
Biology of Disease Vectors course, 214
Bisexual men, 87, 88, 90box.
See also Gay men
Blastomycosis, 66box
Blood product safety, 6, 94–95
Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, 73
Borna disease virus, 179
Borrelia burgdorferi, 42t, 43
Botswana, 124
Botulinum toxin, 46, 50–51, 130, 283
Botulism, 47box
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), 95, 104, 106, 108box, 129box
Brazil, 76, 110, 188
Brucellosis, 47box, 88, 289
Bubonic plague, 111
Bulgaria, 123box
C
Cambodia, 30, 98
Campylobacter jejuni, 42t, 92, 317
Campylobacter spp., 106–107
Canada, 138–139, 147, 156
Cancers, 43, 318
Candidiasis, 66box
Cardiovascular disease, 44
Caribbean Epidemiology Center, 154
Castleman’s disease, 42t
Center for Discrete Mathematics and Theoretic Computer Science, 341
Centers, interdisciplinary disease, 16–17, 222–226
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 98, 151, 159.
See also Emerging Infections Program (EIP)
anthrax attacks and, 133box
comprehensive research agenda and, 16, 221
disease reporting of, 10, 98
Division of Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, 118
Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) and, 181–182
etiologic diagnosis and, 11, 179, 205
global response capacity and, 8, 151
hantavirus emergence and, 75
inappropriate use of antimicrobials and, 14, 207
influenza virus and, 156
interdisciplinary disease centers and, 17, 224
malaria reports and, 31
molecular biology and, 213, 214, 215
on nosocomial infections, 112
organ/tissue transplantation and, 96
public health capacity and, 96, 160, 161
surveillance networks and, 9, 11, 154– 155, 159, 164, 167, 170, 282, 284, 289.
See also Syndromic surveillance training of health professionals and, 12, 182, 183
vaccines and, 186
Cervical cancer, human papillomavirus and, 42t, 44–46
Chagas’ disease, 70, 185
Children, 23, 78
child care demographics in United States, 79box
HIV/AIDS and, 26, 28
influenza virus and, 144
malaria and, 31
malnutrition in, 63–64
China, People’s Republic of, 21, 28, 40, 158
AIDS in, 227
influenza viruses in, 138, 142fig., 145
population growth in, 78
Three Gorges Project in, 77
tuberculosis in, 30
vaccines in, 188
Chlamydia, 89box
Chlamydia pneumoniae, 42t, 44
Chlamydia trachomatis, 42t
Chloroquinine resistance, 97
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Cholera, 7, 21, 33fig., 34t, 165
international commerce/travel and, 97
poor sanitation and, 221
public health breakdown and, 107, 108– 110
in refugee camps, 126
Chronic wasting disease (CWD), 109box
Ciprofloxacin, 203–204
Climate, 4, 20, 54box, 64–65, 67, 336.
See also Weather
Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA), 175
Clostridium perfringens, epsilon toxin of, 47box
Clostridium sordellii, 96
Coccidioides, 66box, 92
Coccidioidomycosis, 65, 66box
Colombia, 98
Commerce, international, 1, 2, 6, 19, 54box, 104–105
Concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs), 91–92
Congo, Democratic Republic of, 108, 126, 128box.
See also Zaire
Cote d’Ivoire, 113box, 157box
Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE), 165
Coxsackievirus, 42t
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, variant (vCJD), 33fig., 37t, 94, 95
autopsies and, 178box
cattle herds and, 108–109box
outbreak in United Kingdom, 106, 108box
public health ignorance and, 129box
Cruise ships, 101–103
Cryptococcosis, 66box
Cryptosporidiosis, 33fig., 35t, 65, 67box
Cryptosporidium, 79box, 92
Cumulative sums (CUSUM) method, 297– 298
Cyclosporiasis, 1, 33fig., 35t
Cytokines, inflammatory, 61
Cytomegalovirus (CMV), 42t, 44
D
Dams, 20, 75, 77
Data collection, 10
DDT (pesticide), 118, 216, 217
Deer mouse, 74
Deer tick, 76
DEET (insect repellent), 217
Defense, Department of (DOD), 151, 171, 203
biological weapons and, 50
diagnostic tests and, 11, 179
disease control and, 15
global response capacity and, 8, 151
infectious disease surveillance and, 9, 154, 155, 159
interdisciplinary disease centers and, 17, 224
syndromic surveillance and, 287–288
training of health professionals and, 12
Triservice Serum Repository, 177
vaccines and, 13, 187
vector control and, 219
Deforestation, 75, 149, 221
Demographics, 6, 28–29, 54box, 78–88
Dengue, 33fig., 35t
dengue hemorrhagic fever and shock syndrome (DHF-SS), 120–121box, 185–186
ecological factors and, 221
harmonic decomposition analysis and, 337
vaccine for, 185, 189
vector ecology of, 68, 70
Denmark, 208, 223–224
Developing countries, 8, 13, 149, 206, 221.
