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Index
A
Abidjan, 225, 391-394
Abortion rates, 219-220
Absolute poverty, 180-184
numbers of urban residents living in, 2
research focused on, 287-288
Access to services, 2, 167-180, 196, 251-255
decentralization of reproductive health
services, 251-253
differences by city size, 172-174
examples of intracity differentials in water
supply, 178
factors blocking, 253-254
improving the quality and accessibility of
care, 253-254
measures of in the demographic and health
surveys, 170
need to improve data systems on, 4
poverty among the underserved migrants,
176-177
services and the poor, 174-176
Accidents, higher urban rates of, 263
Accra, Ghana, 178, 180, 213, 220, 260, 286-287
Adaptation hypothesis, regarding migrants,
243
Addis Ababa, 231
Adult educational attainment, rural and urban
areas, 162
Africa
cities of more than 750,000 population
in, 100
colonial background of, 100-101
marginalized in new global economy,
101-102
population doubling in, 12
population growth in cities and towns of, 3
urban population change in, 99-102
515
urbanization decoupled from
industrialization, 82
Agency for International Development, 402
Agglomeration economies, 307-312
Aggregate census-based method, 121
AIDS awareness, variation within urban settings
in, 5
Albania, 66
American Community Survey, 483
Argentina, 95
Arms dealing, 347
Asia
cities of more than 750,000 population in,
103
HIV levels in, 224
population doubling in, 12
population growth in cities and towns of, 3
population trends in, 91
urban population change in, 102-106
See also Pacific Asia
Asian Development Bank's Cities Data Book,
168
Asian "triangles," 79
Aspatial analysis of poverty, 232-238, 302
Assets, 4, 62, 165
Authority dimension of urban governance,
390-401
B
Bangalore, 49, 150
Bangalore Urban Poverty Alleviation
Programme (BUPP), 49
Bangkok, 19, 357-362, 481
characterization of main zones in the
extended metropolitan region of,
362
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516
growth rate in, 64
HIV levels in, 224-225
migrants to, 329
Bangladesh
cities abandoned by public sector services
in, 254
intraurban differences in infant mortality
rates in, 285
urban boundaries in, 317
Barriers to mobility, 333-337
Basic services, 165
in which urban environments differ from
rural, 70
Beijing, 84
Beijing-Seoul-Tokyo (BESETO), 78
Belo Horizonte, Brazil, 378
"Better Cities Network of East and South-East
Asian Cities," 402
Bhilwara, India, 179
Birth attendance, variation within urban settings
in, 5
Botswana, 213
HIV in, 222
Boundaries
city, 136-137
jurisdictional conflicts, 2
Brasilia, 140
Brazil, 340-341
declining growth rates experienced by
largest cities in, 120
foreign direct investment in, 78
impact of better education in, 321
Northeastern, child mortality rates in, 39
"participatory budgeting" in, 376-378
population pyramid for urban, 129
residual earnings variance in Brazil's largest
cities, 341
rising inequalities in urban incomes, 7
urban relative to rural age composition of
men and women in, 129
Breastfeeding, 212n
"Bridging," role of social networks, 48
Broken windows theory, 40
Buenos Aires, 96, 158, 285, 337
gated communities, 159
Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, 240, 242
BUPP. See Bangalore Urban Poverty Alleviation
Programme
INDEX
C
Cairo, 14, 68, 69, 99, 136-138, 203
Calcutta, 105, 224
Cambodia, 48
Cameroon, 251
Cancers, higher urban rates of, 263
Capacity dimension in urban governance, 7-8,
363-371
Cape Town, South Africa, 17, 245
Capital formation, 352
Cardiovascular disease, 263
Caribbean
cities of more than 750,000 population in, 97
HIV levels in, 224
Cartagena, Colombia, 185
CBOs. See Community-based organizations
CBSA. See Core-based statistical area
classification
Census-based method
aggregate, 121
problem of intervals, 355
Centralized model, of urban governance, 361,
407
Chandigarh, India, 194
Chiang Mai, Thailand, 246
"Chicago School," 30
Child mortality, 127, 278-282, 295-297
"Child quality," 34-35
Child trafficking, 347
Children's health, 272-278, 296
Children's lives, 188-195
China, 337-338, 343-344
changing urban definitions in, 134
Cultural Revolution in, 145, 307
family planning needs in, 245
foreign direct investment in, 78
household registration system in, 327
impact of national economic restructuring
on rural populations near cities, 63
a predominantly rural country, 104
rising inequalities in urban incomes, 7,
183-184
urban boundaries in, 317
Chronic"lifestyle" diseases, 268-269
Circular migration, 225
Cities
amid global forces, 76-81
characteristics of, 10
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INDEX
