National Academies Press: OpenBook
« Previous: Appendix K: Biosketches of the Committee's Members
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Cumulative Environmental Effects of Oil and Gas Activities on Alaska's North Slope. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10639.
×
Page 251
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Cumulative Environmental Effects of Oil and Gas Activities on Alaska's North Slope. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10639.
×
Page 252
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Cumulative Environmental Effects of Oil and Gas Activities on Alaska's North Slope. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10639.
×
Page 253
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Cumulative Environmental Effects of Oil and Gas Activities on Alaska's North Slope. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10639.
×
Page 254
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Cumulative Environmental Effects of Oil and Gas Activities on Alaska's North Slope. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10639.
×
Page 255
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Cumulative Environmental Effects of Oil and Gas Activities on Alaska's North Slope. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10639.
×
Page 256
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Cumulative Environmental Effects of Oil and Gas Activities on Alaska's North Slope. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10639.
×
Page 257
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Cumulative Environmental Effects of Oil and Gas Activities on Alaska's North Slope. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10639.
×
Page 258
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Cumulative Environmental Effects of Oil and Gas Activities on Alaska's North Slope. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10639.
×
Page 259
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Cumulative Environmental Effects of Oil and Gas Activities on Alaska's North Slope. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10639.
×
Page 260
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Cumulative Environmental Effects of Oil and Gas Activities on Alaska's North Slope. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10639.
×
Page 261
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Cumulative Environmental Effects of Oil and Gas Activities on Alaska's North Slope. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10639.
×
Page 262
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Cumulative Environmental Effects of Oil and Gas Activities on Alaska's North Slope. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10639.
×
Page 263
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Cumulative Environmental Effects of Oil and Gas Activities on Alaska's North Slope. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10639.
×
Page 264
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Cumulative Environmental Effects of Oil and Gas Activities on Alaska's North Slope. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10639.
×
Page 265
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Cumulative Environmental Effects of Oil and Gas Activities on Alaska's North Slope. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10639.
×
Page 266
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Cumulative Environmental Effects of Oil and Gas Activities on Alaska's North Slope. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10639.
×
Page 267
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Cumulative Environmental Effects of Oil and Gas Activities on Alaska's North Slope. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10639.
×
Page 268
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Cumulative Environmental Effects of Oil and Gas Activities on Alaska's North Slope. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10639.
×
Page 269
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Cumulative Environmental Effects of Oil and Gas Activities on Alaska's North Slope. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10639.
×
Page 270
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Cumulative Environmental Effects of Oil and Gas Activities on Alaska's North Slope. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10639.
×
Page 271
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Cumulative Environmental Effects of Oil and Gas Activities on Alaska's North Slope. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10639.
×
Page 272
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Cumulative Environmental Effects of Oil and Gas Activities on Alaska's North Slope. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10639.
×
Page 273
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Cumulative Environmental Effects of Oil and Gas Activities on Alaska's North Slope. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10639.
×
Page 274
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Cumulative Environmental Effects of Oil and Gas Activities on Alaska's North Slope. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10639.
×
Page 275
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Cumulative Environmental Effects of Oil and Gas Activities on Alaska's North Slope. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10639.
×
Page 276

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

References Aagaard, K. 1984. The Beaufort undercurrent. Pp. 47-71 in The Alaskan Beaufort Sea: Ecosystems and Environments, P.W. Barnes, D.M. Schell, and E. Reimnitz, eds. Orlando: Academic Press. Abdelnour, R., Y. Gong, and G. Comfort. 2000. Ice booms for oil spills recovery in ice infested waters. Proceedings, International Oil and Ice Workshop 2000: Oil Spill Preparedness and Response for Cold Cli- mates, April 5-7, 2000, Anchorage & Pru&oe Bay, Alaska. CD-ROM. Alaska Clean Seas. Abele, G., J. Brown, and M.C. Brewer. 1984. Long-term effects of off-road vehicle traffic on tundra terrain. Journal of Terramechanics 21(3):283- 294. Abele, G., D.A. Walker, J. Brown, M.C. Brewer, and D.M. Atwood. 1978. Effects of Low Ground Pressure Vehicle Traffic on Tundra at Lonely, Alaska. CRREL Special Report 78-16. U.S. Army Cold Regions Re- search and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH. 63 pp. Abou-Sayed, A.S., D.E. Andrews, and L.M. Buhidma. 1989. Evaluation of Oily Waste Injection Below the Permafrost in Prudhoe Field. SPE 18757. Presented at the Society of Petroleum Engineering California Regional Meeting, April 5-7, 1989, Bakersfield, CA. Adamczewski, J.Z., C.C. Gates, R.J. Hudson, and M.A. Price. 1987. Sea- sonal changes in body composition of mature female caribou and calves (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) on an arctic island with limited win- ter resources. Can. J. Zool. 65(5):1149-1157. Adams, L.G., and B.W. Dale. 1998. Reproductive performance of female Alaskan caribou. J. Wildl. Manage. 62(4):1184-1195. ADEC (Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation). 1985. Infor- mation Sheet for Reserve Pit Discharge General Permit. Department of Environmental Conservation, State of Alaska. ADEC (Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation). 2000. Joint Agency Evaluation of the Spring and Fall 2000 North Slope Broken Ice Exercises. Prepared by Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, North Slope Borough, Alaska Department of Natural Resources, Minerals Management Service, and U.S. Coast Guard. 47 pp. ADEC (Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation). 2001. Con- taminated Site Remediation Program Handbook, Department of Envi- ronmental Conservation, State of Alaska [Online]. Available: http:// www.state.ak.us/dec/dspar/csites/pmhndbk.htm [accessed Dec. 11, 2002]. ADEC (Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation). 2002. Solid Waste Management. Division of Environmental Health, Alaska Depart- ment of Environmental Conservation [Online]. Available: http:// www. state. ak.us/dec/deh/solidwaste/home.htm. [accessed Dec. l l, 2002]. 251 ADF&G (Alaska Department of Fish and Game). 1999. Community Profile Database, Vol. 5. Arctic Region. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau, AK. ADNR (Alaska Department of Natural Resources). 2000. Annual Report: 2000. Division of Oil and Gas, Department of Natural Resources, State of Alaska. ADNR (Alaska Department of Natural Resources). 2001a. Summary of State Competitive Lease Sales. Division of Oil and Gas, Department of Natural Resources, State of Alaska [Online]. Available: http:// 204.126.119.8/oil/products/publications/otherreports/5year99/ 5year99%5Fsummary.html [accessed Dec. 11, 2002]. ADNR (Alaska Department of Natural Resources). 2001b. Alaska Well Files. Division of Oil and Gas, Department of Natural Resources, State of Alaska. On-line Digital Files. Available: http://www.dog.dnr. state.ak.us/oil/ [accessed April 15, 2002]. ADNR (Alaska Department of Natural Resources). 2002. Nenana Basin Exploration License No. 1. Division of Oil and Gas, Department of Natural Resources, State of Alaska [Online]. Available: http:// www. dog.dnr. state. ak.us/oil/products/publications/nenana/ nenanaff_xc.pdf [accessed May 29, 2003]. AeroMap.2002. Maps. AeroMap U.S., International Photogrammetric Con- sultants, Anchorage, AK. AGRA (AGRA Earth & Environmental, Inc.). 2000. Tundra Spill Cleanup and Remediation Tactics. Second Draft. 0-024-01292-0. Prepared by AGRA Earth & Environmental, Inc., Fairbanks, AK, for Alaska Depart- ment of Environmental Conservation, Fairbanks, AK. August 2000. Ahmaogak, G.N. 1985. Comments regarding the development of a policy pertaining to research in the U.S. Arctic. Inuit Studies 9(2):27-32. Ahmaogak, G.N. 1986. Formulating U.S. Arctic Research Policy: Recom- mendations from the North Slope Borough. Pp. 21-25 in Arctic Sci- ence Policy and Development: Proceedings, a UNESCO-MAB Interna- tional Conference, August 28-30, 1985, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, M.M.R. Freeman, and C.W. Slaughter, eds. Washington, DC: U.S. Man and the Biosphere Program. Ahmaogak, G.N. 1989. Protecting the habitat of the bowhead whale. Pp. 593-597 in Proceedings of the Sixth Conference of the Comite arctique international, 13-15 May 1985, Fairbanks, AK, L. Rey, and V. Alexander, eds. New York: Brill. Aitchison, C.A. 2001. The effect of snow cover on small animals. Pp. 229- 265 in Snow Ecology: An Interdisciplinary Examination of Snow- Covered Ecosystems, H.G. Jones, J.W. Pomeroy, D.A. Walker, and R.W. Hoham, eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Alaska Clean Seas. 1999. Alaska Clean Seas Technical Manual. North Slope Atlas. Alaska Clean Seas, Pru&oe Bay, AK, March 1999 [Online].

252 Available: http ://www.asgdc. state.ak.us/maps/cplans/ns/cleanseas/ cleanseas.html [accessed Dec. 11, 2002]. Alaska Department of Labor and Workforce Development. 2001. Nonresi- dents Working in Alaska-l999. Alaska Department of Labor and Work- force Development, State of Alaska, February 1, 2001 [Online]. Avail- able: http://146.63.75.50/research/reshire/nonres.pdf [accessed Dec. l l, 2002]. Alaska Permanent Fund. 2001. Permanent Fund Dividend Program. Alaska P e r m a n e n t F u n d [ O n 1 i n e ] . A v a i 1 a b 1 e : h t t p : I I h t t p : I I w w w . a p f c . o r g / a 1 a s k a / dividendprgrm.cfm?s=4 [accessed Oct. 24, 2002]. Alaska Regional Assessment Group. 1999. Preparing for a Changing Cli- mate: The Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change, Alaska. Prepared for the U.S. Global Change Research Program. Center for Global Change and Arctic System Research, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK [Online]. Available: http://www.besis.uaf.edu/regional- report/regional-report.html [accessed Dec. 11, 2002]. Albert, T.F., ed. 1981a. Tissue Structural Studies and Other Investigations on the Biology of Endangered Whales in the Beaufort Sea. Final Report for the period April 1, 1980 through June 30, 1981. Prepared for U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Alaska OCS Office, by Department of Veterinary Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD. Albert, T.F. 1981b. Some thoughts regarding the possible effects of oil contamination on the bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus. Pp.945-953 in Tissue Structural Studies and Other Investigations on the Biology of Endangered Whales in the Beaufort Sea. Final Report for the period April 1, 1980 through June 30, 1981, Vol. 2., T.F. Albert, ed. Prepared for U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Alaska OCS Office, by Department of Veterinary Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD. Albert, T.F. 1990. Observations on the socio-economic and cultural con- cerns of the indigenous people of northern Alaska. Pp. 341-351 in Arc- tic Research and Prospects: Proceedings of the Conference of Arctic and Nordic Countries on Coordination of Research in the Arctic, De- cember 1988, Leningrad, Part 2. Moskow: Nauka. Albert, T.F. 1996. Overview of the North Slope Borough bowhead whale research with a few comments about industrial activity in the Beaufort Sea area. Pp. 127-130 in Arctic Synthesis Meeting, October 23-25, 1995, Proceedings, K.L. Mitchell et al., eds. MMS 95-0065. NTIS PB97-105449. MBC Applied Environmental Sciences, Inc., Costa Mesa, CA, Mineral Management Service, Anchorage, AK, Alaska Outer Continental Shelf Office. Albert, T.F. 2001. The influence of Harry grower, Sr., an Inupiaq Eskimo hunter, on the bowhead whale research program conducted at the UIC- NARL facility by the North Slope Borough. Pp. 265-278 in Fifty More Years Below Zero: Tributes and Mediations for the Naval Arctic Re- search Laboratory' s First Half Century at Barrow, Alaska, D.W. Norton, ed. Calgary, Alberta: Arctic Institute of North America. Albrecht, S.L. 1978. Sociocultural factors and energy resource develop- ment in rural areas of the West. J. Environ. Manage. 7(1):73-90. Alexander, V., D.C. Burrell, J. Chang, R.T. Cooney, C. Coulon, J.J. Crane, J.A. Dygas, G.E. Hall, P.J. Kinney, D. Kogl, T.C. Mowatt, A.S. Naidu, T.E. Ostercamp, D.M. Schell, R.D. Siefert, and R.W. Tucker. 1974. Environmental Studies of an Arctic Estuarine System. Final Report R- 74- 1. Institute of Marine Science, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK. Allaye-Chan, A.C. 1991. Physiological and Ecological Determinants of Nutrient Partitioning in Caribou and Reindeer. Ph.D. Dissertation. Uni- versity of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK. Allaye-Chan, A.C., R.G. White, D.F. Holleman, and D.E. Russell. 1990. Seasonal concentrations of cesium-137 in rumen content, skeletal muscles and feces of caribou from the porcupine herd: Lichen ingestion rates and implications for human consumption. Pp. 17-24 in Proceed- ings of the Fifth International Reindeer/Caribou Symposium, August 18-22, 1988, Arvidsjaur, Sweden, C. Rehbinder, O. Eriksson, and S. Skjenneberg, eds. Rangifer, Spec. Issue No. 3. Harstad, Norway: Nor- dic Council for Reindeer Research. REFERENCES Allen, A.A. 1988. Comparison of response options for offshore oil spills. Pp. 289-306 in Proceedings of the 11th Arctic and Marine Oil Spill Program (AMOP) Technical Seminar, June 12-14, 1988, Vancouver, BC. Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. Allen, A.A. 1999. Controlled burning of offshore oil spills. Spiltec, Seattle, WA [Online]. Available: http://www.americanmarine.org/in-situ.html [accessed May 3, 2002]. Allen, A.A. 2000. Response operations at freeze-up and break-up. Proceed- ings, International Oil and Ice Workshop 2000: Oil Spill Preparedness and Response for Cold Climates, April 5-7, 2000, Anchorage & Pru&oe Bay, Alaska. CD-ROM. Alaska Clean Seas. Ambrosius, K. 2002. Calculation of Area Impacted by Oil Field Develop- ment North Slope Alaska. Memorandum from Ken Ambrosius, AeroMap U.S., to National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC. January 30, 2002. Amstrup. S.C. 1993. Human disturbances of denning polar bears in Alaska. Arctic 46(3):246-250. Amstrup, S.C., and C. Gardner. 1994. Polar bear maternity denning in the Beaufort Sea. J. Wildl. Manage. 58(1):1-10. Amstrup, S.C., I. Stirling, and J.W. Lentfer. 1986. Past and present status of polar bears in Alaska. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 14:241-254. Amstrup, S.C., C. Gardner, K.C. Myers, and F.W. Oehme. 1989. Ethylene glycol (antifreeze) poisoning in a free-ranging polar bear. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 31(4):317-319. Amstrup, S.C., G.M. Durner, and T.L. McDonald. 2000. Estimating Poten- tial Effects of Hypothetical Oil Spills from the Liberty Oil Production Island on Polar Bears. Anchorage, AK: U.S. Geological Survey, Bio- logical Resources Division. 42 pp. Amstrup, S.C., T.L. McDonald, and I. Stirling. 2001. Polar bears in the Beaufort Sea: A 30-year mark-recapture history. J. Agric. Biol. Environ. Stat. 6(2):221-234. Amstutz, D.E., and W.B. Samuels. 1984. Offshore oil spills: Analysis of risks. Mar. Environ. Res. 13(4):303-319. Andersen, D.E., O.J. Rongstad, and W.R. Mytton. 1990. Home-range changes in raptors exposed to increased human activity levels in south- eastern Colorado. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 18(2):134-142. Anderson, B.A., and S.M. Murphy. 1988. Lisburne Terrestrial Monitor- ing Program 1986 and 1987: The Effects of the Lisburne Power- line on Birds. Final Report. Fairbanks, AK: Alaska Biological Research. Anderson, B.A., R.J. Ritchie, A.A. Stickney, and A.M. Wildman. 2000. Avian Studies in the Kuparuk Oilfield, Alaska, 1999. Final Report. Fairbanks, AK: ABR. Anderson, B.A., R.J. Ritchie, A.A. Stickney, and A.M. Wildman. 2001. Avian Studies in the Kuparuk Oilfield, Alaska, 2000. Final Report. Pre- pared for Phillips Alaska Inc. Anchorage, AK, and the Kuparuk River Unit, by ABR, Inc., Fairbanks, AK. Anderson, C.M., and R.P. LaBelle. 1994. Comparative occurrence rates for offshore oil spills. Spill Sci. Technol. Bull. 1(2):131-141. Ankney, C.D. 1982. Annual cycle of body weight in lesser snow geese. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 10(1):60-64. AOGA (Alaska Oil and Gas Association). 2001. Alaska's North Slope Oilfields. Technical Briefs. Alaska Oil and Gas Association, Anchor- age, AK. June 2001. 120 pp. AOGCC (Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission). 1998. 1998 An- nual Report. State of Alaska, Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Com- mission. 261 pp. API (American Petroleum Institute). 1985. Oil Spill Response: Options for Minimizing Adverse Ecological Impacts. Publ. No. 4398. Washington, DC: American Petroleum Institute. API (American Petroleum Institute). 1987. Waste Analysis Report. API Study for Regulation Determination. Washington, DC: American Pe- troleum Institute. API (American Petroleum Institute). 1996. Characterization of Exploration and Production Associated Wastes. Publ. No. DR53. Washington, DC: American Petroleum Institute.

REFERENCES ARCO (ARCO Alaska, Inc.). 1984. Press Release: Prudhoe Bay Water- flood Project. June 14, 1984. Public Affairs Division, ARCO Alaska, Inc., Anchorage, AK. ARCO/BP/Exxon (ARCO Alaska, Inc., BP Exploration Alaska, and Exxon). 1997. Pru&oe Bay Unit. DS-4 Surface Broach March 17-21, 1997. Incident Report. Prepared by Investigation Team: ARCO Alaska, Inc., BP Exploration Alaska and Exxon, for Alaska Oil and Gas Conser- vation Commission. 37 pp. Arft, A.M., M.D. Walker, J. Gurevitch, J.M. Alatalo, M.S. Bret-Harte, M. Dale, M. Diemer, F. Gugerli, G.H.R. Henry, M.H. Jones, R.D. Hollister, I.S. Jonsdottir, K. Laine, E. Levesque, G.M. Marion, U. Molau, P. Molgaard, U. Nordenhall, V. Raszhivin, C.H. Robinson, G. Starr, A. Stenstrom, M. Stenstrom, O. Totland, P.L. Turner, L.J. Walker, P.J. Webber, J.M. Welker, and P.A. Wookey. 1999. Response of tundra plants to experimental warming: A meta-analysis of the Internation Tundra Experiment. Ecol. Monogr. 69(4):491-512. Arrow, K.J., and A.C. Fisher. 1974. Environmental preservation, uncer- tainty, and irreversibility. Quart. J. Econ. 88(2):312-319. ASRC (Arctic Slope Regional Corporation).2001. The ASRC 2000 Annual Report. Arctic Slope Regional Corporation, Barrow, AK [Online]. Available: http://www.asrc.com/page24.html [accessed Dec. 11,2002]. Attanasi, E.D. 1999. Economics of undiscovered oil in the 1002 area of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Chapter EA in The Oil and Gas Re- source Potential of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 1002 Area, Alaska, Open File Report 98-34. Menlo Park: U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Dept. of the Interior [Online]. Available: http://energy.cr.usgs.gov/ OF98-34/ [accessed May 22, 2003]. Audubon Alaska. 2001. Audubon Alaska Background Analysis: Migratory Birds and Oil Development in the Coastal Plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Audubon Alaska. June 2001. Auerbach, N.A., M.D. Walker, and D.A. Walker. 1997. Effects of roadside disturbance on substrate and vegetation properties in arctic tundra. Ecol. Appl. 7(1):218-235. Baker, M. 1985. Two Year Study of the Effects of a Winter Brine Spill on Tussock Tundra. Final report. Prepared for ARCO Alaska, Inc., Anchor- age, AK. Baker, M., Jr. 2000. Colville River Pipeline Crossing. HDD Crossing De- sign, Alpine Development Project. Michael Baker, Jr., Inc. Anchorage, AK [Online]. Available: http://www.mbakercorp.com/ [accessed Octo- ber 23, 2002]. ~ .. . ~ . ~ Ballard, W.B., M.A. Cronin, and H.A. Whitlaw. 2000. Caribou and oil fields. Pp. 85-104 in The Natural History of an Arctic Oil Field, J.C. Truett and S.R. Johnson, eds. San Diego: Academic Press. Banet Jr., A.C. 1991. Oil and Gas Development on Alaska's North Slope: Past Results and Future Prospects. Open File Report 34. Anchorage, AK: Bureau of Land Management, Alaska State Office. 42 pp. Banko, W.E., and R.H. Mackay. 1964. Our native swans. Pp. 155-164 in Waterfowl Tomorrow, J.P. Linduska, ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Fish and Wild- life Service. Barnes, P.W., and E. Reimnitz. 1974. Sedimentary processes on arctic shelves off the northern coast of Alaska. Pp. 439-476 in The Coast and Shelf of the Beaufort Sea: Proceedings of a Symposium on Beaufort Sea Coast and Shelf Research, J.C. Reed and J.E. Sater, eds. Arlington, VA: Arctic Institute of North America. Barnes, P.W., D.M. Rearic, and E. Reimnitz. 1984. Ice gouging character- istics and processes. Pp. 155-212 in The Alaskan Beaufort Sea: Ecosys- tems and Environments, P.W. Barnes, D.M. Schell, and E. Reimnitz, eds. Orlando: Academic Press. Barry, T.W. 1967. Geese of the Anderson River Delta, Northwest Territo- ries. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Alberta, Edmonton. Bates, E.V. 1978. The impact of energy boom-town growth on rural areas. Social Casework 59:73-82. Batzli, G.O., R.G. White, S.F. MacLean, Jr., F.A. Pitelka, and B.D. Collier. 1980. The herbivore-based trophic system. Pp. 335-410 in An Arctic Ecosystem: The Coastal Tundra at Barrow, Alaska, J. Brown, P.C. 253 Miller, L.L. Tieszen, and F.L. Bunnell, eds. Stroudsburg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Inc. BEA (U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis). 2002. Local Area Personal In- come. Regional Accounts Data, Regional Economic Information Sys- tem. Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce [Online]. Available: http://www.bea.doc.gov/bea/regional/reis/ [ac- cessed Dec. 11, 2002]. Bellrose, F.C. 1980. Ducks, Geese and Swans of North America, 3rd Ed. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books. Bendock, T.N. 1976. De-watering Effects of Industrial Development on Arctic Fish Stocks. Prepared for Alaska Board of Fisheries. ADF&G, Div. Sport Fish, Fairbanks, AK. 13pp. Bendock, T.N. 1979. Beaufort Sea estuarine fishery study. Pp. 670-729 in Environmental Assessment of the Alaskan Continental Shelf, Final Re- ports of the Principal Investigators, Vol. 4. U.S. Bureau of Land Management and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program, Boulder, CO. Bendock, T.N., and J.M. Burr. 1986. Arctic Area Trout Studies, T-7-1, Vol. 27. 1 July 1985-30 June 1986, Federal Aid in Fish Restoration F-10-1 and Anadromous Fish Studies, Sport Fish Investigations of Alaska. Ju- neau, AK: Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Sport Fish Division. 75 pp. Bergerud, A.T. 1975. The reproductive season of Newfoundland caribou. Can. J. Zool. 53(9):1213-1221. Bergerud, A.T. 1979. A review of the population dynamics of caribou and wild reindeer in North America. Pp. 556-581 in Proceedings of the Second International Reindeer/Caribou Symposium, Sept. 17-21, 1979, Roros, Norway, Part B, E. Reimers, E. Gaare, and S. Skjenneberg, eds. Trondheim: Direktoratet for vilt og ferskvannsfisk. Bergerud, A.T., and R.E. Page. 1987. Displacement and dispersion of par- turient caribou at calving as antipredator tactics. Can. J. Zool. 65: 1597- 1606. Bergman, R.D., R.L. Howard, K.F. Abraham, and M.W. Weller. 1977. Waterbirds and Their Wetland Resources in Relation to Oil Develop- ment at Storkersen Point, Alaska. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Resour. Publ. 129. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Ser- vice. 38 pp. Bergstein, P.E., and J.R. Vestal. 1978. Crude oil biodegradation in arctic tundra ponds. Arctic 31(3):158-169. Berry, M.C. 1975. The Alaska Pipeline: The Politics of Oil and Native Land Claims. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Bettelheim, B. 1943. Individual and mass behavior in extreme situations. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 38:417-452. Bill, M. 2000. Prudhoe Bay Unit Grind and Inject Project, Surfcote Pad Injection: Area Injection Order No. 4C, Rule 10, Third Annual Perfor- mance Report, July 1, 2000. Phillips Alaska, Inc., Anchorage, AK, to Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, Anchorage, AK. 3 pp. Binford, L.R. 1978. Nunamiut Ethnoarchaeology. New York: Academic Press. Binford, L.F. 2002. In Pursuit of the Past, Decoding the Archaeological Record With a New Afterword. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Bird, K.J., and D.W. Houseknecht. 1998. Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, 1002 Area, Petroleum Assessment, 1998. USGS Fact Sheet FS-040-98. Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey. Bird, K.J., and D.W. Houseknecht. 2002. U.S. Geological Survey 2002 Petroleum Resource Assessment of the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska (NPRA). USGS Fact Sheet 045-02. Menlo Park: U.S. Geo- logical Survey, U.S. Dept. of the Interior [Online]. Available: http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/fact-sheet/fsO45-02/ [accessed Dec. 11, 2002] Bird, K.J., and L.B. Magoon. 1987. Petroleum Geology of the Northern Part of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Northeastern Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1778. Washington: U.S. Dept. of the Inte- rior, U.S. Geological Survey.