See also specific countries
cervical cancer in, 44–45
demographic changes in, 80–81, 82fig.
food imported from, 105
human resource capacity of, 214
infectious disease surveillance in, 154
technological advances lacking in, 23
vaccines and, 184, 185
Diagnostics, 174–177, 319, 323
defense against biological attack and, 2, 324
development and use of, 11, 174–177
diagnostic pathology, 177–178
inappropriate use of antimicrobials and, 15, 205
microbiological, 178
Diarrheal diseases, 24box, 26t, 63, 138, 314
Digital microbes, 340
Diphtheria, 33fig., 34t, 115–116, 188
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Directly observed therapy (DOT), 29, 117, 119
Diseases.
See also specific diseases
as agents of biological warfare, 47box
chronic, with infectious etiology, 41–46
comprehensive research agenda into, 220–222
computational modeling and simulation of, 335–341
emerging, 32, 33fig., 34–37t
global burdens of, 8
political destabilization and, 150
social/political instability and, 2–3, 21
waterborne, 65
DNA, 56, 58box, 60, 98box
antivirals and, 191
etiologic diagnosis and, 179
intelligence gathering and, 325
ribosomal (rDNA), 315, 316, 321, 322
Dobrava-Belgrade virus, 74
Domestic surveillance systems, 299–301, 302–305t
Drop-in surveillance systems, 285, 286t, 291, 292
Drug resistance. See Antimicrobial resistance
Drugs, illicit, 86–88, 220
Duffy antigen, 62
Dysentery, 126
E
Early Warning Outbreak Recognition System (EWORS), 307
Ebola virus, 33fig., 36t, 129box, 156
as agent of biological warfare, 47box
antivirals and, 198
autopsies and, 178box
biological warfare and, 130
Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) and, 182
outbreak in Zaire (1995), 112, 113box
Eco-epidemiology, 336
Economic development, 4–5, 21, 54box, 68, 75–77
Ecosystems, disruption of, 2, 4, 17, 54box, 67–75
Ecuador, 110
Egypt, 69box, 77, 101box, 155, 157box, 188
EHealth Initiative, 295
Ehrlichiosis, 68
El Nino weather events, 65, 74, 75
Elderly people, 44, 78, 80–81, 112
Electron microscopy, 44
Electronic Surveillance System for Early Notification of Community-based Epidemics (ESSENCE), 171, 172– 173box, 287–288, 291, 292, 300– 301, 307
EMERGEncy ID NET, 168t, 282
Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States (1992 report), 3, 21, 53, 149, 164, 220
Emerging Infections Program (EIP), 164, 166–167box, 168t, 282, 289, 322.
See also Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Encephalitis viruses, 47box, 72box, 179, 314
Energy, Department of, 16, 17, 221, 224
Enteric bacteria, 42t
Enterococcus, vancomycin-resistant, 94, 114, 208
Enterovirus 71, 33fig., 36t
Entomological surveillance, 9, 15, 209
Epidemic Information Exchange (Epi-X), 161box
Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS), 181–182
Epidemics, 2, 11, 72, 136, 282
Epidemiologists/epidemiology, 181, 291, 298, 299
experimental, 336–340
historical foundations of, 335–336
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), 42t
Equine encephalitis viruses, 47box
Erlichiosis, 71, 213
Escherichia coli, 33fig., 34t, 42t
as agent of biological warfare, 47box
enterotoxigenic (ETEC), 105box, 106
food/water contamination and, 92
genetic mutation of, 56
sources and distribution of, 91box
Estonia, 116
Ethiopia, 28, 157box
Etiologic diagnosis, 11, 175–180, 205
Europe, 71, 73, 121, 208
demographic changes in, 81
poverty in, 123box
sexually transmitted diseases in, 89box
vaccines in, 188
Eutrophication, 92
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F
False-positive test results, 321
Famine, 7, 17, 126, 220
Federal agencies, 12, 151, 159.