concentration of social and economic
resources in, 2
emerging regional networks, 78-79
financial services and foreign direct
investment, 77-78
forced to redefine their comparative
advantages, 1
growth rates in large versus small, 15
markets and volatility, 78, 80
mortality and morbidity in, 5-6, 22-23,
259-299
networks in, 75
optimal size, 56n
with over a million residents, 84
problems of poorest, 370
reinventing themselves, 77
their regions, and the international
economy, 23-25
world cities, 80-81
See also individual cities and countries
Cities Data Book project, 167-168
City boundaries, 136-137
City growth from migration and natural
112-114
City-level population data, 135-141
Brasilia, 140
city boundaries, 136-137
Kitwe, Zambia, 141
Mamey, Niger, 140
Sao Paulo, 139
Shubra-El-Khema, 138
United Nations population estimates,
138-141
City size categories, 489
City systems and city-regions, 58-64
Clustering, 36-37
advantages of, 309
Cobb-Douglas production function, 311n
Cochabamba, Bolivia, 245
Collective socialization, 37
Colombia, 252
Commercial sex work, 225
Common resources, 36-37
Communicable diseases, 73
greater vulnerability of city dwellers to, 259
impact on children's health, 264
new and reemergent, 269-270
Community-based organizations (CBOs), 49
517
Community dynamics, social capital and, 41-42
Completed schooling for adults, in rural and
urban areas, 161, 163
Comprehensive model, of urban governance,
361, 405-407
"Compression," of social relationships, 45
"Computable general equilibrium" model, 304
Congestion, 2
Contraceptive use, 5, 214-216, 219
Core-based statistical area (CBSA)
classification, 482-483
Coronary heart disease, 263
Cote d'Ivoire, 160
Countries covered by DHS surveys, 490
Crime rates, 56
"Crisis-led" fertility, 226, 230
Cultural conflict, 38
Cultural Revolution, 145
Cumulative measures, 112
Currencies, world markets in, 80
D
Dakar, 205
Dakshinpuri, India, 240, 242
DALY. See Disability-adjusted life year
predictions
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 178, 186, 269
Data systems
need to computerize, 147, 356
need to improve, 4
Decentralization, 64-66, 95, 390, 408, 411
Deconcentration, 313-317
Definition and measurement issues, 128-141
Delhi, 105
Demand for manufactured goods and services,
income elasticity of, 302
Democratization, 95
Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), 27, 94,
108, 120, 122-128, 152, 154, 156, 163,
177-179, 200, 227, 229, 488-494, 505
on children's health needs, 261, 272,
277-279, 282
limitations of, 109, 411, 503
linking to United Nations city data, 487-494
measuring relative urban poverty with data
from, 499-502
need for spatial identifiers for all surveys, 4
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518
recommendations for, 503-505
refining urban indicators in, 416-417
showing declines in both urban and rural
mortality, 6
Demographic behavior theory, 34-40
social learning via social networks, 35-36
Demographic features of the urban transition,
81-95
Demographic transformation, 11-17
Demographic transition theory, 21
Demographic Yearbooks, 26-27, 109, 131,
135-139,412,415,487,504
Depression, 267
Desakota zones, 61-62, 67
Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische
Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), 402
Dhaka, Bangladesh, 5, 22, 105, 206, 254, 285
DHS. See Demographic and Health Surveys
Diffusion, 5
Disability-adjusted life year (DALY)
predictions, 264-266, 269
Disease spectrum, 262-272, 297
chronic"lifestyle" diseases, 268-269
injuries, 265-267
mental health, 267-268
new and reemergent communicable diseases,
269-270
the urban penalty, 270-272
See also Communicable diseases
Diseconomies of proximity, 56
Disruption hypothesis, regarding migrants, 243
Diversity, 204, 315
ability of local governments to cope with, 8
dimension in urban governance, 378-384
in economic interactions, 51-57
effects of, 54
in Manila, 383-384
in Rio de Janeiro, 380-381
in Sao Paulo, 381-383
spatial theories of, 20, 52-56
See also Socioeconomic diversity and
inequality
Doi Moi program, 244
Drinking water, measures of access to, 170
Drug trafficking, 347
E
Earnings inequality case studies, 340-343
Brazil, 340-341
INDEX
China, 343
Taiwan, 342-343
East Asia, 88, 94n
Economic crises, 66, 230, 282-283
in cities of Kazakhstan, 283
fertility transitions and, 226-231
Economic resources, concentrated in cities, 2
"Ecumenopolis." See Beijing-Seoul-Tokyo
Education, 4, 196-197, 248-249
dropout rates, 350
"Efficiency wage" models, 325n
Electricity, 4, 63, 170, 505
Elite neighborhoods, 19
Employment
See Urban labor markets
EMRs. See Extended metropolitan regions
