National Academies Press: OpenBook
« Previous: Appendix F: Committee and Staff Biographies
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10636.
×

Index

A

Aberration detection and response, 297–299

Academia, 12, 13, 14, 15, 189, 203

comprehensive research agenda and, 221

inappropriate use of antimicrobials and, 207

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), 2, 20, 24, 32, 41, 227.

See also Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

antiretroviral therapy for, 85, 90box, 150, 227

antivirals and, 198

famine and, 126

global burden of, 25–26, 27fig., 28–29

increasing incidence of, 59box

nosocomial infections and, 112

social network model and, 339

sub-Saharan Africa and, 26, 28, 128box, 150, 227

Acute respiratory disease, 73, 287

Aerosol terrorist attacks, 48, 49, 50, 131, 132, 134–135

Afghanistan, 157box

Africa, 21, 26, 36t, 70, 188

cholera in, 109, 110

demographic changes in, 81

food emergencies in, 125

HIV/AIDS in, 26, 28, 128box, 150, 227

illicit drug use in, 87, 88

Lassa fever virus in, 73

malaria in, 31, 35t

malnutrition in, 63

measles in, 115

political instability in, 228

sexually transmitted diseases in, 89– 90box

tuberculosis in, 30–31

vaccinations in, 114

yellow fever in, 68, 186

Agency for International Development (USAID)

global disease surveillance and, 9, 159

interdisciplinary disease centers and, 17, 224

response capacity, 8, 151

vaccine strategy and, 13, 190

Agent-based models, 337–338

Agriculture, 3, 20, 22, 126

ecosystem disruption and, 67

inappropriate use of antimicrobials and, 207–209

international trade and, 103–104

Agriculture, Department of (USDA)

diagnostic tests and, 11, 179

disease control and, 15

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10636.
×

domestic disease surveillance and, 10, 167

global disease surveillance and, 9, 151

global response capacity and, 8, 151

interdisciplinary disease centers and, 17, 224

Plum Island facility, 183box

Air travel, 99–101

American trypanosomiasis, 95

Andes virus, 68, 74, 75fig.

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), 183box

Animal husbandry practices, 91–93

anthrax and, 133box

inappropriate use of antimicrobials and, 207–209

influenza virus and, 145–146

Animal reservoirs, 2, 4, 59box, 68

abundance and distribution of, 71–75

changes in environment and, 64

domestic animals, 223

increased human contact with, 5, 20, 75–76, 213

of influenza viruses, 139, 141

intelligence gathering about, 324–325

Animals, 22, 166

antibiotic use in, 211box

antimicrobials in growth promotion of, 15

raised as food products, 6

relation to microbes, 54

Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis), 20, 46, 48–49, 166

diagnostics and, 174–175

immunohistochemistry and, 177

as natural zoonotic disease, 223

need for stockpile of antimicrobials and, 203

public health capacity and, 162

syndromic surveillance and, 282–283, 287, 289

terrorists and, 34t, 130, 132, 133box, 134, 165, 186

vaccine for, 187

Antibiotics, 24box, 184, 190–191, 192– 195t, 320

animal husbandry and, 92–93

bacterial resistance to, 146–147

bioterrorism and, 48, 49

broad-spectrum, 11, 175

chronic conditions treated with, 43

inappropriate use of, 176

new classes of, 13–14

Antigenic drift, 142, 144

Antimicrobial resistance, 32, 38–40, 41fig., 202, 212box, 320

animal husbandry practices and, 92

climate change and, 65

diagnostics and, 176

tuberculosis control and, 117

Antimicrobials, 6, 91

in aquaculture, 93–94

inappropriate use of, 11, 14–15, 204– 209

need for new drugs, 13–14, 190–191, 192–197t, 198, 199t, 200fig., 201– 204

Antiretroviral therapy, 150, 201t, 227

Antitoxins, 14, 204

Antivirals, 14, 143, 203

HIV and, 198, 201

influenza and, 201–202

need for new drugs, 191, 195–197t, 198

Aquaculture, 93–94, 104

Arbovirus, 118

Archaea pathogens, 313, 314

Arenaviruses, 72, 73

Argentina, 73, 74

Argentine hemorrhagic fever, 73

Arthropod vectors, 68, 70, 71, 185, 186, 213

Asia, 71, 73, 77, 89–90box, 155

“Asian flu,” 138

Aspergillosis/Aspergillus spp., 66box, 86

Atherosclerosis, 42t, 44

Aum Shinrikyo, 130

Australia, 36t, 40, 72box

Autopsies, 177, 178box

Avian influenza, 33fig., 139, 141fig., 142fig., 144

B

Babesiosis, 95

Bacteria, 23n, 34–35t.

See also Microbes;

Microbial threats;

specific species

chronic conditions associated with, 42t

diversity of, 313

etiologic diagnosis and, 178

genetic mutations in, 56

human immune system and, 57

multidrug-resistant, 2

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10636.
×

Bangladesh, 30, 78, 110

Bartonella henselae, 179

Behavior. See High-risk behaviors; Human behavior

Belarus, 115

Biological agents, intentional use of, 17, 49– 50, 130–131, 228.