See also specific agencies
antimicrobial strategy and, 203
epidemiology and, 183–184
vaccine strategy and, 189–190
Field Epidemiology Training Programs (FETPs), 182
Filariasis, 70
Filoviruses, 113box
Finland, 176
Fish pathogens, 103–104
Fluoroquinolone, resistance to, 39, 40– 41fig., 92
Fogarty International Center for Advanced Study in the Health Sciences (FIC), 153, 215
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 125
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 10, 17, 95, 167
animal husbandry practices and, 209
etiologic diagnosis and, 11, 179
inappropriate use of antimicrobials and, 14, 15, 206, 207
xenotransplantation and, 97
Food imports, 104–105
Food Safety and Inspection Service, 17, 224
Food safety threats, 47box, 48
Foodborne illnesses, 99, 104, 105, 106–107, 132, 167box
FoodNet surveillance network, 106, 167box, 168t, 282
Foot and mouth disease, 104, 223
Foundations, 13, 15, 17, 215
Fourier analysis, 337
France, 101box
Fruit bats, 36t, 37t, 324
Fungi, 23n, 66box, 86
G
Gay men, 87, 88, 90box.
See also Bisexual men
Gene expression patterns, 317–319
Genetic polymorphisms, 60, 61–63
Genome sequence analysis, 315
Geographic clustering, 298
Geographic information systems (GIS), 15, 219, 223, 298
GeoSentinel, 307
Geospatial coding, 11
Giardia lamblia, 79box, 92
Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization, 13, 190
Global Emerging Infections Surveillance (GEIS), 9, 155, 159, 172–173box, 287
Global Fund, 130
Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network, 157box
Global Plan to Stop tuberculosis, 130
Global Public Health Intelligence Network (GPHIN), 156, 157box, 158
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, 62
Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP), 168t
Gonococci, 39, 40
Gonorrhea, 89box, 128box
Guanarito virus, 68, 72
Guatemala, 105, 110
H
Haemophilus influenzae, 97
Haldane, J.B.S., 61
Handwashing practices, 112
Hantaan virus, 73–74
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, 1, 21, 33fig., 36t, 73, 74, 165, 215
Hantaviruses, 65, 72, 158, 182.
See also Rodents;
Sin Nombre virus
as agent of biological warfare, 47box
distribution of, 73–75
syndromic surveillance and, 282
vector ecology of, 68
Harmonic decomposition analysis, 336–337
Health Alert Network (HAN), 160–162
Health and Human Services, Department of (DHHS), 13, 14, 119, 189, 203, 204
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), 119– 120, 297
Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), 10, 153, 167
Healthy People 2010, 114
Helicobacter pylori, 42t, 43
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Helminths, 23n, 43t
Hemagglutinin (HA), 142–144
Hemoglobinopathies, 61–62
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), 42t, 91box
Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), 74
Hendra virus, 33fig., 36t, 324
Hepatitis A, 87, 94
Hepatitis B, 6, 42t, 87, 95, 97
antivirals for, 191
liver cancer and, 122
Hepatitis C, 6, 33fig., 42t, 87, 97
antivirals for, 191
blood transfusions and, 95
etiologic diagnosis and, 179
transmission of, 94
Herpes simplex virus (HSV), 44, 179, 203, 320
High-risk behaviors, 86–88
Histocompatibility complex class I molecules, 63
Histoplasma capulatum fungus, 66box
HLA-DR class II genes, 62
Holland, 138
Homeland Security, Department of, 13, 14, 189, 190, 203
Hong Kong, 39–40, 141–142, 144, 145, 146, 158, 202
“Hong Kong flu,” 138
“Hot zones,” 155–156
Housing, 20
Human behavior, 2, 6, 54box, 78–88, 145– 146
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), 58box
Human genome project, 62, 325
Human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), 42t
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 2, 6, 20, 26, 64, 78, 122.
See also Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
antigenic drift and, 144
antivirals for, 191, 198, 201
assays for, 320
chemokine receptor CCR5 and, 63
commercial sex trade and, 83
drug-resistant, 38
famine and, 126
high-risk behaviors and, 86, 87–88
“hot zones” and, 156
international commerce/travel and, 97
life expectancy in developing countries and, 81
medical description, 36t
PCR assays and, 179
simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and, 76
social network model and, 339
vaccine against, 57, 185, 227
Human organ transplants, 6
Human papilloma virus (HPV) 16, 18, 31, 45, 42t, 44–46
Human resource capacity, 213–215
Human T-cell lymphotrophic viruses (HTLV-1, -2), 42t
Hungary, 123box
Hygiene, conditions of inadequate, 6, 24box, 107–114
I
Immune system, human, 4, 57, 63, 95
Immunizations, 6, 80, 114–116, 341.