Engel's law, 302-304
Environmental hazards, 4, 7, 262
Epidemics, 282-283
Export Group Report, 183
Extended metropolitan regions (EMRs),
19
External economies, of proximity, 54-56
F
Faisalabad, Pakistan, 254
Families
embedded in social contexts, 29
reproductive strategies of, 256
Family planning programs
private sector in, 254-255
urban, 107
Family Planning Service Expansion and
Technical Support (SEATS) project,
253
FDI. See Foreign direct investment
Fertility and reproductive health, 4-5, 20-22,
199-258
access to services, 257-258
contraception, 214-216
fertility behavior and trends, 256
fertility transitions and economic crises,
226-231
HIV/AIDS, 222-226
maternal care, 221-222
migrants, 242-246
sexual unions and first marriage, 212-214
social and economic contexts, 201-206
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total fertility rates in rural and urban areas,
210
unmet need for contraception and
unintended fertility, 216-221
urban adolescents, 247-251
the urban dimension, 200-209
the urban poor, 231-242
urban service delivery, 251-255
Fertility declines
mortality decline following, 94-95
urbanization as a precondition for, 21
Financial resources, 371-378
Financial services, 8, 77-78
Fixed-rates model, 484
"Floating" population, 134, 177
Floods, 187
Foreign direct investment (FDI), 77-78, 305n,
344-346
Formal institutions, social capital in, 387
Formal sector
versus informal sector, 289
jobs in, 301
wages in, 324
For-profit services, versus not-for-profit, 289
Fragmented model, of urban governance, 361,
405-407
G
Geocoded data, 8
Geographic information systems (GIS),
109-110, 147-151, 414, 504
GEOPOLIS database, 134
Ghana, 36, 130, 322
GIS. See Geographic information systems
Global Burden of Disease, 269
Global circuits, 1, 24
Global economy, 101-102
Global Report on Human Settlements,
373
Global Urban Indicators Database, 368-369
Globalization, 75-76, 95, 106
Governance. See Urban governance
Government Finance Statistics Yearbook, 373
Governments
dimension in which urban environments
differ from rural, 70
moving to "governance," 64-67
operating on a territorial basis, 20
519
pervasive influence of, 74
spatial organization of activities of, 34
Growth
contribution of migration to urban growth,
89-90
natural increase and migration, 89-92
rate of, 485
rural-to-urban migration rates, 90-92
Growth "triangles," 79
GTZ. See Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische
Zusammenarbeit (GTZ)
Guayaquil, Ecuador, 178
H
Habitat II, 402
Hanoi, Vietnam, 255
Havana, 220, 373
Hazards. See Environmental hazards
Health, 1-2, 22-23, 40-41, 70, 297, 299
See also Communicable diseases;
Reproductive health services
Health service provision, 289-295
HIV/AIDS epidemic, 222-226, 282-283
Homicides, 266, 386
Hong Kong, 77, gin, 94, 102, 338
Household age composition, in rural and urban
areas, 131
Household registration system, 327
Household relations, social capital in, 388-390
Household structure, factors disrupting, 194
Housing, 50, 73, 364
HPI. See Human Poverty Index
Human capital, 70, 72, 160-163, 196-197
Human Development Report, 164n
Human Poverty Index (HPI), 164n
Hyderabad, 150
lle-Ife, Nigeria, 220
ILO. See International Labour Organization
Income, 4, 6, 165
Income elasticity, 302
India, 48, 149-150, 309
Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites, 149
Indonesia, 7, 94, 102, 306, 345, 350
Inequality. See Socioeconomic diversity and
inequality
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520
Infant mortality rates, 127, 271, 278-282,
295-296
Infectious diseases, 5
Informal economy
earnings in, 323n
versus formal sector, 289
internationalization of, 347
tiers within, 339
urban population growth swelling, 334
Informalization of urban labor markets, 331-340
Injuries, 265-267
Inter- and intraurban differentials, 2, 6
"Intergenerational closure," of individual social
networks, 41
Intergovernmental transfers, and targeted social
assistance, 66
Internal economies, of scale and proximity,
53-54
International Crime Victimization Survey, 385n
International Labour Organization (ILO), 332
International Monetary Fund, 373
International Programs Center, 413
IRS. See Indian Remote Sensing satellites
J
Jakarta, Indonesia, 19, 145, 235n
Jordan, 150-151
Jos, Nigeria, 220
Jurisdictional conflicts, 404-405, 408
K
Kaplan-Meier estimator, 278
Karachi, Pakistan, 105, 145, 220, 238, 240, 257
Kazakhstan, 283, 333, 351-352
Kelley-Williamson, 304
Kenya, 36, 321-322
Kinshasa, Zaire, 237
Kitwe, Zambia, 139, 141
Korea, 59, 314
Kuala Lumpur, 77
Kumasi, Ghana, 179
Kuwait, 150
INDEX
Lagos, 14, 99, 142
Lahore, Pakistan, 240
"Land invasions," 74