See also Terrorism

aerosol dissemination, 134–135

anthrax, 20, 46, 48–49, 281, 307

emerging viruses likely to be used, 47box

influenza virus and, 146

intelligence gathering about, 324

national security and, 3, 7, 130

nature of threat, 131–133

research agenda and, 16, 131

surveillance systems and, 10, 132

Biology of Disease Vectors course, 214

Bisexual men, 87, 88, 90box.

See also Gay men

Blastomycosis, 66box

Blood product safety, 6, 94–95

Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, 73

Borna disease virus, 179

Borrelia burgdorferi, 42t, 43

Botswana, 124

Botulinum toxin, 46, 50–51, 130, 283

Botulism, 47box

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), 95, 104, 106, 108box, 129box

Brazil, 76, 110, 188

Brucellosis, 47box, 88, 289

Bubonic plague, 111

Bulgaria, 123box

C

Cambodia, 30, 98

Campylobacter jejuni, 42t, 92, 317

Campylobacter spp., 106–107

Canada, 138–139, 147, 156

Cancers, 43, 318

Candidiasis, 66box

Cardiovascular disease, 44

Caribbean Epidemiology Center, 154

Castleman’s disease, 42t

Center for Discrete Mathematics and Theoretic Computer Science, 341

Centers, interdisciplinary disease, 16–17, 222–226

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 98, 151, 159.

See also Emerging Infections Program (EIP)

anthrax attacks and, 133box

comprehensive research agenda and, 16, 221

disease reporting of, 10, 98

Division of Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, 118

Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) and, 181–182

etiologic diagnosis and, 11, 179, 205

global response capacity and, 8, 151

hantavirus emergence and, 75

inappropriate use of antimicrobials and, 14, 207

influenza virus and, 156

interdisciplinary disease centers and, 17, 224

malaria reports and, 31

molecular biology and, 213, 214, 215

on nosocomial infections, 112

organ/tissue transplantation and, 96

public health capacity and, 96, 160, 161

surveillance networks and, 9, 11, 154– 155, 159, 164, 167, 170, 282, 284, 289.

See also Syndromic surveillance training of health professionals and, 12, 182, 183

vaccines and, 186

Cervical cancer, human papillomavirus and, 42t, 44–46

Chagas’ disease, 70, 185

Children, 23, 78

child care demographics in United States, 79box

HIV/AIDS and, 26, 28

influenza virus and, 144

malaria and, 31

malnutrition in, 63–64

China, People’s Republic of, 21, 28, 40, 158

AIDS in, 227

influenza viruses in, 138, 142fig., 145

population growth in, 78

Three Gorges Project in, 77

tuberculosis in, 30

vaccines in, 188

Chlamydia, 89box

Chlamydia pneumoniae, 42t, 44

Chlamydia trachomatis, 42t

Chloroquinine resistance, 97

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10636.
×

Cholera, 7, 21, 33fig., 34t, 165

international commerce/travel and, 97

poor sanitation and, 221

public health breakdown and, 107, 108– 110

in refugee camps, 126

Chronic wasting disease (CWD), 109box

Ciprofloxacin, 203–204

Climate, 4, 20, 54box, 64–65, 67, 336.

See also Weather

Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA), 175

Clostridium perfringens, epsilon toxin of, 47box

Clostridium sordellii, 96

Coccidioides, 66box, 92

Coccidioidomycosis, 65, 66box

Colombia, 98

Commerce, international, 1, 2, 6, 19, 54box, 104–105

Concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs), 91–92

Congo, Democratic Republic of, 108, 126, 128box.

See also Zaire

Cote d’Ivoire, 113box, 157box

Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE), 165

Coxsackievirus, 42t

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, variant (vCJD), 33fig., 37t, 94, 95

autopsies and, 178box

cattle herds and, 108–109box

outbreak in United Kingdom, 106, 108box

public health ignorance and, 129box

Cruise ships, 101–103

Cryptococcosis, 66box

Cryptosporidiosis, 33fig., 35t, 65, 67box

Cryptosporidium, 79box, 92

Cumulative sums (CUSUM) method, 297– 298

Cyclosporiasis, 1, 33fig., 35t

Cytokines, inflammatory, 61

Cytomegalovirus (CMV), 42t, 44

D

Dams, 20, 75, 77

Data collection, 10

DDT (pesticide), 118, 216, 217

Deer mouse, 74

Deer tick, 76

DEET (insect repellent), 217

Defense, Department of (DOD), 151, 171, 203

biological weapons and, 50

diagnostic tests and, 11, 179

disease control and, 15

global response capacity and, 8, 151

infectious disease surveillance and, 9, 154, 155, 159

interdisciplinary disease centers and, 17, 224

syndromic surveillance and, 287–288

training of health professionals and, 12

Triservice Serum Repository, 177

vaccines and, 13, 187

vector control and, 219

Deforestation, 75, 149, 221

Demographics, 6, 28–29, 54box, 78–88

Dengue, 33fig., 35t

dengue hemorrhagic fever and shock syndrome (DHF-SS), 120–121box, 185–186

ecological factors and, 221

harmonic decomposition analysis and, 337

vaccine for, 185, 189

vector ecology of, 68, 70

Denmark, 208, 223–224

Developing countries, 8, 13, 149, 206, 221.