See also vaccines
Immunocompromised populations, 6, 66box, 78, 85–86
Immunohistochemistry, 177
India, 21, 28, 62
cholera in, 110
HIV/AIDS in, 227
leishmaniasis in, 70
plague in, 110, 111
population growth in, 78
tuberculosis in, 30
vaccines in, 188
Indonesia, 30, 72box, 78, 110, 307
Industry, 13, 14, 17, 88, 91, 203.
See also Technology
animal husbandry practices, 91–93
aquaculture, 93–94
comprehensive research agenda and, 221
coordinated approach to solutions and, 189
as factor in emergence of infectious disease, 54box
inappropriate use of antimicrobials and, 207
Inequality. See Social inequality
Infant/child mortality rates, 24box
Infection, susceptibility to, 4, 54box, 60–64, 143–144
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Infectious Diseases Society of America Emergency Infections Network (IDSA EIN), 282
Infertility, 42t
Influenza, 2, 6, 14, 136, 140fig.
adaptability of, 54, 56
aerosol transmission of, 134
as agent of biological warfare, 47box
antivirals for, 191, 201–202
avian H5N1, 36t
ecological factors, 144
epidemics and pandemics of, 136, 137box, 138
genetic and biological factors, 139, 140– 144
impact on society and economy, 138– 139
international commerce/travel and, 97, 98, 102–103
preparedness for pandemic, 146–147
social, political, and economic factors, 145–146
surveillance programs and, 225–226, 296, 300
vaccine strains for, 185
WHO progams to combat, 156
Insects, 103
Institute of Medicine (IOM), 3, 119, 158, 281
animal husbandry practices and, 208
Emerging Infections report, 21, 53, 149, 220
on public health capacity, 162
Insurance claims, 295box, 296
International Classification of Disease (ICD) codes, 171, 288, 291, 292, 300
International Collaborations in Infectious Disease Research (ICIDR), 215
International surveillance systems, 301, 306–307
Internet, 156, 160–161, 164
network modeling and, 339–340
outbreak reporting on, 306
syndromic surveillance and, 282
terrorism and, 46
Iran, 110
Iraq, 110
Israel, 101box, 307
J
Japan, 145, 188
Japanese encephalitis, 68, 72box, 77
Joint Vaccine Acquisition Program, 50
Junin virus, 73
K
Kenya, 88, 155
Korea, 158
Korean hemorrhagic fever, 74
L
Lactoferrin enzyme, 60
Land use, 4–5, 20, 54box, 75–77, 221
Lassa fever, 33fig., 73, 112
as agent of biological warfare, 47box
ecological factors and, 221
rodent vectors of, 324
Latin America, 28, 35t, 70, 78, 87, 188
cholera in, 109, 110
sexually transmitted diseases in, 89box
LEADER (Lightweight Epidemiology and Advanced Detection and Emergency Response System), 298
Lechiguanas virus, 75fig.
Legionnaire’s disease, 88, 102, 154, 165, 282
Leishmaniasis, 70, 84–85, 118, 185
Leptospirosis, 178box
Life expectancy, 81, 83fig.
Listeria monocytogenes, 106
Livestock, 19
Long-Term Ecological Research Site (New Mexico), 74
Lyme disease, 34t, 68, 71, 165, 213
arthritis and, 42t
blood transfusions and, 95
ecological factors and, 221
land use patterns and, 76
Lymphatic filariasis, 70, 185
M
Machupo virus, 73
Malaria, 1, 2, 7, 21, 35t, 151
blood transfusions and, 95
drug-resistant, 33fig., 38, 205–206, 227
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ecological factors and, 221
effort to eradicate, 128–129box
genetic polymorphisms and, 61–62
global burden of, 31–32
harmonic decomposition analysis and, 337
illicit drug use and, 86–87
international commerce/travel and, 97– 98
land use patterns and, 76
as leading cause of death, 26t
malnutrition and, 220
in United States, 21
vaccine for, 185, 189, 227
vector ecology of, 68, 70
Malaysia, 72box, 76, 158, 177
Malnutrition, 4, 63–64, 124, 149, 220
Marburg virus, 33fig., 47box, 113box, 198
Marketplace issues, 186–189
Mass spectroscopy, 179, 326
Mathematical modeling, 335, 336
MDR-TB Green Light Committee, 130
Measles, 21, 26t, 64, 97, 115, 134
Megacities, growth of, 6, 85t
MeKong Delta Surveillance Network, 155
Meningitis, 26t, 179, 314
Mental retardation, congenital, 42t
Methicillin resistance, 38, 114
Mexico, 105, 124
Microbes, 1, 23n, 114
adaptability of, 2, 4, 53–57, 58–59box, 60, 139, 141–143
cultivation of, 313–314
detection and diagnosis, 319–321
digital, 340
intentionally used for harm, 46, 47box, 48–51
Microbial threats, 19, 20, 23–24.