Landslides, 187
Large cities, 84-89
in the countries covered by DHS surveys,
494
unique needs of, 16
Larkana, Pakistan, 255
Latin America
cities of more than 750,000 population in, 97
HIV levels in, 224
homicide levels in, 266, 386
migration rates in, 91
population doubling in, 12
population growth in cities and towns of, 3
social and environmental movements in,
390
urban growth slowing in, 98
urban population change in, 96-99
urbanization in, 12, 87, 95
Lesotho, 292
Ley de Participacion Popular, 374, 390
Local participation, in Chinese cities, 399-401
Localization economies, 308-311
"Localization effects," 53n, 54
Location, 29-74
city systems and city-regions, 58-64
dimensions in which urban environments
differ from rural, 70
from government to governance, 64-67
intergovernmental transfers and targeted
social assistance, 66
neighborhoods and demographic behavior
theory, 34-40
neighborhoods and larger structures, 46-49
new conceptualizations needed, 412
social capital, 40-42
spatial segregation, 42-46
spatial theories of, 52-56
sustaining diversity in, 51-57
the urban/rural divide, 67-74
using multiple data sources to define
KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa, 246, 330 urbanness in Cairo, 69
Kyrgyzstan, 188, 333, 351
L
Labor force, urban economy and, 6-7, 23-25,
57, 300-354
Locational price differences and nonfood needs,
180-183
adjusting poverty rates for geographic
differences in prices in the United States,
181
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London, 77, 80, 85
Los Angeles, 33, 481
M
Macroeconomic stability, 66
Macropolitan areas, 482
Madras, 150
Mahila Milan, 48, 71, 167
Malaria, 263
Malawi, 224
Malaysia, 94, 102, 149-150
Malnutrition, 263
Manila, 19, 383-384
Manufacturing, advanced economies shifting
away from, 1
Marriage, 256
Marshall, Alfred, 310
Maternal care, 221-222
percentage of women with recent births
attended by physicians or
nurse/midwives in rural and urban areas,
221
percentages of women delivering recent
births at home, in a public sector
institution, or in a private-sector in rural
and urban areas, 222
Maternal mortality rates (MMRs), 241, 263
Megacities, 1, 14-17, 88-89
"Megalopolis," 60
Megapolitan areas, 482
Mental health, 267-268
Metropolitan regions, concepts and definitions
of, 481-483
Mexico
calculating production benefits in, 310
disability-adjusted years of life lost in,
265
employment transitions in urban, 335
foreign direct investment in, 78
migration in, 122n
urban share of national economy in, 303
urban transformation in, 60
worker mobility in, 333-336
Mexico City, 68, 85, 87, 96, 143, 394-398
openness of international trade in, 315
political parties in, 397-398, 403-404
socioeconomic levels by geostatistical
areas, 44
521
urban subsystem of, 18
varying levels of income across, 43
Micropolitan areas, 482
Midwives, 290
Migrant shares of urban growth, 111, 114,
120-121
Migrants, 122-125, 242-246
permanent versus temporary, 328
poverty among underserved, 176-177
pre-arranged employment among, 326-327
urban migrant-nonmigrant differences in
poverty and access to services of,
501-502
Migration, 2
changes in rural and urban crude birth rates
and age structure with, 119
contribution to urban growth, 89-90
and nature of previous residence, 278-279
rural-to-urban, contribution to urban growth,
3, 152, 243
selectivity hypothesis, disruption hypothesis,
and adaptation hypothesis, 243
in the spread of AIDS, 225
studies of, 7
and urban age structure, 117-120
urban-to-rural, in West Africa, 91n
Migration and economic mobility, 322-331
composition of migrant streams, 327-329
revisiting the Todaro and Harris-Todaro
models, 323-327
urban economic mobility, 329-331
Mixed model, of urban governance, 407
MMRs. See Maternal mortality rates
Mongolia, 232
Monterrey, Mexico, 178
Mortality and morbidity in cities, 5-6, 22-23,
259-299
boosting the contribution of natural increase
to urban growth, 3
child survival and child health, 295-297
crisis in Russia, social capital and, 41
crude death rates by neighborhood in
Accra, 260
the disease spectrum, 262-272, 297
distinctive aspects of urban health,
262
health service provision and treatment
seeking, 289-295
a penalty for the urban poor, 284-289
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recent evidence on children's health and
survival, 272-283
trends over time, 299
the urban health penalty, 297
"Moving to Opportunity" experiment, 50
Mumbai, 85, 238
federation of low-income groups in, 48
GIS initiatives in greater, 150
HIV levels in, 224
informal jobs in, 333
urban growth fueled by rural poverty, 105
N
Nairobi Cross-Sectional Slums Survey.