See also specific countries

cervical cancer in, 44–45

demographic changes in, 80–81, 82fig.

food imported from, 105

human resource capacity of, 214

infectious disease surveillance in, 154

technological advances lacking in, 23

vaccines and, 184, 185

Diagnostics, 174–177, 319, 323

defense against biological attack and, 2, 324

development and use of, 11, 174–177

diagnostic pathology, 177–178

inappropriate use of antimicrobials and, 15, 205

microbiological, 178

Diarrheal diseases, 24box, 26t, 63, 138, 314

Digital microbes, 340

Diphtheria, 33fig., 34t, 115–116, 188

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10636.
×

Directly observed therapy (DOT), 29, 117, 119

Diseases.

See also specific diseases

as agents of biological warfare, 47box

chronic, with infectious etiology, 41–46

comprehensive research agenda into, 220–222

computational modeling and simulation of, 335–341

emerging, 32, 33fig., 34–37t

global burdens of, 8

political destabilization and, 150

social/political instability and, 2–3, 21

waterborne, 65

DNA, 56, 58box, 60, 98box

antivirals and, 191

etiologic diagnosis and, 179

intelligence gathering and, 325

ribosomal (rDNA), 315, 316, 321, 322

Dobrava-Belgrade virus, 74

Domestic surveillance systems, 299–301, 302–305t

Drop-in surveillance systems, 285, 286t, 291, 292

Drug resistance. See Antimicrobial resistance

Drugs, illicit, 86–88, 220

Duffy antigen, 62

Dysentery, 126

E

Early Warning Outbreak Recognition System (EWORS), 307

Ebola virus, 33fig., 36t, 129box, 156

as agent of biological warfare, 47box

antivirals and, 198

autopsies and, 178box

biological warfare and, 130

Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) and, 182

outbreak in Zaire (1995), 112, 113box

Eco-epidemiology, 336

Economic development, 4–5, 21, 54box, 68, 75–77

Ecosystems, disruption of, 2, 4, 17, 54box, 67–75

Ecuador, 110

Egypt, 69box, 77, 101box, 155, 157box, 188

EHealth Initiative, 295

Ehrlichiosis, 68

El Nino weather events, 65, 74, 75

Elderly people, 44, 78, 80–81, 112

Electron microscopy, 44

Electronic Surveillance System for Early Notification of Community-based Epidemics (ESSENCE), 171, 172– 173box, 287–288, 291, 292, 300– 301, 307

EMERGEncy ID NET, 168t, 282

Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States (1992 report), 3, 21, 53, 149, 164, 220

Emerging Infections Program (EIP), 164, 166–167box, 168t, 282, 289, 322.

See also Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Encephalitis viruses, 47box, 72box, 179, 314

Energy, Department of, 16, 17, 221, 224

Enteric bacteria, 42t

Enterococcus, vancomycin-resistant, 94, 114, 208

Enterovirus 71, 33fig., 36t

Entomological surveillance, 9, 15, 209

Epidemic Information Exchange (Epi-X), 161box

Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS), 181–182

Epidemics, 2, 11, 72, 136, 282

Epidemiologists/epidemiology, 181, 291, 298, 299

experimental, 336–340

historical foundations of, 335–336

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), 42t

Equine encephalitis viruses, 47box

Erlichiosis, 71, 213

Escherichia coli, 33fig., 34t, 42t

as agent of biological warfare, 47box

enterotoxigenic (ETEC), 105box, 106

food/water contamination and, 92

genetic mutation of, 56

sources and distribution of, 91box

Estonia, 116

Ethiopia, 28, 157box

Etiologic diagnosis, 11, 175–180, 205

Europe, 71, 73, 121, 208

demographic changes in, 81

poverty in, 123box

sexually transmitted diseases in, 89box

vaccines in, 188

Eutrophication, 92

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10636.
×

F

False-positive test results, 321

Famine, 7, 17, 126, 220

Federal agencies, 12, 151, 159.

See also specific agencies

antimicrobial strategy and, 203

epidemiology and, 183–184

vaccine strategy and, 189–190

Field Epidemiology Training Programs (FETPs), 182

Filariasis, 70

Filoviruses, 113box

Finland, 176

Fish pathogens, 103–104

Fluoroquinolone, resistance to, 39, 40– 41fig., 92

Fogarty International Center for Advanced Study in the Health Sciences (FIC), 153, 215

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 125

Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 10, 17, 95, 167

animal husbandry practices and, 209

etiologic diagnosis and, 11, 179

inappropriate use of antimicrobials and, 14, 15, 206, 207

xenotransplantation and, 97

Food imports, 104–105

Food Safety and Inspection Service, 17, 224

Food safety threats, 47box, 48

Foodborne illnesses, 99, 104, 105, 106–107, 132, 167box

FoodNet surveillance network, 106, 167box, 168t, 282

Foot and mouth disease, 104, 223

Foundations, 13, 15, 17, 215

Fourier analysis, 337

France, 101box

Fruit bats, 36t, 37t, 324

Fungi, 23n, 66box, 86

G

Gay men, 87, 88, 90box.