254 Bishop, S.C., and R.D. Cameron. 1990. Habitat use by post-parturient fe- male caribou of the central arctic herd. Pp.9 in Impacts of Development on Wildlife in Alaska Abstracts, Alaska Chapter, Annual Meeting of The Wildlife Society, April 4-6, 1990, Juneau, AK. Bliss, L.C., and R.W. Wein. 1972. Plant community responses to distur- bances in the western Canadian Arctic. Can. J. Bot. 50: 1097-1109. BLM (Bureau of Land Management). 1982. Proposed Outer Continental Shelf Oil and Gas Lease Sale 71 Diapir Field. Final Environmental Im- pact Statement. BLM-YK-ES-81-010-1792. Alaska Outer Continental Shelf Office, Anchorage, AK. BLM (Bureau of Land Management). 1998. The Brooks Mountain Range. Coldfoot Interagency Visitor Center. Bureau of Land Management, BLM Northern Field Office [Online]. Available: http://www.ndo. ak.blm.gov/arcticinfo/topics/brooks.htm. [accessed Dec. 11, 2002]. BLM/MMS (Bureau of Land Management/ Minerals Management Service). 1998. Northeast National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska. Final Integrated Activity Plan/ Environmental Impact Statement. Vols. 1 and 2. Pre- pared by U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management and Minerals Management Service, Anchorage, AK. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Bockstoce, J. 1978. History of commercial whaling in Arctic Alaska. Alaska Geographic 5(4):17-26. Bockstoce, J.R., ed. 1988. The Journal of Rochfort Maguire, 1852-1854: Two Years at Point Barrow, Alaska, Aboard HMS Plover in the Search for Sir John Franklin. London: Hakluyt Society. Boesch, D.F., J.C. Field, and D. Scavia, eds. 2000. The Potential Conse- quences of Climate Variability and Change on Coastal Areas and Ma- rine Resources. NOAA's Coastal Ocean Program Decision Analysis Series Number # 21. NOAA Coastal Ocean Program, Silver Spring, MD. October 2000 [Online]. Available: http://www.cop.noaa.gov/pubs/ coastalclimate.PDF [accessed May 5, 2003]. Bowman, T.D., R.A. Stehn, and K.T. Scribner. 1997. Glaucous Gull Preda- tion of Goslings on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska. Migratory Bird Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, AK. BP Exploration. 1991. Industry-Sponsored Research on Alaska's North Slope. Environmental and Regulatory Affairs, BP Explorations (Alaska), Inc., Anchorage, AK. BP Exploration. 1992. NORM Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material: What Is It and How Is BP Exploration Responding? BP Exploration (Alaska), Inc., Anchorage, AK. 16 pp. BP Exploration. 1998a. Environmental Performance on Alaska's North Slope. BP Exploration (Alaska), Inc., Anchorage, AK. February. BP Exploration. 1998b. BP Exploration in Alaska 1998. BP Exploration (Alaska), Inc., Anchorage, AK. BP Exploration. 1998c. Spill prevention and response. Pp. 3-53 to 3-61 in Environmental Performance on Alaska's North Slope. BP Exploration (Alaska), Inc., Anchorage, AK. February. BP Exploration. 2001a. Alternative Well Cellar Evaluation. Amendment of the ARCO Alaska, Inc. Pru&oe Bay Unit and Greater Point McIntyre Area Oil Discharge and Prevention Contingency Plan, No.984-CP-4138 for Northwest Eileen Development Operations, Anchorage, AK. In Appendix G. BP Exploration (Alaska), Inc. 2002. Oil Discharge Pre- vention and Contingency Plan, Greater Prudhoe Bay, North Slope, Alaska. ADEC Plan No. 014-CP-5079. BP Exploration. 2001b. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2001 [Online]. Available: http://www.bp.com/centres/energy/world_stat_rev/ oil/prices-2.asp [accessed Nov. 27, 2001]. BP Exploration/ARCO. 1993. North Slope Waste Management: Minimiza- tion, Recycling, Disposal. BP Exploration (Alaska), Inc., and ARCO Alaska, Inc., Anchorage, AK. BP Exploration/ARCO.1997. Arctic Oil: Energy for Today and Tomorrow, BP Exploration (Alaska), Inc., and ARCO Alaska, Inc., Anchorage, AK. BP Northstar.2002. BP in Alaska: Northstar Information. Exploring Alaska Northstar. Facts Sheets. Overview [Online]. Available: http://alaska. bp.com/alaska/northstar/factsheets/pagell_summary.htm [accessed Dec. 11, 2002]. REFERENCES Bradshaw, C.J.A., S. Boutin, and D.M. Hebert. 1998. Energetic implica- tions of disturbance caused by petroleum exploration to woodland cari- bou. Can. J. Zool. 76(7):1319-1324. graham, H.W., M.A. Fraker, and B.D. Krogman. 1980. Spring migration of the western arctic population of bowhead whales. Mar. Fish. Rev.42(9- 10):36-46. Braithwaite, L. 1980. Baleen plate fouling (RU 679a). Pp. 471-492 in In- vestigation of the Occurrence and Behavior Patterns of Whales in the Vicinity of the Beaufort Sea Lease Area. Final Report for the period October 1, 1978 through November 30, 1979. Naval Arctic Research Laboratory, Barrow, AK. 753 pp. Braithwaite, L.F., M.G. Aley, and D.L. Slater. 1983. The Effects of Oil on the Feeding Mechanism of the Bowhead Whale. AA851-CTO-55. Pre- pared for the Department of the Interior, from Brigham Young Univer- sity, Provo, UT. 45 pp. Breiwick, J.M., E.D. Mitchell, and D.G. Chapman. 1981. Estimated initial population size of the Bering Sea stock of bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus: An interactive method. Fish. Bull. 78(4):843-853. Brewer, K., M. Gallagher, P. Regos, P. Isert, and J. Hall. 1993. Kuvlum #1 Exploration Prospect: Site Specific Monitoring Program. Final Report. Prepared by Coastal and Offshore Pacific Corporation, Walnut Creek, CA, for ARCO Alaska, Inc., Anchorage, AK. 80 pp. Brewer, M.C. 1958a. Some results of geothermal investigations of perma- frost in northern Alaska. Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 39(1). Menlo Park CA: U.S. Geological Survey. Brewer, M.C. 1958b. The Thermal Regime of an Arctic Lake. Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 39(2). Menlo Park, CA: U.S. Geological Survey. Britton, M.E. 1967. Vegetation of the arctic tundra. Pp. 67-130 in Arctic Biology, P. Hansen, ed. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press. Brooks, A.H. 1909. Petroleum. Pp. 61-62 in The Mining Industry in 1908. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 379. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. Brooks, S.B., T.L. Crawford, and W.C. Oechel. 1997. Measurement of car- bon dioxide emissions plumes from Prudhoe Bay, Alaska oil fields. J. Atmos. Chem. 27(2):197-207. grower, C.D. 1942. Fifty Years Below Zero: A Lifetime of Adventure in the Far North. London: R. Hale. Brower Jr., H.K., and R.T. Hepa. 1998. North Slope Borough Subsistance Harvest Documentation Project: Data for Nuiqsut, Alaska for the Period July 1, 1994 to June 30, 1995. North Slope Borough, Department of Wildlife Management, Barrow, AK. 45 pp. Brower Jr., H.K., and R.T. Opie. 1996. North Slope Borough Subsistence Harvest Documentation Project: Data for Anaktuvuk Pass, Alaska for the Period July 1, 1994 to June 30, 1995. North Slope Borough, Depart- ment of Wildlife Management, Barrow, AK. Brower Jr., H.K., and R.T. Opie. 1997. North Slope Borough Subsistence Harvest Documentation Project: Data for Anaktuvuk Pass, Alaska for the Period July 1, 1994 to June 30, 1995. North Slope Borough, Depart- ment of Wildlife Management, Barrow, AK. Brown, J., and R.L. Berg, eds. 1980. Environmental Engineering and Eco- logical Baseline Investigations Along the Yukon-Prudhoe Bay Haul Road. CRREL 80-19. Prepared for U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Fed- eral Highway Administration, Office of Reseach and Development, Environmental Division, by U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Corps of Engineers, Hanover, NH. Buist, I.A., S.G. Potter, and D.F. Dickins. 1983. Fate and behavior of water- in-oil emulsions in ice. Pp. 263-279 in Proceedings of the Sixth Arctic Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar. Ottawa: Environment Canada. Burch Jr., E.S. 1976. The "Nunamiut" concept and the standardization of error. Pp.52-92 in Contributions to Anthropology: The Interior Peoples of Northern Alaska, E.S. Hall, ed. Archaeological Survey of Canada No. 49. Ottawa: National Museums of Canada. Burdge, R.J. 1994. A Conceptual Approach to Social Impact Assessment. Middleton, WI: Social Ecology Press.

REFERENCES Burgess, R.M. 2000. Arctic fox. Pp. 159-178 in The Natural History of An Arctic Oil Field, J.C. Truett, and S.R. Johnson, eds. San Diego: Aca- demic Press. Burgess, R.M., J.R. Rose, P.W. Banyas, and B.E. Lawhead. 1993. Arctic Fox Studies in the Pru&oe Bay Unit and Adjacent Undeveloped Areas, 1992. Prepared by Alaska Biological Research, Inc., Fairbanks, AK, for BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc., Anchorage, AK. Busdosh, M., C.L. Beehler, G.A. Robilliard, and K.R. Tarbox. 1985. Distri- bution and abundance of kelp in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea near Prudhoe Bay. Arctic 38(1):18-22. Cameron, R.D. 1994. Reproductive pauses by female caribou. J. Mammal. 75: 10-13. Cameron, R.D. 1995. Can petroleum development depress the productivity of arctic caribou? P. 36 in Book of Abstracts, the 2nd International Arctic Ungulate Conference, August 13-17, 1995, Fairbanks, AK. Cameron, R.D., and J.M. Ver Hoef. 1994. Predicting parturition rate of caribou from autumn body mass. J. Wildl. Manage. 58(4):674-679. Cameron, R.D., and R.G. White. 1992. Importance of summer weight gain to the reproductive success of caribou in arctic Alaska. Rangifer Special Issue 9:397. Cameron, R.D., and K.R. Whitten. 1979a. Seasonal movements and sexual segregation of caribou determined by aerial survey. J. Wildl. Manage. 43:626-633. Cameron, R.D., and K.R. Whitten. 1979b. Influence of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline corridor on the local distribution of caribou. Pp. 475-484 in Proceedings of the Second International Reindeer/Caribou Symposium, Sept. 17-21, 1979, Roros, Norway, Part B. E. Reimers, E. Gaare, and S. Skjenneberg, eds. Tron&eim: Direktoratet for vilt og ferskvannsfisk. Cameron, R.D., K.R. Whitten, W.T. Smith, and D.D. Roby. 1979. Caribou distribution and group composition associated with construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline. Can. Field-Nat. 93: 155-162. Cameron, R.D., D.J. Reed, J.R. Dau, and W.T. Smith. 1992. Redistribution of calving caribou in response to oil field development on the Arctic Slope of Alaska. Arctic 45(4):338-342. Cameron, R.D., W.T. Smith, S.G. Fancy, K.L. Gerhart, and R.G. White. 1993. Calving success of female caribou in relation to body weight. Can. J. Zool. 71(3):480-486. Cameron, R.D., E.A. Lenart, D.J. Reed, K.R. Whitten, and W.T. Smith. 1995. Abundance and movements of caribou in the oilfield complex near Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. Rangifer 15(1):3-7. Cameron, R.D., D.E. Russell, K.L. Gerhart, R.G. White, and J.M. Ver Hoef. 2000. A model for predicting the parturition status of arctic caribou. Pp. 139-141 in Proceedings of the 8th North American Caribou Workshop, Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada, April 20-24, 1998, R. Farnell, D. Russell, and D. van de Wetering, eds. Rangifer Spec. Issue 12. Tromso, Norway: Nordic Council for Reindeer Research. Cameron, R.D., W.T. Smith, R.G. White, and B. Griffith. 2002. The central arctic caribou herd. Part 1. Section 4 in Arctic Refuge Coastal Plain Terrestrial Wildlife Research Summaries, D.C. Douglas, and P.E. Reynolds, eds. Biological Science Report USGS/BRD/BSR-2002-0001. U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division [Online]. Avail- able: http://alaska.usgs.gov/BSR-2002/usgs-brd-bsr-2002-001.html [ac- cessed Dec. 11, 2002]. Cannon, T.C., B.A. Adams, D. Glass, and T. Nelson. 1987. Fish distribu- tion and abundance. Pp. 1-38 in 1985 Final Report for the Endicott Environmental Monitoring Program, Vol. 6. Prepared by Envirosphere Company, Anchorage, AK, for U.S. Dept. of the Army, Alaska District, Corps of Engineers. Cantlon, J.E. 1961. Plant Cover in Relation to Macro-, Meso- and Micro- Relief. Final Report. Grants ONR-208 and 216. Office of Naval Re- search, Arctic Institute of North America, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta. Carey, A.G. 1978. The distribution, abundance, diversity and productivity of the western Beaufort Sea benthos. Pp. 127-252 in Environmental Assessment of the Alaskan Continental Shelf, Annual Report of Princi- pal Investigators, Vol. 4. U.S. Bureau of Land Management and Na- 255 tional Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program, Boulder, CO. Carroll, G. 1995. Game Management Unit 26A brown bear management report. Pp. 289-303 in Brown Bear, Management Report of Survey- Inventory Activities, 1 July 1992-30 June 1994, M.V. Hicks, ed. Fed- eral Aid in Wildlife Restoration Proj. W-24-1 and W-24-2. Juneau, AK: Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, Division of Wildlife Conservation. Carroll, G.M., J.C. George, L.F. Lowry, and K.O. Coyle. 1987. Bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus, feeding near Point Barrow, Alaska during the 1985 spring migration. Arctic 40(2): 105-110. Carson, C.E., and K.M. Hussey. 1959. The multiple-working hypothesis as applied to Alaska's oriented lakes. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 66:334-349. Carson, R.T., R.C. Mitchell, W.M. Hanemann, R.J. Kopp, S. Presser, and P.A. Ruud. 1992. A Contingent Valuation Study of Lost Passive Use Values Resulting from the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill: Report to the Attor- ney General of the State of Alaska. Juneau, AK: State of Alaska Attor- ney General's Office. Cater, T.C., L.J. Rossow, and M.T. Jorgenson. 1999. Long-Term Ecologi- cal Monitoring of Tundra Affected by a Crude Oil Spill Near Drill Site 2U, Kuparuk Oilfield, Alaska, 1989-1996. 1996 Annual Report. Pre- pared for ARCO Alaska, Inc, and Kuparuk River Unit, by Environmen- tal Research & Services, ABR, Inc., Fairbanks, AK. Cederquist, S.C. 2000. Cutting edge technology Alpine project brings tech- nology "firsts" to Alaska's North Slope. Pipeline and Gas Journal, May 2000 [Online]. Available: http://www.undergroundinfo.com/ pgj%20archive/archie93.htm [accessed May 6, 2002]. Chance, N.A.1966. The Eskimo of North Alaska. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Chan-McLeod, A.C.A., R.G. White, and D.F. Holleman. 1994. Effects of protein and energy intake, body condition, and season on nutrient parti- tioning and milk production in caribou and reindeer. Can. J. Zool. 72(5):938-947. Chan-McLeod, A.C.A., R.G. White, and D.E. Russell. 1999. Comparative body composition strategies of breeding and non-breeding female cari- bou. Can. J. Zool. 77(12):1901-1907. Chapin, D.M., and C.S. Bledsoe. 1992. Nitrogen fixation in arctic plant communities. Pp. 301-319 in Arctic Ecosystems in a Changing Cli- mate: An Ecophysiological Perspective, F.S. Chapin, III, R.L. Jefferies, J.F. Reynolds, G.R. Shaver, J. Svoboda, and E.W. Chu, eds. San Diego: Academic Press. Chapin, F.S. III, end M.C. Chapin. 1980. Revegetation of an arctic dis- turbed site by native tundra species. J. Appl. Ecol. 17(2):449-456. Chapin, F.S. III, and G.R. Shaver. 1981. Changes in soil properties and vegetation following disturbance of Alaskan arctic tundra. J. Appl. Ecol. 18(2):605-617. Chapin, F.S. III, and G.R. Shaver. 1985. Individualistic growth response of tundra plant species to manipulation in the field. Ecology 66(2):564- 576. Chapin, F.S. III, and G.R. Shaver. 1988. Differences in carbon and nutrient fractions among arctic growth forms. Oecologia 77(4):506-514. Chapin, F.S. III, D.A. Johnson, and J.D. McKendrick.1980. Seasonal move- ments of nutrients in plants of differing growth forms in an Alaskan tundra ecosystem: Implications for herbivory. Ecology 68(1):189-210. Chapin, F.S. III, G.R. Shaver, and R.A. Kedrowski. 1986. Environmental control over carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus chemical fractions in Eriophorum vaginatum L. in Alaskan tussock tundra. J. Ecol.74(1): 167- 195. Chapman, W.L., and J.E. Walsh. 1993. Recent variation of sea ice and air temperature in high latitudes. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 74(1):33-47. Chernov, Y.I. 1995. Diversity of the Arctic terrestrial fauna. Pp. 81-95 in Arctic and Alpine Biodiversity: Patterns, Causes and Ecosystem Con- sequences, F.S. Chapin III and C. Korner, eds. New York: Springer- Verlag. Child, K.N. 1973. A Study of the Reactions of Barren-Ground Caribou (Rangifer tarandus grant)) to Simulated Pipelines and Associated Struc- tures at Pru&oe Bay, Alaska. Completion Report to Alyeska Pipeline

256 Service Company, BP Alaska, Inc., and U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, by Alaska Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Univer- sity of Alaska, Fairbanks. Child, K.N. 1974. Reaction of caribou to various types of simulated pipe- lines at Pru&oe Bay, Alaska. Pp. 805-812 in The Behaviour of Ungu- lates and Its Relation to Management, V. Geist and F.R. Walther, eds. IUCN No. 24. Morges, Switzerland: International Union for Conserva- tion of Nature and Natural Resources. Clark, C.W., and W.T. Ellison. 1988. Numbers and Distributions of Bow- head Whales, Balaena mysticetus, Based on the 1985 Acoustic Study off Pt Barrow, Alaska. Report of International Whaling Commission 38:365-370. Clark, C.W., and W.T. Ellison. 1989. Numbers and Distributions of Bow- head Whales, Balaena mysticetus, Based on the 1986 Acoustic Study off Point Barrow, Alaska. Report of International Whaling Commission 39:297-303. Clark, C.W., W. Ellison, and K. Beeman. 1985. Acoustic Tracking and Distribution of Migrating Bowhead Whales, Balaena mysticetus, off Point Barrow, Alaska in the Spring of 1984. Submitted as paper SC/37/ PS 11 for the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Com- mission, June 1985. Clark, C.W., R. Charif, S. Mitchell, and J. Colby. 1996. Distribution and Behavior of the Bowhead Whale, Balaena mysticetus, Based on Analy- sis of Acoustic Data Collected During the 1993 Spring Migration off Point Barrow, Alaska. Report of the International Whaling Commission 46:541-552. Clough, J.G., C.E. Barker, and A.D. Scott. 2000. Alaska methane remains untapped, new state program may spark progress. AAPG Explorer (Au- gust):54-55. Clough, N.K., A.C. Christiansen, and P.C. Patton, eds. 1987. Arctic Na- tional Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, Coastal Plain Resource Assessment. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of the Interior. Clow, G.D. 1992. The extent of temporal smearing in surface-temperature profiles: Some problems and methods. Paleogeogr. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol. 98(2/4):81-86. Clow, G.D., and F.E. Urban. 2002. Large Permafrost Warming in Northern Alaska During the 1990's Determined from GTN-P Borehole Tempera- ture. Eos Trans. AGU 83(47) Fall Meet. Suppl. Abstract BllE-04 [Online]. Available: http://www.agu.org/meetings/fmO2/ [accessed Jan. 8, 2003]. Clymo, R.S., and P.M. Hayward. 1982. The ecology of Sphagnum. Pp. 229-289 in Bryophyte Ecology, J.E. Smith, ed. London: Chapman & Hall. Coastal Frontiers Corporation and LGL Ecological Research Associates, Inc. 1998. Liberty Development 1997-98 Boulder Patch Survey. Final Report. Prepared for BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc., Anchorage, AK. 46 pp. + appendices. Coates, P.A. 1991. The Trans-Alaska Pipeline Controversy: Technology, Conservation, and the Frontier. Bethlehem, PA: Lehigh University Press. Cody, M.L. 1985. Habitat Selection in Birds. Orlando: Academic Press. Coleman, J., M. Davis, J. Cook, and L. Eggers. 2001. Comperative Analy- sis of the Exploration Potential of the Thrust Belts and Foreland Basins of North America. AAPG Annual Meeting, June 3-6, 2001, Den- ver, CO [ Online]. Available: http://aapg.confex.com/aapg/de2001/ techprogram/paper_7398.htm [accessed April 30, 2003]. Collett, T.S. 1995. Gas hydrate resources of the United States. In 1995 National Assessment of the U.S. Oil and Gas Resources, Results, Methods, and Supporting Data, D.L. Gautier, G.L. Dolton, K.I. Takahashi, and K.L. Varnes, eds. USGS DDS 30. ( CD-ROM). Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey [Online]. Available: http://energy. cr.usgs.gov/19950GData/Hydrates/HYDRATE.pdf [accessed Dec. 2, 2002]. Collett, T.S., K.J. Bird, K.A. Kvenvolden, and L.B. Magoon. 1988. Geo- logic Interrelations Relative to Gas Hydrates within the North Slope of Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-389. Denver, CO: U.S. Dept. of Interior, Geological Survey. REFERENCES Colonell, J.M., and B.J. Gallaway. 1997. Wind-driven transport and disper- sion of age-0 arctic ciscoes along the Alaskan Beaufort coast. Pp. 90- 103 in Fish Ecology in Arctic North America, J.B. Reynolds, ed. Ameri- can Fisheries Society Symposium 19. Bethesda, MD: American Fisher- ies Society. Colonell, J.M., and A.W. Niedoroda. 1990. Appendix B. Coastal oceanog- raphy of the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Pp. B-1 to B-74 in An Assessment of Marine Environmental Impacts of West Dock Causeway, J.M. Colonell, and B.J. Gallaway, eds. Prepared for the Pru&oe Bay Unit Owners and ARCO Alaska, Inc., by LGL Alaska Research Associates, Inc., and Environmental Science and Engineering, Inc., Anchorage, AK. 132 pp. + appendices. Comfort, G., A. Dinovitzer, and R. Lazor. 2000. Independent Risk Assess- ment for the Liberty Pipeline.5095C.FR. Prepared by Fleet Technology Limited, Kanata, Ontario, for Mineral Management Service, Anchor- age, AK. September 2000 [Online]. Available: http://www.mms.gov/ alaska/reports/libertyfeis/Documents/Fleet%20Independent%20Risk %20Evaluation.pdf [accessed Dec. 11, 2002]. Cominco. 1990. Red Dog Facts. Cominco Alaska. July 1990. 6 pp. Conant, B., and D.J. Groves. 1997. Alaska-Yukon Waterfowl Breeding Population Survey May 15 to June 14, 1997. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Juneau, AK. 29 pp. Conant, B., J.I. Hodges, and D.J. Groves. 2000. Alaska-Yukon Waterfowl Breeding Population Survey, May 15 to June 10, 2000. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Juneau, AK. 32 pp. Connors, P.G., and R.W. Risebrough. 1979. Shorebird dependence on arc- tic littoral habitats. Pp. 271-329 in Environmental Assessment of the Alaskan Continental Shelf, Annual Report 1. U.S. Bureau of Land Man- agement and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program, Boulder, CO. Conwell, C.N., and D.M. Triplehorn. 1976. High-quality coal near Point Hope, northwestern Alaska. Pp.31-35 in Short Notes on Alaskan Geol- ogy, 1976. Geological Report 51. College, AK: Alaska Division of Geo- logical and Geophysical Surveys. Cooke, F., R.F. Rockwell, and D.B. Lank. 1995. The Snow Geese of La Perouse Bay Natural Selection in the Wild. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Cooney, R.T. 1988. Arctic plankton communities. Pp. 163-168 in Alaska OCS Region 1987 Arctic Information Transfer Meeting Conference, Conference proceedings, November 17-20, 1987, Anchorage, AK. MMS88-0040. Prepared for Minerals Management Service, Alaska OCS Region, Anchorage, AK, by MBC Applied Environmental Sci- ences, Costa Mesa. June 1988. Cortese, C.F., and B. Jones.1977. The sociological analysis of boom towns. West. Sociol. Rev. 8:76-90. Cotter, P.A., and B.A. Andres.2000. Nest density of shorebirds inland from the Beaufort Sea coast, Alaska. Can. Field Nat. 114(2):287-291. Cox, J.C., and L.A. Schultz. 1980. The transport and behaviour of spilled oil under ice. Pp. 45-61 in Proceedings of the Third Arctic Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar, June 3-5, 1980, Edmonton, Alberta. Ottawa: Research and Development Division, Environmental Emergency Branch, Environmental Protection Service. Craig, P.C. 1984. Fish use of coastal waters of the Beaufort Sea: A review. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 113(3) :265-282. Craig, P.C.1987. Subsistence Fisheries at Coastal Villages in the Alaskan Arc- tic, 1970-1986. Alaska OCS Socioeconomic Studies Program, Technical Report No. 129. Anchorage, AK: Minerals Management Service. 63 pp. Craig, P.C. 1989. An introduction to anadromous fishes in the Alaskan arctic. Pp. 27-54 in Research Advances on Anadromous Fish in Arctic Alaska and Canada, D.W. Norton, ed. Biological Papers of the Univer- sity of Alaska 24. Fairbanks: Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska. Craig, P.C., and L. Haldorson. 1981. Part 4. Fish. Pp. 384-678 in Environ- mental Assessment of the Alaskan Continental Shelf, Final Reports of Principal Investigators, Vol. 7. Biological Studies. Office of Marine Pollution Assessment, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra-

