Appendix C
Information Resources
OVERVIEW
Brogdon WG, McAllister JC. 1998. Insecticide resistance and vector control. Emerging Infec tious Diseases4(4):605–613. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol4no4/brogdon.htm.
Fidler DP. 1998. Legal issues associated with antimicrobial drug resistance. Emerging Infec tious Diseases4(2):169–177. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol4no2/fidler.htm.
Jack W. 2001. The public economics of tuberculosis control. Health Policy57(2):79–96.
Levy SB. 2001. Antibiotic resistance: consequences of inaction. Clinical Infectious Diseases 33 Suppl 3:S124–S149.
Levy SB. 2002. Factors impacting on the problem of antibiotic resistance. Journal of Antimi crobial Chemotherapy49(1):25–30.
Molyneux DH. 2001. Vector-borne infections in the tropics and health policy issues in the twenty-first century. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hy giene95(3):233–238.
Palumbi SR. 2001. Humans as the world’s greatest evolutionary force. Science 293(5536):1786–1790. Available at: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/293/5536/1786.
Schentag JJ. 1999. Antimicrobial action and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics: the use of AUIC to improve efficacy and avoid resistance. Journal of Chemotherapy11(6):426– 439.
Stephenson I, Wiselka M. 2000. Drug treatment of tropical parasitic infections: recent achievements and developments. Drugs60(5):985–995.
Wierup M. 2001. The Swedish experience of the 1986 year ban of antimicrobial growth promoters, with special reference to animal health, disease prevention, productivity, and usage of antimicrobials. Microbial Drug Resistance7(2):183–190.
COST OF RESISTANCE
Coast J, Smith RD, Millar MR. 1998. An economic perspective on policy to reduce antimicrobial resistance. Social Science and Medicine46(1):29–38.
Phillips M, Phillips-Howard PA. 1996. Economic implications of resistance to antimalarial drugs. Pharmacoeconomics10(3):225–238.
Smith RD, Coast J, Millar MR. 1996. Over-the-counter antimicrobials: the hidden costs of resistance. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy37(5):1031–1032.
BACTERIAL RESISTANCE
Arnadottir T. 2001. Tuberculosis: trends and the twenty-first century. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases33(8):563–567.
Banatvala N, Peremitin GG. 1999. Tuberculosis, Russia, and the Holy Grail. Lancet 353(9157):999–1000.
Diwan VK, Thorson A. 1999. Sex, gender, and tuberculosis. Lancet353(9157):1000–1001.
Gleissberg V. 1999. The threat of multidrug resistance: is tuberculosis ever untreatable or uncontrollable?Lancet353(9157):998–999.
McCormick JB. 1998. Epidemiology of emerging/re-emerging antimicrobial-resistant bacterial pathogens. Current Opinion in Microbiology1(1):125–129.
McGee L, McDougal L, Zhou J, Spratt BG, Tenover FC, George R, Hakenbeck R, Hryniewicz W, Lefevre JC, Tomasz A, Klugman KP. 2001. Nomenclature of major antimicrobial-resistant clones of Streptococcus pneumoniae defined by the pneumococcal molecular epidemiology network. Journal of Clinical Microbiology39(7):2565–2571. Available at: http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/content/full/39/7/2565?view=full&pmid=11427569.
Pinho MG, Filipe SR, de Lencastre H, Tomasz A. 2001. Complementation of the essential peptidoglycan transpeptidase function of penicillin-binding protein 2 (PBP2) by the drug resistance protein PBP2A in Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Bacteriology 183(22):6525–6531. Available at: http://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/full/183/22/6525?view=full&pmid=11673420.
Somoskovi A, Parsons LM, Salfinger M. 2001. The molecular basis of resistance to isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Respiratory Research 2(3):164–168. Available at: http://respiratory-research.com/content/2/3/164.
World Health Organization. 2000.Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Resistance in the World. Report No. 2: Prevalence and Trends. The WHO/IUATLD Global Project on Anti-Tuberculosis Drug-Resistance Surveillance. Available at: http://www.who.int/gtb/publications/dritw/index.htm.