See also Bisexual men

Gene expression patterns, 317–319

Genetic polymorphisms, 60, 61–63

Genome sequence analysis, 315

Geographic clustering, 298

Geographic information systems (GIS), 15, 219, 223, 298

GeoSentinel, 307

Geospatial coding, 11

Giardia lamblia, 79box, 92

Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization, 13, 190

Global Emerging Infections Surveillance (GEIS), 9, 155, 159, 172–173box, 287

Global Fund, 130

Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network, 157box

Global Plan to Stop tuberculosis, 130

Global Public Health Intelligence Network (GPHIN), 156, 157box, 158

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, 62

Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP), 168t

Gonococci, 39, 40

Gonorrhea, 89box, 128box

Guanarito virus, 68, 72

Guatemala, 105, 110

H

Haemophilus influenzae, 97

Haldane, J.B.S., 61

Handwashing practices, 112

Hantaan virus, 73–74

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, 1, 21, 33fig., 36t, 73, 74, 165, 215

Hantaviruses, 65, 72, 158, 182.

See also Rodents;

Sin Nombre virus

as agent of biological warfare, 47box

distribution of, 73–75

syndromic surveillance and, 282

vector ecology of, 68

Harmonic decomposition analysis, 336–337

Health Alert Network (HAN), 160–162

Health and Human Services, Department of (DHHS), 13, 14, 119, 189, 203, 204

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), 119– 120, 297

Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), 10, 153, 167

Healthy People 2010, 114

Helicobacter pylori, 42t, 43

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10636.
×

Helminths, 23n, 43t

Hemagglutinin (HA), 142–144

Hemoglobinopathies, 61–62

Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), 42t, 91box

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), 74

Hendra virus, 33fig., 36t, 324

Hepatitis A, 87, 94

Hepatitis B, 6, 42t, 87, 95, 97

antivirals for, 191

liver cancer and, 122

Hepatitis C, 6, 33fig., 42t, 87, 97

antivirals for, 191

blood transfusions and, 95

etiologic diagnosis and, 179

transmission of, 94

Herpes simplex virus (HSV), 44, 179, 203, 320

High-risk behaviors, 86–88

Histocompatibility complex class I molecules, 63

Histoplasma capulatum fungus, 66box

HLA-DR class II genes, 62

Holland, 138

Homeland Security, Department of, 13, 14, 189, 190, 203

Hong Kong, 39–40, 141–142, 144, 145, 146, 158, 202

“Hong Kong flu,” 138

“Hot zones,” 155–156

Housing, 20

Human behavior, 2, 6, 54box, 78–88, 145– 146

Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), 58box

Human genome project, 62, 325

Human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), 42t

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 2, 6, 20, 26, 64, 78, 122.

See also Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

antigenic drift and, 144

antivirals for, 191, 198, 201

assays for, 320

chemokine receptor CCR5 and, 63

commercial sex trade and, 83

drug-resistant, 38

famine and, 126

high-risk behaviors and, 86, 87–88

“hot zones” and, 156

international commerce/travel and, 97

life expectancy in developing countries and, 81

medical description, 36t

PCR assays and, 179

simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and, 76

social network model and, 339

vaccine against, 57, 185, 227

Human organ transplants, 6

Human papilloma virus (HPV) 16, 18, 31, 45, 42t, 44–46

Human resource capacity, 213–215

Human T-cell lymphotrophic viruses (HTLV-1, -2), 42t

Hungary, 123box

Hygiene, conditions of inadequate, 6, 24box, 107–114

I

Immune system, human, 4, 57, 63, 95

Immunizations, 6, 80, 114–116, 341.

See also vaccines

Immunocompromised populations, 6, 66box, 78, 85–86

Immunohistochemistry, 177

India, 21, 28, 62

cholera in, 110

HIV/AIDS in, 227

leishmaniasis in, 70

plague in, 110, 111

population growth in, 78

tuberculosis in, 30

vaccines in, 188

Indonesia, 30, 72box, 78, 110, 307

Industry, 13, 14, 17, 88, 91, 203.

See also Technology

animal husbandry practices, 91–93

aquaculture, 93–94

comprehensive research agenda and, 221

coordinated approach to solutions and, 189

as factor in emergence of infectious disease, 54box

inappropriate use of antimicrobials and, 207

Inequality. See Social inequality

Infant/child mortality rates, 24box

Infection, susceptibility to, 4, 54box, 60–64, 143–144

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10636.
×

Infectious Diseases Society of America Emergency Infections Network (IDSA EIN), 282

Infertility, 42t

Influenza, 2, 6, 14, 136, 140fig.

adaptability of, 54, 56

aerosol transmission of, 134

as agent of biological warfare, 47box

antivirals for, 191, 201–202

avian H5N1, 36t

ecological factors, 144

epidemics and pandemics of, 136, 137box, 138

genetic and biological factors, 139, 140– 144

impact on society and economy, 138– 139

international commerce/travel and, 97, 98, 102–103

preparedness for pandemic, 146–147

social, political, and economic factors, 145–146

surveillance programs and, 225–226, 296, 300

vaccine strains for, 185

WHO progams to combat, 156

Insects, 103

Institute of Medicine (IOM), 3, 119, 158, 281

animal husbandry practices and, 208

Emerging Infections report, 21, 53, 149, 220

on public health capacity, 162

Insurance claims, 295box, 296

International Classification of Disease (ICD) codes, 171, 288, 291, 292, 300

International Collaborations in Infectious Disease Research (ICIDR), 215

International surveillance systems, 301, 306–307

Internet, 156, 160–161, 164

network modeling and, 339–340

outbreak reporting on, 306

syndromic surveillance and, 282

terrorism and, 46

Iran, 110

Iraq, 110

Israel, 101box, 307

J

Japan, 145, 188

Japanese encephalitis, 68, 72box, 77

Joint Vaccine Acquisition Program, 50

Junin virus, 73

K

Kenya, 88, 155

Korea, 158

Korean hemorrhagic fever, 74

L

Lactoferrin enzyme, 60

Land use, 4–5, 20, 54box, 75–77, 221

Lassa fever, 33fig., 73, 112

as agent of biological warfare, 47box

ecological factors and, 221

rodent vectors of, 324

Latin America, 28, 35t, 70, 78, 87, 188

cholera in, 109, 110

sexually transmitted diseases in, 89box

LEADER (Lightweight Epidemiology and Advanced Detection and Emergency Response System), 298

Lechiguanas virus, 75fig.