REFERENCES tion, U.S. Dept. of Commerce and Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Dept. of Interior. February 1981. Craig, P.C., and L. Haldorson. 1986. Pacific salmon in the North American Arctic. Arctic 39(1):2-7. Craig, P.C., and P. McCart. 1975. Classification of stream types in Beaufort Seas drainages between Prudhoe Bay, Alaska and the Mackenzie Delta, N.W.T. Arct. Alpine Res. 7:183-198. Craig, P.C., W.B. Griffiths, S.R. Johnson, and D.M. Schell. 1984. Trophic dynamics in an arctic lagoon. Pp. 347-380 in The Alaskan Beaufort Sea: Ecosystems and Environments, P.W. Barnes, D.M. Schell, and E. Reimnitz, eds. Orlando: Academic Press. Crete, M., and J. Huot. 1993. Regulation of a large herd of migratory cari- bou: Summer nutrition affects calf growth and body reserves of dams. Can. J. Zool. 71(11):2291-2296. Cronin, M.A., W.B. Ballard, J. Truett, and R. Pollard, eds. 1994. Mitigation of the Effects of Oil Field Development and Transportation Corridors on Caribou. Final Report to Alaska Caribou Steering Committee, from LGL Alaska Research Associates, Inc., Anchorage. Cronin, M.A., S.C. Amstrup, G.M. Durner, L.E. Noel, T.L. McDonald, and W.B. Ballard. 1998. Caribou distribution during the post-calving period in relation to infrastructure in the Pru&oe Bay oil field, Alaska. Arctic 51(2):85-93. Cronin, M.A., H.A. Whitlaw, and W.B. Ballard. 2000. Northern Alaska oil fields and caribou. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 28(4):919-922. Jummings, R.G., D.S. Brookshire, W.D. Schulze, R.C. Bishop, and K.J. Arrow. 1986. Valuing Environmental Goods: An Assessment of the Contingent Valuation Method. Totowa, NJ: Rowland & Allanheld. Curatolo, J.A., and S.M. Murphy. 1986. The effects of pipelines, roads, and traffic on movements of caribou, Rangifer tarandus. Can. Field Nat. 100(2):218-224. Dames & Moore. 1985. Prudhoe Bay Unit Waterflood Project Marine Life Return System Monitoring Program: June 11, 1984 through June 15, 1985. Annual Report to ARCO Alaska, Inc., and the Prudhoe Bay Unit Owners. December 1985. Dames & Moore. 1986. Prudhoe Bay Unit Waterflood Project Marine Life Return System Monitoring Program: June 11, 1984 through September 22, 1985. Final Report to ARCO Alaska, Inc., and the Prudhoe Bay Unit Owners. Dames & Moore. 1987. Kuparuk River Unit Waterflood Project Marine Life Bypass System Monitoring Program: January through December, 1986. Annual Report to ARCO Alaska, Inc., and the Kuparuk River Unit Owners. June 1987. Dames & Moore. 1988. Kuparuk River Unit Waterflood Project Marine Life Bypass System Monitoring Program.1987 Annual Report to ARCO Alaska, Inc., and the Kuparuk River Unit Owners. February 1988. Danks, H.V. 1990. Arctic insects: Instructive diversity. Pp. 444-470 in Canada's Missing Dimension: Science and History in the Canadian Arctic Islands, Vol. 2, C.R. Harington, ed. Ottawa: Canadian Museum of Nature. Dau, J.R. 1986. Distribution and Behavior of Barren-Ground Caribou in Relation to Weather and Parasitic Insects. M.S. Thesis. University of Alaska, Fairbanks. 149 pp. Dau, J.R., and R.D. Cameron. 1986. Effects of a road system on caribou distribution during calving. Pp. 95-101 in Proceedings of the 4th Inter- national Reindeer/ Caribou Symposium, Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada, August 22-25, 1985, A. Gunn, F.L. Miller, and S. Skjenneberg, eds. Rangifer, Spec. Issue No. 1. Harstad, Norway: Nordic Council for Rein- deer Research. Dauphine, T.C. 1976. Biology of the Kaminuriak Population of Barren- Ground Caribou. Part 4. Growth, Reproduction, and Energy Reserves. Can. Wildl. Serv. Rep. Ser. No.38. Ottawa: Environment Canada, Wild- life Service. 71 pp. Davies, J.R. 1997. The Impact of an Offshore Drilling Platform on the Fall Migration Path of Bowhead Whales: A GIS-Based Assessment. M.S. Thesis. Western Washington University. 52 pp. 257 Davis, J.L., L.G. Adams, P. Valkenburg, and D.J. Reed. 1991. Relation- ships between body weight, early puberty, and reproductive histories in central Alaskan caribou. Pp. 115-142 in Proceedings, 4th North Ameri- can Caribou Workshop, St. John's Newfoundland, Oct. 31-Nov. 3, 1989, C.E. Butler and S.P. Mahoney, eds. St. John's, Newfoundland: Newfoundland and Labrador Wildlife Division. Day, R.H. 1998. Predator Populations and Predation Intensity on Tundra- Nesting Birds in Relation to Human Development. Prepared for North- ern Alaska Ecological Services, Fairbanks, AK, by ABR, Inc., Fairbanks, AK. May 1998. Derksen, D.V., T.C. Rothe, and W.D. Eldridge.1981. Use of Wetland Habi- tats by Birds in the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska. U.S. Fish Wild. Serv. Resour. Publ. No. 141. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of the Inte- rior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 27 pp. Derksen, D.V., W.D. Eldridge, and M.W. Weller. 1982. Habitat ecology of Pacific black brant and other geese moulting near Teshekpuk Lake, Alaska. Wildfowl 33:39-57. D.F. Dickins Associates Ltd.,Vaudrey and Associates Inc., and S.L. Ross Environmental Research Ltd. 2000. Oil spills in Ice, Discussion Paper: A Review of Spill Response, Ice Conditions, Oil Behavior, and Moni- toring. Prepared for Alaska Clean Seas. December 2000. Diamond, P.A., and J.A. Hausman. 1994. Contingent valuation: Is some number better than no number. J. Econ. Perspect. 8(4):45-64. Dickins, D.F., and I.A. Buist. 1981. Oil and Gas Under Sea Ice. Prepared for Canadian Offshore Oil Spill Research Association, by Dome Petro- leum Ltd, Calgary. Dickins, D.F., and I.A. Buist. 2000. Potential Impacts of Ice Management On Oil Spill Recovery Efficiencies During Spring Break-Up. Prepared by D.F. Dickins Associates, Ltd., Escondido, CA, and S.L. Ross Envi- ronmental Research, Ottawa, Ontario, for BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc., Anchorage, AK. November 22, 2000. Dingman, S.L., R.G. Barry, G. Weller, C. Benson, E.F. LeDrew, and C.W. Goodwin. 1980. Climate, snow cover, microclimate, and hydrology. Pp. 30-65 in An Arctic Ecosystem: The Coastal Tundra at Barrow, Alaska, J. Brown, P.C. Miller, L.L. Tieszen, and F.L. Bunnell, eds. Stroudsburg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Inc. DOE (U.S. Department of Energy). 1999. Environmental Benefits of Ad- vanced Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Technology. DOE-FE- 0385. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy. DOI (U.S. Department of the Interior). 1972a. Final Environmental Impact Statement: Proposed Trans-Alaska Pipeline. 6 Vols. Prepared by a Spe- cial Interagency Task Force for the Federal Task Force on Alaskan Oil Development. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of the Interior. DOI (U.S. Department of the Interior). 1972b. Stipulations for Proposed Trans-Alaska Pipeline. Prepared by U.S. Dept. of the Interior and The Federal Task Force on Alaskan Oil Development. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of the Interior. Dolan, T.G. 2001. Alaska Coal Gas Potential High. AAPG Explorer (June):36, 37 & 43 [Online]. Available: http://www.aapg.org/explorer/ archives/2001/06jun/alaskanatgas.html [accessed April 26, 2002]. Dronenburg, R.B., J.C. George, B.D. Krogman, R.M. Sonntag, and J. Zeh. 1986. Report of the 1984 Spring Bowhead Whale (Balaena mysticetus) Ice-Based Visual Census. Report of the International Whaling Commis- sion 36:293-298. Dubielzig, R., and G. Aguirre. 1981. Morphological studies of the visual apparatus of the bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus (RU680). Pp. 157- 171 in Tissue Structural Studies and Other Investigations on the Biol- ogy of Endangered Whales in the Beaufort Sea. Final Report for the period April 1, 1980 through June 30, 1981, Vol. 1., T.F. Albert, ed. Prepared for U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Manage- ment, Alaska OCS Office, by Department of Veterinary Science, Uni- versity of Maryland, College Park, MD. Ducks Unlimited, Inc. 1998. Waterfowl Earth Cover Selection Analysis Within the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska. Final Report. Prepared by Ducks Unlimited, Western Regional Office, Rancho Cordova, CA, for U.S. Bureau of Land Management, Anchorage, AK. 68 pp.

258 Dunton, H.D., E. Reimnitz, and S. Schonberg. 1982. An arctic kelp commu- nity in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Arctic 35(4):465-484. Dunton, K.H. 1984. An annual carbon budget for an arctic kelp community. Pp. 311-325 in The Alaskan Beaufort Sea: Ecosystems and Environ- ments, P.W. Barnes, D.M. Schell, and E. Reimnitz, eds. Orlando: Aca- demic Press. Dunton, K.H., and S. Schonberg. 1981. Ecology of the Stefansson Sound Kelp Community: Results in situ and benthic studies. Pp. 406-469 in Environmental Assessment of the Alaskan Continental Shelf, Annual Report of Principal Investigators for the Year Ending March 1981, Vol. 1. Receptors-Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Plankton, Littoral. Boulder, CO: U.S. Department of Commerce/ National Oce- anic and Atmospheric Administration/ Office of Marine Pollution Assessment, and Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Dept. of the Interior. Dunton, K.H., and S. Schonberg. 2000. The benthic faunal assemblage of the Boulder Patch kelp community. Pp.371-397 in The Natural History of an Arctic Oil Field, J.C. Truett, and S.R. Johnson, eds. San Diego: Academic Press. Durner, G.M., S.C. Amstrup, and K.J. Ambrosius.2001. Remote identifica- tion of polar bear maternal den habitat in northern Alaska. Arctic 54(2): 115-121. Dyer, S.J., J.P. O'Neill, S.M. Wasel, and S. Boutin. 2001. Avoidance of industrial development by woodland caribou. J. Wildl. Manage. 65(3):531-542. Ebbesson, S.O., J. Kennish, L. Ebbesson, O. Go, and J.L. Yeh. 1999. Diabe- tes is related to fatty acid imbalance in Eskimos. Int. J. Circumpolar Health 58(2): 108-119. Eberhardt, L.E., W.C. Hanson, J.L. Bengtson, R.A Garrott, and E.E. Hanson. 1982. Arctic fox home range characteristics in an oil-develop- ment area. J. Wildl. Manage. 46:183-190. Eberhardt, L.E., R.A Garrott, and W.C. Hanson. 1983a. Winter movements of arctic foxes, Alopex lagopus, in a petroleum development area. Can. Field Nat. 97(1):66-70. Eberhardt, L.E., R.A Garrott, and W.C. Hanson. 1983b. Den use by arctic foxes in northern Alaska. J. Mammal. 64:97-102. Ellison, W.T., C.W. Clark, and G.C. Bishop. 1987a. Potential Use of Sur- face Reverberation by Bowhead Whales, Balaena mysticetus, in Under- Ice Navigation: Preliminary Considerations. Report of the International Whaling Commission 37:329-332. Ellison, W.T., R.M. Sonntag, and C.W. Clark. 1987b. Comparison of Mea- sured Bowhead Whale, Balaena mysticetus, Migration Parameters with Results From the Tracking Algorithm. Report of the International Whal- ing Commission 37:309-311. Eloranta, E., and M. Nieminen. 1986. Calving of the experimental reindeer herd in Kaamanen during 1970-1985. Pp. 115-121 in Proceedings of the 4th International Reindeer/Caribou Symposium, Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada, August 22-25, 1985, A. Gunn, F.L. Miller, and S. Skjenneberg, eds. Rangifer, Spec. Issue No. 1. Harstad, Norway: Nor- dic Council for Reindeer Research. Emers, M., and J.C. Jorgenson. 1997. Effects of winter seismic exploration on tundra vegetation and the soil thermal regime in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska. Pp. 443-454 in Disturbance and Recovery in Arctic Lands: An Ecological Perspective, R.M.M. Crawford, ed. Dordrecht: Kluwer. Emers, M., J.C. Jorgenson, and M.K. Raynolds. 1995. Response of arctic tundra plant communities to winter vehicle disturbance. Can. J. Bot. 73(6):905-917. Engelhardt, F.R. 1985. Petroleum Effects in the Arctic Environment. New York: Elsevier Applied Science. 272 pp. Englehardt, F.R., J.R. Geraci., and T.J. Smith. 1977. Uptake and clearance of petroleum hydrocarbons in the ringed seal, Phoca hispida. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 34(8): 1143-1147. England, A.S., J.A. Estep, and W.R. Holt. 1995. Nest-site selection and reproductive performance of urban-nesting Swainson's hawks in the Central Valley of California. J. Raptor Res. 29(3):179-186. REFERENCES Ens, B.J., P. Duiven, C.J. Smit, and T.M. van Spanje. 1990. Spring migra- tion of turnstones from the Blanc D'Arguin, Mauritania. Ardea 78(1/ 2):310-314. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1997. The Benefits and Costs of the Clean Air Act, 1970-1990. Final Report to U.S. Congress. EPA 410-R-97-002. Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation, Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washing- ton, DC. October. Ercelawn, A. 1999. End of the Road The Adverse Ecological Impacts of Roads and Logging: A Compilation of Independently Reviewed Re- search. Natural Resources Defense Council. December 1999 [Online]. Available: http://www.nrdc.org/land/forests/roads/eotrinx.asp [accessed Mar. 18, 2003]. Espmark, Y. 1979. Effects of maternal pre-partum undernutrition on early mother-calf relationship in reindeer. Pp. 485-496 in Proceedings of the Second International Reindeer/Caribou Symposium, Sept. 17-21, 1979, Roros, Norway, Part B, E. Reimers, E. Gaare, and S. Skjenneberg, eds. Trondheim: Direktoratet for vilt og ferskvannsfisk. Everest Consulting Association. 2001. Technical Papers, Alaska's North Slope Oilfields. Prepared by Everest Consulting Associates for the Alaska Oil and Gas Association. November 2001. Everett, K.R. 1980. Distribution and properties of road dust along the north- ern portion of the Haul Road. Pp. 101-128 in Environmental Egineering and Ecological Baseline Investigations Along the Yukon River-Pru&oe Bay Haul Road, J. Brown, and R.L. Berg, eds. CRREL 80-19. Hanover, NH: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Cold Regions Research and Engi- neering Laboratory. Faanes, C.A. 1987. Bird Behavior and Mortality in Relation to Power Lines in Prairie Habitats. Fish and Wildlife Technical Report 7. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Fairweather E&P Services, Inc. 2000. Historical Blowout Study: North Slope, Alaska. Prepared by Fairweather E&P Services, Inc., Anchor- age, AK, for BP-Amoco Exploration, AK. June 2000. Fancy, S.G. 1983. Movements and activity budgets of caribou near oil drill- ing sites in the Sagavanirktok river floodplain, Alaska. Arctic 36: 193- 197. Fancy, S.G., and R.G. White. 1985a. Energy expenditures by caribou while cratering in snow. J. Wildl. Manage. 49(4):987-993. Fancy, S.G., and R.G. White. 1985b. The incremental cost of activity. Pp. 143-159 in Bioenergetics of Wild Herbivores, R.J. Hudson and R.G. White, eds. Boca Raton: CRC. Fancy, S.G., and K.R. Whitten. 1991. Selection of calving sites by Porcu- pine herd caribou. Can. J. Zool. 69(7): 1736-1743. Fancy, S.G., L.F. Pank, K.R. Whitten, and W.L. Regelin. 1989. Seasonal movements of caribou in arctic Alaska as determined by satellite. Can. J. Zool. 67(3):644-650. Fay, F.H. 1974. The role of ice in the ecology of marine mammals of the Bering Sea. Pp. 383-389 in Oceanography of the Bering Sea: With Emphasis on Renewable Resources, D.W. Hood and E.J. Kelley, eds. Occasional Publ. No 2. Institute of Marine Science, University of Alaska, Fairbanks. Fechhelm, R.G. 1999. The effect of new breaching in a Pru&oe Bay cause- way on the coastal distribution of humpback whitefish. Arctic 52(4): 385-393. Fechhelm, R.G., and D.B. Fissel. 1988. Wind-aided recruitment of Cana- dian arctic cisco (Coregonus autumnalis) into Alaskan waters. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45:906-910. Fechhelm, R.G., and W.B. Griffiths. 1990. The effect of wind on the re- cruitment of Canadian arctic cisco (Coregonus autumnalis) into the central Alaskan Beaufort Seas. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 47(11):2164- 2171. Fechhelm, R.G., P.C. Craig, J.S. Baker, and B.J. Gallaway. 1984. Fish Dis- tribution and Use of Nearshore Waters in the Northeastern Chukchi Sea. Final Report. Prepared for National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, OMPA/OCSEAP Juneau, AK, by LGL Ecological Re- search Associates, Inc., Bryan, TX. February 1984.

REFERENCES Fechhelm, R.G., J.S. Baker, W.B. Griffiths, and D.R. Schmidt. 1989. Lo- calized movement patterns of least cisco (Coregonus sardinella) and arctic cisco (C. autumnalis) in the vicinity of a solid-fill causeway. Pp. 75-106 in Research Advances on Anadromous Fish in Arctic Alaska and Canada, D.W. Norton, ed. Biological Papers of the University of Alaska 24. Fairbanks: Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska. Fechhelm, R.G., W.J. Wilson, B.E. Haley, and W.B. Griffiths. 2000. The 1999 Point Thomson Unit Nearshore Marine Fish Study. Final Report. Prepared by LGL Alaska Research Associates, Inc., Anchorage, AK, for BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc., Anchorage, AK, and the Point Tho- mas Unit Partners. May 31, 2000. Fechner, S.A. 1991. Port sites critical to developing minerals. Minerals Today (June): 10-11 [Online]. Available: http://imcg.wr.usgs.gov/ usbmak/mtla.html [accessed Dec. 2, 2002]. Feder, H.M., and S.G. McGee. 1982. Prudhoe Bay Waterflood Project En- vironmental Monitoring Program. Prepared by Institute of Marine Sci- ence, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, for U.S. Dept. of the Army, Alaska District, Corps of Engineers, Anchorage, AK. Felix, N.A., and M.K. Raynolds. 1989a. The effects of winter seismic trails on tundra vegetation in northeastern Alaska, U.S.A. Arct. Alp. Res. 21(2): 188-202. Felix, N.A., and M.K. Raynolds. 1989b. The role of snow cover in limiting surface disturbance caused by winter seismic exploration. Arctic 42(1):62-68. Felix, N.A., M.K. Raynolds, J.C. Jorgenson, and K.E. DuBois. 1992. Resis- tance and resilience of tundra plant communities to disturbance by win- ter seismic vehicles. Arct. Alp. Res. 24(1):69-77. Ferrero, R.C., D.P. DeMaster, P.S. Hill, M.M. Muto, and A.L. Lopez. 2000. Alaska Marine Mammal Stock Assessments, 2000. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-AFSC 119. Seattle, WA: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Alaska Fisheries Science Center. 191 pp. Ferrians, O.J., R. Kachadoorian, and G.W. Greene. 1969. Permafrost and Related Engineering Problems in Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Pro- fessional Paper 678. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Of fice. Field, D.R., and W.R. Burch, Jr. 1988. Rural Sociology and the Environ- ment. New York: Greenwood Press. Field, D.R., and W.R. Burch, Jr. 1991. Rural Sociology and the Environ- ment. New York: Greenwood Press. Fink, T.R. 1983. Letter from T.R. Fink, Manager, Environmental Conser- vation of ARCO Alaska, Inc., Anchorage, AK, to Harold M. Scott, Drinking Water Programs Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region X, Seattle, WA. December 3, 1983. Flint, P.L., and J.B. Grand. 1999. Incubation behavior of Spectacled eiders on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska. Condor 101(2):413-416. Forbes, B.C., J.J. Ebersole, and B. Strandberg. 2001. Anthropogenic distur- bance and patch dynamics in circumpolar arctic ecosystems. Conserv. Biol. 15(4):954-969. Forsyth, C.J., and D.K. Gauthier. 1991. Families of offshore oil workers: Adaptations to cyclical father absence/presence. Sociological Spectrum 11:177-202. Freeman, A.M. III. 1993. The Measurement of Environmental and Resource Values: Theory and Methods. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future. French, H.M. 1985. Surface disposal of waste-drilling fluids, Ellef Ringnes Island, N.W.T.: Short-term observations. Arctic 38(4):292-302. Freudenburg, W.R. 1986. The density of Acquaintanceship: An overlooked variable in community research. Am. J. Sociol. 92(1):27-63. Freudenburg, W.R., and R. Gramling.1992. Community impacts of techno- logical change: Toward a longitudinal perspective. Social Forces 70: 937-957. Freudenburg, W.R., and R. Gramling. 1998. Linked to what? Economic linkages and an extractive economy. Soc. Nat. Resour. 11(6):569-586. Frost, K.J., and L.F. Lowry. 1983. Demersal Fishes and Invertebrates Traweled in the Northeastern Chukchi and Western Beaufort Seas, 1976-77. NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-764. Seattle, WA: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 259 Frost, K.J., and L.F. Lowry. 1984. Trophic relationships of vertebrate con- sumers in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Pp.381-401 in The Alaskan Beau- fort Sea: Ecosystems and Environments, P.W. Barnes, D.M. Schell, and E. Reimnitz, eds. Orlando: Academic Press. Frost, K.J., and L.E. Lowry. 1988. Effects of industrial activities on ringed seals in Alaska, as indicated by aerial surveys. Pp. 15-25 in Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions, Vol. 2., W.M. Sackinger, and M.O. Jeffries, eds. Fairbanks, AK: Geophysical Institute, Univer- sity of Alaska. Frost, K.J., L.F. Lowry, J.R. Gilbert, and J.J Burns. 1988. Ringed Seal Monitoring: Relationships of Distribution and Abundance to Habitat Attributes and Industrial Activities. Anchorage, AK: U.S. Minerals Management Service. 101 pp. Frost, K.J., L.F. Lowry, E.H. Sinclair, J. Ver Hoef, and D.C. McAllister. 1994a. Impacts on distribution, abundance, and productivity of harbor seals. Pp. 97-118 in Marine Mammals and the Exxon Valdez, T.R. Loughlin, ed. San Diego: Academic Press. Frost, K.J., C.A. Manen, and T.L. Wade. 1994b. Petroleum hydrocarbons in tissues of harbor seals from Prince William Sound and the Gulf of Alaska. Pp. 331-358 in Marine Mammals and the Exxon Valdez, T.R. Loughlin, ed. San Diego: Academic Press. Frost, K.J., L.F. Lowry, G. Pendleton, and H.R. Nute. 2002. Monitoring Distribution and Abundance of Ringed Seals in Northern Alaska. OCS Study MMS 2002-043. Final Report from the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau, AK, for U.S. Mineral Management Service, Anchorage, AK. 66 pp. + appendices. Fuller, A.S., and J.C. George.1997. Evaluation of Subsistence Harvest Data from the North Slope Borough 1993 Census for Eight North Slope Vil- lages: For the Calendar Year 1992. Department of Wildlife Manage- ment, North Slope Borough, Barrow, AK. Furgal, C.M., S. Innes, and K.M. Kovacs. 1996. Characteristics of ringed seal, Phoca hispida, subnivean structures and breeding habitat and their effects on predation. Can. J. Zool. 74(5):858-874. Furniss, R.A. 1975. Prudhoe Bay Study: Inventory and cataloging of arctic area waters. Pp. 31-47 in Federal Aid in Fish Restoration, 1974-1975, Vol. 16, Study G-I-1, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Sport Fish- ing Division, Juneau, AK. FWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). 1986. Arctic National Wildlife Ref- uge Coastal Plain Resource Assessment. Final Report. Baseline Study of the Fish, Wildlife, and Their Habitats, Section 1002C, Alaska Na- tional Interest Lands Conservation Act, Vol. 1, G.W. Garner and P.E. Reynolds, eds. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 7, Anchorage, AK. FWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). 1987. Comparison of Actual and Predicted Impacts of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System and the Prudhoe Bay Oilfields on the North Slope of Alaska. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fairbanks Fish and Wildlife Enhancement Office, Fairbanks, AK. December 1987. FWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). 1995a. A Preliminary Review of The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, Coastal Plain Resouce Assessment: Report and Recommendation to the Congress of the United States and Final Legislative Environmental Impact Statement, August 29, 1995. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Anchorage, AK. FWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). 1995b. Habitat Conservation Strat- egy for Polar Bears in Alaska. Anchorage, AK: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. ll9pp. FWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). 1998. Stock Assessment for Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus) Alaska Chukchi/Bering Seas Stock and South- ern Beaufort Sea Stock. Marine Mammals Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, AK. 35 pp. FWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). 2002. Arctic National Wildlife Ref- uge. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service [Online]. Available: http://arctic. fws.gov/ [accessed Feb. 27, 2003]. Galginaitis, M., C. Gerlach, P. Bowers, and C. Wooley. 2001. Subsistence. Section 3.3.3. in Environmental Report for Trans-Alaska Pipeline Sys-

260 tern Right-of-Way Renewal, Vol.1. Trans Alaska Pipeline System Owners [Online]. Available: http://tapseis.anl.gov/documents/docs/ Section_33_May2.pdf [accessed Nov. 27, 2002]. Gallant, A.L., E.F. Binnian, J.M. Omernick, and M.B. Shasby. 1995. Ecoregions of Alaska. Professional Paper 1567. Reston, VA: U.S. Geo- logical Survey. Gallaway, B.J., and R.G. Fechhelm.2000. Anadromous and amphidromous fishes. Pp. 349-369 in The Natural History of An Arctic Oil Field, J.C. Truett, and S.R. Johnson, eds. San Diego: Academic Press. Gallaway, B.J., W.B. Griffiths, P.C. Craig, W.J. Gazey, and J.W. Hel- mericks. 1983. An assessment of the Colville river delta stock of arctic cisco migrants from Canada? Biological Papers of the University of Alaska 21:4-23. Gallaway, B.J., W.J. Gazey, and L.L. Moulton. 1989. Population trends for the arctic cisco (Coregonus autumnalis) in the Colville river of Alaska as reflected by the commercial fishery. Pp. 153-165 in Research Ad- vances on Anadromous Fish in Arctic Alaska and Canada, D.W. Norton, ed. Biological Papers of the University of Alaska No. 24. Fairbanks: Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska. GAO (U.S. General Accounting Office). 1989. Federal land management: Chandler Lake land exchange not in the government's best interest: report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Water and Power Resources, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, U.S. House of Representa- tives. GAO/RCED-90-5; B-229232. Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office. GAO (U.S. General Accounting Office). 2002. Alaska's North Slope, Re- quirements for Restoring Lands After Oil Production Ceases. GAO-02- 357. Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office. Garrott, R.A., L.E. Eberhardt, and W.C. Hanson. 1983. Summer food habits of juvenile arctic foxes in northern Alaska Alopex lagopus. J. Wildl. Manage. 47(2):540-545. Gavin, A. 1978. Caribou Migrations and Patterns, Prudhoe Bay Region, Alaska's North Slope, 1969-1977. Prepared for Atlantic Richfield Com- pany. Gentlemen, R., and J.E. Zeh. 1987. A statistical model for estimating the number of bowhead whales, Balaena mysticetus, passing a census point from combined visual and acoustic data. Report of the International Whaling Commission 37:313-327. George, J.C., and R. Kovalsky. 1986. Observations on the Kupigruak Chan- nel (Colville River) Subsistence Fishery, October 1985. Department of Wildlife Management, North Slope Borough, Barrow, AK. 60 pp. George, J.C., and B.P. Nageak. 1986. Observations on the Colville River Subsistence Fishery at Nuiqsut, Alaska: For the period 4 July-1 No- vember 1984. Department of Wildlife Management, North Slope Bor- ough, Barrow, AK. 35 pp. George, J.C., L.M. Philo, G.M. Carroll, and T.F. Albert. 1988. 1987 subsis- tence harvest of bowhead whales, Balaena mysticetus, by Alaskan Eski- mos. Report of the International Whaling Commission 38:389-392. George, J.C., C. Clark, G.M. Carroll, and W.T. Ellison. 1989. Observations on the ice-breaking and ice navigation behavior of migratory bowhead whales Balaena mysticetus near Pt. Barrow, Alaska, spring 1985. Arctic 42(1):24-30. George, J.C., R. Suydam, L.M. Philo, T. Albert, J. Zeh, and G. Carroll. 1995. Report of the Spring 1993 Census of Bowhead Whales, Balaena mysticetus, off Point Barrow, Alaska With Observations on the 1993 Subsistence Hunt of Bowhead Whales by Alaska Eskimos. Report of the International Whaling Commission 45:371-384. George, J.C., J. Badda, J. Zeh, L. Scott, S. Brown, T. O'Hara, and R. Suydam. 1999. Age and growth estimates of bowhead whales, Balaena mysticetus, via aspartic acid racemization. Can. J. Zool. 77(4):571- 580. Geraci, J.R. 1990. Physiologic and toxic effects on cetaceans. Pp. 167-197 in Sea Mammals and Oil: Confronting the Risks, J.R. Geraci and D.J. St. Aubin, eds. San Diego: Academic Press. Geraci, J.R., and D.J. St. Aubin. 1982. Study of the Effects of Oil on Ceta- ceans. Final Report. Guelph: University of Guelph. 274 pp. REFERENCES Geraci, J.R., and D.J. St. Aubin. 1985. Expanded Studies of the Effects of Oil on Cetaceans. Final Report. Contract 14-12-001-001-29169. Pre- pared for U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Ser- vice, Washington, DC, by University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario. Geraci, J.R., and D.T. St. Aubin, eds. 1990. Sea Mammals and Oil: Con- fronting the Risks. San Diego: Academic Press. 282 pp. Geraci, J.R., and T.G. Smith. 1976. Direct and indirect effects of oil on the ringed seals (Phoca hispida) of the Beaufort Sea. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 33(9):1976-1984. Gerhart, K.L., R.G. White, R.D. Cameron, and D.E. Russell. 1996. Body composition and nutrient reserves of arctic caribou. Can. J. Zool. 74(1): 136-146. Gerhart, K.L., D.E. Russell, D. van de Wetering, R.G. White, and R.D. Cameron. 1997a. Pregnancy of adult caribou (Rangifer tarandus): Evi- dence for lactational infertility. J. Zool. (Lond) 242: 17-30. Gerhart, K.L., R.G. White, R.D. Cameron, D.E. Russell, and D. van de Wetering. 1997b. Pregnancy rate as an indicator of nutritional status in Rangifer implications of lactational infertility. Rangifer 17(1):21-24. Gilders, M.A., and M.A. Cronin. 2000. North Slope oil field development. Pp. 15-33 in The Natural History of an Arctic Oil Field, J.C. Truett and S.R. Johnson, eds. San Diego: Academic Press. Gilmore, J.S. 1976. Boom towns may hinder energy resource development. Science 191(4227):535-540. Goodale, D.R. 1981. The Temporal and Geographic Distribution of Hump- back, Finback and Right Whale Calves. M.S. Thesis. University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI. Gotmark, F., R. Neergaard, and M. Ahlund. 1989. Predation of artificial and real arctic loon nests in Sweden. J. Wildl. Manage. 54:515-522. Gramling, R. 1989. Concentrated work scheduling: Enabling and constrain- ing aspects. Sociol. Perspect. 32:47-64. Gramling, R. 1996. Oil on the Edge: Offshore Development, Conflict, Gridlock. Albany: State University of New York Press. Gramling, R., and S. Brabant. 1986. Boom towns and offshore energy im- pact assessment: The development of a comprehensive model. Sociol. Perspect. 29:177-201. Gramling, R., and C. Forsyth. 1987. Work scheduling and family interac- tion: A theoretical perspective. J. Fam. Issues 8(2): 163-175. Gramling, R., and W.R. Freudenburg. 1992a. Opportunity-threat, develop- ment, and adaptation: Toward a comprehensive framework for social impact assessment. Rural Sociol. 57(2):216-234. Gramling, R., and W.R. Freudenburg. 1992b. The Exxon Valdez oil spill in the context of U.S. petroleum politics. Ind. Crisis Quart. 6(3): 175-196. Grand, J.B., and P.L. Flint. 1997. Productivity of nesting Spectacled eiders on the lower Kashunuk River, Alaska. Condor 99(4):926-932. Grantz, A., S.D. May, and P.E. Hart. 1994. Geology of the Arctic continen- tal margin of Alaska. Pp. 17-48 in The Geology of Alaska, G. Plafker and H.C. Berg, eds. The Geology of North America, Vol. G-1. Boulder, CO: Geological Society of America. Griffith, B., D.C. Douglas, D.E. Russell, R.G. White, T.R. McCabe, and K.R. Whitten. 2000. Effects of recent climate warming on caribou habi- tat and calf survival. Pp. 65 in Proceedings of the 8th North American Caribou Workshop, Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada, April 20-24, 1998, R. Farnell, D. Russell, and D. van de Wetering, eds. Rangifer Spec. Issue 12. Tromso, Norway: Nordic Council for Reindeer Research. Griffith, B., D.C. Douglas, N.E. Walsh, D.D. Young, T.R. McCabe, D.E. Russell, R.G. White, R.D. Cameron, and K.R. Whitten. 2002. The Por- cupine caribou herd-Part 1. Section 3 in Arctic Refu~e Coastal Plain - Terrestrial Wildlife Research Summaries, D.C. Douglas, and P.E. Reynolds, eds. Biological Science Report USGS/BRD/BSR-2002-0001. U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division [Online]. Avail- able: http://alaska.usgs.gov/BSR-2002/usgs-brd-bsr-2002-001.html [ac- cessed Dec. 5, 2002]. Griffiths, W.B., and R.E. Dillinger. 1981. Part 5. Invertebrates. Pp. 1-198 in Beaufort Sea Barrier Island-Lagoon Ecological Process Studies. Fi- nal report. Simpson Lagoon. Environmental Assessment of the Alaskan Continental Shelf, Final Report of Principal Investigators, Vol. 8. Bio-