VIRAL RESISTANCE
Blower SM, Porco TC, Darby G. 1998. Predicting and preventing the emergence of antiviral drug resistance in HSV-2. Nature Medicine4(6):673–678.
Gumina G, Song GY, Chu CK. 2001. Advances in antiviral agents for hepatitis B virus. Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy12 Suppl 1:93–117.
Mital D, Pillay D. 2001. The impact of HIV-1 subtype on drug resistance. Journal of HIV Therapy6(3):56–60.
Pineo GF, Hull RD. 2001. Dalteparin sodium. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 2(8):1325–1337.
Richman DD. 2001. HIV chemotherapy. Nature410(6831):995–1001. Available at: http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v410/n6831/full/410995a0_fs.html.
Snell NJ. 2001. Ribavirin—current status of a broad spectrum antiviral agent. Expert Opin ion on Pharmacotherapy2(8):1317–1324.
PROTOZOAN RESISTANCE
Bryceson A. 2001. A policy for leishmaniasis with respect to the prevention and control of drug resistance. Tropical Medicine and International Health6(11):928–934.
Carlton JM, Fidock DA, Djimde A, Plowe CV, Wellems TE. 2001. Conservation of a novel vacuolar transporter in plasmodium species and its central role in chloroquine resistance of P. falciparum. Current Opinion in Microbiology4(4):415–420.
Gillespie SH, Morrissey I, Everett D. 2001. A comparison of the bactericidal activity of quinolone antibiotics in a Mycobacterium fortuitum model. Journal of Medical Microbi ology50(6):565–570.
Imwong M, Pukrittakayamee S, Looareesuwan S, Pasvol G, Poirreiz J, White NJ, Snounou G. 2001. Association of genetic mutations in Plasmodium vivax dhfr with resistance to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine: geographical and clinical correlates . Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy45(11):3122–3127. Available at: http://aac.asm.org/cgi/content/full/45/11/3122?view=full&pmid=11600366.
Nomura T, Carlton JM, Baird JK, del Portillo HA, Fryauff DJ, Rathore D, Fidock DA, Su X, Collins WE, McCutchan TF, Wootton JC, Wellems TE. 2001. Evidence for different mechanisms of chloroquine resistance in 2 Plasmodium species that cause human malaria. The Journal of Infectious Diseases183(11):1653–1661. Available at: http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/JID/journal/issues/v183n11/001437/001437.html.
Wellems TE, Plowe CV. 2001. Chloroquine-resistant malaria. The Journal of Infectious Dis eases184(6):770–776. Available at: http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/JID/journal/issues/v184n6/010488/010488.html.
White N. 1999. Editorial: Antimalarial drug resistance and mortality in falciparum malaria. Tropical Medicine and International Health4(7):469–470.
HELMINTH RESISTANCE
Barnes EH, Dobson RJ, Stein PA, Le Jambre LF, Lenane IJ. 2001. Selection of different genotype larvae and adult worms for anthelmintic resistance by persistent and short-acting avermectin/milbemycins. International Journal for Parasitology31(7):720–727.
Gryseels B, Mbaye A, De Vlas SJ, Stelma FF, Guisse F, Van Lieshout L, Faye D, Diop M, Ly A, Tchuem-Tchuente LA, Engels D, Polman K. 2001. Are poor responses to praziquantel for the treatment of Schistosoma mansoni infections in Senegal due to resistance? An overview of the evidence.Tropical Medicine and International Health6(11):864–873.
King CH, Muchiri EM, Ouma JH. 2000. Evidence against rapid emergence of praziquantel resistance in Schistosoma haematobium, Kenya. Emerging Infectious Diseases6(6):585– 594. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol6no6/king.htm.
Sturrock RF. 2001. Schistosomiasis epidemiology and control: how did we get here and where should we go?Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz96 Suppl:17–27.
Yu DB, Li Y, Sleigh AC, Yu XL, Li YS, Wei WY, Liang YS, McManus DP. 2001. Efficacy of praziquantel against Schistosoma japonicum: field evaluation in an area with repeated chemotherapy compared with a newly identified endemic focus in Hunan, China. Trans actions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene95(5):537–541.