Legionnaire’s disease, 88, 102, 154, 165, 282

Leishmaniasis, 70, 84–85, 118, 185

Leptospirosis, 178box

Life expectancy, 81, 83fig.

Listeria monocytogenes, 106

Livestock, 19

Long-Term Ecological Research Site (New Mexico), 74

Lyme disease, 34t, 68, 71, 165, 213

arthritis and, 42t

blood transfusions and, 95

ecological factors and, 221

land use patterns and, 76

Lymphatic filariasis, 70, 185

M

Machupo virus, 73

Malaria, 1, 2, 7, 21, 35t, 151

blood transfusions and, 95

drug-resistant, 33fig., 38, 205–206, 227

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10636.
×

ecological factors and, 221

effort to eradicate, 128–129box

genetic polymorphisms and, 61–62

global burden of, 31–32

harmonic decomposition analysis and, 337

illicit drug use and, 86–87

international commerce/travel and, 97– 98

land use patterns and, 76

as leading cause of death, 26t

malnutrition and, 220

in United States, 21

vaccine for, 185, 189, 227

vector ecology of, 68, 70

Malaysia, 72box, 76, 158, 177

Malnutrition, 4, 63–64, 124, 149, 220

Marburg virus, 33fig., 47box, 113box, 198

Marketplace issues, 186–189

Mass spectroscopy, 179, 326

Mathematical modeling, 335, 336

MDR-TB Green Light Committee, 130

Measles, 21, 26t, 64, 97, 115, 134

Megacities, growth of, 6, 85t

MeKong Delta Surveillance Network, 155

Meningitis, 26t, 179, 314

Mental retardation, congenital, 42t

Methicillin resistance, 38, 114

Mexico, 105, 124

Microbes, 1, 23n, 114

adaptability of, 2, 4, 53–57, 58–59box, 60, 139, 141–143

cultivation of, 313–314

detection and diagnosis, 319–321

digital, 340

intentionally used for harm, 46, 47box, 48–51

Microbial threats, 19, 20, 23–24.

See also Pathogens

anticipation of, 324–325

assessment of, 7–17

factors in emergence, 4–7, 53, 54box

public committee meeting agendas, 277– 279

spectrum of, 3, 23–52

Microbiome, 58–59box, 316–317, 325

Military cargo transport, 104

Model State Emergency Powers Act, 120

Molecular biology, 41, 213

Molecular signatures, 314–317

Mollusks, 104

Monkeypox, human, 33fig., 37t

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 166

Mosquitoes, 31, 35t, 64, 214

agricultural land use patterns and, 77

control of, 216, 218

dengue fever and, 120–121box

malaria and, 129box, 221

Rift Valley fever (RVF) and, 69box

vector ecology and, 70–71

West Nile virus and, 100–101box

yellow fever and, 71

Mozambique, 28

Multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, 2.

See also Antimicrobial resistance

Mumps, 114

Myocarditis, 42t

N

National Electronic Disease Surveillance System (NEDSS), 161, 164, 294–295, 297

National Electronic Telecommunications System for Surveillance (NETSS), 66box

National Health Service Corps, 153

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), 153, 155, 156

National Institutes of Health (NIH)

blood transfusions and, 95

comprehensive research agenda and, 16, 151, 221

disease control and, 15, 213

etiologic diagnosis and, 11, 179

Fogarty International Center, 153

global response capacity and, 8, 151

infectious diseases surveillance and, 9, 159

interdisciplinary disease centers and, 17, 224

molecular biology and, 213, 215

training of health professionals and, 12, 183

vector control and, 213, 219

National Intelligence Council, 125, 150

National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System, 113, 114, 168t

National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS), 165

National Research Council (NRC), 67

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10636.
×

National Science and Technology Council, 158

National Science Foundation, 16, 17, 74, 221, 224, 341

National security, 7, 163, 221

Natural disasters, 63, 111

Natural selection, 61, 62–63

Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 41fig., 89box

Neisseria meningitidis, 6, 97, 98box

Network models, 339–340

Neuraminidase (NA), 142–144, 202

New Zealand, 143

Nicaragua, 110

Nigeria, 28, 30, 78, 87, 112, 188

Nipah virus, 1, 33fig., 36t, 37t, 72box, 223

as agent of biological warfare, 47box

autopsies and, 178box

fruit bats as reservoir of, 324

“hot zones” and, 156

surveillance networks and, 158

Noroviruses (Norwalk-like viruses), 37t, 102, 171, 301

Norway, 93

Nosocomial infections, 6, 32, 95, 225

methicillin resistance, 38

public health breakdown and, 107, 111– 114

O

Office International des Epizooties (OIE), 226

Office of Technology Assessment, 131, 135

Onchocerciasis, 70, 185, 227

Operation Topoff, 281–282

Organ transplants, 95–96

Outbreak Verification List, 306

P

PacNet, 156

Pakistan, 78, 188

Pan American Health Organization, 154

Pandemics, 21, 136, 137box, 138, 204

Pathogens, 1, 2, 17, 32.