REFERENCES logical Studies. Bureau of Land Management and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program, Boulder, CO. Griffiths, W.B., D.R. Schmidt, R.G. Fechhelm, B.J. Gallaway, R.E. Dillinger Jr., W. Gazey, W.H. Neill, and J.S. Baker. 1983. Environmen- tal Summer Studies (1982) for the Endicott Development, Vol. 3. Fish Ecology, B.J. Gallaway, and R.P. Britch, eds. Report by LGL Alaska Research Associates, Inc., and Northern Technical Services, for Sohio Alaska Petroleum Company, Anchorage, AK. Griffiths, W.B., L.R. Martin, S.P. Haskell, W.J. Wilson, and R.G. Fechhelm. 2002. Nearshore Beaufort Sea Fish Studies in the Point Thomson Area, 2001. Final Report. Prepared by LGL Limited, Sidney British Colum- bia, Canada, LGL Ecological Research Associates, Inc., Bryan, TX, and LGL Alaska Research Associates, Inc., Anchorage, AK, for BP Explo- ration (Alaska) Inc., Anchorage, AK, and the Point Thomson Unit Part- ners, Anchorage, AK. April 25, 2002. Groves, D.J., B. Conant, R.J. King, J.I. Hodges, and J.G. King. 1996. Status and trends of loon populations summering in Alaska, 1971-1993. Con- dor 98(2):189-195. Grubb, T.G., and W.W. Bowerman. 1997. Variations in breeding bald eagle responses to jets, light planes and helicopters. J. Raptor Res. 31(3):213- 222. Gryc, G., ed. 1988. Geology and Exploration of the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska, 1974 to 1982. U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 1399. Washington, DC: U.S. General Printing Office. Guilders, M.A., and M.A. Cronin.2000. North Slope oil field development. Pp. 15-33 in The Natural History of an Arctic Oil Field, J.C. Truett and S.R. Johnson, eds. San Diego: Academic Press. Gwichtin Niintsyaa. 1988. Resolution to Prohibit Development in the Calv- ing and Post-Calving Grounds of the Porcupine Caribou Herd [Online]. Available: http://arcticcircle.uconn.edu/ANWR/anwrgwichinresolution. html [accessed March 17, 2003]. Hachmeister, L.E., D.R. Glass, and T.C. Cannon. 1991. Effects of solid-fill gravel causeways on the coastal central Beaufort Sea environment. Pp. 81-96 in Fisheries and Oil Development on the Continental Shelf, C.S. Benner and R.W. Middleton, eds. American Fisheries Society Sympo- sium 11. Bethesda, MD: American Fisheries Society. Haldiman, J.T., Y.Z. Abdelbaki, F. Al-Bagdadi, D.W. Duffield, W.G. Henk, and R.W. Henry. 1981. Determination of the gross and microscopic structure of the lung, kidney, brain and skin of the bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus. Pp.305-662 in Tissue Structural Studies and Other Investigations on the Biology of Endangered Whales in the Beaufort Sea. Final Report for the period April 1, 1980 through June 30, 1981, Vol. 1., T.F. Albert, ed. Prepared for U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Alaska OCS Office, by Department of Veterinary Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD. Haldiman, J.T., W.G. Henk, R.W. Henry, T.F. Albert, Y.Z. Abdelbaki, and D.W. Duffield. 1985. Epidermal and papillary dermal charac- teristics of the bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus. Anat. Rec. 211(4):391-402. Haldiman, J.T. et al. 1986. Continued Studies on the Morphology of the Skin, Respiratory System, Urinary System, Brain and Eye of the Bow- head Whale, Balaena mysticetus. Final Report for the period 1 Sept. 1981 through 30 June 1985 to the North Slope Borough, Barrow, AK, from the Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Fine Structure, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA. 155pp. Hale, D.A., M.J. Hameedi, L.E. Hachmeister, and W.J. Stringer. 1989. Ef- fects of the West Dock Causeway on Nearshore Oceanographic Pro- cesses in the Vicinity of Pru&oe Bay, Alaska. Special Report for the USEPA. NOAA, Anchorage, AK. 50 pp. Hall Jr., E.S., S.C. Gerlach, and M.B. Blackman. 1985. In the National Interest: A Geographically Based Study of Anaktuvul Pass Inupiat Sub- sistence Trough Time. North Slope Borough, Barrow, AK. Hall, J.D., M. Gallagher, K. Brewer, P. Regos, and P. Isert. 1994. 1993 Kuvlum Exploration Area Site Specific Monitoring Program. Prepared 261 for ARCO Alaska, Inc., Anchorage, AK, by Coastal and Offshore Pa- cific Corporation, Walnut Creek, CA. Hanawa, S. 1985. Results of the nationwide counts of waders in Japan. 1. Annual changes in the species and numbers of waders (1983-1985). Strix 4:76-87. Hanemann, W.M. 1994. Valuing environment through contingent valua- tion. J. Econ. Perspect. 8(4):19-44. Hansen, D.J. 1985. The Potential Effects of Oil Spills and Other Chemical Pollutants on Marine Mammals Occurring in Alaskan Waters. OCS Re- port MMS 85-0031. Anchorage, AK: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Alaska Outer Continental Shelf Region. 22 pp. Hansen, J., and S. Lebedeff. 1987. Global trends of measured surface air temperature. J. Geophys. Res. 92:13345-13372. Hansen, J., R. Ruedy, J. Glascoe, and M. Sato. 1999. GISS analysis of surface temperature change. J. Geophys. Res. 104(24):30997-31022. Hanski, I., and M.E. Gilpin. 1997. Metapopulation Biology: Ecology, Ge- netics, and Evolution. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Harcharek, R. 1995. North Slope Borough 1993-1994 Economic Profile and Census Report. Vol. 7. George N. Ahmaogak, Sr., Mayor. North Slope Borough, Department of Planning and Community Services, Bar- row, Alaska. Harris, R.E., G.W. Miller, and W.J. Richardson. 2001. Seal responses to airgun sounds during summer seismic surveys in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 17(4):795-812. Harrison, W.D., and T.E. Osterkamp. 1978. Heat and Mass Transport Pro- cesses in Subsea Permafrost: 1. An Analysis of Molecular Diffusion and Its Consequences. J. Geophys. Res. 83(C9). Fairbanks: Alaska Sea Grant Program. Harvey, J.T., and M.E. Dahlheim. 1994. Cetaceans in oil. Pp. 257-264 in Marine Mammals and the Exxon Valdez, T.R. Loughlin, ed. San Diego: Academic Press. Haugen, R.K. 1982. Climate of Remote Areas in North-Central Alaska 1975-1979 Summary. CRREL Report 82-35. Prepared for Office of the Chief of Engineers, by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. Haukioja, E., and R. Salovaara. 1978. Summer weight of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) calves and its importance for their future survival. Rep. Kevo Subarctic 14:1-4. Hausman, J.A. 1993. Contingent Valuation: A Critical Assessment. Amsterdam: North Holland Press. Hazen, B. 1997. Use of ice roads and ice pads for Alaskan arctic oil explo- ration projects. Pp. 1-11 to 1-13 in NPR-A Symposium Proceedings: Science, Traditional Knowledge, and the Resources of the Northeast Planning Area of the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska, April 16-18, 1997, Anchorage, AK, K.L. Mitchell, ed. OCS Study MMS 97-0013. Anchorage, AK: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Mineral Management Ser- vice, Alaska OCS Region. Hazen, B. 1999. ARCO Alpine Project, Wellpad Geothermal Design Re- port. Final Report. Prepared by Northern Engineering & Scientific, Anchorage, AK. February 2, 1999. Hazen, C.B., D.L. Miller, M.J. Stanley, and W.S. Powell. 1994. Design, Construction and Operation of an Insulated Ice Drilling Pad, North Slope, Alaska. Paper presented at the 7th International ASCE Cold Re- gions Specialty Conference, Edmonton, Alberta, March 1994. Helle, T., and L. Tarvainen. 1984. Effects of insect harassment on weight gain and survival in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) calves. Rangifer 4(1):24-27. Helle, T., J. Aspi, K. Lempa, and E. Taskinen. 1992. Strategies to avoid biting flies by reindeer: Field experiments with silhouette traps. Ann. Zool. Fenn. 29(2):69-74. Hemming, C.R. 1988. Aquatic Habitat Evaluation of Flooded North Slope Gravel Mine Sites (1986-1987). Technical Report No. 88-1. Habitat Division, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau, AK. 69 pp. Hemming, C.R. 1993. Tundra Stream Fish Habitat Investigations in the North Slope Oilfields. Technical Report No. 93-1. Habitat and Restora- tion Division, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau, AK. 64 pp.

262 Hemming, C.R. 1995. Fisheries Enhancement Investigations in the Prudhoe Bay and Kuparuk River Oilfields, 1993. Technical Report No. 95-3. Habitat and Restoration Division, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau, AK. 62 pp. Hemming, C.R., P.K. Webber, and J.F. Winters. 1989. Limnological and Fisheries Investigations of Flooded North Slope Gravel Mine Sites, 1988. Technical Report No. 89-1. Habitat and Restoration Division, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau, AK. 60 pp. Henk, W.G., and D.L. Mullan. 1996. Common epidermal lesions of the bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus. Scanning Microsc.10(3):905-916. Henry, G.H.R., and U. Molau. 1997. Tundra plants and climate change: The International Tundra Experiment (ITEX). Global Change Biol.3(Suppl. 1):1-9. Hepa, R.T., H.K. grower, and D. Bates. 1997. North Slope Borough Sub- sistence Harvest Documentation Project: Data for Atqasuk, Alaska For the Period July 1, 1994 to June 30, 1995. Technical Report. Department of Wildlife Management, North Slope Borough. Barrow, AK. 42 pp. Hernandez, H. 1973. Natural plant recolonization of surficial disturbances, Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula region, Northwest Territories. Can. J. Bot. 51 :2177-2196. Hershey, A.E., G.M. Gettel, M.E. McDonald, M.C. Miller, H. Mooers, W.J. O'Brien, J. Pastor, C. Richards, and J.A. Schuldt. 1999. A geomorphic- trophic model for landscape control of arctic lake food webs. BioScience 49(11):887-897. Heuer, C.E., E.L. Long, and J.P. Zarling. 1985. Passive Techniques for ground temperature control. Pp. 72-154 in Thermal Design Consider- ations in Frozen Ground Engineering: A State of the Practice Report, T.G. Krzewinski, and R.G. Tart, Jr., eds. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers. Hok, J.R. 1969. A Reconnaissance of Tractor Trails and Related Phenom- ena on the North Slope of Alaska. Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of Land Management. Hok, J.R. 1971. Some Effects of Vehicle Operation on Alaskan Arctic Tun- dra. M.S. Thesis. University of Alaska, Fairbanks. Hopkins, D.M. 1949. Thaw lakes and thaw sinks in the Imurok Lake area, Seward Peninsula, Alaska. J. Geol. 57:119-131. Homer, R.A. 1981. Beaufort Sea plankton studies. Pp. 65-314 in Environ- mental Assessment of the Alaskan Continental Shelf. Final Report of Principal Investigators, Vol. 13. Biological Studies. Boulder, CO: U.S. Department of Commerce/ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admin- istration/Office of Marine Pollution Assessment, and Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Dept. of the Interior. Homer, R. 1984. Phytoplankton abundance, Chlorophyll a, and primary productivity in the western Beaufort Sea. Pp. 295-310 in The Alaskan Beaufort Sea: Ecosystems and Environments, P.W. Barnes, D.M. Schell, and E. Reimnitz, eds. Orlando: Academic Press. Homer, R.A., and V. Alexander. 1972. Ecology and Metabolism of Sea Ice Organisms. Report R72-6. Institute of Marine Science, University of Alaska. Homer, R.A, and G.C. Schrader. 1982. Relative contribution from ice al- gae, phytoplankton, and benthic microalgae to primary production in nearshore regions of the Beaufort Sea. Arctic 35(4):485-503. Horowitz, A., A. Sexstone, and R.M. Atlas. 1978. Hydrocarbons and mi- crobial activities in sediment of an arctic lake one year after contamina- tion with leaded gasoline. Arctic 31(3):180-191. Houghton, J.T., L.G. Meira Filho, J. Bruce, H. Lee, B.A. Callander, E. Haites, N. Harris, and K. Maskell. 1995. Climate Change 1994: Radia- tive Forcing of Climate Change and an Evaluation of the IPCC IS92 Emission Scenarios. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Houghton, J.T., L.G. Meira Filho, B.A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell. 1996. Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Howe, A.L., R.J. Walker, C. Olnes, K. Sundet, and A.E. gingham. 2001. Par- ticipation, Catch, and Harvest in Alaska Sport Fisheries During 1999. Fish- ery Data Series 01-8. Anchorage, AK: Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Sport Fish, Research and Technical Services. June 2001. REFERENCES Humphrey, B., D.R. Green, B.R. Fowler, D. Hope, and P.D. Boehm. 1987. The fate of oil in the water column following experimental oil-spills in the arctic marine nearshore. Arctic 40(Supp. 1):124-132. Huntington, H.R. 2000. Using traditional ecological knowledge in science: Methods and applications. Ecol. Appl. 10(5):1270-1274. JAI. 1990a. Subsistence Resources Harvest Patterns: Kaktovik. Social and Economic Studies Program Special Report No. 9. Mineral Management Service, Alaska OCS Region, Anchorage, AK. JAI. 1990b. Subsistence Resources Harvest Patterns: Nuiqsut. Social and Economic Studies Program Special Report No. 8. Mineral Management Service, Alaska OCS Region, Anchorage, AK. Intec Engineering. 1998. Lagoon Permafrost Northstar Development Project Detailed Engineering. Intec Project No. H-0660.03. Technical Note TN450, Rev.3. Prepared for BP Exploration (Alaska), Inc., Anchrage, AK. May 1998. Intec Engineering. 1999. Northstar Development Project, Buried Leak De- tection System Preliminary Design and System Description. Intec Project No. H-0660.03. Prepared for BP Exploration (Alaska), Anchor- age, AK. August 1999. lnterorganizationa1 Committee on Guidelines and Principles. 1994. Guide- lines and Principles for Social Impact Assessment. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-F/SPO-16. U.S. Department of Commerce. 29 pp. IWC (International Whaling Commission). 1988. Report of the Scientific Committee. Report of the International Whaling Commission 38:32- 155. (see pp. 49-50). IWC (International Whaling Commission). 1997. Chairman's Report of the Forty-eight Annual Meeting. Report of the International Whaling Com- mission 47:17-55. (see pp. 24). Jaffe, D.A., R.E. Honrath, D. Furness, T.J. Conway, E. Dlugokencky, and L.P. Steele. 1995. A determination of the CH4, NOx, and C02 emission from the Prudhoe Bay, Alaska Oil Development. J. Atmos. Chem. 20:213-227. Jakimchuk, R.D., S.H. Ferguson, and L.G. Sopuck. 1987. Differential habi- tat use and sexual segregation in the Central Arctic caribou herd. Can. J. Zool. 65(3):534-541. Jamison, H.C., L.D. Brockett, and R.A. McIntosh. 1980. Pru&oe Bay A 10-Year Perspective. Pp. 289-314 in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade 1968-1978, M.T. Halbouty, ed. Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists. Johannessen, O.M., E.V. Shalina, and M.W. Miles. 1999. Satellite evidence for an Arctic sea ice cover in transformation. Science 286(5446): 1937- 1939. Johnson, M.W. 1956. The Plankton of the Beaufort and Chukchi Sea Areas of the Arctic and Its Relation to the Hydrography. Technical Paper No. 1. Montreal: Arctic Institute of North America. Johnson, L.A.1981. Revegetation and Selected Terrain Disturbances Along the Trans-Alaska Pipeline, 1975-1978. CRREL Report 81-12. Prepared for Office of the Chief of Engineers, by U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. 115 pp. Johnson, P.R., and C.M. Collins. 1980. Snow Pads Used for Pipeline Con- struction in Alaska, 1976: Construction, Use and Breakup. CRREL Re- port 80- 17. Prepared for Directorate of Military Programs, Of fice of the Chief of Engineers, by U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. Johnson, S.R. 1994. The Status of Lesser Snow Geese in the Sagavanirktok River Delta Area, Alaska, 1980-1993. Report by LGL Alaska Research Associates, Inc., for BP Exploration (Alaska), Inc., Anchorage, AK.42 pp. Johnson, S.R. 2000a. Pacific eider. Pp. 259-275 in The Natural History of an Arctic Oil Field, J.C. Truett and S.R. Johnson, eds. San Diego: Aca- demic Press. Johnson, S.R. 2000b. Lesser snow geese. Pp. 233-257 in The Natural His- tory of an Arctic Oil Field, J.C. Truett and S.R. Johnson, eds. San Di- ego: Academic Press. Jones, H.G., J.W. Pomeroy, D.A. Walker, and R.W. Hoham. 2001. Snow Ecology: An Interdisciplinary Examination of Snow-Covered Ecosys- tems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 378 pp.

REFERENCES Jorgenson, J.C., B.E. Reitz, and M.K. Raynolds. 1996. Tundra Disturbance and Recovery Nine Years After Seismic Exploration in Northern Alaska. Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fair- banks, AK. January 1996. Jorgenson, M.T. 1997. Patterns and rates of, and factors affecting natural recovery on land disturbed by oil development in arctic Alaska. Pp. 421-442 in Disturbance and Recovery in Arctic Lands: An Ecological Perspective, R.M.M. Crawford, ed. Dordrecht: Kluwer. Jorgenson, M.T., and M.R. Joyce. 1994. Six strategies for rehabilitating land disturbed by oil development in arctic Alaska. Arctic 47(4):374- 390. Jorgenson, M.T., and J.E. Roth. 2001. Reconnaissance Survey and Moni- toring of Seismic Trail Impacts on the Colville River Delta, 1997-1998. Prepared for Phillips Alaska Inc., Anchorage, AK, by ABR, Inc., Fairbanks, AK. 41 pp. Jorgenson, M.T., M.A. Robus, C.O. Zachel, and B.E. Lawhead. 1987. Ef- fects of a Brine Spill on Tundra Vegetation and Soil in the Kuparuk Oilfield, Alaska. Final Report. Prepared for ARCO Alaska, Inc., and Kuparuk River Unit by Alaska Biological Research, Fairbanks, AK. Jorgenson, M.T., K. Kielland, B.S. Schepart, and J.B. Hyzy. 1991. Bioremediation and Tundra Restoration After a Crude Oil-Spill Near Drill Site 2U, Kuparuk Oilfield, Alaska, 1990. Prepared for ARCO Alaska, Inc. and the Pru&oe Bay Unit, by Alaska Biological Research, Inc., Fairbanks, and Waste Stream Technology Inc., Buffalo, NY. Jorgenson, M.T., B.E. Lawhead, and C.B. Johnson. 1997. Integrated studies of geomorphology, landscape ecology, and wildlife for environmental impact analysis of a proposed oil development project in arctic Alaska. Pp. 365-368 in ISCORD'97: Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Cold Region Development, May 4-10, 1997, An- chorage, AK, H.K. Zubeck, C.R. Woolward, D.M. White, and T.S. Vinson, eds. Hanover, NH: Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. Joyce, M.R., L.A. Rundquist, L.L. Moulton, R.W. Firth, and E.H. Follmann. 1980. Gravel Removal Guidelines Manual for Arctic and Subarctic Floodplains. FWS/OBS-80/09. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of the Inte- rior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Kadlec, J.A., and W.H. Drury. 1968. Structure of the New England herring gull population. Ecology 49(4):644-676. Kaye, R. 2000. The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge: An exploration of the meanings embodied in America's Last Great Wilderness. Pp. 73-80 in in Wilderness Science in a Time of Change Conference, Vol. 2. Wilder- ness Within the Context of Larger Systems, S.F. McCool, D.N. Cole, W.T. Borrie, J. O'Loughlin, comps. Proceedings RMRS-P-15-Vol-2. Ogden, UT: Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Moun- tain Research Station [Online]. Available: http://www.wilderness.net/ research.cfm [accessed Dec. 11, 2002]. Kelley, J., and G. Laursen, eds. 1980. Investigation of the Occurrence and Behavior Patterns of Whales in the Vicinity of the Beaufort Sea Lease Area, Final Report for the Period October 1, 1978 through November 30, 1979. Prepared for U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Land Man- agement, Alaska OCS Office, by the Naval Arctic Research Laboratory, Barrow, Alaska. 753 pp. Kelly, B.P., J.J. Burns, and L.T. Quakenbush. 1988. Responses of ringed seals (Phoca hispida) to noise disturbance. Pp. 27-38 in Port and Ocean Engineering Under Arctic Conditions, Vol. 2., W.M. Sackinger, and M.O. Jeffries, eds. Fairbanks, AK: Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska. Kenney, R.M., M.C. Garcia, and J.I. Everitt. 1981. The biology of the re- productive and endocrine systems of the bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus, as determined by evaluation of tissues and fluids from sub- sistence-killed whales (RU 580). Pp. 89-115 in Tissue Structural Stud- ies and Other Investigations on the Biology of Endangered Whales in the Beaufort Sea. Final Report for the period April 1, 1980 through June 30, 1981, Vol. 1., T.F. Albert, ed. Prepared for U.S. Dept. of the Inte- rior, Bureau of Land Management, Alaska OCS Office, by Dept. of Veterinary Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD. 263 Kertell, K. 1996. Response of pacific loons (Gavia pacifica) to impound- ments at Pru&oe Bay, Alaska. Arctic 49(4):356-366. Kertell, K. 2000. Pacific loon. Pp. 181-195 in The Natural History of An Arctic Oil Field, J.C. Truett, and S.R. Johnson, eds. San Diego: Aca- demic Press. Kertell, K., and R.L. Howard. 1997. Impoundment productivity in the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field, Alaska: Implications for waterbirds. Environ. Manage. 21(5):779-792. King, J.G. 1970. The swans and geese of Alaska's Arctic Slope. Wildfowl 21:11-17. Kinney, T.C., B.W. Santana, D.M. Hawkins, E.L. Long, and E. Yarmak Jr. 1983. Foundation stabilization of central gas injection facilities, Pru&oe Bay, Alaska. Pp. 618-622 in Permafrost Fourth International Confer- ence Proceedings. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Klein, D.R. 1970. Tundra ranges north of the boreal forest. J. Range Man- age. 23:8-14. Klein, D.R. 1973. The impact of oil development in northern environment. Pp. 109-121 in Petrolio e ambiente, Proceedings of 3rd Interpetrol Con- gress, April 11-14, 1973, Rome, Italy. Klein, D.R. 1999. The roles of climate and insularity in establishment and persistence of Rangifer tarandus populations in the high Arctic. Ecol. Bull. 47:96-104. Klinger, L.F., D.A. Walker, and P.J. Weber. 1983a. The effects of gravel roads on Alaskan arctic coastal plain tundra. Pp. 628-633 in Permafrost Fourth International Conference Proceedings. Washington, DC: Na- tional Academy Press. Klinger, L.F., D.A. Walker, M.D. Walker, et al. 1983b. The Effects of a Gravel Road on Adjacent Tundra Vegetation: Pru&oe Bay Waterflood Environmental Monitoring Program. Boulder, CO: Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado. 166 pp. Ko, D., and J.E. Zeh. 1988. Detection of migration using sound location. Biometrics 44(3):751-763. Kofinas, G. with the communities of Aklavik, Arctic Village, Old Crow, and Fort McPherson. 2002. Community contributions to ecological monitoring: Knowledge co-production in the U.S.-Canada Arctic bor- derlands. Pp. 55-91 in The Earth is Faster Now: Indigenous Observa- tions of Arctic Environmental Change, I. Krupnik and D. Jolly, eds. Fairbanks, AK: Arctic Research Consortium of the United States. Kohut, R.J., J.A. Laurence, P. King, R. Raba, and A.J. Belsky. 1994. As- sessment of the Effects of Air Quality on Arctic Tundra Vegetation at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. Final Report. Prepared by Boyce Thompson In- stitute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, for Alaska Oil and Gas Association, Anchorage, AK, and Alaska Science and Tech- nology Foundation, Anchorage, AK. Kornbrath, R.W., M.D. Myers, D.L. Krouskop, J.F. Meyer, J.A. Houle, T.J. Ryherd, and K.N. Richter. 1997. Petroleum Potential of the Eastern National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska. Division of Oil and Gas, Depart- ment of Natural Resources, State of Alaska. April 1997. 30 pp. Koski, W.R., R.A. Davis, G.W. Miller, and D.E. Withrow. 1993. Reproduc- tion. Pp. 239-274 in The Bowhead Whale, J.J. Burns, J.J. Montague, and C.J. Cowles, eds. Special Publ. No. 2. Lawrence, KS: Society for Marine Mammalogy. Kral, S. 1992. Red Dog: Cominco's Arctic experience pays off again. Min- ing Engineering 44(1):43-49. Krannich, R.S., and S.L. Albrecht. 1995. Opportunity/threat responses to nuclear waste disposal facilities. Rural Sociol. 60(3):435-453. Krupnik, S. 1987. The bowhead vs. the gray whale in Chukotkan aboriginal whaling. Arctic 40(1):16-32. Kruse, J.A., J. Kleinfeld, and R. Travis. 1982. Energy development on Alaska's North Slope: Effects on the Inupiat population. Hum. Organ. 41 :97-106. Kruse, J.A., M. Baring-Gould, W. Schneider, J. Gross, G. Knapp, and G. Sherrod. 1983. A Description of the Socioeconomics of the North Slope Borough. Technical Report No. 85. Prepared by Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of Alaska, for Minerals Management Service, Alaska Outer Continental Shelf Region, Anchorage, AK.