238-239, 249, 286
Nashville, Tennessee, 45n
Natal, Brazil, 201
National population growth, 116-117, 485
National Slum Dwellers Federation (NSDF), 48,
71, 167
National statistical systems, 303
Natural disasters, 74
Natural increase, contributing to urban growth, 3
"Natural neighborhoods," 31-32
Neighborhoods, 31-51
clustering, common resources, and
contagion, 36-37
and demographic behavior theory, 34 40
elite, 19
federation of low-income groups in Mumbai, Pacific Asia
48
influence on fertility decisions, 5
and larger structures, 46-49
need for data on, 8
participatory urban poverty programs in
Bangalore, 49
services and the physical environment,
39-40
social comparisons and subculture conflict,
38-39
social learning via social networks, 35-36
Neoliberalism, 365
Neo-Malthusians, 23
Neo-Marxist functionalists, 332n
Nepal, 255
Network effects, 56
See also Periurban networks; Rural
networks; Social networks
INDEX
New York City, 77, 80, 85, 87
Newly industrializing economies (NIEs), 102
NGOs. See Nongovernmental organizations
Mamey, Niger, 139-140
NIES. See Newly industrializing economies
Nonagricultural occupations, 73
Nonagricultural population of cities and towns
(NPCT), 134
Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 47, 49,
255
operating on a territorial basis, 20
paying attention to street children, 194
spatial organization of activities of, 34
NPCT. See Nonagricultural population of cities
and towns
NSDF. See National Slum Dwellers Federation
Nurse/midwives, proportion of women with
recent births attended by, 236
o
Obesity, 268-269
Occupational health and safety risks, in urban
and rural areas, 73
OECD. See Organisation for Economic
Cooperation and Development
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD), 145
p
dramatic economic growth in, 102
formation of "urban corridors" in, 78
rapid emergence of international orientations
in, 24
urbanization accelerating in, 2
Pakistan, 241
"Participatory budgeting," in Brazil, 376-378
"Peace communities," 389
Pecuniary externalities, 51, 308
"People's power" movement, 390
Periurban networks, 36
Permanent migrants, versus temporary, 328
Philippines, 48, 252-253, 372, 390
Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 224
Piped water, advantage enjoyed by large urban
areas versus small, 4
Planning, barriers to, 355-356
Poisson models, 219n
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Poland, workers' movement in, 390
Policy reform, local dynamics of, 408-409
Poorest cities, problems of, 370
Population data, need for adequate and
comparable, 3-4
Population Division, 4, 82, 109, 132, 153, 172
World Urbanization Prospects, 26, 109,
135-139, 142, 152, 414-416, 487, 489,
496, 504
Population growth, 3
declining rate of, 11, 89
estimated and projected, 12, 14
urban and rural, by region, 83
Port Elizabeth, South Africa, 179
Porto Alegre, Brazil, 377
Poverty, 4, 262
among underserved migrants, 176-177
aspatial analysis of, 232-238
and children's health, 275-277
comparisons of urban and rural, 183-184
dealing with, 166-167
factors intensifying, 194
spatially concentrated, 232, 238-242
and well-being, 197
See also Absolute poverty; Relative urban
poverty; Urban poverty
Prices, 70, 81
Princeton European Fertility Project, 21
Private access to sanitation, recommendations
regarding, 504-505
Private medical sources of contraception,
234
Private providers, 290-291
Private sector, 5, 254-255, 291, 294
Productivity benefits, 309, 310
Projections of urban populations, 141-146
Prostitution, 347
Proximity, 32, 46, 53-54, 71
diseconomies of, 56
external economies of, 54-56
"and high walls," 157
internal economies of, 53-54
spatial, 204
Prussian Kreise, 21
Public infrastructure, 165
Public services. See Access to services;
Services
Purdah, 206
Pure externalities, 308
523
Q
Qatar, 148
Quality of care issues, 293-294
"Quantity-quality trade-offs," 51, 204-205, 230
Quxi Road Market for Agricultural and
Non-staple Products, 400-401
R
Rate of urbanization, 112
Recent evidence on children's health and
survival, 272-283
epidemics and economic crises, 282-283
infant and child survival, 278-282
Reclassification, 89
Reference groups, influence on fertility
decisions, 5
Referral system issues, 291-292
Regional differences in urban population
change, 95-106
Africa, 99-102
Asia, 102-106
Latin America, 96-99
Regional networks, 78-79
Regional urban linkages, the Asian "triangles,"
79
Relative mobility, 330n
Relative urban poverty, 174, 499-500
measuring with DHS data, 499-502
predicted enrollment for children by, 190
urban migrant-nonmigrant differences in
poverty and access to services of recent
migrants, 501-502
Remotely sensed data, 8
Reproductive health services
access to, 257-258
decentralization of, 5
defining, 199
recommendations regarding, 505
Reproductive tract infections (RTIs), 242n
Residual earnings variance
in Brazil's largest cities, 341
in Taiwan, 342
"Residual" method, 120-121
Respiratory disease, higher rural rates of,
263
"Reverse polarization," 98