See also Microbial threats

animal reservoirs of, 71–75

chronic conditions caused by, 43

discovery of, 313–319

diversity of, 175

ease of transport and, 85

ecosystem disruption and, 67–68

genetic material of, 56

host immunity and, 60

risk of exposure to, 6

transmission interruption, 217–218

vector ecology of, 70

Peptic ulcer disease, 42t

Pertussis, 26t, 114, 188

Peru, 155

Pesticides, 15, 118, 213, 219, 228

improvement of, 216

usage strategies, 216–217

Pets, exotic, 19, 104

Pfiesteria piscicida, 92

Pharmaceutical companies, 13–14, 186, 187, 191, 192–197t, 204

Pharmacokinetics, 38

Philippines, 72box

Plague (Yersinia pestis), 21, 33fig., 46, 47box, 49–50, 165

arthropod vectors of, 71

poor sanitation and, 221

public health breakdown and, 110–111

rat-flea vector of, 86

recent epidemics of, 72

terrorism and, 34t, 130, 281–282, 283

vaccine for, 187

Plum Island, 183box

Pneumococcal disease, 114

Pneumococci, 39

Pneumonia, 24box, 38, 44, 114, 179, 314

diagnostics and, 175, 180

influenza and, 147

nosocomial transmission of, 113–114

sample collection/processing and, 319

syndromic surveillance and, 296

Pneumonic plague, 111

Poliomyelitis, 24box, 151

Political will, lack of, 7, 54box, 127–130

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 44, 179, 180, 289, 298, 322

as detection platform, 319–320

diagnostic pathology and, 177

genomic sequence and, 315, 316

intelligence gathering and, 325

Population displacement, 65

Population growth, 78, 80fig., 184, 213, 220

Poverty, 2, 17, 19, 54box, 121–125.

See also Social inequality

as factor in emergence of diseases, 6–7

world statistics, 123box

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10636.
×

Preventing Emerging Infectious Diseases: A Strategy for the 21st Century, 166box, 281

Prions, 23n, 106, 109box

Prison populations, 39

Private organizations, 15, 17

Probiotic therapy, 59box

Prodrome period, 293

Program for Monitoring Infectious Diseases (Pro-Med), 156

ProMED-mail, 306

Prospect Hill virus, 73, 75fig.

Protozoa, 23n, 35t

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 114

Psittacosis, 47box

Public health, 2, 21

advances in health care, 94–97

in Africa, 129box

antiquated laws, 118–121

behavioral interventions and, 86

breakdowns of, 6, 54box, 107–121

etiologic diagnosis and, 180

rebuilding infrastructure of, 9–10, 159– 163

syndromic surveillance and, 283, 290– 291

Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), 105box, 106

PulseNet, 106, 168t

Puumala virus, 74

Q

Q fever, 47box

Quarantine, 119, 165, 289

Quinolone, 39, 114, 190

R

Rainy seasons, 70

Rapid Syndrome Validation Program (RSVP), 171–172, 288, 291–292

Real-Time Outbreak and Disease Surveillance (RODS), 288

Reforestation, 76

Refugee populations, 23, 125–126

Relapsing fever, 72

Repellents, 15, 217, 219

Research, priorities for, 12, 16, 131, 220– 222

Research Centers of Excellence in Biodefense and Emerging Infections, 222

Resistance, microbial evolution and, 15.

See also Antimicrobial resistance

Respiratory infections, 26t

Respiratory syndrome alarm, 296, 300

Retroviruses, 56, 58box

Ricin toxin, 47box

Rickettsia, 134

Rift Valley fever (RVF), 33fig., 68, 69box, 77

RNA, 56, 58box, 139, 140fig.

antivirals and, 191, 203

vaccines and, 185

Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 95

Rodents, 20, 68, 71, 186, 324.

See also Hantaviruses

emerging infectious diseases and, 34t, 36t

increasing significance of, 73

Lyme disease and, 76

plague and, 110

Romania, 20, 101box

Rotavirus, 189

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 127

Rubella, 97, 102, 114

Russia, 20, 28, 87.

See also Soviet Union, former

anthrax outbreak in, 133box

diphtheria in, 115

poverty in, 123box

tuberculosis in, 30, 150

West Nile virus in, 101box

Rwanda, 126

S

Saint Louis encephalitis, 70

Salmonella spp., 47box, 92, 106, 107

animal husbandry practices and, 207

intentional use of, 132

Salmonellosis, 97–98, 107

Sample collection/processing, 319

San Joaquin Valley fever, 66box

Sanitation, poor conditions of, 19, 107– 114, 220–221

Sarin gas, 132

Saudi Arabia, 69box, 98box

Scarlet fever, 88

Schistosomiasis, 76, 77, 185

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10636.
×

SEN virus (SEN-V), 94–95

Seoul virus, 73, 74

Sepsis, 179, 314

Sewage systems, 23, 67box, 84

Sex, unprotected, 86, 88, 220

Sex trade, commercial, 83, 87

Sexually transmitted diseases, 21, 29, 32, 45, 89–90box

commercial sex trade and, 83

high-risk behaviors and, 87

social network model and, 339

unprotected sex and, 88

vaccines for, 185

Shigella spp., 47box, 102, 105box

Shigellosis, 97

Sickle cell disease, 61

Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), 76

Sin Nombre virus, 1, 36t, 223.