264 Kubanis, S.A. 1980. Recolonization by Native and Introduced Plant Spe- cies Along the Yukon River-Prudhoe Bay Haul Road, Alaska. M.S. Thesis. San Diego State University. 129 pp. Kulas, J.E. 1992. Geology of the Red Dog Mine, Western Brooks Range, Alaska. Preprint No. 92-70. Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Explo- ration Inc., Littleton, CO. Prepared for presentation at the SME Annual Meeting, February 24-27, 1992, Phoenix, AZ. Kuropat, P.J. 1984. Foraging Behavior of Caribou on a Calving Ground in Northwestern Alaska. M.S. Thesis. University of Alaska, Fairbanks. 95 pp. Kuropat, P.J., and J.P. Bryant. 1979. Foraging behavior of cow caribou on the Utukok calving grounds in Northwestern Alaska. Pp. 64-70 in Proceedings of the Second International Reindeer/Caribou Symposium, Sept. 17-21, 1979, Roros, Norway, Part A, E. Reimers, E. Gaare, and S. Skjenneberg, eds. Tron&eim: Direktoratet for vilt og ferskvannsfisk. Kvenvolden, K.A. 1993. A primer on gas hydrates. Pp. 279-291 in The Future of Energy Gases, D.G. Howell, ed. USGS Professional Paper 1570. Washington, DC: U.S. General Printing Office. LaBelle, R.P., and C.M. Anderson. 1985. The application of oceanography to oil-spill modeling for the Outer Continental Shelf Oil and Gas Leas- ing Program. Mar. Technol. Soc. J. 19(2):19-26. Lachenbruch, A.H. 1957a. Thermal Effects of the Ocean on Permafrost. Pp. 1515-1529 in U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin. Geological Society of America. (Reprinted from the Bulletin of Geological Society of America, Vol. 68, Nov. 1967). Lachenbruch, A.H. 1957b. Three-Dimensional Heat Conduction in Perma- frost Beneath Heated Buildings. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1052- B. Washington, DC: U.S. General Printing Office. Lachenbruch, A.H. 1959. Periodic Heat Flow in a Stratified Medium, With Application to Permafrost Problems. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1083-A. Washington, DC: U.S. General Printing Office. 36 pp. Lachenbruch, A.H. 1962. Mechanics of Thermal Contraction Cracks and Ice-Wedge Polygons in Permafrost. Geological Society of America Spe- cial Paper No. 70. New York: Geological Society of America. 69 pp. Lachenbruch, A.H. 1966. Contraction theory of ice wedge polygons: A qualitative discussion. Pp.63-71 in Permafrost: First International Con- ference Proceedings, Nov. 11-15, 1963, Lafayette, Indiana. Pub. No. 1287. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences. Lachenbruch, A.H. 1994. Permafrost, the Active Layer, and Changing Cli- mate. Open-File Report 94-694. Menlo Park, CA: U.S. Geological Survey. Lachenbruch, A.H. 2001. Permafrost. Pp. 224-235 in Encyclopedia of Global Change: Environmental Change and Human Society, Vol. 2., A.S. Goudie, ed. New York: Oxford University Press. Lachenbruch, A.H., and B.V. Marshall. 1977. Sub-Sea Temperatures and a Simple Tentative Model for Offshore Permafrost at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-395. Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey. 54 pp. Lachenbruch, A.H., and B.V. Marshall. 1986. Changing climate: Geother- mal evidence from permafrost in the Alaskan Arctic. Science 234(4777): 689-696. Lachenbruch, A.H., J.H. Sass, B.V. Marshall, and T.H. Moses Jr. 1982a. Permafrost, heat flow, and the geothermal regime at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. J. Geophys. Res. 87:9301-9316. Lachenbruch, A.H., J.H. Sass, L.A. Lawver, M.C. Brewer, B.V. Marshall, R.J. Munroe, J.P. Kennelly Jr., S.P. Galanis, Jr., and T.H. Moses Jr. 1982b. Temperature and depth of permafrost on the Arctic Slope of Alaska. Pp. 645-656 in Geology and Exploration of the National Petro- leum Reserve in Alaska 1974-1982, G. Gryc, ed. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1399. Washington, DC: U.S. General Printing Office. Lachenbruch, A.H., T.T. Cladouhos, and R.W. Saltus. 1988. Permafrost temperature and the changing climate. Pp. 9-17 in Permafost: Fifth In- ternational Conference, Proceedings, August 2-5, 1988, Vol. 3, K. Sennesert, ed. Trondheim, Norway: Tapir. Lambertsen, R.H., R.J. Hintz, W.C. Lancaster, A. Hirons, K. Kreiton, and C. Moor. 1989. Characterization of the Functional Morphology of the REFERENCES Mouth of the Bowhead Whale, Balaena mysticetus, with Special Em- phasis on Feeding and Filtration Mechanisms. Philadelphia: Ecosys- tems, Inc. 134 pp. Lance, R. 2000. Industry Overview "Doing it Right", The Alpine Devel- opment on Alaska's North Slope. Presented at Established Oil Tech- nologies and Practices on Alaska's North Slope Workshop, April 2000, Anchorage, AK. Landis, P. 1938. Three Iron Mining Towns, A Study in Cultural Change. Ann Arbor, MI: Edwards Brothers, Inc. Lanctot, R.B., and C.D. Laredo. 1994. Buff-breasted sandpiper Tryngites subruficollis. No. 91 in The Birds of North America, Vol. 3., A. Poole, and F. Gill, eds. Philadelphia, PA: American Ornithologists' Union and The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Lawhead, B.E. 1988. Distribution and movements of central Arctic herd caribou during the calving and insect seasons. Pp.8-13 in Reproduction and Calf Survival: Proceedings of the 3rd North American Caribou Workshop, Chena Hot Springs, Alaska, Nov.4-6, 1987, R.D. Cameron, J.L. Davis, and L.M. McManus, eds. Wildlife Technical Bulletin No. 8. Juneau, AK: Alaska Dept. Fish and Game. Lawhead, B.E., and J.A. Curatelo. 1984. Distribution and Movements of the Central Arctic Caribou Herd, Summer 1983. Unpublished report sponsored by ARCO Alaska, Inc., Anchorage, AK. Lawhead, B.E., L.C. Byrne, and C.B. Johnson. 1993. Caribou Synthesis, 1987-1990. 1990 Endicott Environmental Monitoring Program Final Report, Vol. 5. Prepared for Science Applications International Corp., Anchorage, AK. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Alaska District, An- chorage, AK. Lawhead, B.E., A.K. Prichard, and M.D. Smith. 2001. Distribution of Cari- bou Calving in Relation to Weather Conditions and Oilfield Infrastruc- ture in the Kuparuk-Colville Region of the Alaska North Slope. Presen- tation at the 9th North American Caribou Workshop, April 23-27,2001, Kuujjuaq, Quebec. Lawson, D.E. 1982. Long-Term Modifications of Perennially Frozen Sedi- ment and Terrain at East Oumalik, Northern Alaska. CRREL 82-36. Hanover, NH: U.S. Army, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. Lawson, D.E., J. Brown, K.R. Everett, A.W. Johnson, V. Komarkova, B.M. Murray, D.F. Murray, and P.J. Webber. 1978. Tundra Disturbances and Recovery Following the 1949 Exploratory Drilling, Fish Creek, North- ern Alaska. CRREL Report 78-28. Prepared For U.S. Geological Sur- vey, by Dept. of the Army, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Corps of Engineers, Hanover, NH. Leffingwell, E. deK. 1919. The Canning River Region, Northern Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 109. Washington, DC: U.S. General Printing Office. Lenart, E.A.2001. Unit: 26B and 26C caribou management report. Pp.265- 286 in Caribou Management Report of Survey-Inventory Activities From July 1, 1998 to June 30, 2000, C Healy, ed. Federal Aid in Wild- life Restoration Grants W-27-2, W-27-3, Proj. 3.0. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Wildlife Conservation, Juneau, AK. December 2001. Lentfer, J.W., ed. 1988. Selected Marine Mammals of Alaska: Species Ac- counts with Research and Management Recommendations. Washing- ton, DC: U.S. Marine Mammal Commission. 275 pp. Lenvik, D., O. Granefjell, and J. Tamnes. 1988. Selection strategy in do- mestic reindeer.5. Pregnancy in domestic reindeer in Trondelag County, Norway. Norsk Landbruksforskning 2: 151-161. Lewbel, G.S., and B.J. Galloway. 1984. Transport and fate of spilled oil. Pp. 7-29 in Proceedings of Synthesis Meeting, The Barrow Arch Envi- ronment and Possible Consequences of Planned Offshore Oil and Gas Development, Girdwood, Alaska, 30 Oct.-1 Nov. 1983, J.C. Truett, ed. Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program, NOAA/ Ocean Assessments Division, Alaska Office, Anchorage, AK. LGL Alaska Research Associates, Inc. 1990. The 1988 Endicott Develop- ment Fish Monitoring Program, Vol. 2. Recruitment and Population Studies, Analysis of Fyke Net Data. Prepared for BP Exploration

REFERENCES (Alaska) Inc., and North Slope Borough, by LGL Alaska Research Associates, Inc., Anchorage, AK. LGL Alaska Research Associates, Inc. 1991. The 1989 Endicott Develop- ment Fish Monitoring Program, Vol. 2. Analysis of Fyke Net Data. Prepared for BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc. and North Slope Borough, by LGL Alaska Research Associates, Inc., Anchorage, AK. LGL Alaska Research Associates, Inc. 1992. The 1990 Endicott Develop- ment Fish Monitoring Program, Vol. 2 Recruitment and Population Studies, Analysis of Fyke Net Data. Prepared for BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc., and North Slope Borough, by LGL Alaska Research As- sociates, Inc., Anchorage, AK. LGL Alaska Research Associates, Inc. 1993. The 1991 Endicott Develop- ment Fish Monitoring Program. Vol. 1. Analysis of Fyke Net Data. Prepared for BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc., and North Slope Borough, by LGL Alaska Research Associates, Inc., Anchorage, AK. LGL Alaska Research Associates, Inc.1994a. The 1992 Endicott Development Fish Monitoring Program. Vol. 1. Analysis of Fyke Net Data. Prepared for BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc., Anchorage, AK, and North Slope Borough, Barrow, AK, by LGL Alaska Research Associates, Inc., Anchorage, AK. LGL Alaska Research Associates, Inc. 1994b. The 1993 Endicott Develop- ment Fish Monitoring Program, Vol. 1. Fish and Hydrography Data Report. Prepared for BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc., and North Slope Borough, by LGL Alaska Research Associates, Inc., Anchorage, AK. LGL Alaska Research Associates, Inc. 1996. The 1995 Endicott Develop- ment Fish Monitoring Program, Vol. 1. Fish and Hydrography Data Report. Prepared for BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc., Anchorage, AK, by LGL Alaska Research Associates, Inc., Anchorage, AK. 180 pp. LGL Limited/Greeneridge Sciences, Inc. 1987. Responses of Bowhead Whales to an Offshore Drilling Operation in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea, Autumn 1986. Report from LGL Limited, King City, Ontario Canada and Greeneridge Sciences, Inc., Santa Barbara, CA, for Shell Western E&P Inc., Anchorage, AK. Lindstedt-Siva, J. 1992. Ecological effectiveness of response measures. Pp. 140-146 in MTS '92 Global Ocean Partnership, Proceedings. Washing- ton, DC: Marine Technology Society. Lindstedt-Siva, J.1995. The need for experimental spills. Spill Sci. Technol. Bull. 1(2):97-100. Lipkin, R., and D.F. Murray. 1997. Alaska Rare Plant Field Guide. Wash- ington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Interior. Liston, G.E. 1999. Interrelationships among snow distribution, snowmelt, and snow cover depletion: Implications for atmospheric, hydrologic, and ecologic modeling. J. Appl. Meteorol. 38(10):1474-1487. Ljungblad, D.K., B. Wursig, S.L. Swartz, and J.M. Keene. 1985. Observa- tions On The Behavior Of Bowhead Whales (Balaena mysticetus) In The Presence Of Operating Seismic Exploration Vessels in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Prepared to Minerals Management Service, Alaska OCS Region, from SEACO Inc., San Diego, CA. NTIS PB87-129318. Ljungblad, D.K., B. Wursig, S.L. Swartz, and J.M. Keene. 1988. Observa- tions on the behavioral responses of bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) to active geophysical vessels in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Arctic 41(3):183-194. Loughlin, T.R. 1994. Marine Mammals and the Exxon Valdez. San Diego: Academic Press. Lowry, L.L. 1993. Foods and feed ecology. Pp. 201-238 in The Bowhead Whale, J.J. Burns, J.J. Montague, and C.J. Cowles, eds. Special Publ. No. 2. Lawrence, KS: Society for Marine Mammalogy. Lowry, L.F. 2000. Marine mammal-sea ice relationships. Pp. 91-96 in Im- pacts of Changes in Sea Ice and Other Environmental Parameters in the Arctic, H.P. Huntington, ed. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Marine Mammal Commission. Lowry, L.F., and J.J. Burns. 1980. Foods utilized by bowhead whales near Barter Island, Alaska, Autumn 1979. Mar. Fish. Rev. 42(9-10):88-91. Lowry, L.F., and K.J. Frost. 1984. Foods and feeding of bowhead whales in western and northern Alaska. Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute, Tokyo 35:1-16. Lowry, L.F., K.J. Frost, and J.J. Burns. 1980. Variability in the diet of 265 ringed seals, Phoca hispida, in Alaska. Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci. 37(12):2254-2261. Lowry, L.F., K.J. Frost, and K.W. Pitcher. 1994. Observations of oiling of harbor seals in Prince William Sound. Pp.209-226 in Marine Mammals and the Exxon Valdez, T.R. Loughlin, ed. San Diego: Academic Press. Lowry, L., G. Sheffield, and J.C. George. 2001. Bowhead whale feeding in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Abstract in Proceedings of the 14th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals, Nov.28-Dec.3, 2001, Vancouver, Canada. Lunardini, V.J. 1981. Heat Transfer in Cold Climates. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. Luton, H.H. 1986. Wainwright, Alaska: The Making of Inupiaq Cultural Continuity In A Time of Change. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Michigan. MacCarthy, G.R. 1953. Recent changes in the shoreline near Barrow, AK. Arctic 6(1):44-51. Mackay, J.R. 1979. Pingos of the Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula area, Northwest Territories. Geographie Physique et Quaternaire. 33(1):3-61. Magoon III, L.B. 1994. Petroleum resources in Alaska. Pp. 905-936 in The Geology of North America, Vol. G- 1, The Geology of Alaska, G. Plafker and H.C. Berg, eds. Boulder, CO: Geological Society of America. Maham, W. 2001. The Evolution of Waste Management on Alaska's North Slope. Presented at Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission, Mid- year Meeting, May 15, 2001, Anchorage, AK. Mallary, C.R. 1998. A Review of Alaska North Slop Blowouts, 1974-1997. Shared Services Drilling. Mallek, E.J., and R.J. King. 2000. Aerial Breeding Pair Surveys of the Arc- tic Coastal Plain of Alaska-l999. Final Report. U.S. Dept. of the Inte- rior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Fairbanks, AK. Mangarella, P.A., J.R. Harper, and T.G. Weingartner. 1982. Prudhoe Bay Waterflood Physical Processes Monitoring, Program, 1981. Prepared for Department of the Army, Alaska District, Corps of Engineers, by Woodward-Clyde Consultants, Anchorage, AK. Mapmakers Alaska. 2000. Arctic Slope and Beaufort Sea Alaska, Oil and Gas Activity Map. Mapmakers Alaska [Online]. Available: http:// www.mapalaska.com/Products/Arctic_Slope/Arctic_Slope_Lease_ Map/arctic_slope_lease_map.html [accessed Dec. 12, 2002]. Martin, L. 1986. Benthic infauna. Benthic epifauna. Pp. 110-136 in Review of the Biological Fate and Effects of Oil in Cold Marine Environments, W.S. Duval, ed. Report EE-74. Prepared by ESL Evironmental Ser- vices, Ltd., S.L. Ross Environmental Research, Ltd, and Arctic Labora- tories, Ltd., for Environmental Protection Service, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. Martin, L.R., and B.J. Gallaway. 1994. The effects of the Endicott Develop- ment Project on the Boulder Patch, an arctic kelp community in Stefansson Sound, Alaska. Arctic 47(1):54-64. Martin, L.R., B.J. Gallaway, S.V. Schonberg, and K.H. Dunton. 1988. Photographic studies of the Boulder Patch epilithic community. Pp. 5- 1 to 5-13 in Endicott Beaufort Sea Boulder Patch Monitoring Program (1986-1987), Annual Report, B.J. Gallaway, L.R. Martin, and K.H. Dunton, eds. Prepared by LGL Ecological Research Associates, Inc., Bryan, TX, for Standard Alaska Production Company, Anchorage, AK. Mason, O.K., and S.C. Gerlach. 1995. Chukchi hot spots, paleo-polyn- yas and caribou crashes: Climatic and ecological dimensions of north Alaska prehistory. Arctic Anthropol. 32(1): 101-130. Maxim, L.D., and R.W. Niebo. 2001. Analysis of Spills Associated with Alaska North Slope (ANS) Exploration and Production (E&P) Activi- ties. Draft. Prepared by Everest Consulting Associates, Cranbury, NJ, for TAPS Owners Alaska, Anchorage, AK. June 2001. Maxim, L.D., and R.W. Niebo. 2001a. Water Spills on the Alaska North Slope. Prepared by Everest Consulting Associates, Cranbury, NJ, for Alaska Oil and Gas Association, Anchorage, AK. October 2001. Maxim, L.D., and R.W. Niebo. 2001b. Appendix B. Oil Spill Analysis for North Slope Oil Production and Transportation Operations. Environ- mental Report for Trans Alaska Pipeline System Right-of-Way

266 Renewal. Draft. Trans Alaska Pipeline System Owners [Online]. Avail- able: http://tapseis.anl.gov/documents/report.cfm [accessed Dec. 11, 2002]. McAuliffe, C.D., B.L. Steelman, W.R. Leek, D.E. Fitzgerald, J.P. Ray, and C.D. Barker. 1981. The 1979 Southern California dispersant treated re- search oil spills. Pp. 269-282 in Proceedings: 1981 Oil Spill Confer- ence (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup) March 2-5, 1981, At- lanta, GA. American Petroleum Institute Publ. No. 4334. Washington, DC: American Petroleum Institute. McCown, B.H., F.J. Deneke, W.E. Rickard, and L.L. Tiezen. 1973. The response of Alaskan terrestrial plant communities to the presence of petroleum. Pp. 3443 in Proceedings of the Symposium on the Impact of Oil Resource Development on Northern Plant Communities. Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK. McCourt, K.H., J.D. Feist, D. Doll, and J.J. Russell. 1974. Disturbance Studies of Caribou and Other Mammals in the Yukon and Alaska, 1972. Arctic Biological Report No.5. Prepared by Renewable Resources Con- sulting Services Ltd. Edmonton. Calgary: Canadian Arctic Gas Study, Alaskan Arctic Gas Study Company. 246 pp. McHale, J.E. 1999. Alaska Clean Seas 1999 Annual Report. Alaska Clean Seas, Pru&oe Bay, AK. McKendrick, J.E. 1987. Plant succession on disturbed sites, North Slope, Alaska, USA. Arct. Alp. Res. 19(4):554-565. McKendrick, J.D. 1997. Long-term tundra recovery in northern Alaska. Pp. 503-518 in Disturbance and Recovery in Arctic Lands: An Ecological Perspective, R.M.M. Crawford, ed. Dordrecht: Kluwer. McKendrick, J.D. 2000a. Alpine Pipeline Seawater Leak Effects on Sur- face Water, Soil, and Vegetation. Final Report. Prepared for Phillips Alaska, Inc., Anchorage, AK, by Lazy Mountain Research, Palmer, AK. November 20, 2000. McKendrick, J.D.2000b. Vegetative responses to disturbance. Pp.35-56 in The Natural History of an Arctic Oil Field, J.C. Truett and S.R. Johnson, eds. San Diego: Academic Press. McKendrick, J.D. 2002. Soils and Vegetation of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Route: A 1999 Survey. University of Alaska Fairbanks, School of Agri- culture and Land Resources Management. Bulletin 109. University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK. McKendrick, J.D., and W.W. Mitchell. 1978. Effects of burning crude oil spilled onto six habitat types in Alaska. Arctic 31(3):277-295. Meehan, R.H. 1986. Impact of Oilfield Development on Shorebirds, Pru&oe Bay, Alaska. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Colorado, Boulder, CO. Melville, D.S. 1997. Threats to waders along the east Asian-Australasian flyway. Pp. 15-34 in Shorebird Conservation in the Asia-Pacific Re- gion, P. Straw, ed. Hawthorn East, Australia: Australasian Wader Stud- ies Group of Birds Australia. Merritt, R.D., and C.C. Hawley. 1986. Map of Alaska's Coal Resources. Special Report 37. Fairbanks: Alaska Dept. of Natural Resources, Divi- sion of Mining and Geological and Geophysical Surveys. Milkov, A.V., and R. Sassen. 2001. Structurally focused gas hydrate a fu- ture northwest U.S. Gulf resource. Offshore (Tulsa) 61(9):92-94. Miller, D.R.1976. Biology of the Kaminuriak Population of Barren-Ground Caribou. Part 3. Taiga Winter Range Relationships and Diet. Can. Wildl. Serv. Rep. Ser. No. 36. Ottawa: Environment Canada, Wildlife Service. 42 pp. Miller, D.S. 2001. Ground Zero. Amicus J. 23(2):29-32. Miller, F.L., and A. Gunn. 1979. Inter-island movements of peary caribou (Rangifer tarandus pearyi) south of Viscount Melville Sound and Bar- row Strait, Northwest Territories, Canada. Pp. 99-114 in Proceedings of the Second International Reindeer/Caribou Symposium, Sept.17-21, 1979, Roros, Norway, Part A, E. Reimers, E. Gaare, and S. Skjenneberg, eds. Trondheim: Direktoratet for vilt og ferskvannsfisk. Miller, F.L., E.J. Edmonds, and A. Gunn. 1982. Foraging Behavior of Peary Caribou in Response to Springtime Snow and Ice Conditions. Can. Wildl. Serv. Occasional Paper No. 48. Ottawa: Canadian Wildlife Ser- vice. 41 pp. REFERENCES Miller, M.C., V. Alexander, and R.J. Barsdate. 1978. The effects of oil spills on phytoplankton in an artic lake and ponds. Arctic 31(3):192- 218. Miller, M.C., R.T. Prentki, and R.J. Barsdate. 1980. Physics. Pp. 51-75 in Limnology of Tundra Ponds, Barrow, Alaska, J.E. Hobbie, ed. US/IBP Synthesis Series 13. Stroudsburg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross. Miller, M.W. 1994. Route selection to minimize helicopter disturbance of molting Pacific black brant: A simulation. Arctic 47(4):341-349. Miller, M.W., K.C. Jensen, W.E. Grant, and M.W. Weller. 1994. A simula- tion model of helicopter disturbance of molting Pacific black brant. Ecol. Model. 73(3/4):293-309. Mitchell, R., and R.T. Carson. 1989. Using Surveys to Value Public Goods: The Contingent Valuation Method. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future. MMS (Minerals Management Service). 1987a. Alaska Outer Continental Shelf Chuckchi Sea Oil and Gas Lease Sale 109, Final Environmental Impact Statement, Vol. 1. MMS 87-0110. Anchorage: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Alaska OCS Region. MMS (Minerals Management Service).1987b. Beaufort Sea Sale 97. Alaska Outer Continental Shelf. Final Environmental Impact Statement, Vol.1. OCS EIS/EA, MMS 87-0069. PB88-118625/AS. Anchorage: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management Service. MMS (Minerals Management Service). 1990a. Beaufort Sea Planning Area Oil and Gas Lease Sale 124. Final Environmental Impact Statement. OCS EIS/EA, MMS 90-0063. Anchorage: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Alaska OCS Region. MMS (Minerals Management Service). 1990b. Chuckchi Sea Oil and Gas Lease Sale 126, Final Environmental Impact Statement, Vol. 1. MMS 90-0035. Anchorage: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Alaska OCS Region. MMS (Minerals Management Service). 1991. Chukchi Sea Oil and Gas Lease Sale 126. Final Environmental Impact Statement. OCS EIS/EA, MMS 90-0095. Anchorage: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Man- agement Service, Alaska OCS Region. MMS (Minerals Management Service). 1992. Area Evaluation and Deci- sion Process. The Proposed Final Comprehensive Outer Continental Shelf Natural Gas and Oil Resources Management Program for 1992- 1997. Herndon, VA: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management Service. April. MMS (Minerals Management Service). 1996. Arctic Synthesis Meeting, October 23-25, 1995, Proceedings, K.L. Mitchell et al., eds. MMS 95- 0065. NTIS PB97-105449. Prepared by MBC Applied Environmental Sciences, Inc., Costa Mesa, CA, for U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Mineral Management Service, Alaska Outer Continental Shelf Office, Anchor- age, AK. MMS (Minerals Management Service). 1998. Beaufort Sea Planning Area, Oil and Gas Lease Sale 170. Final Environmental Impact Statement. MMS 98-0007. Anchorage: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Man- agement Service, Alaska OCS Region. MMS (Minerals Management Service). 2000. Gulf of Mexico OCS Oil and Gas Lease Sales 181: Eastern Planning Area. Draft Environmental Im- pact Statement. MMS 2000-077. New Orleans: U.S. Dept. of the Inte- rior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region. MMS (Minerals Management Service). 2001a. Liberty Development and Production Plan, Draft Environmental Impact Statement, Vol. 1. OCS EIS/EA, MMS 2001-001. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Manage- ment Service, Alaska OCS Region [Online]. Available: http:// WWW.mms.aov/alaska/c~roiect/libertY Faccessed Dec. 11, 2002]. MMS (Minerals Management Service). 2001b. Table V.B-3. In Liberty Development and Production Plan, Draft Environmental Impact State- ment, Vol. 2. OCS EIS/EA, MMS 2001-001. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Alaska OCS Region [Online]. Avail- able: http://WWW.mms.gov/alaska/cproject/liberty [accessed Dec. 11, 2002]. MMS (Minerals Management Service). 2001c. Active Lease Summary Table. List of Alaska Region Lease Sales. Minerals Management Ser-