Rio de Janeiro, 17, 85, 96, 285, 380-381
HIV levels in, 225
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524
Risk and vulnerability, 184-188
RTIs. See Reproductive tract infections
Rural areas
access to services, 168-172
AIDS awareness, 237
children's height for age and weight for
height at 2 years in, 273-274, 296
contraceptive use, 216, 217
infant and child mortality for rural and urban
areas, 127
levels of fertility and mortality, 125-128
Rural fertility, 233
Rural growth, rate of, 486
Rural networks, 36
Rural populations, infant mortality estimates for,
281
Rural-to-urban migration
contributing to urban growth, 3, 108, 118
and earnings, 353
rates of, 90-92
Rural total fertility rates less urban rates by
region, in economic crises, 229
RuraVurban dichotomies. See Urban/rural
dichotomies
Russia, mortality crisis in, 41
Rwanda, 224
S
Safety nets, 165
San Pedro Sula, Honduras, 264
Sanitary movement, 271
Santiago, Chile, 33-34, 220
spatial concentration of the elites of, 158
Santo Domingo, 220
Sao Paulo, 9-10, 14, 17, 24, 60, 61, 87, 96, 139,
284-285, 333, 334, 381-383
Savings rates, 305-306
Scale
a defining feature of life in cities, 16
internal economies of, 53-54
of urban economy and labor force, 6
School enrollments in urban areas, 188-191
Schooling, 160-163
advantage enjoyed by large urban areas
versus small, 4
economic returns of, 301, 319-322
impact on contraceptive use, 4
SDI. See Shack/Slum Dwellers International
INDEX
SEATS. See Family Planning Service Expansion
and Technical Support (SEATS) project
Sectoral influences, 304-307
industrialization and social capital in
Indonesia, 306
versus spatial, 302
Security dimension in urban governance,
384-390
Selectivity hypothesis, regarding migrants,
243
Self-medication, 290
Seoul, 102
Services
blocks to delivery of, 252-253
and the physical environment, 39-40
provision of better in cities than rural areas,
196
public versus private, 289
recommendations regarding delivery of, 198
See also Access to services
Sex workers, HIV prevalence among, 224
Sexual networks, urban, 207, 261
Sexual unions, and first marriage, 212-214
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), 200-202,
212, 246, 255, 261, 270
pharmacists treating, 255
See also HIV/AIDS epidemic
SEZs. See Special Economic Zones
Shack/Slum Dwellers International (SDI), 48
Shanghai, 220, 365-368
Shantou, a Special Economic Zone, 104
Shanty towns, 2
Shelter, 165
Shenzhen, a Special Economic Zone, 77, 104
Shubra-El-Khema, 137-138
Silk industry, 316
Singapore, 94, 102
Size distributions, and primacy, 58-60
Slum Development Teams, 49
Small cities
combined impact of, 15
disadvantages of, 257-258
health care needs in, 298
including in World Urbanization Prospects,
415
"Smart interpolation" programs, 147
SMAs. See Standard metropolitan areas
Smuggling, globalization of, 347
Snow, John, 35
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INDEX
Social accounting matrix techniques, applying to
trade in West Africa, 303
Social capital, 40-42, 71
and community dynamics, 41-42
in formal institutions, 387
health and, 40-41
in household relations, 388-390
in informal community-level institutions, South Africa
387-388
and the mortality crisis in Russia, 41
Social cohesion, 2, 288
Social comparison theory, 38-39
Social comparisons, and subculture conflict,
38-39
Social contagion, 36
Social contexts of fertility and reproductive
health, 201-206
the program and services environment,
206-209
spatial differences in fertility rates in greater
Cairo, 203
Social dimension, in which urban environments
differ from rural, 70
Social embeddedness, 68
Social externalities, 51
Social infrastructure, investments in greater in
cities, 5
Social learning
influence on fertility decisions, 5
via social networks, 35-36
Social marketing programs, 237, 250, 255
Social networks
"bridging" role of, 48, 311
social learning via, 35-36
strong and weak ties in, 43n, 204
Social relationships, "compression" of, 45
Socialization, institutional, 37-38
Society for the Promotion of Area Resource
Centres (SPARC), 48, 71, 167
Socioeconomic diversity and inequality, 4,
19-20, 155-198
access to public services, 167-180, 196
childrens lives, 188-195
within cities, 19-20
human capital, 196-197
measuring absolute poverty in cities,
180-184
multiple dimensions of urban poverty,
165
525
need to attend to the spatial aspects of, 20
poverty and well-being, 197
recommendations, 197-198
risk and vulnerability, 184-188
a spatial perspective, 157-160
urban well-being: concepts and measures,
164-167
anti-apartheid movement in, 390
groups of the poor in, 48
and the imprint of inertia, 57n
likelihood of recent sex among adolescents
in, 248
new constitution in, 372-373
South Asia, 78
South Korea, 94
Southeast Asia
changes in rural economies and lifestyles in,
23
fertility decline preceding mortality decline
in, 94n
selected city growth rates in, 88
Soviet republics, 105-106
Space and measurement, 17-19
SPARC. See Society for the Promotion of Area
Resource Centres