See also Pathogens
anticipation of, 324–325
assessment of, 7–17
factors in emergence, 4–7, 53, 54box
public committee meeting agendas, 277– 279
spectrum of, 3, 23–52
Microbiome, 58–59box, 316–317, 325
Military cargo transport, 104
Model State Emergency Powers Act, 120
Molecular biology, 41, 213
Molecular signatures, 314–317
Mollusks, 104
Monkeypox, human, 33fig., 37t
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 166
Mosquitoes, 31, 35t, 64, 214
agricultural land use patterns and, 77
control of, 216, 218
dengue fever and, 120–121box
malaria and, 129box, 221
Rift Valley fever (RVF) and, 69box
vector ecology and, 70–71
West Nile virus and, 100–101box
yellow fever and, 71
Mozambique, 28
Multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, 2.
See also Antimicrobial resistance
Mumps, 114
Myocarditis, 42t
N
National Electronic Disease Surveillance System (NEDSS), 161, 164, 294–295, 297
National Electronic Telecommunications System for Surveillance (NETSS), 66box
National Health Service Corps, 153
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), 153, 155, 156
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
blood transfusions and, 95
comprehensive research agenda and, 16, 151, 221
disease control and, 15, 213
etiologic diagnosis and, 11, 179
Fogarty International Center, 153
global response capacity and, 8, 151
infectious diseases surveillance and, 9, 159
interdisciplinary disease centers and, 17, 224
molecular biology and, 213, 215
training of health professionals and, 12, 183
vector control and, 213, 219
National Intelligence Council, 125, 150
National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System, 113, 114, 168t
National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS), 165
National Research Council (NRC), 67
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National Science and Technology Council, 158
National Science Foundation, 16, 17, 74, 221, 224, 341
National security, 7, 163, 221
Natural disasters, 63, 111
Natural selection, 61, 62–63
Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 41fig., 89box
Neisseria meningitidis, 6, 97, 98box
Network models, 339–340
Neuraminidase (NA), 142–144, 202
New Zealand, 143
Nicaragua, 110
Nigeria, 28, 30, 78, 87, 112, 188
Nipah virus, 1, 33fig., 36t, 37t, 72box, 223
as agent of biological warfare, 47box
autopsies and, 178box
fruit bats as reservoir of, 324
“hot zones” and, 156
surveillance networks and, 158
Noroviruses (Norwalk-like viruses), 37t, 102, 171, 301
Norway, 93
Nosocomial infections, 6, 32, 95, 225
methicillin resistance, 38
public health breakdown and, 107, 111– 114
O
Office International des Epizooties (OIE), 226
Office of Technology Assessment, 131, 135
Onchocerciasis, 70, 185, 227
Operation Topoff, 281–282
Organ transplants, 95–96
Outbreak Verification List, 306
P
PacNet, 156
Pakistan, 78, 188
Pan American Health Organization, 154
Pandemics, 21, 136, 137box, 138, 204
Pathogens, 1, 2, 17, 32.