See also Hantaviruses

distribution of, 75fig.

etiologic diagnosis and, 179

human resource capacity and, 213, 214

rodents as vectors of, 68, 72, 73, 324

syndromic surveillance and, 289

transmission of, 74

Singapore, 40, 72box

Small, round-structured virus (SRSV), 102

Smallpox, 37t, 46, 47box, 49

aerosol transmission of, 134

eradication of, 128box

intentional use of, 132

international commerce/travel and, 97

syndromic surveillance and, 289

in United States, 24box

vaccine for, 341

Social inequality, 6–7, 54box, 121–125.

See also Poverty

Somalia, 126

South Africa, 88

South America, 68, 74, 85, 110, 155, 186

Southeast Asia, 188

Soviet Union, former, 31, 34t, 48, 49, 50.

See also Russia

biological warfare program of, 130, 131, 134, 135

diphtheria in, 115–116

public health breakdown in, 107

sexually transmitted diseases in, 90box

tuberculosis in, 150

“Spanish flu” pandemic (1918), 136, 137box, 138, 141, 143, 146

Sporotrichosis, 66box

Staphylococcal enterotoxin B, 47box

Staphylococcus aureus, 38, 87, 102

methicillin-resistant (MRSA), 38–39

nosocomial transmission of, 114

vancomycin-resistant, 33fig., 35t, 39

State, U.S. Secretary of, 13

Statens Serum Institut, 224

Stockpiling, need for, 203–204

Strategic treatment interruption (STI), 201

Streptococci, Group A, 39

Streptococcus pneumoniae, 175

Sudan, 113box

Surveillance, 3, 8–11, 151, 155fig.

See also Syndromic surveillance

deemphasis of, 24box

drug-resistant microbes and, 206

etiologic diagnostics and, 176

improvement of, 154–170

increases in drug-resistant strains, 39–40

for zoonotic diseases, 117

Syndromic surveillance, 170–171, 174, 281–283, 307–309.

See also Surveillance

attributes, 283–284

cost-effectiveness data, 289–290

definitions and rationale, 283

discussion of selected systems, 299–301, 302–305t, 306–307

key steps in development of, 290–299

types of systems, 285, 286t, 287–289

Syphilis, 26t, 86, 90box

T

Tanzania, 109

Technology, 6, 10, 41, 54box, 88, 326.

See also Industry

genome sequencing, 324

health care advances and, 94–97

microsonicators, 176

T-cell analysis, 183

terrorism and, 46

Terrorism, 15, 20, 149, 220.

See also Biological agents

agricultural, 223

anthrax used by, 34t

antibiotic susceptibility and, 191

antivirals and, 198, 203

bioterrorism models, 341

escalation of, 228

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10636.
×

etiologic diagnosis and, 180

exercises for dealing with, 173

public health capacity and, 159, 160

September 11, 2001, attacks, 46, 162, 281, 307

syndromic surveillance and, 281, 283, 284, 289, 291, 293, 299

Tetanus, 26t, 188

Thailand, 98, 155, 182

Therapeutics, 2, 57

Ticks, 218

Tissue transplants, 6, 95–96

TOLL-like receptors (TLRs), 60–61

Toxic algal blooms, 92

Toxic shock syndrome, adult, 289

Toxoplasma spp., 106

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), 108–109box

Travel, international, 2, 6, 19, 54box, 97– 99

air travel, 99–101

cruise ships, 101–103

influenza virus and, 146

vector ecology and, 71

Tropheryma whippelii, 179

Trypanosomiasis, 70

TT virus (TTV), 94

Tuberculosis, 2, 7, 21

aerosol transmission of, 134

control of, 116–117

global burden of, 29–31

high-risk behaviors and, 87

increase in poor countries, 122

international commerce/travel and, 97

as leading cause of death, 26t

multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB), 1, 30, 33fig., 38, 122, 128box, 153

in United States, 24box

vaccine for, 185, 189

Tularemia, 46, 47box, 50

aerosol dissemination of, 134

recent epidemics of, 72

syndromic surveillance and, 289

vaccine for, 187

Turning Point initiative, 121

Typhoid fever, 33fig., 88

U

Uganda, 20, 113box, 182

Ukraine, 115

Unexplained Deaths and Critical Illnesses Project, 322–323

United Kingdom, 95, 106

United Nations, 21, 78

United States, 7, 8–9, 71

animal husbandry in, 91–93

biological warfare program of, 130, 131, 134, 135

child care demographics in, 79box

diversity of research domains in, 16

global response capacity and, 151, 154– 159

HIV/AIDS in, 29, 150, 227

human resource capacity of, 213

immunizations in, 114–115

infectious diseases in, 1, 21, 169box

influenza pandemic of 1918 in, 137box

interdisciplinary disease centers in, 224

life expectancy in, 81, 83fig.