REFERENCES vices, Alaska OCS Region, U.S. Dept. of the Interior [Online]. Avail- able: http://www.mms.gov/alaska/lease/hlease/leasetable.HTM [ac- cessed Dec. 11, 2002]. MMS (Minerals Management Service). 2001 d. Exploration Wells, Beau- fort Sea. Historical Drilling Information. Minerals Management Ser- vices, Alaska OCS Region, U.S. Dept. of the Interior [Online]. Avail- able: http://www.mms.gov/alaska/fo/history/bs_wells.htm [accessed Dec. 11, 2002]. Moiteret, C.S., T.R. Walker, and P.D. Martin. 1996. Predevelopment Sur- veys of Nesting Birds at Two Sites in the Kuparuk Oilfield, Alaska, 1988-1992. Tech. Report NAES-TR-96-02. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Ser- vice, Fairbanks, AK. Monda, M.J. 1991. Reproductive Ecology of Tundra Swans on the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Idaho, Moscow, ID. Monda, M.J., J.T. Ratti, and T.R. McCabe. 1994. Reproductive ecology of tundra swans on the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska. J. Wildl. Manage. 58(4):757-773. Montgomery Watson (Montgomery Watson Americas, Inc.). 1994. 1994 Kuparuk Environmental Studies. Seawater Treatment Plant NPDES Monitoring Report. Prepared for ARCO Alaska, Inc., and the Kuparuk River Unit, by Montgomery Watson Americas, Inc., Bellevue, WA. September 1994. Moran, C.L. 2000. Spatial-Temporal Variation in Reproduction and Site Fidelity of Spectacled Eiders on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska. M.S. Thesis. University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK. Morre, T.E., W.K. Wallace, K.J. Bird, S.M. Karl, C.G. Mull, and J.T. Dillon. 1994. Geology of northern Alaska. Pp. 49-140 in The Geology of Alaska, G. Plafker and H.C. Berg, eds. The Geology of North America, Vol. G-1. Boulder, CO: Geological Society of America. Morris, W.A. 2000. Seasonal Movements of Broad Whitefish (Coregonus nasus) in the Freshwater Systems of the Pru&oe Bay Oil Field. M.S. Thesis. University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK. 71 pp. Morschel, F.M., and D.R. Klein. 1997. Effects of weather and parasitic insects on behavior and group dynamics of caribou of the Delta Herd, Alaska. Can. J. Zool. 75(10):1659-1670. Morton, P. 1999. The economic benefits of wilderness: Theory and prac- tice. University of Denver Law Review 76(2):465-518. Morton, P.2000. Wildland economics: Theory and practice. Pp.238-250 in Wilderness Science in a Time of Change Conference, Vol. 2. Wilder- ness Within the Context of Larger Systems, S.F. McCool, D.N. Cole, W.T. Borrie, J. O'Loughlin, comps. Proceedings RMRS-P-15-Vol-2. Ogden, UT: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station [Online]. Available: http://www.wilderness.net/ research.cfm [accessed Dec. 11, 2002]. Moulton, L.L. 1989. Recruitment of arctic cisco (Coregonus autumnalis) into the Colville delta, Alaska, in 1985. Pp. 107-111 in Research Ad- vances on Anadromous Fish in Arctic Alaska and Canada, D.W. Norton, ed. Biological Papers of the University of Alaska 24. Fairbanks: Insti- tute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska. Moulton, L.L. 1997. The 1996 Colville River Fishery. The 1997 Endicott Development Fish Monitoring Program, Vol. 2. Prepared by LGL Alaska Research Assoc., for BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc., Anchorage, and North Slope Borough, Barrow, AK. Moulton, L.L. 2001. Harvest Estimate and Associated Information for the 2000 Colville River Fall Fishery. Prepared for Phillips Alaska, Inc., and BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc. Lopez Island, WA: MJM Research. Moulton, L.L., and M.H. Fawcett. 1984. Oliktok Point Fish Studies 1983. Prepared by Woodward-Clyde Consultants, for Kuparuk River Unit, ARCO Alaska Inc., Anchorage, AK. Moulton, L.L., and J.C. George. 2000. Freshwater fishes in the Arctic oil- field region and coastal plain of Alaska. Pp. 327-348 in The Natural History of An Arctic Oil Field, J.C. Truett, and S.R. Johnson, eds. San Diego: Academic Press. Moulton, L.L., B. Gallaway, M. Fawcett, W. Griffiths, K. Critchlow, R. Fechhelm, D. Schmidt, and J. Baker. 1986. 1984 Central Beaufort Sea 267 fish study. Pp. 1-300 in Pru&oe Bay Waterflood Project Environmen- tal Monitoring Program, 1984, Vol.2. Final Report of Woodward-Clyde Consultants, Entrix, Inc., and LGL Ecological Research Associates, to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Anchorage, AK. Muller, S.V., A.E. Racoviteanu, and D.A. Walker. 1999. Landsat MSS- derived land-cover map of northern Alaska: Extrapolation methods and a comparison with photo-interpreted and AVHRR-derived maps. Int. J. Remote Sens. 20(15):2921-2946. Murdoch, J. 1892. Ethnological results of the Point Barrow expedition. In 9th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology for the Years 1887-1888, Washington, DC. Reprinted by Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. Murphy, S.M. 1988. Caribou behavior and movements in the Kuparuk oil field: Implications for energetic and impact analyses. Pp. 196-210 in Reproduction and Calf Survival: Proceedings of the 3rd North Ameri- can Caribou Workshop, Nov. 4-6, 1987, Chena Hot Springs, AK, R.D. Cameron, J.L. Davis, and L.M. McManus, eds. Wildlife Technical Bul- letin No. 8. Juneau, AK: Alaska Dept. Fish and Game. Murphy, S.M., and B.A. Anderson. 1993. Lisburne Terrestrial Monitoring Program: The Effects of the Lisburne Development Project on Geese and Swans, 1985-1989. Fairbanks, AK: Alaska Biological Research. Murphy, S.M., and J.A. Curatolo. 1987. Activity budgets and movement rates of caribou encountering pipelines, roads, and traffic in northern Alaska. Can. J. Zool. 65:2483-2490. Murphy, S.M., and B.E. Lawhead. 2000. Caribou. Pp. 59-84 in The Natural History of an Arctic Oil Field, J.C. Truett and S.R. Johnson, eds. San Diego: Academic Press. Murphy, S.M., D.E. Russell, and R.G. White. 2000. Modeling energetic and demographic consequences of caribou interactions with oil devel- opment in the Arctic. Pp. 107-110 in Proceedings of the 8th North American Caribou Workshop, Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada, April 20- 24, 1998, R. Farnell, D. Russell, and D. van de Wetering, eds. Rangifer Spec. Issue 12. Tromso, Norway: Nordic Council for Reindeer Research. Myers, K.C., and M.H. Barker. 1984. Examination of Drilling Reserve Pit Fluids and Effects of Tundra Disposal at Pru&oe Bay, Alaska, 1982- 1983. Prepared for ARCO Alaska, Inc., Anchorage, AK. 109 pp. Nadelhoffer, K.J., A.E. Giblin, G.R. Shaver, and A.E. Linkins. 1992. Mi- crobial processes and plant nutrient availability in arctic soils. Pp. 281- 300 in Arctic Ecosystems in a Changing Climate: An Ecophysiological Perspective, F.S. Chapin III, R.L. Jefferies, J.F. Reynolds, G.R. Shaver, J. Svoboda, and E.W. Chu, eds. San Diego: Academic Press. Nageak, B.P., C.D. grower, and S.L. Schliebe. 1991. Polar bear manage- ment in the southern Beaufort Sea: An agreement between the Inuvialuit Game Council and the North Slope Borough Fish and Game Commit- tee. Trans. North Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf. 56:337-343. NAST (National Assessment Synthesis Team). 2001. Climate Change Im- pacts on the United States: The Potential Consequences of Climate Vari- ability and Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 612 pp. Nellemann, C., and R.D. Cameron. 1996. Effects of petroleum develop- ment on terrain preferences of calving caribou. Arctic 49(1):23-28. Nellemann, C., and R.D. Cameron. 1998. Cumulative impacts of an evolv- ing oil-field complex on the distribution of calving caribou. Can. J. Zool. 76(8): 1425-1430. Nelson, K. 2002. Bidding to win. Petroleum News Alaska 7(23): 1, 19-20. June 9, 2002. Nelson, W.G., and A.A. Allen. 1982. The physical interaction and cleanup of crude oil with slush and solid first year sea ice. Pp.37-59 in Proceed- ings of the Fifth Arctic Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar, June 15-17, 1982, Edmonton, Alberta. Ottawa: Research and Develop- ment Division, Environmental Emergency Branch, Environmental Pro- tection Service. Niebauer, H.J. 1991. Bio-physical oceanographic interactions at the edge of the Arctic ice pack. J. Mar. Syst. 2:209-232. Niebo, R. 2001. Reconciliation of the TAPS ROW Database. Memorandum to R. Jakubezak, BP Pipelines, M. Radonich, BP Pipelines, and C. Loggie, Exxon, from R. Niebo, Everest Consulting Associates. April 30, 2001.

268 Niedoroda, A.W., and J.M. Colonell. 1990. Beaufort Sea causeways and coastal ocean dynamics. Pp. 509-516 in Proceedings of the 9th Interna- tional Conference of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 1990, Vol. 1. Offshore Technology, Part B. S.K. Chakrabarti, H. Maeda, C. Aage, and F.G. Neilsen, eds. New York, NY: American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Nixon, J.F. 1986. Thermal simulation of subsea saline permafrost. Can. J. Earth Sci. 23(12):2039-2046. Nixon, W.A.C.1990. Group Dynamics and Behavior of the Porcupine Cari- bou Herd During the Insect Season. M.S. Thesis. University of Alaska, Fairbanks. 109 pp. NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service). 2002. Biological Opinion, Endangered Species Act-Section 7 Consultation and Operation of the Liberty Oil Production Island. Consultation No. F/AKR/2001/00889. National Marine Fisheries Service, Anchorage, AK. 51 pp. [Online]. Available: http ://www.fakr.noaa. gov/protectedresources/whales/ bowhead/biop.pdf [accessed Dec. 11, 2002]. NOCD (Naval Oceanography Command Detachment).1986. Guide to Stan- dard Weather Summaries and Climate Services. NAVAIR 50-IC-534. Asheville, NC: NOCD. Noel, L.E., and R.H. Pollard. 1996. Yukon Gold Ice Pad Tundra Vegetation Assessment: 1993 Through 1995. Final report. Prepared by LGL Alaska Research Associates, Inc., for BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc., Anchor- age, AK. Noel, L.E., R.H. Pollard, W.B. Ballard, and M.A. Cronin. 1998. Activity and use of active gravel pads and tundra by caribou, Rangifer tarandus grant), within the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field, Alaska. Can. Field Nat. 112(3):400-409. NORCOR Engineering and Research Ltd. 1975. The Interaction of Crude Oil With Arctic Sea Ice. Beaufort Sea Technical Report No. 27. Yellowknife, N.W.T.: NORCOR Engineering and Research Ltd. Norris, M.A., K.R. Ptak, B.A. Zamora, and J.D. Hart. 2000. Implementa- tion of tuned vibration absorbers for above ground pipeline vibration control. Pp. 115-121 in Proceedings of the 2000 International Pipeline Conference, Vol. 1., J.R. Ellwood, ed. New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Norton, D., and G. Weller. 1984. The Beaufort Sea: Background, history, and perspective. Pp. 3-19 in The Alaskan Beaufort Sea: Ecosystems and Environments, P.W. Barnes, D.M. Schell, and E. Reimnitz, eds. Orlando: Academic Press. NRC (National Research Council). 1986. Ecological Knowledge and Envi- ronmental Problem-Solving: Concepts and Case Studies. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. NRC (National Research Council). 1989. Using Oil Spill Dispersants On the Sea. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. NRC (National Research Council). 1994. Environmental Information for Outer Continental Shelf Oil and Gas Decisions in Alaska. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. NRC (National Research Council). 1995. Science and the Endangered Spe- cies Act. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. NRC (National Research Council). 2003. Oil in the Sea III: Inputs, Fates, and Effects. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. NSB (North Slope Borough). 1999. North Slope Borough: 1998/1999 Eco- nomic Profile and Census Report. Barrow, AK: Department of Planning and Community Services. NSB (North Slope Borough). 2000. Comprehensive Annual Financial Re- port of North Slope Borough, Alaska, Fiscal Year July 1, 1999-June 30, 2000. Administration and Finance, North Slope Borough, Barrow, AK. NSB/SAC (North Slope Borough Scientific Advisory Committee). 1997. A Review of the 1996 Endicott Fish Monitoring Program Synthesis Re- ports. NSB-SAC-OR-135. North Slope Borough Scientific Advisory Committee, Barrow, AK. 33 pp. NWPS (National Wilderness Preservation System). 2002. Map of Central Alaska Wilderness Areas [Online]. Available: http://www.wilder ness.net/nwps/maps/ak_map.cfm [accessed Aug. 14, 2002]. REFERENCES Odum, W.E. 1982. Environmental degradation and the tyranny of small decisions. BioScience 32(9):728-729. Oechel, W.C., and K. Van Cleve. 1986. The role of bryophytes in nutrient cycling in the taiga. Pp. 121-137 in Forest Ecosystems in the Alaskan Taiga: A Synthesis of Structure and Function, K. Van Cleve, F.S. Chapin III, P.W. Flanagan, L.A. Vierek, and C.T. Dyrness, eds. Ecological Stud- ies 37. New York: Springer-Verlag. Oechel, W.C., G. Vourlitis, and S.J. Hastings.1997. Cold-season C02 emis- sion from arctic soils. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 11(2): 163-172. Olsson, P.Q., L.D. Hinzman, M. Sturm, G.E. Liston, and D.L. Kane. 2002. Surface Climate and Snow-Weather Relationships of the the Kuparuk Basin on the Alaska's Arctic Slope. ERDC/CRREL TR-02- 10. Hanover, NH: U.S. Army Corps Of Engineers, Engineer Research and Develop- ment Center, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. ONR (Office of Naval Research). 2001. Naval Operations in an Ice-free Arctic Symposium, April 17-18, 2001, Washington, DC. Final Report. CDR Naval Ice Center, Washington, DC. Osterkamp, T.E. 1988. Permafrost temperature in the Arctic National Wild- life Refuge. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 15:191-193. Osterkamp, T.E., and W.D. Harrison. 1982. Temperature Measurements in Subsea Permafrost off the Coast of Alaska. Ottawa: National Research Council of Canada. 0ritsland, N.A., F.R. Engelhardt, F.A. Juck, R.A. Hurst, and P.D. Watts. 1981. Effects of Crude Oil on Polar Bears. Environmental Studies No. 24. Ottawa: Northern Affairs Program, Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development. Ott, A.G. 1993. An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Rehabilitation at Selected Streams in North Slope Oilfields. Tech. Report No. 93-5. Juneau, AK: Alaska Dept of Fish and Game Habitat and Restoration Division. Overland, J.E., and A.T. Roach. 1987. Northward flow in the Bering and Chuckchi seas. J. Geophys. Res. 92(C7):7097-7105. Pamplin, W.L.1979. Construction-Related Impacts of the Trans-Alaska Pipe- line System on Terrestrial Wildlife Habitats. Special Report No.24. Joint State/Federal Fish and Wildlife Advisory Team, Anchorage, AK. Parametrix, Inc. 1997. Alpine Development Project: Environmental Evalu- ation Document. Prepared for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, An- chorage, AK, by Parametrix, Inc., Kirkland, WA. Pastor, J., R.J. Naiman, and B. Dewey. 1988. Moose, microbes, and the boreal forest; through selective browsing, moose change plant commu- nities and ecosystem properties. BioScience 38(11):770-777. Patterson, A. 1974. Subsistence Harvests in Five Native Regions. Joint Federal-State Land Use Planning Commission for Alaska. Anchorage, AK: Resource Planning Team. Pavlas, S.F., W.M. Fowler, S.J. Tonkins, and E.J. Young. 2000. ARCO uses vertical loops to contain potential oil line leaks. Pipeline and Gas Industry 83(6):53-57. Pedersen, S., J. Taalak, and C. Utermohle. 2003. 1999-2000 Subsistence Harvest of Caribou and Other Big Game Resources in Nuiqsut, Alaska. Division of Subsistence-Arctic Region, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Fairbanks, AK. In press. Perkins, T.K., J.A. Rochon, R.A. Ruedrich, F.J. Schuh, and G.R. Wooley. 1975. Prudhoe Bay Field Permafrost Casing and Well Design for Thaw Subsidence Protection. Atlantic Richfield Company, North American Producing Division. Petersen, M.R. 1979. Nesting ecology of arctic loons. Wilson Bull.91 :608- 617. Peterson, K.M., and W.D. Billings. 1980. Tundra vegetational patterns and succession in relation to microtopography near Atkasook, Alaska. Arct. Alp. Res. 12:473-482. Peterson, R.A., and W.B. Krantz. 1998. A linear stability analysis for the inception of differential frost heave. Pp. 883-889 in Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Permafrost, June 23-27, 1998, Yellowknife, Canada, A.G. Lewkowicz, and M. Allard, eds. Quebec: Universite Laval. Petroleum News Alaska. 2001. Phillips and Anadarko announce five dis-

REFERENCES covery wells in NPR-A. Petroleum News Alaska, News Bulletin 7(60- 1). May 21, 2001. Petroleum News Alaska. 2002a. State studies road to NPR-A. Petroleum News Alaska News Bulletin 8(99). September 24, 2002. Petroleum News Alaska.2002b. A portable exploration solution. Petroleum News Alaska 7(43). October 27, 2002. Phillips (Phillips Petroleum Company). 2000. Building the New Phillips, Annual Report, 2000 [Online]. Available: http://www.phillips66.com/ annualO0/annualOOpdf.htm [accessed Sept. 16, 2002]. Pitelka, F.A., R.T. Homes, and S.F. MacLean, Jr. 1974. Ecology and evolu- tion of social organization in arctic sandpipers. Am. Zool. 14:185-204. Policansky, D. 2002. Catch-and-release recreational fishing: A historical perspective. Pp.74-94 in Recreational Fisheries: Ecological, Economic, and Social Evaluation, T. Pitcher, and C. Hollingworth, eds. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science. Pollard, R.H., W.B. Ballard, L.E. Noel, and M.A. Cronin. 1996a. Summer distribution of caribou, Rangifer tarandus grant), in the area of the Pru&oe Bay oil field, Alaska, 1990-1994. Can. Field-Nat. 110(4):659-674. Pollard, R.H., W.B. Ballard, L.E. Noel, and M.A. Cronin. 1996b. Parasitic insect abundance and microclimate of gravel pads and tundra. Can. Field-Nat. 110(4):649-658. Pomeroy, J.W., and E. Brun.2001. Physical properties of snow. Pp.45-126 in Snow Ecology: An Interdisciplinary Examination of Snow-covered Ecosystems, H.G. Jones, J.W. Pomeroy, D.A. Walker, and R.W. Hoham, eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Portney, P.R. 1994. The contingent valuation debate: Why economics should care. J. Econ. Perspect. 8(4):3-18. Power, G. 1997. A review of fish ecology in Arctic North America. Pp. 13- 39 in Fish Ecology in Arctic North America, J.B. Reynolds, ed. Ameri- can Fisheries Society Symposium 19. Bethesda, MD: American Fisher- ies Society. Pulliam, H.R. 1988. Sources, sinks, and population regulation. Am. Nat. 132(5):652-661. Quinlan, S.E., and W.A. Lehnhausen. 1982. Arctic fox, Alopex lagopus, predation on nesting common eiders, Somateria mollissma, at Icy Cape, Alaska. Can. Field Nat. 96:462-466. Radforth, J.R. 1972. Analysis of Disturbance Effects of Operations of Off- Road Vehicles on Tundra. ALUR Report 71 -72- 13. Northern Economic Development Branch, Department of Indian Affairs and Northern De- velopment, Ottawa. Raftery, A., and J. Zeh. 1998. Estimating bowhead whale population size and rate of increase from the 1993 census. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 93(442):451-463. Rausch, R.L. 1953. On the status of some arctic mammals. Arctic 6:91- 148. Raynolds, M.K., and N.A. Felix. 1989. Airphoto analysis of winter seismic disturbance in northeastern Alaska. Arctic 42(4):362-367. Reed, J.C. 1958. Exploration of Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4 and Adjacent Areas, Northern Alaska, 1944-1953. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 301. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office Reimers, E. 1983. Reproduction in wild reindeer in Norway. Can. J. Zool. 61(1):211-217. Reimers, E. 2002. Calving time and foetus growth among wild reindeer in Norway. Rangifer 22(1):61-66. Reimnitz, E., and E.W. Kempema.1984. Packice interaction with stamukhi shoal Beaufort Sea, Alaska. Pp. 159-183 in The Alaskan Beaufort Sea: Ecosystems and Environments, P.W. Barnes, D.M. Schell, and E. Reimnitz, eds. Orlando: Academic Press. Reimnitz, E., S.M. Graves, and P.W. Barnes. 1985. Beaufort Sea Coastal Erosion, Shoreline Evolution, and Sediment Flux. Open-File Report 85- 380. Reston, VA: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey. Revkin, A.C. 2001. Hunting for oil; New precision, less pollution. New York Times. Section F. Page 1. January 30, 2001. Rex, R.W. 1961. Hydrodynamic analysis of circulation and orientation of lakes in northern Alaska. Pp. 1021-1043 in Geology of the Arctic, Pro- 269 ceedings from the First International Symposium on Arctic Geology, January 11-13, 1960, Calgary, Vol. 2., G.O. Raasch, ed. Toronto: Uni- versity of Toronto Press. Reynolds, H.V. 1979. Population biology, movements, distribution, and habitat utilization of a grizzly bear population in NPR-A. Pp. 129-182 in Studies of Selected Wildlife and Fish and Their Use of Habitats on and Adjacent to National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska, 1977-1978, Vol.l, P.C. Lent, ed. Anchorage, AK: U.S. Dept. of Interior, National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska 105(c) Land Use Study. Richardson, W.J., ed. 1986. Importance of the Eastern Alaskan Beaufort Sea to Feeding Bowhead Whales, 1985. MMS 86-0026. Reston, VA: U.S. Minerals Management Service. Richardson, W.J., ed. 1997. Northstar Marine Mammal Monitoring Pro- gram, 1996: Marine Mammal and Acoustical Monitoring of a Seismic Program in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. LGL Report TA2121-2. Prepared by LGL Ltd., King City, Ontario, and Greeneridge Sciences, Inc., Santa Barbara, CA, for BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc., Anchorage, AK, and National Marine Fisheries Service, Anchorage, AK, and Silver Spring, MD. 245 pp. Richardson, W.J., ed. 1998. Marine Mammal and Acoustical Monitoring of BPXA's Seismic Program in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea, 1997. Prepared by LGL Ltd., King City, Ontario, and Greeneridge Sciences Inc., Santa Barbara, CA, for BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc., Anchorage, AK, and National Marine Fisheries Service, Anchorage, AK, and Silver Spring, MD. 318 pp. Richardson, W.J., ed. 1999. Marine Mammal and Acoustical Monitoring of Western Geophysical's Open-Water Seismic Program in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea, 1998. LGL Report 2230-3. Prepared by LGL Ltd., King City, Ontario, and Greeneridge Sciences Inc., Santa Barbara, CA, for Western Geophysical, Houston, TX, and National Marine Fisheries Ser- vice, Anchorage, AK, and Silver Spring, MD. 390 pp. Richardson, W.J., and M.T. Williams, eds. 2000. Monitoring of Ringed Seals During Construction of Ice Roads for BP's Northstar Oil Devel- opment, Alaskan Beaufort Sea, 1999. Prepared by LGL Ltd., King City, Ontario, and LGL Alaska Research Associates, Inc., Anchorage, AK, for BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc., Anchorage, AK, and National Marine Fisheries Service, Anchorage, AK, and Silver Spring, MD. 113 pp. Richardson, W.J., C.R. Green, Jr., C.I. Malme, and D.H. Thomson. 1995. Marine Mammals and Noise. New York: Academic Press. 576 pp. Ritchie, R.J. 1991. Effects of oil development on providing nesting oppor- tunities for gyrfalcons and rough-legged hawks in northern Alaska. Condor 93(1):180-184. Ritchie, R.J., and J.G. King.2000. Tundra swans. Pp. 197-220 in The Natu- ral History of an Arctic Oil Field, J.C. Truett and S.R. Johnson, eds. San Diego: Academic Press. Ritchie, R.J., and A.M. Wildman. 2000. Aerial Surveys of Cliff-Nesting Raptors in the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska (NPR-A), 1999. Fi- nal Report. Prepared for Bureau of Land Management, Fairbanks, AK, by ABR, Inc., Fairbanks, AK. 47 pp. Roberts, S.B., G.D. Stricker, and R.H. Affolter. 1991. Stratigraphy and Chemical Analyses of Coal Beds in the Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary Sagavanirktok Formation, East-Central North Slope, Alaska. U.S. Geo- logical Survey Coal Investigations Map C-139B. Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey. Robertson, D.G., A.W. Brackney, M.A. Spindler, and J.W. Hupp. 1997. Distribution of autumn-staging lesser snow geese on the northeast coastal plain of Alaska. J. Field Ornithol. 68(1):124-134. Robertson, S.B. 1989. Impacts of petroleum development in the Arctic. Science 245 (4919):764-765. Robertson, S.B. 1991. Habitat versus populations: Approaches for assess- ing impacts on fish. Pp. 97-108 in Fisheries and Oil Development on the Continental Shelf, C.S. Benner and R.W. Middleton, eds. American Fisheries Society Symposium 11. Bethesda, MD: American Fisheries Society. Robertson, T.L., and E. DeCola. 2001. Joint Agency Evaluation of the Spring and Fall 2000 North Slope Broken Ice Exercises. Prepared by