VACCINE-RESISTANT MUTANTS
Barouch DH, Kunstman J, Kuroda MJ, Schmitz JE, Santra S, Peyerl FW, Krivulka GR, Beaudry K, Lifton MA, Gorgone DA, Montefiori DC, Lewis MG, Wolinsky SM, Letvin NL. 2002. Eventual AIDS vaccine failure in a rhesus monkey by viral escape from cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Nature415(6869):335–339. Available at: http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v415/n6869/full/415335a_fs.html.
McLean AR. 1995. Vaccination, evolution and changes in the efficacy of vaccines: a theoretical framework. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological sciences. 261(1362):389–393.
Wilson JN, Nokes DJ, Carman WF. 2000. Predictions of the emergence of vaccine-resistant hepatitis B in The Gambia using a mathematical model. Epidemiology and Infection 124(2):295–307.
FACTORS OF EMERGENCE
Bennish ML. 1999. Animals, humans, and antibiotics: implications of the veterinary use of antibiotics on human health. Advances in Pediatric Infectious Disease14:269–290.
Boyce JM. Consequences of inaction: importance of infection control practices. 2001. Clinical Infectious Diseases33 Suppl 3:S133–S137.
Gerberding JL, McGowan JE Jr, Tenover FC. 1999. Emerging nosocomial infections and antimicrobial resistance. Current Clinical Topics in Infectious Disease19:83–98.
Gross R, Morgan AS, Kinky DE, Weiner M, Gibson GA, Fishman NO. 2001. Impact of a hospital-based antimicrobial management program on clinical and economic outcomes. Clinical Infectious Diseases33(3):289–295. Available at: http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/CID/journal/issues/v33n3/001003/001003.html.
Hryniewicz W, Grzesiowski P, Ozorowski T. 2001. Hospital infection control in Poland. Journal of Hospital Infection49(2):94–98.
Nicolle LE. Preventing infections in non-hospital settings: long-term care. 2001. Emerging Infectious Diseases7(2):205–207. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol7no2/nicolle.htm.
Nicolle LE, Bentley DW, Garibaldi R, Neuhaus EG, Smith PW. 2000. Antimicrobial use in long-term-care facilities. SHEA Long-Term-Care Committee. Infection Control and Hos pital Epidemiology21(8):537–545.
Okeke IN, Lamikanra A, Edelman R. 1999. Socioeconomic and behavioral factors leading to acquired bacterial resistance to antibiotics in developing countries. Emerging Infectious Diseases5(1):18–27. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol5no1/okeke.htm.
Pechere JC. 2001. Patients’ interviews and misuse of antibiotics. Clinical Infectious Diseases 33 Suppl 3:S170–S173.
Roberts R, Cordell R, Scott RD.Issues Concerning Studies on the Impact of Health Care Associated Infections with Antimicrobial Resistant Pathogens. Available at: http://www.carp-net.org/Cost/study1/cost_study_1.htm.
Schierholz JM, Beuth J. 2001. Implant infections: a haven for opportunistic bacteria. Journal of Hospital Infection49(2):87–93.
Shryock TR. 1999. Relationship between usage of antibiotics in food-producing animals and the appearance of antibiotic resistant bacteria. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents12(4):275–278.
Strausbaugh LJ, Crossley KB, Nurse BA, Thrupp LD. 1996. Antimicrobial resistance in long-term-care facilities. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology17(2):129–140
Teuber M. 2001.Veterinary use and antibiotic resistance. Current Opinion in Microbiology. 4(5):493–499.
Thamlikitkul V, Jintanothaitavorn D, Sathitmethakul R, Vaithayaphichet S, Trakulsomboon S, Danchaivijitr S. 2001. Bacterial infections in hospitalized patients in Thailand in 1997 and 2000. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand84(5):666–673.
Weinstein RA. 2001. Controlling antimicrobial resistance in hospitals: infection control and use of antibiotics. Emerging Infectious Diseases7(2):188–192. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol7no2/weinstein.htm.
VECTOR RESISTANCE
Gratz NG, Jany WC. 1994. What role for insecticides in vector control programs?American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene50(6 Suppl):11–20.