Lyme disease in, 76

malaria in, 31–32

organ/tissue transplants in, 95

overuse of antibiotics in, 176

population growth in, 78

public health breakdown in, 6, 107

rebuilding public health capacity in, 159–163

reprieve from infectious diseases in, 23, 24–25box

sexually transmitted diseases in, 45, 89– 90box

surveillance systems in, 10, 158–159

terrorist threat against, 46–51

tuberculosis in, 30

vaccines in, 186–188

West Nile virus in, 98, 100–101box

Unprotected sex, 86, 88, 220

Urbanization, 6, 29, 149, 213, 220

ecosystem disruption and, 67

global market economy and, 23

rural-to-urban migration, 81, 83–85

world megacities, 85t

V

Vaccines, 2, 24box, 143, 228.

See also Immunizations

bioterrorism and, 48–51

development and production of, 12–13, 184–190

efficacy trials of, 336

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10636.
×

for human papillomavirus (HPV), 45–46

for influenza, 146–147

microbial adaptation and, 4

Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 33fig., 35t, 39

Vectors, 2, 20, 31.

See also Arthropod vectors;

Mosquitoes;

Rodents

control of, 117–118, 120–121box, 209, 213–219

disease control and, 15, 209, 213

ecology of, 68, 70–71

international commerce/travel and, 6

Venezuelan equine encephalitis, 47box

Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever, 76

Veterans Affairs, Department of (VA), 10, 13, 167, 189

Veterinary surveillance, 9, 163, 166

Vibrio parahaemolyticus, 65

Virulence genes, 56

Viruses, 23n, 35–37t.

See also Microbes;

Microbial threats;

specific viruses

chronic conditions associated with, 42t

etiologic diagnosis and, 178

genetic mutations in, 56

human immune system and, 57

stages of replication, 199t

Vitamin deficiencies, 63–64

W

Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 288

War, 7, 19, 23, 63, 125–126, 220

Water

for agricultural use, 20

contaminated, 67box

pollution from animal husbandry practices, 91, 92

potable, 6, 23, 83, 107

Waterborne diseases, 47box, 65

Weather, 4, 20, 54box, 64–65, 67, 336.

See also Climate

West Nile virus, 2, 15, 20, 37t, 213, 214

autopsies and, 178box

avian reservoir of, 324

blood transfusions and, 95

clustering of, 165

control of, 118

ecological factors and, 221

encephalitis, 1, 6, 20

immunohistochemistry and, 177

infectious disease surveillance and, 166

public health capacity and, 162

rapid spread of, 150

syndromic surveillance and, 281, 282

vector ecology of, 68

worldwide outbreaks of, 100–101box

Whitewater Arroyo virus, 33fig., 37t

Work absenteeism, 293, 295box

Workforce, education/training of, 12, 15, 16, 181–184

World Bank, 9

World Health Organization (WHO), 8, 39, 68, 130, 151

animal husbandry practices and, 208

antimicrobial resistance and, 209, 210– 212box

cholera reports and, 109–110

directly observed therapy (DOT) and, 117

Global Agenda for Influenza, 146

Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network, 157box

infectious disease surveillance and, 154

influenza programs, 156, 204, 225–226

International Health Regulations, 165

Lyon (France) office of, 152box

molecular biology and, 213, 214, 215

on nosocomial infections, 111

outbreak verification and, 306

sexually transmitted diseases and, 89box

terrorist scenario, 135

tropical disease research and, 215

vaccine strategy and, 13, 115, 139, 188

X

Xenotransplantation, 6, 96–97

Y

Yellow fever, 33fig., 37t, 68, 165

ecological factors and, 221

vaccine for, 186

vector ecology and, 71

Yemen, 69box

Yersinia pestis. See Plague (Yersinia pestis)

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10636.
×

Z

Zaire, 112, 126, 129box, 130, 182.

See also Congo, Democratic Republic of

Zimbabwe, 30, 126

Zoonotic diseases, 32, 34t, 36–37t, 54, 219, 223

in China, 145

control of, 15, 117–118, 209

Rift Valley fever (RVF), 69box

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10636.
×
Page 353
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10636.
×
Page 354
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10636.
×
Page 355
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10636.
×
Page 356
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10636.
×
Page 357
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10636.
×
Page 358
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10636.
×
Page 359
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10636.
×
Page 360
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10636.
×
Page 361
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10636.
×
Page 362
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10636.
×
Page 363
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10636.
×
Page 364
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10636.
×
Page 365
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10636.
×
Page 366
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10636.
×
Page 367
Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response Get This Book
×

Infectious diseases are a global hazard that puts every nation and every person at risk. The recent SARS outbreak is a prime example. Knowing neither geographic nor political borders, often arriving silently and lethally, microbial pathogens constitute a grave threat to the health of humans. Indeed, a majority of countries recently identified the spread of infectious disease as the greatest global problem they confront. Throughout history, humans have struggled to control both the causes and consequences of infectious diseases and we will continue to do so into the foreseeable future.

Following up on a high-profile 1992 report from the Institute of Medicine, Microbial Threats to Health examines the current state of knowledge and policy pertaining to emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases from around the globe. It examines the spectrum of microbial threats, factors in disease emergence, and the ultimate capacity of the United States to meet the challenges posed by microbial threats to human health. From the impact of war or technology on disease emergence to the development of enhanced disease surveillance and vaccine strategies, Microbial Threats to Health contains valuable information for researchers, students, health care providers, policymakers, public health officials. and the interested public.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  9. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!