270 Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, North Slope Borrough, Alaska Department of Natural Resources, Minerals Manage- ment Service, and U.S. Coast Guard, Anchorage, AK. Robilliard, G.A., R.W. Smith, and J.M. Colonell. 1988. Prudhoe Bay Wa- terflood Project Benthic Infauna and Water Quality Components of the NPDES Monitoring Program. Final Report. Prepared for ARCO Alaska, and Pru&oe Bay Unit, Anchorage, AK, by Entrix, Inc., Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Inc., Anchorage, AK, and EcoAnalysis, Ojai, CA. Roby, D.D. 1978. Behavioral Patterns of Barren-Ground Caribou of the Central Arctic Herd Adjacent to the Trans-Alaska Oil Pipeline. M.S. Thesis. University of Alaska, Fairbanks. 200 pp. Rognmo, A., K.A. Markussen, E. Jacobsen, H.J. Grav, and A.S. Blix. 1983. Effects of improved nutrition in pregnant reindeer on milk quality, calf birth weight, growth, and mortality. Rangifer 3(2):10-18. Rosenzweig, M.L. 1981. A theory of habitat selection. Ecology 62(2):327- 335. Ross, B.D. 1988. Causeways in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. EPA 910/0-88- 218. Anchorage, AK: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10, Alaska Operations Office. Rothrock, D.A., Y.Yu, and G.A. Maykut. 1999. Thinning of the Arctic sea- ice cover. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26(23):3469-3472. Rugh, D.J., G.W. Miller, D.E. Withrow, and W.R. Koski. 1992. Calving intervals of bowhead whales established through photographic identifi- cations. J. Mammal. 73(3):487-490. Russell, D.E. 1976. Computer Simulation of Rangifer Energetics. M.F. Thesis. University of British Columbia, Vancouver. 93 pp. Russell, D.E., and R.G. White. 2000. Surviving in the north a conceptual model of reproductive strategies in arctic caribou Fabstractl. Pn. 67- 70 in Proceedings of the 8th North American Caribou Workshop, Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada, April 20-24, 1998, R.Farnell, D.Russell, and D. van de Wetering, eds. Rangifer Spec. Issue 12. Tromso, Norway: Nordic Council for Reindeer Research. Russell, D.E., A.M. Martell, and W.A.C. Nixon. 1993. Range Ecology of the Porcupine Caribou Herd. Rangifer, Spec. Issue No. 8. Tromso, Nor- way: Nordic Council for Reindeer Research. Russell, D.E., K.L. Gerhart, R.G. White, and D. van de Wetering. 1998. Detection of early pregnancy in caribou: Evidence for embryonic mor- tality. J. Wildl. Manage. 62(3):1066-1075. Russell, D.E., R.D. Cameron, R.G. White, and K.L. Gerhart. 2000. Mecha- nisms of summer weight gain in northern caribou herds [abstract]. Pp. 148 in Proceedings of the 8th North American Caribou Workshop, Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada, April 20-24, 1998, R. Farnell, D.Russell, and D. van de Wetering, eds. Rangifer Spec. Issue 12. Tromso, Norway: Nordic Council for Reindeer Research. Sable, E.G., and G.D. Stricker. 1987. Coal in the National Petroleum Re- serve in Alaska (NPRA). Framework geology and resources. Pp. 195- 215 in Alaskan North Slope Geology, Vol.l, I.L. Tailleur, and P. Weimer, eds. Special Pub. No.50. Pacific Section, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Bakersfield, CA, and Alaska Geo- logical Society Alaska, Anchorage, AK. Savoie, M.A., and D.E. Wilson. 1983. 1982 Physical Processes Monitoring Program: Pru&oe Bay Waterflood Environmental Monitoring Program, 1982, Vol. 2. Prepared for Dept. of the Army, Alaska District, Corps of Engineers, by Kinnetic Laboratories Inc., Archorage, AK. May 1, 1983. Savoie, M.A., and D.E. Wilson. 1986. Prudhoe Bay waterflood project physical oceanographic processes monitoring program for 1984. Pp. 2- 1 to 2-155 in Prudhoe Bay Waterflood Project Environmental Monitor- ing Program, 1984, Vol. 1. Prepared for Dept. of the Army, Alaska District, Corps of Engineers, by Kinnetic Laboratories Inc., Archorage, AK. Schell, D.M., and R.A. Homer. 1981. Primary production, zooplankton, and trophic dynamics of the Harrison Bay and Sale 71 area. Pp. 3-12 in Proceedings of a Synthesis Meeting: Beaufort Sea Sale 71 Synthesis Report, D.W. Norton and W.M. Sackinger, eds. U.S. Dept. of Com- merce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of REFERENCES Marine Pollution Assessment, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Juneau, AK. December 1981. Schell, D.M., P.J. Zieman, D.M. Parrish, K.H. Dunton, and E.J. Brown. 1982. Foodweb and Nutrient Dynamics in Nearshore Alaska Beaufort Sea Waters. Cumulative Summary Report. Fairbanks, AK: Institute of Water Resources, University of Alaska. February 1982. Schmidt, D.R., R.O. McMillan, and B.J. Gallaway. 1983. Nearshore Fish Survey in the Western Beaufort Sea: Harrison Bay to Elson Lagoon. Final Report. Prepared by LGL Ecological Research Associates, Inc., Fairbanks, AK, for NOAA/ OCSEAP Juneau Project Of fice, Juneau, AK. Schmidt, D.R., W.B. Griffiths, D.K. Beaubien, and C.J. Herlugson. 1991. Movement of young-of-the-year arctic ciscoes across the Beaufort Sea coast, 1985-1988. Pp. 132-144 in Fisheries and Oil Development on the Continental Shelf, C.S. Benner and R.W. Middleton, eds. American Fisheries Society Symposium 11. Bethesda, MD: American Fisheries Society. Schindler, J.F. 1988. History of exploration in the National Petroleum Re- serve in Alaska, with emphasis on the period from 1975-1982. Pp. 13- 72 in Geology and Exploration of the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska, 1974 to 1982, G. Gryc, ed. U.S. Geological Survey, Profes- sional Paper 1399. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Schrader, F.C., and W.J. Peters. 1904. A Reconnaissance in Northern Alaska, Across the Rocky Mountains, Along Koyukuk, John, Anak- tuvuk, and Colville Rivers, and the Arctic Coast to Cape Lisburne, in 1901. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 20. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Schueck, L.S., and J.H. Marzluff. 1995. Influence of weather on conclu- sions about effects of human activities on raptors. J. Wildl. Manage. 59(4):674-682. Schueck, L.S., J.H. Marzluff, and K. Steenhof. 2001. Influence of military activities on raptor abundance and behavior. Condor 103(3):606-615. Sedinger, J.S., and A.A. Stickney. 2000. Black brant. Pp. 221-232 in The Natural History of an Arctic Oil Field, J.C. Truett and S.R. Johnson, eds. San Diego: Academic Press. Sedinger, J.S., C.J. Lensink, D.H. Ward, R.M. Anthony, M.L. Wege, and G.V. Byrd. 1993. Current status and recent dynamics of the black brant, Branta bernicle, breeding population. Wildfowl 44:49-59. Sedinger, J.S., D.H. Ward, R.M. Anthony, D.V. Derksen, C.J. Lensink, K.S. Bollinger, and N.K. Dawe. 1994. Management of Pacific brant: Population structure and conservation issues. Trans. North Am.Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf. 59:50-62. Sedinger, J.S., M.P. Herzog, B.T. Person, M.T. Kirk, T. Obritchkewitch, P.P. Martin, and A.A. Stickney. 2001. Large-scale variation in growth of Black Brant goslings related to food availability. Auk 118(4):1088- 1095. Sedinger, J.S., N.D. Chelgren, M.S. Lindberg, T. Obritchkewitch, and M.T. Kirk, I. Martin, B.A. Anderson, and D.H. Ward. 2002. Life-history im- plications of large-scale spatial variation in adult survival of black brant (Branta bernicla nigricans). Auk 119(2):510-514. Selkregg, L.L., et al. 1975. Alaska Regional Profiles: Arctic Region, Vol.2. Anchorage, AK: Arctic Environmental Information and Data Center. Serreze, M.C., J.E. Walsh, F.S. Chapin III, T. Osterkamp, M. Dyurgerov, V. Romanovsky, W.C. Oechel, J.H. Morison, T. Zhang, and R.G. Barry. 2000. Observational evidence of recent change in the northern high- latitude environment. Climatic Change 46(1/2):159-207. Shaver, G.R., W.D. Billings, F.S. Chapin III, A.E. Giblin, K.J. Nadelhoffer, W.C. Oechel, and E.B. Rastetter. 1992. Global change and the carbon balance of arctic ecosystems. BioScience 42(6):433-441. Sheehan, G.W. 1995. Whaling surplus, trade, war, and the interpretation of prehistoric northern and northwestern Alaskan economies, A.D. 1200- 1826. Pp.185-206 in Hunting the Largest Animals: Native Whaling in the Western Arctic and Subarctic, A. McCartney, ed. Alberta: The Ca- nadian Circumpolar Institute, University of Alberta. Shelden, K., and D. Rugh. 1995. The bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus, its historic and current status. Mar. Fish. Rev. 57(3-4):1-20. Shepro, C.E., and D.C. Maas. 1999. North Slope Borough 1998/99 Eco-

REFERENCES nomic Profile and Census Report, Vol. 8. Prepared for the North Slope Borough, Dept. of Planning and Community Services, Barrow, AK. Shideler, R.T. 1986. Impacts of Human Developments and Land Use on Caribou: A Literature Review, Vol. 2. Impacts of Oil and Gas Develop- ment on the Central Arctic Herd. Technical Report No. 86-3. Juneau, AK: Division of Habitat, Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game. Shideler, R., and J. Hechtel.2000. Grizzly bear. Pp.105-132 in The Natural History of an Arctic Oil Field, J.C. Truett and S.R. Johnson, eds. San Diego: Academic Press. Shotts, E.B., T.F. Albert, R.E. Wooley, and J. Brown. 1990. Microflora associated with the skin of the bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus). J. Wildl. Dis. 26(3):351-359. ~ , Shultz, G. 2001. Inspection of PGS Seismic Operation. Memorandum from G. Schultz, State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, to M. Rader, State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Fairbanks, AK. August 6, 2001. Simberloff, D. 1990. Hypotheses, errors, and statistical assumptions. Herpetologica 46(3):351-357. Simmons, C.L., K.R. Everett, D.A. Walker, A.E. Linkins, and P.J. Webber. 1983. Sensitivity of Plant Communities and Soil Flora to Seawater Spills, Pru&oe Bay, Alaska. CRREL 83-24. Hanover, NH: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Labora- tory. Simpson, T. 1855. Observations on the Western Esquimaux and the Coun- try They Inhabit: From Notes Taken During Two Years at Point Bar- row. (Bockstoce, J. 1988. Appendix 7. Pp. 501-550 in The Journal of Rochfort Maguire, 1852-1854: Two Years at Point Barrow aboard the H.M.S. Plover in the Search for Sir John Franklin, Vol. 2. London: Hakluyt Society). Skogland, T. 1983. The effects of density-dependent resource limitation on size of wild reindeer. Oecologia 60(2): 156-168. Skogland, T. 1984. The effects of food and maternal conditions on fetal growth and size in wild reindeer. Rangifer 4(2):39-46. Skok, M. 1991. Alaska's Red Dog Mine. Minerals Today (June): 6-13 [Online]. Available: http://imcg.wr.usgs.gov/usbmak/mtl.html [ac- cessed Dec. 11, 2002]. Skoog, R.0.1968. Ecology of Caribou (Rangifer tarandus grant)) in Alaska. Ph.D. Thesis. University of California, Berkeley. 669 pp. Sloan, C.E. 1987. Water resources of the North Slope, Alaska. Pp. 233-252 in Alaskan North Slope Geology, Vol.1., I.L. Tailleur and P. Weimer, eds. Special Pub. No. 50. Pacific Section, Society of Economic Paleon- tologists and Mineralogists, Bakersfield, CA, and Alaska Geological Society Alaska, Anchorage, AK. S.L. Ross (S.L. Ross Environmental Research, Ltd). 1998a. Evaluation of Cleanup Capabilities for Large Blowout Spills in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea During Periods of Broken Ice, Appendix A. Background on Petro- leum Activities in the Alaskan North Slope. Prepared for Alaska Clean Seas, Anchorage, AK, and Minerals Management Service, Anchorage, AK, by S.L. Ross Environmental Research, D.F. Dickins, and Vaudrey and Associates [Online]. Available: http://www.slross.com/publica- tions/pubmain.htm [accessed June 20, 2002]. S.L. Ross (S.L. Ross Environmental Research, Ltd).1998b. The Efficacy of In-Situ Burning for Alaskan Risk Oils. Final Report. Prepared for Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, and Alaska Clean Seas, Juneau, by S.L. Ross Environmental Research, Ltd. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. June 1998. S.L. Ross (S.L. Ross Environmental Research, Ltd). 2000a. Dispersant Use for Spills in Ice-Infested Waters. Proceedings, International Oil and Ice Workshop 2000: Oil Spill Preparedness and Response for Cold Cli- mates, April 5-7, 2000, Anchorage & Pru&oe Bay, Alaska. CD-ROM. Alaska Clean Seas. S.L. Ross (S.L. Ross Environmental Research Ltd). 2000b. Test of an An- nular Water Injection System for Pumping Emulsified Crude Oil. Pre- pared by S.L. Ross Environmental Research Ltd., Ottawa, Ontario, for Alaska Clean Seas, Anchorage, AK, U.S. Coast Guard, and U.S. Navy SUPSALV. December 2000. 271 S.L. Ross (S.L. Ross Environmental Research, Ltd). 2001. Effectiveness of Emulsion Breaker on North Slope Crude Oils. Draft Report. Prepared by S.L. Ross Environmental Research, Ltd., Ottawa, ON, for Alaska Clean Seas, Pru&oe Bay, AK. February 2001. S.L. Ross/D.F.Dickins. (S.L. Ross Environmental Research, Ltd. and D.F Dickins Associates). 2001. Report on Phase 1 - Maximum Capacity Tests for the LORI Skimmer in Brash and Slush Ice. Second Draft Re- port. Prepared by S.L. Ross Environmental Research, Ltd, Ottawa, ON, and D.F Dickins Associates, Escondido, CA, for Alaska Clean Seas, Prudhoe Bay, AK. December 28, 2000. Smith, M.D. 1996. Distribution, Abundance, and Quality of Forage Within the Summer Range of the Central Arctic Caribou Herd. M.S. Thesis. University of Alaska. Smith, P.S., and J.B. Mertie. 1930. Geology and Mineral Resources of Nortwestern Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 815. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Smith, R.A., J.R. Slack, T. Wyant, and K.J. Lanfear. 1982. The Oilspill Risk Analysis Model of the U.S. Geological Survey. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1227. Reston, VA: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geo- logical Survey. Smith, T.G. 1980. Polar bear predation of ringed and bearded seals in the land-fast sea ice habitat. Can. J. Zool. 58(12):2201-2209. Smith, T.G., and L.A. Harwood.2001. Observations of neonate ringed seals, Phoca hispida, after early break-up of the sea ice in Prince Albert Sound, Northwest Territories, Canada, spring 1998. Polar Biol.24(3):215-219. Smith, T.G., and I. Stirling. 1975. Breeding habitat of the ringed seal (Phoca hispida) birth lair and associated structures. Can. J. Zool.53(9): 1297-1305. Smith, T.G., M.O. Hammill, and G. Taugb01. 1991. A review of the devel- opmental, behavioral and physiological adaptations of the ringed seal, Phoca hispida, to life in the Arctic winter. Arctic 44(2):124-131. Smith, W.T., and R.D. Cameron. 1983. Responses of caribou to petroleum development on Alaska's Arctic Slope. Acta Zool. Fenn. 175:43-45. Smith, W.T., and R.D. Cameron. 1985a. Factors affecting pipeline crossing success of caribou. Pp.40-46 in Caribou and Human Activity, Proceed- ings, First North Am. Caribou Workshop, Sept. 28-29, 1983, White- horse, Yukon, A.M. Martell and D.E. Russell, eds. Ottawa: Canadian Wildlife Service. Smith, W.T., and R.D. Cameron. 1985b. Reactions of large groups of cari- bou to a pipeline corridor on the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska. Arctic 38:53-57. Smith, W.T., and R.D. Cameron. 1992. Caribou responses to development infrastructures and mitigation measures implemented in the Central Arctic Region. Pp. 79-86 in Terrestrial Research: 1002 Area-Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Interim Report, 1988-1990, T.R. McCabe, B. Griffith, N.E. Walsh, and D.D. Young, eds. Anchorage, AK: Alaska Fish and Wildlife Research Center, Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Smith, W.T., R.D. Cameron, and D.J. Reed. 1994. Distribution and Move- ments of Caribou in Relation to Roads and Pipelines, Kuparuk Devel- opment Area, 1978-90. Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, Juneau, AK. Wildl. Tech. Bull. No. 12. 54 pp. Sonnenfeld, J. 1956. Changes in Subsistence Among Barrow Eskimo. Project No. ONR-140. Prepared for the Arctic Institute of North America. Sonntag, R.M., W.T. Ellison, C.W. Clark, D.R. Corbit, and B.D. Krogman. 1986. A Description of a Tracking Algorithm and Its Implications to the Bowhead Whale Acoustic Location Data Collected During the Spring Migration Near Point Barrow, Alaska 1984-1985. Report of the Inter- national Whaling Commission 36:299-310. Spencer, R.F. 1959. The North Alaskan Eskimo: A Study in Ecology and Society. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Spraker, T.R., L.F. Lowry, and K.J. Frost. 1994. Gross necropsy and histo- pathological lesions found in harbor seals. Pp.281-311 in Marine Mam- mals and the Exxon Valdez, T.R. Loughlin, ed. San Diego: Academic Press. S.R. Braund and Associates. 1988. North Slope Subsistence Study-Barrow, 1987. Alaska OCS Sociocultural Studies Program Technical Report No.

272 133. Prepared by S.R. Braund and Associates, and Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of Alaska, for Minerals Manage- ment Service, Alaska OCS Region, Anchorage, AK. S.R. Braund and Associates. 1989. North Slope Subsistence Study-Barrow, 1988. Alaska OCS Sociocultural Studies Program Technical Report No. 135. Prepared by S.R. Braund and Associates, and Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of Alaska, for Minerals Manage- ment Service, Alaska OCS Region, Anchorage, AK. S.R. Braund and Associates. 1993. North Slope Subsistence Study-Barrow, 1987,1988, and 1989. Alaska OCS Sociocultural Studies ProgramTech- nical Report No. 149. Prepared by S.R. Braund and Associates, and Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of Alaska, for Minerals Management Service, Alaska OCS Region, Anchorage, AK, and North Slope Borough, Barrow, AK. Stanley, M.J., and B. Hazen. 1996. Insulated ice pad technology enables extended season drilling on Alaska's North Slope. SPE 35686. Pp.359- 367 in Proceedings: Western Regional Meeting, May 22-24,1966, An- chorage, AK. Richardson, TX: Society of Petroleum Engineers. c7 , , ., c7 St. Aubin, D.J. 1990a. Physiological and toxic effects on pinnipeds. Pp. 103-127 in Sea Mammals and Oil: Confronting the Risks, J.R. Geraci and D.J. St. Aubin, eds. San Diego: Academic Press. St. Aubin, D.J. 1990b. Physiological and toxic effects on polar bears. Pp. 235-239 in Sea Mammals and Oil: Confronting the Risks, J.R. Geraci and D.J. St. Aubin, eds. San Diego: Academic Press. St. Aubin, D.J., R.H. Stinson, and J.R. Geraci. 1984. Aspects of the struc- ture and composition of baleen, and some effects of exposure to petro- leum hydrocarbons. Can. J. Zool. 62(2): 193-198. Steen, E. 1968. Some aspects of the nutrition of semi-domestic reindeer. Pp. 117-128 in Comparative Nutrition of Wild Animals, M.A. Crawford, ed. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London No. 21. London: Academic Press. Stehn, R.A., C.P. Dau, B. Conant, and W.I. Butler. 1993. Decline of spec- tacled eiders nesting in western Alaska. Arctic 46(3):264-277. Stephenson, R.O. 1979. Abundance, movements, and food habits of wolves in and adjacent to NPR-A. Pp. 53-87 in Studies of Selected Wildlife and Fish and Their Use of Habitats on and Adjacent to National Petro- leum Reserve in Alaska, 1977-1978, Vol. 1., Field Study 3., P.C. Lent, ed. Anchorage, AK: U.S. Dept. of Interior, National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska 105(c) Land Use Study. Stephenson, R.O. 1995. Game Management Unit 25A, 25B, 25D, 26B, and 26C brown bear management report. Pp. 271-288 in Brown Bear, Man- agement Report of Survey-Inventory Activities, 1 July 1992-30 June 1994, M.V. Hicks, ed. Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Proj. W-24- 1 and W-24-2. Juneau, AK: Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, Division of Wildlife Conservation. Stickney, A. 1991. Seasonal patterns of prey availability and the foraging behavior of arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) in a waterfowl nesting area. Can. J. Zool. 69(11):2853-2859. Stickney, A.A. 1996. Brant Use of the Oliktok LRRS and Movements in the Kuparuk Oil Field. Alaska Biological Research Inc., Fairbanks, AK. Stickney, A.A., and R.J. Ritchie. 1996. Distribution and abundance of brant (Branta bernicla) on the central arctic coastal plain of Alaska. Arctic 49(1):44-52. Stickney, A.A., R.J. Ritchie, B.A. Anderson, and D.A. Flint. 1994. Tun- dra Swan and Brant Surveys on the Arctic Coastal Plain, Colville River to Sagavanirktok River, 1993. Fairbanks, AK: Alaska Biological Research. Stirling, I. 1988a. Attraction of polar bears to offshore drilling sites in the eastern Beaufort Sea. Polar Rec. 24: 1-8. Stirling, I. 1988b. Polar Bears. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 220 pp. Stirling, I. 1990. Polar bears and oil: Ecological perspectives. Pp. 223-234 in Sea Mammals and Oil: Confronting the Risks, J.R. Geraci, and D.J. St. Aubin, eds. San Diego: Academic Press. Stirling, I., and N.A. 0ritsland. 1995. Relationships between estimates of ringed seal (Phoca hispida) and polar bear (Ursus maritimus) popula- REFERENCES tions in the Canadian Arctic. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 52(12):2594- 2612. Stirling, I., N.J. Lunn, and J. Iacozza. 1999. Long-term trends in the popu- lation ecology of polar bears in western Hudson Bay in relation to cli- mate change. Arctic 52(3):294-306. Stoker, S.W., and I.I. Krupnik. 1993. Subsistence whaling. Pp. 579-629 in The Bowhead Whale, J.J. Burns, J.J. Montague, and C.J. Cowles, eds. Special Publ. No. 2. Lawrence, KS: Society for Marine Mammalogy. Stott, P.A., S.F.B. Tett, G.S. Jones, M.R. Allen, J.F.B. Mitchell, and G.J. Jenkins. 2000. External control of 20th century temperature by natural and anthropogenic forcings. Science 290(5499):2133-2137. Streever, B., J.D. McKendrick, L. Fanter, S.C. Anderson, J. Kidd, and K.M. Portier. In press. Evaluation of percent cover requirements for revegeta- tion of disturbed sites on Alaska's North Slope. Arctic. Sturm, M., J.P. McFadden, G.E. Liston, F.S. Chapin, C.H. Racine, and J. Holmgren. 2001. Snow-shrub interactions in arctic tundra: A hypoth- esis with climatic implications. J. Climate 14(3):336-344. Tailleur, I.L. 1965. Low-volatile bituminous coal of Mississippian age on the Lisburne Peninsula, northwestern Alaska. Pp. B34-B38 in Geologi- cal Survey Research, 1965. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 525-B. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. TAPS Owners (Trans Alaska Pipeline System Owners). 2001. Environ- mental Report for Trans Alaska Pipeline System Right-of-Way Re- newal. Draft. Trans Alaska Pipeline System Owners [Online]. Avail- able: http://tapseis.anl.gov/documents/report.cfm [accessed Sept. 13, 2002]. Tarpley, R.J. 1985. Gross and Microscopic Anatomy of the Tongue and Gastrointestinal Tract of the Bowhead Whale (Balaena mysticetus). Ph.D. Thesis. Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. 141 pp. Tarpley, R.J., and D.J. Hillmann. 1999. Observations on Ovary Morphol- ogy, Fetal Size and Functional Correlates in the Bowhead Whale Balaena mysticetus. Final report to Dept. of Wildlife Management, North Slope Borough, Barrow, AK, from Dept. of Veterinary Anatomy and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M Uni- versity, College Station, TX, and Dept. of Veterinary Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA. Tarpley, R.J., R.F. Sis, M.J. Shively, and G. Stott. 1983. Structural Studies of the Alimentary, Reproductive and Skeletal Systems of the Bowhead Whale (Balaena mysticetus). Final Report. Prepared for the North Slope Borough, Barrow, AK, from the Dept. of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. 189pp. Tarpley, R.J., R.F. Sis, T.F. Albert, L.M. Dalton, and J.C. George. 1987. Observations on the anatomy of the stomach and duodenum of the bow- head whale, Balaena mysticetus. Am. J. Anatom. 180(3):295-322. Tarpley, R.J., D.J. Hillmann, and J.C. George. 1999. Accumulation and Persistence of Corpora albicantia in the Bowhead Whale Ovary. Dept. Of Veterinary Anatomy and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medi- cine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, Dept. of Veterinary Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, and Dept. of Wildlife Management, North Slope Borough, Barrow, AK. Scientific paper SC/51/AS6 pre- sented to the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Com- mission, July 1999, Grenada, West Indies. TERA (Troy Ecological Research Associates). 1993a. Bird Use of the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field. Prepared by Troy Ecological Research Associ- ates, for BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc., Anchorage, AK. TERA (Troy Ecological Research Associates). 1993b. Population Dynam- ics of Birds in the Pt. McIntyre Reference Area 1981-1992. Prepared by Troy Ecological Research Associates, for BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc., Anchorage, AK. Thomas, H.F. 1946. A report on an expedition to the far north to locate rumored seeps and secure samples. The Oil Weekly (Feb. 4):39-48. Thomas, D.C. 1982. The relationship between fertility and fat reserves of Peary caribou Rangifer tarandus. Can. J. Zool. 60(4):597-602.