Gubler DJ. 1998. Resurgent vector-borne diseases as a global health problem. Emerging Infectious Diseases4(3):442–450. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol4no3/gubler.htm.
Guillet P, N’Guessan R, Darriet F, Traore-Lamizana M, Chandre F, Carnevale P. 2001. Combined pyrethroid and carbamate ‘two-in-one’ treated mosquito nets: field efficacy against pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus. Medical and Veterinary Entomology15(1):105–112.
Hemingway J, Ranson H. 2000. Insecticide resistance in insect vectors of human disease. Annual Review of Entomology45:371–391.
Pittendrigh BR, Gaffney PJ. 2001. Pesticide resistance: can we make it a renewable resource? Journal of Theoretical Biology211(4):365–375.
Regis L, Silva-Filha MH, Nielsen-LeRoux C, Charles JF. 2001. Bacteriological larvicides of dipteran disease vectors. Trends in Parasitology17(8):377–380.
Roberts DR, Andre RG. Insecticide resistance issues in vector-borne disease control. 1994. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene50(6 Suppl):21–34.
Roberts DR, Laughlin LL, Hsheih P, Legters LJ. 1997. DDT, global strategies, and a malaria control crisis in South America. Emerging Infectious Diseases3(3):295–302. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol3no3/roberts.htm.
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY AND TOOLS TO COMBAT RESISTANCE
Research and Technology
Bax R, Mullan N, Verhoef J. 2000. The millennium bugs—the need for and development of new antibacterials.International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents16(1):51–59.
Fischetti VA. 2001. Phage antibacterials make a comeback. Nature Biotechnology19(8):734– 735. Available at: http://www.nature.com/cgitaf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nbt/journal/v19/n8/full/nbt0801_734.html.
Loeffler JM, Nelson D, Fischetti VA. 2001. Rapid killing of Streptococcus pneumoniae with bacteriophage cell wall hydrolase. Science294(5549):2170–2172. Available at: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/294/5549/2170.
Mangel WF, Brown MT, Baniecki ML, Barnard D, McGrath WJ. 2001. Prevention of viral drug resistance by novel combination therapy. Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs 2(5):613–616.
Tang C, Holden D. 1999. Pathogen virulence genes—implications for vaccines and drug therapy. British Medical Bulletin55(2):387–400.
Wright GD. 2000. Resisting resistance: new chemical strategies for battling superbugs.Chem istry and Biology7(6):R127–R132.
Tools
Bax R, Bywater R, Cornaglia G, Goossens H, Hunter P, Isham V, Jarlier V, Jones R, Phillips I, Sahm D, Senn S, Struelens M, Taylor D, White A. 2001. Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance—what, how and whither?Clinical Microbiology and Infection7(6):316–325.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2000. Laboratory capacity to detect antimicrobial resistance, 1998. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report48(51-52):1167–1171.
Guan J, Fan C, Liao L. 2000. Protein secretion from drug-resistant bacteria—a suitable target for new antibiotics. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao11(6):947–950.
Kristinsson KG. 2001. Mathematical models as tools for evaluating the effectiveness of interventions: a comment on Levin. Clinical Infectious Diseases33 Suppl 3:S174–S179.
Laxminarayan R, Brown GM. 2001. Economics of antibiotic resistance: a theory of optimal use. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management42(2):183–206.
Peck SL. 2001. Antibiotic and insecticide resistance modeling—is it time to start talking? Trends in Microbiology9(6):286–292.
Simpson JA, Watkins ER, Price RN, Aarons L, Kyle DE, White NJ. 2000. Mefloquine pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic models: implications for dosing and resistance. Antimi crobial Agents and Chemotherapy44(12):3414–3424. Available at: http://aac.asm.org/cgi/content/full/44/12/3414?view=full&pmid=11083649.
Vacek V. 2001. Antibacterial chemotherapy—are we really at the end of the antibiotic era? Casopís lékar°u ceskych140(19):592–595.