See also Microbial threats
animal reservoirs of, 71–75
chronic conditions caused by, 43
discovery of, 313–319
diversity of, 175
ease of transport and, 85
ecosystem disruption and, 67–68
genetic material of, 56
host immunity and, 60
risk of exposure to, 6
transmission interruption, 217–218
vector ecology of, 70
Peptic ulcer disease, 42t
Pertussis, 26t, 114, 188
Peru, 155
Pesticides, 15, 118, 213, 219, 228
improvement of, 216
usage strategies, 216–217
Pets, exotic, 19, 104
Pfiesteria piscicida, 92
Pharmaceutical companies, 13–14, 186, 187, 191, 192–197t, 204
Pharmacokinetics, 38
Philippines, 72box
Plague (Yersinia pestis), 21, 33fig., 46, 47box, 49–50, 165
arthropod vectors of, 71
poor sanitation and, 221
public health breakdown and, 110–111
rat-flea vector of, 86
recent epidemics of, 72
terrorism and, 34t, 130, 281–282, 283
vaccine for, 187
Plum Island, 183box
Pneumococcal disease, 114
Pneumococci, 39
Pneumonia, 24box, 38, 44, 114, 179, 314
diagnostics and, 175, 180
influenza and, 147
nosocomial transmission of, 113–114
sample collection/processing and, 319
syndromic surveillance and, 296
Pneumonic plague, 111
Poliomyelitis, 24box, 151
Political will, lack of, 7, 54box, 127–130
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 44, 179, 180, 289, 298, 322
as detection platform, 319–320
diagnostic pathology and, 177
genomic sequence and, 315, 316
intelligence gathering and, 325
Population displacement, 65
Population growth, 78, 80fig., 184, 213, 220
Poverty, 2, 17, 19, 54box, 121–125.
See also Social inequality
as factor in emergence of diseases, 6–7
world statistics, 123box
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Preventing Emerging Infectious Diseases: A Strategy for the 21st Century, 166box, 281
Prions, 23n, 106, 109box
Prison populations, 39
Private organizations, 15, 17
Probiotic therapy, 59box
Prodrome period, 293
Program for Monitoring Infectious Diseases (Pro-Med), 156
ProMED-mail, 306
Prospect Hill virus, 73, 75fig.
Protozoa, 23n, 35t
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 114
Psittacosis, 47box
Public health, 2, 21
advances in health care, 94–97
in Africa, 129box
antiquated laws, 118–121
behavioral interventions and, 86
breakdowns of, 6, 54box, 107–121
etiologic diagnosis and, 180
rebuilding infrastructure of, 9–10, 159– 163
syndromic surveillance and, 283, 290– 291
Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), 105box, 106
PulseNet, 106, 168t
Puumala virus, 74
Q
Q fever, 47box
Quarantine, 119, 165, 289
Quinolone, 39, 114, 190
R
Rainy seasons, 70
Rapid Syndrome Validation Program (RSVP), 171–172, 288, 291–292
Real-Time Outbreak and Disease Surveillance (RODS), 288
Reforestation, 76
Refugee populations, 23, 125–126
Relapsing fever, 72
Repellents, 15, 217, 219
Research, priorities for, 12, 16, 131, 220– 222
Research Centers of Excellence in Biodefense and Emerging Infections, 222
Resistance, microbial evolution and, 15.
See also Antimicrobial resistance
Respiratory infections, 26t
Respiratory syndrome alarm, 296, 300
Retroviruses, 56, 58box
Ricin toxin, 47box
Rickettsia, 134
Rift Valley fever (RVF), 33fig., 68, 69box, 77
RNA, 56, 58box, 139, 140fig.
antivirals and, 191, 203
vaccines and, 185
Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 95
Rodents, 20, 68, 71, 186, 324.
See also Hantaviruses
emerging infectious diseases and, 34t, 36t
increasing significance of, 73
Lyme disease and, 76
plague and, 110
Romania, 20, 101box
Rotavirus, 189
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 127
Rubella, 97, 102, 114
Russia, 20, 28, 87.
See also Soviet Union, former
anthrax outbreak in, 133box
diphtheria in, 115
poverty in, 123box
tuberculosis in, 30, 150
West Nile virus in, 101box
Rwanda, 126
S
Saint Louis encephalitis, 70
Salmonella spp., 47box, 92, 106, 107
animal husbandry practices and, 207
intentional use of, 132
Salmonellosis, 97–98, 107
Sample collection/processing, 319
San Joaquin Valley fever, 66box
Sanitation, poor conditions of, 19, 107– 114, 220–221
Sarin gas, 132
Saudi Arabia, 69box, 98box
Scarlet fever, 88
Schistosomiasis, 76, 77, 185
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SEN virus (SEN-V), 94–95
Seoul virus, 73, 74
Sepsis, 179, 314
Sewage systems, 23, 67box, 84
Sex, unprotected, 86, 88, 220
Sex trade, commercial, 83, 87
Sexually transmitted diseases, 21, 29, 32, 45, 89–90box
commercial sex trade and, 83
high-risk behaviors and, 87
social network model and, 339
unprotected sex and, 88
vaccines for, 185
Shigella spp., 47box, 102, 105box
Shigellosis, 97
Sickle cell disease, 61
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), 76
Sin Nombre virus, 1, 36t, 223.