REFERENCES Thomas, D.C., and H.P.L. Kiliaan. 1998. Fire-Caribou Relationships. (II) Fecundity and Physical Condition in the Beverly Herd. Tech. Report No. 310. Canadian Wildlife Service, Prairie and Northern Region 1998. Edmonton: Canadian Wildlife Service. 96 pp. Thomson, B.R. 1977. The Behaviour of Wild Reindeer in Norway. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Edinburgh. 428 pp. Tillman, M. 1980. Introduction: A scientific perspective of the bowhead whale problem. Mar. Fish. Rev. 42(9-10):1-5. ~ . . ~ ~ Am_ .. . .. .. . .. .. . Tobai, S. 1997. Habitat loss and alteration in Japan-a history of large-scale destruction. Pp. 35-43 in Shorebird conservation in the Asia-Pacific Region, P. Straw, ed. Hawthorn East, Australia: Australasian Wader Studies Group of Birds Australia. Toimil, L.J., and K.H. Dunton. 1983. Environmental Effects of Gravel Is- land Construction OCS-Y0191 (BF-37) Beechey Point, Block 480, Stefansson Sound, Alaska. Supplemental Study. Prepared for Exxon Company USA, by Harding Lawson Associates, Anchorage, Alaska. ~ — 7 — ~ 56 pp. + appendices. Toupin, B., J. Huot, and M. Manseau. 1996. Effect of insect harassment on the behaviour of the Riviere George caribou. Arctic 49(3):375-382. Troy, D.M. 1996. Population dynamics of breeding shorebirds in arctic Alaska. Int. Wader Stud. 8:15-27. Troy, D.M. 2000. Shorebirds. Pp. 277-303 in The Natural History of an Arctic Oil Field, J.C. Truett and S.R. Johnson, eds. San Diego: Aca- demic Press. Troy, D.M., and T.A. Carpenter. 1990. The Fate of Birds Displaced by the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field: The Distribution of Nesting Birds Before and After P-Pad Construction. Prepared by Troy Ecological Research Asso- ciates, for BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc., Anchorage, AK. Trudell, J., and R.G. White. 1981. The effect of forage structure and avail- ability on food intake, biting rate, bite size and daily eating time of reindeer. J. Appl. Ecol. 18(1):63-81. Trudel, K. 1986a. Phytoplankton. Pp. 56-65 in Review of the Biological Fate and Effects of Oil in Cold Marine Environments, W.S. Duval, ed. Report EE-74. Prepared by ESL Evironmental Services, Ltd., S.L. Ross Environmental Research, Ltd. and Arctic Laboratories, Ltd., for Envi- ronmental Protection Service, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. Trudel, K. 1986b. Zooplankton. Pp. 66-76 in Review of the Biological Fate and Effects of Oil in Cold Marine Environments, W.S. Duval, ed. Re- port EE-74. Prepared by ESL Evironmental Services, Ltd., S.L. Ross Environmental Research, Ltd. and Arctic Laboratories, Ltd., for Envi- ronmental Protection Service, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. Truett, J.C., ed. 1993. Guidelines for Oil and Gas Operations in Polar Bear Habitats. MMS 93-0008. Anchorage, AK: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Alaska OCS Region. 104 pp. Truett, J.C., and S.R. Johnson, eds. 2000. The Natural History of an Arctic Oil Field. San Diego: Academic Press. Truett, J.C., R.G.B. Senner, K. Kertell, R. Rodrigues, and R.H. Pollard. 1994. Wildlife response to small-scale disturbances in arctic tundra. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 22:317-324. Truett, J.C., M.E. Miller, and K. Kertell. 1997. Effects of arctic Alaska oil development on brant and snow geese. Arctic 50(2):138-146. Tyler, N.J.C. 1987. Body composition and energy balance of pregnant and non-pregnant Svalbard reindeer during winter. Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. 57:203-229. Tynan, C.T., and D.P. DeMaster. 1997. Observations and predictions of Arctic climate change: Potential effects on marine mammals. Arctic 50(4):308-322. Underwood, T.J., J.A. Gorden, M.J. Millard, L.A. Thorpe, and B.M. Osborne. 1995. Characteristics of Selected Fish Populations of Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Coastal Waters, Final Report, 1988-1991. Alaska Fisheries Technical Report No. 28. Fairbanks, AK: Fishery Re- sources Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 590 pp. UNEP (C. Nellemann, L. Kullerud, I. Vistnes, B.C. Forbes, E. Husby, G.P. Kofinas, B.P. Kaltenborn, J. Rouaud, M. Magomedova, R. Bobiwash, C. Lambrechts, P.J. Schei, S. Tveitdal, O. Gr0n, and T.S. Larsen). 2001. GLOBIO. Global Methodology for Mapping Human Impacts on the 273 Biosphere. UNEP/DEWA/TR.01-3. 47 pp. [Online]. Available: http:// www.globio.info/region/polar/globioreportlowres.pdf [accessed Jan. 30, 2003]. USACE (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers). 1980. Prudhoe Bay Oil Field Waterflood Project: Prudhoe Bay, North Slope Borough, Alaska, Final Environmental Impact Statement. Anchorage, AK: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Alaska District. USACE (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers). 1998. Draft Environmental Im- pact Statement, Beaufort Sea Oil and Gas Development/Northstar Project. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Alaska District. Anchorage, AK: U.S. Army Engineer District, Alaska. USACE (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers). 1999. Final Environmental Im- pact Assessment, Beaufort Sea Oil and Gas Development/Northstar Project. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Alaska District. Anchorage, AK: U.S. Army Engineer District, Alaska. U.S. Bureau of the Census. 2000. U.S. Census 2000. U.S. Dept. of Com- merce [Online]. Available: http://www.census.gov/ [accessed Nov. 27, 2002]. VanDyke, W., and D.H. Zobrist. 2001. Funding for Abandonment of Cook Inlet Alaska Oil and Gas Facilities: A landowner's perspectives. SPE 68853. Presentation at the Society of Petroleum Engineers Western Regional Meeting, March 26-30, 2001, Bakersfield, CA. van Tuyn, P. 2000. Environmental Community Perspective. Presented at Established Oil and Gas Practices and Technologies on Alaska's North Slope. Presented at Established Oil Technologies and Practices on Alaska's North Slope Workshop, April 2000, Anchorage, AK. Van Valin, W.B.1941. Eskimoland Speaks. Caldwell, ID: The Caxton Print- ers, Ltd. Varo, M., and H. Varo. 1971. The milk production of reindeer cows and the share of milk in the growth of reindeer calves. Suomen Maata- loustieteellinen Seura Maaataloustieteellinen Aik 43(1): 1-10. Vermeer, K. 1992. Population growth of the Glaucous-winged gull Larus glaucescens in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada. Ardea 80(1): 181-185. Vilchek, G.E., and A.A. Tishkov. 1997. Usinsk oil spill: Environmental catastrophe or routine event? Pp. 411-420 in Disturbance and Recovery in Arctic Lands: An Ecological Perspective, R.M.M. Crawford, ed. Dordrecht: Kluwer. Vinnikov, V.Y., A. Robok, R.J. Stouffer, J.E. Walsh, C.L. Parkinson, D.J. Cavalieri, J.F.B. Mitchell, D. Garrett, and V.F. Zakharov. 1999. Global warming and northern hemisphere sea ice extent. Science 286(5446): 1934-1937. Viscusi, W.K. 1992. Fatal Tradeoffs: Public and Private Responsibilities for Risk. New York: Oxford University Press. Vistnes, I., and C. Nellemann.2001. Avoidance of cabins, roads, and power lines by reindeer during calving. J. Wildl. Manage. 65(4):915-925. Vourlitis, G.L., and W.C. Oechel. 1997. Landscape-scale CO2, water vapour, and energy flux of moist-wet coastal tundra ecosystems over two growing seasons. J. Ecol. 85(5):575-590. Vourlitis, G.L., and W.C. Oechel. 1999. Eddy covariance measurements of CO2 and energy fluxes of an Alaskan tussock tundra ecosystem. Ecol- ogy 80(2):686-701. Wahrhaftig, C., S. Bartsch-Winkler, and G.D. Stricker. 1994. Coal in Alaska. Pp. 937-978 in The Geology of Alaska, G. Plafker and H.C. Berg, eds. The Geology of North America, Vol. G-1. Boulder, CO: Geological Society of America. Waelbroeck, C., P. Monfray, W.C. Oechel, S. Hastings, and G. Vourlitis. 1997. The impact of permafrost thawing on the carbon dynamics of tundra. Geophys. Res. Lett. 24(3):229-232. Walker, D.A. 1996. Disturbance and recovery of arctic Alaska vegetation. Pp. 35-71 in Landscape Function and Disturbance in Arctic Tundra, J.F. Reynolds and J.D. Tenhunen, eds. Ecological Studies, Vol. 120. Berlin: Springer. Walker, D.A. 1997. Arctic Alaskan vegetation disturbance and recovery. 7 - — — — _ _ _ _ _ . _ c' _ _ _ ~ _ Pp.457-479 in Disturbance and Recovery in Arctic Lands: An Ecologi- cal Perspective, R.M.M. Crawford, ed. Dordrecht: Kluwer.

274 Walker, D.A., and W. Acevedo. 1987. Vegetation and a Landsat-Derived Land Cover Map of the Beechey Point Quadrangle, Arctic Coastal Plain, Alaska. CRREL Report 87-5. Hanover, NH: U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. Walker, D.A., and K.R. Everett. 1987. Road dust and its environmental impact on Alaskan taiga and tundra. Arc. Alp. Res. 19:479-489. Walker, D.A., and M.D. Walker. 1991. History and pattern of disturbance in Alaskan Arctic Terrestrial Ecosystems: A hierarchical approach to analysing landscape change. J. Appl. Ecol. 28(1):244-276. Walker, D.A., and M.D. Walker. 1996. Terrain and vegetation of the Imnavait Creek Watershed. Pp.73-108 in Landscape Function and Dis- turbance in Arctic Tundra, J.F. Reynolds, and J.D. Tenhunen, eds. Eco- logical Studies Vol. 120. Berlin: Springer. Walker, D.A., P.J. Webber, K.R. Everett, and J. Brown. 1977. The Effects of Low-Pressure Wheeled Vehicles on Plant Communities and Soils at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. CRREL Special Report 77-17. Hanover, NH: U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. Walker, D.A., P.J. Webber, K.R. Everett, and J. Brown. 1978. Effects of crude and diesel oil spills on plant communities at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, and the derivation of oil spill sensitivity maps. Arctic 31(3):242-259. Walker, D.A., K.R. Everett, P.J. Webber, and J. Brown. 1980. Geobotanical Atlas of the Prudhoe Bay Region, Alaska. CRREL Report 80-14. Hanover, NH: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. Walker, D.A., M.D. Walker, K.R. Everett, and P.J. Webber. 1985. Pingos of the Prudhoe Bay region, Alaska. Arct. Alp. Res. 17(3):321-336. Walker, D. A., E.F. Binnian, N.D. Lederer, E.A. Nordstrand, M.D. Walker, and P.J. Webber. 1986a. Cumulative Landscape Impacts in the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field 1949-1983. Final report. Prepared for U.S. Fish and Wild- life Service, Habitat Resources Section, Anchorage, AK. Walker, D.A., P.J. Webber, M.D. Walker, N.D. Lederer, R.H. Meehan, and E.A. Nordstrand. 1986b. Use of geobotanical maps and automated map- ping techniques to examine cumulative impacts in the Prudhoe Bay oil- field, Alaska. Environ. Conserv. 13(2):149-160. Walker, D.A., D. Cate, J. Brown, et al. 1987a. Disturbance and Recovery of Arctic Alaskan Tundra Terrain: A Review of Recent Investigations. CRREL 87-11. Hanover, NH: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Cold Re- gions Research and Engineering Laboratory. 63 pp. Walker, D.A., P.J. Webber, E.F. Binnian, K.R. Everett, N.D. Lederer, E.A. Nordstrand, and M.D. Walker. 1987b. Cumulative impacts of oil fields on northern Alaskan landscapes. Science 238:757-761. Walker, D.A., N.A. Auerbach, J.G. Bockheim, F.S. Chapin III, W. Eugster, J.Y. King, J.P. McFadden, G.J. Michaelson, F.E. Nelson, W. C. Oechel, C.L. Ping, W.S. Reeburg, S. Regli, N.I. Shiklomanov, and G.L. Vourlitis. 1998. Energy and trace-gas fluxes across a soil pH boundary in the Arctic. Nature 394(6692):469-472. Walker, D.A., W.D. Billings, and J.G. de Molenaar. 2001a. Snow-vegeta- tion interactions in tundra environments. Pp. 266-324 in Snow Ecol- ogy: An Interdisciplinary Examination of Snow-Covered Ecosystems, H.G. Jones, J.W. Pomeroy, D.A. Walker, and R.W. Hoham, eds. Cam- bridge: Cambridge University Press. Walker, D.A., J.G. Bockheim, F.S. Chapin III, W. Eugster, F.E. Nelson, and C.L. Ping. 2001b. Calcium-rich tundra, wildlife, and the "Mam- moth Steppe." Quat. Sci. Rev. 20(1):149-163. Walker, D.A., W.A. Gould, H.A. Maier, and M.K. Raynolds. 2002. The Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Map: AVHRR-derived base maps, environmental controls, and integrated mapping procedures. Int. J. Re- mote Sens. 23(21):4551-4570. Walker, D.A., H.E. Epstein, J.G. Jia, C. Copass, E.J. Edwards, W.A. Gould, J. Hollingsworth, J. Knudson, H. Maier, A. Moody, and M.A. Raynolds. 2003. Phytomass, LAI, and NDVI in northern Alaska: Relationships to summer warmth, soil pH, plant functional types and extrapolation to the circumpolar Arctic. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 108(2):8169(ALT10.1- ALT10.7). REFERENCES Walker, M.D.1990. Vegetation and floristics of pingos, Central Arctic Coastal Plain, Alaska. Dissertationes Botanicae 149. Cramer, Stuttgart. Walker, M.D., D.A. Walker, K.R. Everett, and S.K. Short. 1991. Steppe vegetation on south-facing slopes of pingos, Central Arctic Coastal Plain, Alaska, U.S.A. Arct. Alp. Res. 23(2):170-188. Walker, H.J. 1983. Guidebook to Permafrost and Related Features of the Colville River Delta, Alaska. Guidebook 2. Fourth International Con- ference on Permafrost, July 18-22, 1983, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK [Online]. Available: http://www.dggs.dnr.state.ak.us/ scanl/gb/text/GB2.PDF [accessed Jan .27, 2003]. Walsh, J.J., C.P. McRoy, L.K. Coachman et al. 1989. Carbon and nitrogen cycling within the Bering/Chuckchi Seas: Source regions for organic matter effecting AOU demands of the Arctic Ocean. Prog. Oceanogr. 22(4):277-359. Walsh, N.E., S.G. Fancy, T.R. McCabe, and L.F. Pank. 1992. Habitat use by the Porcupine caribou herd during predicted insect harassment. J. Wildl. Manage. 56(3):465-473. Ward, D.H., and R.A. Stehn. 1989. Response of Brant and Other Geese to Aircraft Disturbance at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska. U.S. Fish and Wild- life Service, Anchorage, AK. Washburn, A.L. 1980. Geocryology: A Survey of Periglacial Processes and Environments. New York: Wiley. 406 pp. Weimer, P. 1987. Northern Alaska exploration the past dozen years. Pp. 31-37 in Alaska North Slope Geology, Vol.l, I.I. Tailleur and P. Weimer, eds. Pacific Section, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Bakersfield, CA, and Alaska Geological Society Alaska, Anchorage, AK. Weingartner, T.J.1997. A review of the physical oceanography of the north- eastern Chuckchi Sea. Pp. 40-59 in Fish Ecology in Arctic North America, J.B. Reynolds, ed. American Fisheries Society Symposium 19. Bethesda, MD: American Fisheries Society. Weingarten, J.S., M.L. Bill, and D.E. Andrews. 2000. Confinement of wastes injected below thawed permafrost: A 12 year update from the North Slope of Alaska. SPE 62574. SPE/AAPG Western Regional Meeting Proceedings: June 19-23, 2000, Long Beach, CA. Richardson, _ _ , , _ TX: Society of Petroleum Engineers. Weitzman, M.L.2001. Gamma discounting. Am. Econom. Rev.91(1):260- 271. Weladji, R.B., D.R. Klein, O. Holand, and A. Mysterud.2002. Comparative response of Rangifer tarandus and other northern ungulates to climatic variability. Rangifer 22:33-50. Weller, G.E.2000. Marine mammal-sea ice relationships. Pp.40-47 in Impacts of Changes in Sea Ice and Other Environmental Parameters in the Arctic, H.P. Huntington, ed. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Marine Mamma1 Commission. West, R.L., and E. Snyder-Conn. 1987. Effects of Prudhoe Bay Reserve Pit Fluids on Water Quality and Macroinvertebrates of Arctic Tundra Ponds in Alaska. Biological Report 87-7. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Inte- rior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Wheeler, P.A., M. Gosselin, E. Sherr, D. Thibault, D.L. Kirchmans, R. Benner, and T.E. Whitledge. 1996. Active cycling of organic carbon in the Central Arctic Ocean. Nature 380(6576):697-699. White, R.G. 1983. Foraging patterns and their multiplier effects on produc- tivity of northern ungulates: Reindeer, caribou and muskoxen, Alaska. Oikos 40(3):377-384. White, R.G. 1992. Nutrition in relation to season, lactation and growth of north temperate deer. Pp.407-417 in The Biology of Deer, R.D. Brown, ed. New York: Springer-Verlag. White, R.G., and J.R. Luick. 1984. Plasticity and constraints in the lacta- tional strategy of reindeer and caribou. Pp. 215-232 in Physiological Strategies in Lactation, R.G. Vernon, M. Peaker, and C.H. Knight, eds. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London No. 51. Orlando: Aca- demic Press. White, R.G., and J. Trudell. 1979. Patterns of herbivory and nutrient intake of reindeer grazing tundra vegetation. Pp. 180-195 in Proceedings of the Second International Reindeer/Caribou Symposium, Sept. 17-21,

REFERENCES 1979, Roros, Norway, Part A, E. Reimers, E. Gaare, and S. Skjenneberg, eds. Trondheim: Direktoratet for vilt og ferskvannsfisk. White, R.G., and J. Trudell. 1980. Habitat preference and forage consump- tion by reindeer and caribou near Atkasook, Alaska. Arct. Alpine Res. 12:511-529. White, R.G., B.R. Thomson, T. Skogland, S.J. Person, D.E. Russell, D.F. Holleman, and J.R. Luick. 1975. Ecology of caribou at Pru&oe Bay, Alaska. Pp. 151-201 in Ecological Investigations of the Tundra Biome in the Pru&oe Bay Region, Alaska, J. Brown, ed. Biological Papers of the University of Alaska, Special Report. No. 2. Fairbanks: University of Alaska. White, R.G., F.L. Bunnell, E. Gaare, T. Skogland, and B. Hubert. 1981. Ungulates on arctic ranges. Pp.397-483 in Tundra Ecosystems: A Com- parative Analysis, L.C. Bliss, O.W. Heal, and J.J. Moore, eds. Interna- tional Biological Programme Vol. 25. Cambridge: Cambridge Univer- sity Press. Whitten, K.R., and R.D. Cameron. 1979. Nutrient dynamics of caribou for- age Alaska's Arctic Slope. Pp. 159-166 in Proceedings of the Second International Reindeer/ Caribou Symposium, Sept. 7-21, 1979, Roros, Norway, E. Reimers, E. Gaare, and S. Skjenneberg, eds. Trondheim: Direktoratet for vilt og ferskvannsfisk. Whitten, K.R., and R.D. Cameron. 1983. Movements of collared caribou, Rangifer tarandus, in relation to petroleum development on the Arctic Slope of Alaska. Can. Field-Nat. 97: 143-146. Whitten, K.R., and R.D. Cameron. 1985. Distribution of caribou calving in relation to the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field. Pp. 35-39 in Caribou and Human Activity, Proceedings, the First North Am. Caribou Workshop, Sept. 28-29, 1983, Whitehorse, Yukon, A.M. Martell and D.E. Russell, eds. Ottawa: Canadian Wildlife Service Whitten, K.R., and R.D. Cameron. 1986. Groups vs individuals in the deter- mination of caribou distribution. Pp. 325-329 in Proceedings of the 4th International Reindeer/ Caribou Symposium, August 22-25, 1985, Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada, A. Gunn, F.L. Miller, and S. Skjenneberg, eds. Rangifer, Spec. Issue No. 1. Harstad, Norway: Nordic Council for Reindeer Research. Williams, J.R. 1970. Ground Water in the Permafrost Regions of Alaska. Geological Survey Professional Paper 696. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 83 pp. Wildman, A.M., and R.J. Ritchie. 2000. Synthesis of Survey Information on Cliff-Nesting Raptors and Their Habitats on the North Slope, with an Emphasis on Peregrine Falcons and Recommendations for Survey Needs. Final report. Prepared for Northern Alaska Ecological Services, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services, Fairbanks, AK, by ABR, Inc., Environ- mental Research and Services, Fairbanks, AK. November. Wilson, W. 2001a. Marine Environment. Prepared by LGL Ecological Re- search Associates, Inc., Anchorage, AK, for Alaska Clean Seas, An- chorage, AK. April. Wilson, W. 2001b. Marine Discharges. Prepared by LGL Ecological Re- search Associates, Inc., Anchorage, AK, for TAPS Owners, Anchorage, AK. May 2001. Winters, J.F., P.K. Weber, A.L. DeCicco, and N. Shishido. 1988. An Anno- tated Bibliography of Selected References of Fishes of the North Slope of Alaska: With Emphasis on Research Conducted in National Petro- leum Reserve-Alaska. Barrow, Alaska: Dept. of Wildlife Management, North Slope Borough. Winters, J.F., and R.T. Shideler. 1990. An Annotated Bibliography of Se- lected References of Muskoxen Relevant to the National Petroleum Re- serve-Alaska: for Department of Wildlife Management, North Slope Bor- ough, Barrow. Habitat Division, Dept. of Fish and Game, Fairbanks, AK. Wolfe, S.A.2000. Habitat Selection by Calving Caribou of the Central Arc- tic Herd, 1980-95. M.S. Thesis. University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK. 83 pp. Wondzell, B.2000. Well Construction for Injection of Oilfield Wastes North Slope of Alaska. Presented at Established Oil Technologies and Prac- tices on Alaska's North Slope Workshop, April 2000, Anchorage, AK. 275 Woodby, D.A., and D.B. Botkin. 1993. Stock sizes prior to commercial whaling. Pp.387-407 in The Bowhead Whale, J.J. Burns, J.J. Montague, and C.J. Cowles, eds. Special Publ. No. 2. Lawrence, KS: Society for Marine Mammalogy. Woodward, D.F., E. Snyder-Conn, R.G. Riley, and T.R. Garland. 1988. Drilling fluids and the arctic tundra of Alaska, U.S.A., assessing con- tamination of wetlands habitat and the toxicity to aquatic invertebrates and fish. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 17(5):683-697. Woodward-Clyde Consultants.1980. Gravel Removal Studies in Arctic and Sub-arctic Floodplains in Alaska. FWS/OBS-80/08. Prepared for U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Dept. of Interior, Washington, DC, by Woodward-Clyde Consultants, Anchorage, AK. Wooley/ARCO/BP (Wooley & Associates, Inc., ARCO Exploration and Production Technology, ARCO Alaska, Inc., and BP Exploration, Inc.). 1996. Assessment of Surface Casing Functional Integrity Requirements for North Slope Operations. Prepared by Wooley & Associates, Inc., Houston, TX, ARCO Exploration and Production Technology, Plano, TX, ARCO Alaska, Inc., Anchorage, AK, and BP Exploration, Inc., Anchorage, AK, for Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, Anchorage, AK. Nov. 20, 1996. Wright, J.M., and S.G. Fancy. 1980. The Response of Birds and Caribou to the 1980 Drilling Operation at the Point Thomson #4 well. Final Report. Prepared for Exxon Co., by LGL Ecological Research Associates., Inc., Fairbanks, AK. Young, D.D., and T.R. McCabe.1998. Grizzly bears and calving caribou: What is the relation with river corridors? J. Wildl. Manage. 62(1):255-261. Young, D.D, G. Garner, R. Ambrose, H. Reynolds, and T. McCabe. 1992. Differential impacts of predators (brown bears, wolves, golden eagles) on caribou calving in the 1002 area and potential displacement areas: An assessment of predation risks. Pp. 37-66 in Terrestrial Research: 1002 Area-Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Interim Report, 1988-1990, T.R. McCabe, B. Griffith, N.E. Walsh, and D.D. Young, eds. Anchor- age, AK: Alaska Fish and Wildlife Research Center, Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Young, D.D., T.R. McCabe, R. Ambrose, G.W. Garner, G.J. Weiler, H.V. Reynolds, M.S. Udevitz, D.J. Reed, and B. Griffith. 2002. Predators. Section 6 in Arctic Refuge Coastal Plain Terrestrial Wildlife Research Summaries, D.C. Douglas, and P.E. Reynolds, eds. Biological Science Report USGS/BRD/BSR-2002-0001. U.S. Geological Survey, Biologi- cal Resources Division [Online]. Available: http://alaska.usgs.gov/BSR- 2002/usgs-brd-bsr-2002-001.html [accessed Apr. 17, 2002]. Zeh, J., P. Turret, R. Gentleman, and A. Raftery. 1988. Population Size Estimation for the Bowhead Whale, Balaena mysticetus, Based on 1985 Visual and Acoustic Data. Report of the International Whaling Com- mission 38:349-364. Zeh, J., A. Raftery, and Q. Yang. 1990. Assessment of Tracking Algorithm Performance and Its Effect on Population Estimates Using Bowhead Whales, Balaena mysticetus, Identified VisuallY and Acoustically in 1986 Off Point Barrow, Alaska. Report of the International Whaling Commission 40:411-421. Zhang, T., T.E. Osterkamp, and K. Stamnes. 1996. Some Characteristics of the climate in Northern Alaska, U.S.A. Arct. Alpine Res. 28(4):509-518. Zhu, Q. 1996. Studies on the EYes of the Bowhead Whale (Balaena mysticetus), Ringed Seal (Phoca hispida) and Caribou (Rangifer tarandus). Ph.D. Thesis. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Peoples Republic of China. 382 pp. Zhu, Q. 1998. Some remarks on the structure of the eye of the bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus. Report of the International Whaling Com- mission 48:497-499. Zhu, Q., D.J. Hillmann, and W.G. Henk.2000. Observations on the muscles of the eye of the bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus. Anat. Rec. 259: 189-204. Zhu, Q., D. Hillmann, and W. Henk. 2001. Morphology of the eye and surrounding structures of the bowhead whale Balaena mysticetus. Mar. Mammal Sci. 17(4):729-750.

276 Cumulative Environmental Effects of Oil and Gas Activities on Alaska 's North Slope . . . field (] 977~. The field is located just to the west of the mouth of the Canning River and contains reserves estimated at 5 TCFG and 360 million bb} (] 5. ~ billion gallons). A point worth noting is that in the 2000 area wide State lease sale, one of the bidding groups acquired a very substantial tract of leases in the Kavik-Kemik area. They picked up all the leases, except those held by the discovery wells, which had been surrendered by previous leasees. The possibility of a gas pipeline Tom the North Slope has changed the perception of those discoveries. The winning companies are betting on gas and that the reserves are larger than previously estimated. Twenty of the 35 discoveries are either developed and on production or currently being developed. Northstar located offshore, is an example of the latter. At least seven or eight of these discoveries are satellite fields and would not have been developed if they were not "immediately" adjacent to a large field with an existing infrastructure. Tabasco and the Midnight Sun/Sambuca fields are satellites each of which has OOlP of 30 to 70 million bb! (~.2 to 2.9 billion gallons). Since the first commercial discovery at Prubhoe Bay in 1968, a total of 39 discoveries have been made on State leases and twenty-four, nearly all in the immediate Pru~hoe-Kuparuk area, have been or are being developed. This area has been and will continue to be the primary exploration grounds until or unless large, attractive areas of the National Petroleum Reserve- Alaska and/or the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge become available for leasing. Federal OCS, Beaufort Sea The BeauLort OCS lands were unavailable to the petroleum industry until the joint State/Federal lease sale of ~ 979. This and subsequent sales provided access to waters beyond the three-miTe~ limit, stretching from Point Barrow in the west to the Canadian border in the east. [Leasing The BeauLort OCS has been the site of seven lease sales, commencing with the joint State/Federal sale in ~ 979 and continuing over a 20-year period to the most recent sale held in 1998 (ADNR 2001a, MMS 200 Ic). These sales were helLcl at two to five year intervals, with sales in 1979, 1982, 1984, 1988,1991, 1996, and 1998. The total acreage offered was 54,81 1,200 acres (22,198,500 ha) in ~ 0,] 3 ~ blocks (MM S 200Ic). The total includes previously unoffered lands, reofferings of surrendered leases, and reoffering of previously offered but unleased acreage. The offerings ranged in size from 173,423 acres (70,236 ha) in 46 blocks (1979) to IS,556,776 acres (779,384,592 ha) in 3,417 blocks (19911. Issuance of leases ranged from a low of 24 blocks with 85,776 acres (34,739 ha) in 1979 to a high of 227 leases with 1,207,714 acres (489,124 ha) in ~ 984 (MMS 2001c). The earliest phase of leasing in the late ~ 970s and early 198Os drew the greatest level of interest with approximately 21 percent ofthe offered acreage being leased. The large acreage offerings of the late 198Os and early 199Os (7.28 to 18.56 million acres [2.9 to 7.5 million ha]) drew relatively little interest, with only 3.5 percent of the offered blocks receiving successful high bids. [merest may be on the rise once again. At the most recent sale in 1998, 9.3% of the 920,983 acres (372,998 ha) offered were leased. Interest peaked early not only in terms of the percentage of offerings receiving bids but also in terms of the values bid on the leases. The average per block bit! in the first three sales

Next: Index »
Cumulative Environmental Effects of Oil and Gas Activities on Alaska's North Slope Get This Book
×

This book identifies accumulated environmental, social and economic effects of oil and gas leasing, exploration, and production on Alaska's North Slope. Economic benefits to the region have been accompanied by effects of the roads, infrastructure and activies of oil and gas production on the terrain, plants, animals and peoples of the North Slope. While attempts by the oil industry and regulatory agencies have reduced many of the environmental effects, they have not been eliminated. The book makes recommendations for further environmental research related to environmental effects.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!