CONTAINMENT STRATEGIES
Antimicrobial Resistance
Amaral L, Viveiros M, Kristiansen JE. 2001. Phenothiazines: potential alternatives for the management of antibiotic resistant infections of tuberculosis and malaria in developing countries. Tropical Medicine and International Health6(12):1016–1022.
Blower SM, Gerberding JL. 1998. Understanding, predicting and controlling the emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis: a theoretical framework. Journal of Molecular Medicine 76(9):624–636.
Carbon C, Bax RP. 1998. Regulating the use of antibiotics in the community. British Medical Journal317(7159):663–665. Available at: http://bmj.com/cgi/content/full/317/7159/663?view=full&pmid=9728001.
Enserink M. 2001. Driving a stake into resurgent TB. Science293(5528):234–235. Available at: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/293/5528/234.
Escalante P, Graviss EA, Griffith DE, Musser JM, Awe RJ. 2001.Treatment of isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis in southeastern Texas. Chest119(6):1730–1736. Available at: http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/content/full/119/6/1730
Goldmann DA, Weinstein RA, Wenzel RP, Tablan OC, Duma RJ, Gaynes RP, Schlosser J, Martone WJ. 1996. Strategies to prevent and control the emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms in hospitals. A challenge to hospital leadership. Journal of the American Medical Association275(3):234–240.
Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance. 2001.A Public Health Action Plan to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance (Part 1: Domestic Issues). Executive Summary. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/actionplan/aractionplan.pdf.
Medina-Cuevas F, Navarrete-Navarro S, Avila-Figueroa C, Santos-Preciado JI. 2000. FARMAC: a program designed for monitoring the prescription of antimicrobials in hospitals (abstract only). Gaceta médica de México136(2):107–111.
OIE (Office International des Epizooties). The Use of Antibiotics in Animals—Ensuring the Protection of Public Health. March 24–26, 1999. Summary and Recommendations from the European Scientific Conference. Available at: http://www.antibiotics-conference.net/site/conclusn/summary.htm.
Schentag JJ, Gilliland KK, Paladino JA. 2001. What have we learned from pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic theories?Clinical Infectious Diseases32 Suppl 1:S39–S46. Available at: http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/CID/journal/issues/v32nS1/000683/000683.html.
Schrag SJ, Beall B, Dowell SF. 2000. Limiting the spread of resistant pneumococci: biological and epidemiologic evidence for the effectiveness of alternative interventions.Clinical Microbiology Reviews13(4):588–601. Available at: http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/content/full/13/4/588?view=full&pmid=11023959.
Shlaes DM, Gerding DN, John JF Jr, Craig WA, Bornstein DL, Duncan RA, Eckman MR, Farrer WE, Greene WH, Lorian V, Levy S, McGowan JE Jr, Paul SM, Ruskin J, Tenover FC, Watanakunakorn C. 1997. Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America and Infectious Diseases Society of America Joint Committee on the Prevention of Antimicrobial Resistance: Guidelines for the Prevention of Antimicrobial Resistance in Hospitals. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology18(4):275–291.
World Health Organization. 2001. WHO Global Strategy for Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance. Available at: http://www.who.int/emc/amrpdfs/WHO_Global_Strategy_English.pdf.
Insecticide Resistance/Vector Control
Insecticide Resistance Management: A Driving Force for New Insecticide Development. 2001. Down to Earth56(1): 8–9. Available at: http://www.dowagro.com/webapps/lit/litorder.asp?objid=09002f138016e140&filepath=/noreg.
McGaughey WH, Gould F, Gelernter W. 1998. Bt resistance management. Nature Biotech nology16(2):144–146.
Rose RI. 2001. Pesticides and public health: integrated methods of mosquito management. Emerging Infectious Diseases7(1):17–23. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol7no1/rose.htm.
Sina BJ, Aultman K. 2001. Resisting resistance. Trends in Parasitology17(7):305–306.
World Health Organization Communicable Disease Control, Prevention and Eradication, WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES). 2000. Report of the Second Meeting of the Global Collaboration for Development of Pesticides for Public Health (GCDPP). April 6–7, 2000. Available at: http://www.who.int/ctd/whopes/gcdpp2.pdf.