See also Hantaviruses
distribution of, 75fig.
etiologic diagnosis and, 179
human resource capacity and, 213, 214
rodents as vectors of, 68, 72, 73, 324
syndromic surveillance and, 289
transmission of, 74
Singapore, 40, 72box
Small, round-structured virus (SRSV), 102
Smallpox, 37t, 46, 47box, 49
aerosol transmission of, 134
eradication of, 128box
intentional use of, 132
international commerce/travel and, 97
syndromic surveillance and, 289
in United States, 24box
vaccine for, 341
Social inequality, 6–7, 54box, 121–125.
See also Poverty
Somalia, 126
South Africa, 88
South America, 68, 74, 85, 110, 155, 186
Southeast Asia, 188
Soviet Union, former, 31, 34t, 48, 49, 50.
See also Russia
biological warfare program of, 130, 131, 134, 135
diphtheria in, 115–116
public health breakdown in, 107
sexually transmitted diseases in, 90box
tuberculosis in, 150
“Spanish flu” pandemic (1918), 136, 137box, 138, 141, 143, 146
Sporotrichosis, 66box
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B, 47box
Staphylococcus aureus, 38, 87, 102
methicillin-resistant (MRSA), 38–39
nosocomial transmission of, 114
vancomycin-resistant, 33fig., 35t, 39
State, U.S. Secretary of, 13
Statens Serum Institut, 224
Stockpiling, need for, 203–204
Strategic treatment interruption (STI), 201
Streptococci, Group A, 39
Streptococcus pneumoniae, 175
Sudan, 113box
Surveillance, 3, 8–11, 151, 155fig.
See also Syndromic surveillance
deemphasis of, 24box
drug-resistant microbes and, 206
etiologic diagnostics and, 176
improvement of, 154–170
increases in drug-resistant strains, 39–40
for zoonotic diseases, 117
Syndromic surveillance, 170–171, 174, 281–283, 307–309.
See also Surveillance
attributes, 283–284
cost-effectiveness data, 289–290
definitions and rationale, 283
discussion of selected systems, 299–301, 302–305t, 306–307
key steps in development of, 290–299
types of systems, 285, 286t, 287–289
Syphilis, 26t, 86, 90box
T
Tanzania, 109
Technology, 6, 10, 41, 54box, 88, 326.
See also Industry
genome sequencing, 324
health care advances and, 94–97
microsonicators, 176
T-cell analysis, 183
terrorism and, 46
Terrorism, 15, 20, 149, 220.
See also Biological agents
agricultural, 223
anthrax used by, 34t
antibiotic susceptibility and, 191
antivirals and, 198, 203
bioterrorism models, 341
escalation of, 228
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etiologic diagnosis and, 180
exercises for dealing with, 173
public health capacity and, 159, 160
September 11, 2001, attacks, 46, 162, 281, 307
syndromic surveillance and, 281, 283, 284, 289, 291, 293, 299
Tetanus, 26t, 188
Thailand, 98, 155, 182
Therapeutics, 2, 57
Ticks, 218
Tissue transplants, 6, 95–96
TOLL-like receptors (TLRs), 60–61
Toxic algal blooms, 92
Toxic shock syndrome, adult, 289
Toxoplasma spp., 106
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), 108–109box
Travel, international, 2, 6, 19, 54box, 97– 99
air travel, 99–101
cruise ships, 101–103
influenza virus and, 146
vector ecology and, 71
Tropheryma whippelii, 179
Trypanosomiasis, 70
TT virus (TTV), 94
Tuberculosis, 2, 7, 21
aerosol transmission of, 134
control of, 116–117
global burden of, 29–31
high-risk behaviors and, 87
increase in poor countries, 122
international commerce/travel and, 97
as leading cause of death, 26t
multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB), 1, 30, 33fig., 38, 122, 128box, 153
in United States, 24box
vaccine for, 185, 189
Tularemia, 46, 47box, 50
aerosol dissemination of, 134
recent epidemics of, 72
syndromic surveillance and, 289
vaccine for, 187
Turning Point initiative, 121
Typhoid fever, 33fig., 88
U
Uganda, 20, 113box, 182
Ukraine, 115
Unexplained Deaths and Critical Illnesses Project, 322–323
United Kingdom, 95, 106
United Nations, 21, 78
United States, 7, 8–9, 71
animal husbandry in, 91–93
biological warfare program of, 130, 131, 134, 135
child care demographics in, 79box
diversity of research domains in, 16
global response capacity and, 151, 154– 159
HIV/AIDS in, 29, 150, 227
human resource capacity of, 213
immunizations in, 114–115
infectious diseases in, 1, 21, 169box
influenza pandemic of 1918 in, 137box
interdisciplinary disease centers in, 224
life expectancy in, 81, 83fig.