Spatial aspects of diversity and inequality, need
to attend to, 20
Spatial Reconcentration, 313-317
Spatial influences, 157-160, 203, 307-312
versus sectoral, 302
Spatial proximity, 204
Spatial segregation, 42-46
Spatial theories, 52-56
producer services and high-skill labor
markets, 55
Spatially concentrated poverty, 232, 238-242
urban/rural differences in maternal mortality
in Pakistan, 241
Spatially disaggregated data, 412-413
Special Economic Zones (SEZs), 77, 104
"Splintering urbanism," 379
Squatter settlements
expanded by migrants into cities, 2
projects to upgrade, 364
Standard metropolitan areas (SMAs), 482
Statistical systems
African initiatives, 148-149
decomposition of national, 303
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526
for disaggregated data, 146-151
and GIS, 148-151
STDs. See Sexually transmitted diseases
Stocks, 80, 112
Street children, 191-195, 192-195
alcohol and drug use by, 193
demographic profile, 192-193
interventions, 194-195
life on the street and its consequences,
193-194
origins and causes, 194
sex of, 193
"Stunted" children, 272
Sub-Saharan Africa
contraceptive use in, 36
deteriorating health conditions in, 6
fertility rates in, 228
GEOPOLIS database for, 134
having highest infant and child mortality
rates worldwide, 295-296
HIV seroprevalence rates, 222
infant and child mortality rates increasing in,
296
lack of foreign direct investment in, 78
urban children fostered into care of rural
relatives, 62
weak macroeconomic growth in, 6
Suburbanization, 481
Sudan, 331
Sugar daddies, 249
T
Taichung, Taiwan, 30, 36, 202
Taipei, 19, 102
Taiwan, 342-343
growing rates of per capita income in, 94
impact of better education in, 320-321
residual earnings variance in, 342
rising inequalities in urban incomes, 7
Tanzania, 322, 331
TBAs. See Traditional birth attendants
Technological change, 2
Kelley-Williamson simulations of, 304
skill-bias in, 305
urban labor force dependent on, 352
Technological externalities, 51
Tegucigalpa, 224-225
Temporary migrants, versus permanent, 328
INDEX
TFRs. See Total fertility rates
Thailand
groups of the poor in, 48
growing rates of per capita income in, 94
newly industrializing economies in, 102
Time costs, 165
Todaro and Harris-Todaro models, 323-327
Tokyo, 77, 80, 85, 87
Total fertility rates (TFRs), 201, 210-211,
226-229
estimates of, 126
in rural and urban areas, 127, 210
Total population of cities and towns (TPCT), 134
Total urban population
growth by national income level, 13
and number of urban areas by size, 85
TPCT. See Total population of cities and towns
Traditional birth attendants (TBAs), 241
Traditional healers, 290
Traditional providers, versus modern, 289
Traffic accidents, 266-267
Transformation of cities, 17-25
demographic, 11-17
fertility and reproductive health, 20-22
governance, 25
health, 22-23
and the international economy, 23-25
socioeconomic diversity within cities, 19-20
space and measurement, 17-19
Transient populations, in the spread of AIDS,
225
Treatment seeking, 289-291
health service provision and, 289-295
patterns of, 290
private providers, 290-291
self-medication, 290
traditional healers, 290
Tuberculosis, 270
U
UNCHS. See United Nations Centre for Human
Settlements
Undernutrition, 269
UNDP. See United Nations Development
Programme
Unemployment, 325
UNICEF, 192
Unintended fertility, 216-221
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INDEX
Unipolar depression, 267
United Nations
Demographic Yearbooks, 26-27, 109, 131,
135-139, 152, 415, 487, 504
estimates and projections from, 11-16, 84,
88-90, 96, 106-107, 486, 489, 495-498
estimates of the contributions of migration
and reclassification to urban growth in
developing countries, 90
linking DHS data to city data from, 487-494
need for critical review of data and
methodology of, 4, 82
Population Division, 4, 82, 109, 132, 153,
172
Statistical Office, 132, 135
underestimating city populations, 19, 99,
143, 498
United Nations Centre for Human Settlements
(UNCHS), 27, 97, 100, 103, 155,
367-369
United Nations Demographic Yearbook,
computerizing, 415
United Nations Development Programme
(UNDP), 164n, 357
United Nations Habitat, Urban Management
Program, 402
"United Nations method." See Urban/rural
growth difference method
Unmet need for contraception, and unintended
fertility, 216-221
Upward mobility, expectations of, 327n
Urban adolescents, 247-251
Urban advantage, 5-6
calling into question, 5
demographic bonus, 352
little significant erosion in for children,
296-297
in reproductive health, 238, 257
Urban age structure, 128
Urban agglomerations, 52, 86, 136
Urban areas
access to services, 168-172
children's height and weight in, 272-274,
296
current use of modern contraceptives in,
216
environmental problems in, 262
infant and child mortality for rural and urban
areas, 127
527
infant and child mortality in, 280
levels of fertility and mortality, 125-128
measures of access to basic public services,
170
poverty-related problems in, 262
school enrollments in, 188-191
Urban bias, 317-319