Lyme disease in, 76
malaria in, 31–32
organ/tissue transplants in, 95
overuse of antibiotics in, 176
population growth in, 78
public health breakdown in, 6, 107
rebuilding public health capacity in, 159–163
reprieve from infectious diseases in, 23, 24–25box
sexually transmitted diseases in, 45, 89– 90box
surveillance systems in, 10, 158–159
terrorist threat against, 46–51
tuberculosis in, 30
vaccines in, 186–188
West Nile virus in, 98, 100–101box
Unprotected sex, 86, 88, 220
Urbanization, 6, 29, 149, 213, 220
ecosystem disruption and, 67
global market economy and, 23
rural-to-urban migration, 81, 83–85
world megacities, 85t
V
Vaccines, 2, 24box, 143, 228.
See also Immunizations
bioterrorism and, 48–51
development and production of, 12–13, 184–190
efficacy trials of, 336
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for human papillomavirus (HPV), 45–46
for influenza, 146–147
microbial adaptation and, 4
Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 33fig., 35t, 39
Vectors, 2, 20, 31.
See also Arthropod vectors;
Mosquitoes;
Rodents
control of, 117–118, 120–121box, 209, 213–219
disease control and, 15, 209, 213
ecology of, 68, 70–71
international commerce/travel and, 6
Venezuelan equine encephalitis, 47box
Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever, 76
Veterans Affairs, Department of (VA), 10, 13, 167, 189
Veterinary surveillance, 9, 163, 166
Vibrio parahaemolyticus, 65
Virulence genes, 56
Viruses, 23n, 35–37t.
See also Microbes;
Microbial threats;
specific viruses
chronic conditions associated with, 42t
etiologic diagnosis and, 178
genetic mutations in, 56
human immune system and, 57
stages of replication, 199t
Vitamin deficiencies, 63–64
W
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 288
War, 7, 19, 23, 63, 125–126, 220
Water
for agricultural use, 20
contaminated, 67box
pollution from animal husbandry practices, 91, 92
potable, 6, 23, 83, 107
Waterborne diseases, 47box, 65
Weather, 4, 20, 54box, 64–65, 67, 336.
See also Climate
West Nile virus, 2, 15, 20, 37t, 213, 214
autopsies and, 178box
avian reservoir of, 324
blood transfusions and, 95
clustering of, 165
control of, 118
ecological factors and, 221
encephalitis, 1, 6, 20
immunohistochemistry and, 177
infectious disease surveillance and, 166
public health capacity and, 162
rapid spread of, 150
syndromic surveillance and, 281, 282
vector ecology of, 68
worldwide outbreaks of, 100–101box
Whitewater Arroyo virus, 33fig., 37t
Work absenteeism, 293, 295box
Workforce, education/training of, 12, 15, 16, 181–184
World Bank, 9
World Health Organization (WHO), 8, 39, 68, 130, 151
animal husbandry practices and, 208
antimicrobial resistance and, 209, 210– 212box
cholera reports and, 109–110
directly observed therapy (DOT) and, 117
Global Agenda for Influenza, 146
Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network, 157box
infectious disease surveillance and, 154
influenza programs, 156, 204, 225–226
International Health Regulations, 165
Lyon (France) office of, 152box
molecular biology and, 213, 214, 215
on nosocomial infections, 111
outbreak verification and, 306
sexually transmitted diseases and, 89box
terrorist scenario, 135
tropical disease research and, 215
vaccine strategy and, 13, 115, 139, 188
X
Xenotransplantation, 6, 96–97
Y
Yellow fever, 33fig., 37t, 68, 165
ecological factors and, 221
vaccine for, 186
vector ecology and, 71
Yemen, 69box
Yersinia pestis. See Plague (Yersinia pestis)
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Z
Zaire, 112, 126, 129box, 130, 182.
See also Congo, Democratic Republic of
Zimbabwe, 30, 126
Zoonotic diseases, 32, 34t, 36–37t, 54, 219, 223
in China, 145
control of, 15, 117–118, 209
Rift Valley fever (RVF), 69box