Urban concepts, specifying in World
Urbanization Prospects, 416
"Urban corridors," formation of in Pacific Asia,
78
Urban definitions
allowing comparisons of alternative, 415
in the countries with a DHS survey, 490-493
inconsistent, 132-135
Urban diseconomies, 98
Urban economy and labor force, 6-7, 23-25, 57,
300-354
earnings inequality case studies, 340-343
economic returns to schooling, 319-322
global links and local outcomes, 343-352
informalization, 331-340
migration and economic mobility, 322-331
sectoral influences, 304-307
spatial Reconcentration, 313-317
spatial influences, 307-312
Urban family planning programs, 107
Urban future, 11-14
Urban governance, 7-8, 25, 355-409
the authority dimension, 390-401
a "best" model of urban metropolitan
governance, 401-406
the capacity dimension, 363-371
the concept of urban governance, 357-362
the diversity dimension, 378-384
the financial resources dimension, 371-378
major challenges of urban governance in
developing countries, 363-401
the security dimension, 384-390
Urban growth, 3, 93, 111, 114-117, 486
Urban health, distinctive features of, 259
Urban labor force
consequences of rapid growth in, 6
dependent on technological change and
capital formation, 352
Urban labor markets, 331-340, 343-352
Urban Management Program, 402
Urban migrants, 123-124, 126
Urban penalty, 259-260, 270-272, 284-289
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528
Urban poor, 231-242
infant mortality estimates for, 281
inferior access to basic amenities, 4
inferior access to reproductive health
services, 257-258
mortality risks facing, 6, 297-298
spatially concentrated poverty in, 238-242
vulnerability to crises and disasters, 4, 267
Urban population dynamics, 3-4, 17-19,
108-154
city growth from migration and natural
increase, 112-114
definition and measurement, 128-141
fertility, mortality, migration, and urban age
structure, 120-128
key concepts and notation, 110-112
migrant shares as calculated from censuses,
120-121
migrants as recorded in the demographic and
health surveys, 122-125
migration and urban age structure, 117-120
projecting urban populations, 141-146
statistical systems for disaggregated data,
146-151
urban age structure, 128
urban and national population growth,
116-117
urban and rural levels of fertility and
mortality, 125-128
urban growth and the rate of urbanization,
114-116
Urban population growth, 75-107, 111
cities amid global forces, 76-81
key demographic features of the urban
transition, 81-95
major regional differences, 95-106
swelling the informal sector, 334
Urban poverty, 165, 174, 197, 499-500
Urban/rural dichotomies, 2, 4, 6, 70, 152, 256
Urban/rural growth difference (URGD) method,
132, 135, 141, 495-498
Urban/rural interface
linkage issues, 294-295
population growth rates within metropolitan
Sao Paulo, 61
spaces and networks at, 60-64
Urban service delivery, 251-255
decentralization of reproductive health
services, 251-253
INDEX
improving the quality and accessibility of
care, 253-254
the private sector in family planning,
254-255
Urban sexual networks, 207
Urban sociological research, 31
Urban-to-rural migration flows, in West Africa,
91n
Urban total fertility rates by region, in economic
crises, 227
Urban treatment seeking, 289-291
private providers, 290-291
self-medication, 290
traditional healers, 290
"Urban villages," 31
Urban well-being, concepts and measures,
164-167
Urbanization
accelerating in Pacific Asia, 2
benefits derived from, 2, 8
decoupled from industrialization in Africa,
82
effects of, 53n
inevitable tendency toward, 355
level of, 485
as a precondition for fertility decline, 21
rate of, 92-93, 485
"splintering," 379
URGD declining with, 496
without development, 93
Urbanization economies, 308-309
"Urbanness," 172
in Cairo, using multiple data sources to
define, 69
URGD. See Urban/rural growth difference
method
U.S. Bureau of the Census, 95, 482
American Community Survey, 483
HIV/AIDS Surveillance Data Base,
224
International Programs Center, 413
User fee issue, 292-293
V
Vietnam, migration in, 244
"Vigilance committees," 374
Violent crime, 266
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W
Waste disposal, 4, 170-171
"Wasted" children, 272
Water supply, 63, 178, 504
See also Drinking water; Piped water
Weak ties, in social networks, 204
Weibull estimator, 278
West Africa, gin, 303
WFS. See World Fertility Survey
Women, 123-124, 221, 222, 225, 234, 236,
238, 266, 300, 504
World Bank, 183-184, 185n, 310, 346, 402
World cities, 80-81
World Development Report, 371
World Fertility Survey (WFS), 211, 226-227,
229, 261, 282, 299, 411
World Health Organization, 186n, 267, 292
529
World population growth, 1, 3-4, 108-154
concentrated in urban areas, 82-84,
106
distribution by urban/rural and national
income level, 13
World Urbanization Prospects, 26, 109,
135-139, 142, 152, 414-416, 487, 489,
496, 504
X
Xiamen, 104
z
Zambia, 224, 283, 348-349
Zhuhai, 104
Zimbabwe, 237, 293
Representative terms from entire chapter:
population growth
