National Academies Press: OpenBook
« Previous: Appendix E: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and Staff
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2004. Reducing Underage Drinking: A Collective Responsibility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10729.
×

Index

A

Abstention, 44, 92-93

Academic problems, 1, 13, 14, 59, 63, 77

Access-limiting interventions.

See also Minimum drinking age laws

anti-smoking programs compared, 159, 161, 169, 170

for college students, 203-204

for commercial establishments, 6-7, 18, 102, 103, 105, 168-175

compliance checks, 6-7, 109, 169-171, 181

conditional use permits for public places, 178, 222

Cops in Shops program, 109, 180-181

design considerations, 3, 102-104

dram shop liability laws, 7, 172-174, 177

driving-related, 6, 8, 173, 178-180

effectiveness of, 66, 159, 169, 171, 173, 175-176

false identification prevention and detection, 8, 127, 166, 167-168, 171, 173, 175, 181-183

funding, 170, 246

incentives for compliance, 159, 162, 163, 166, 170

Internet sales and home delivery and, 142, 174-175

keg registration laws, 8, 176

media campaigns, 3, 6, 132, 169, 170, 175, 176, 177

for noncommercial sources, 18, 105, 166, 175-178

party detection and termination, 8, 180

penalties for possession, 9, 183-184

possession and purchase restrictions, 21, 180-184

public support for, 15, 109, 162

recommendations, 6-9, 166, 169-170, 172, 174-175, 176, 182-183

research and evaluation, 159, 160, 171, 246

responsible beverage service and sales programs, 6, 7, 171-172, 221-222

school-based programs, 197

social host liability, 177-178

success factors, 171-172

third-party transactions and, 7, 175-176

Access to alcohol

adult drinking behavior and, 98-99

false identification for purchases, 181-182

financial barriers, 100

as risk factor for drinking, 20, 81, 82-83, 86

sources for youth, 1-2, 7, 159-160, 166-168

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2004. Reducing Underage Drinking: A Collective Responsibility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10729.
×

Accountability

alcohol industry, 4, 143-144

entertainment industry, 156-157

Acute impairment, consequences of, 59-63

Adolescent Alcohol Prevention Trials, 196

Adolescent development

cognitive changes, 73-75

decision-making competency, 30, 73-74, 77, 84-85, 113

desire for autonomy, 72-73, 75, 85

identity construction, 72

peer influence, 9, 19, 45, 72, 73, 75, 76, 78, 83-84, 86

personality characteristics, 76, 85

and program dose and follow-up, 196

and risk perception, 74, 76, 77

self-efficacy, 9, 76, 78

self-esteem, 77

Adult-oriented interventions, 31-32, 86.

See also National media campaign, adult-focused

Adults.

See also Parents;

Public opinion/awareness

attitudes about underage drinking, 3, 22-23, 31, 109-111

consequences of drinking, 58-59, 64

drinking behavior, 19-20, 24, 35, 39, 42, 43, 47, 52, 53-54, 85, 98-99, 188

influence of underage drinking on later behavior, xvi, 18, 65, 66

knowledge about underage drinking, 3, 111-114

purchase of alcohol for underage drinkers, 20, 35, 168

supervision of adolescents, 82

Advertising, 18

adult drinking levels and, 98

alcopops, 133-134, 137

audience proportion threshold, 132, 138-140, 141

codes and code enforcement, 4, 137, 138, 141, 142-143, 146

college bans on, 144

constitutional issues, 4, 135-136, 142

content, 4, 20, 79, 105, 126, 136 n.6, 137, 140-141

“drink responsibly” message, 101, 125, 129

entertainment industry and, 105, 142-143, 146-147, 148, 149, 151, 152

expenditures, 20, 132, 133, 138

FTC recommendations, 15, 135, 137, 138, 141, 142-143, 149

influence on youth, 4, 71, 79, 105, 129, 132-133, 218

Internet, 142

literacy programs, 195

measured media purchases, 132, 133

monitoring exposure to, 4, 139-140, 143-144

placement, 136 n.6, 137, 138-140, 142-143

print media, 139-140

public awareness of practices, 4, 15, 143-144

recommendations, 4, 136, 137, 143-144

research on causal links, 133-134

social norms marketing, 128, 129, 190

on television programs, 4, 129, 132, 138-139

unmeasured promotion, 132

African Americans

access to alcohol, 182

driving and drinking, 60

patterns of underage drinking, 36, 40, 41, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52

risky sexual behavior, 62

violence-related deaths, 61

Age groups.

See also Adults;

College students;

High school students;

Initiation age of drinking;

Junior high school students

and expectancies about alcohol, 72

and location of drinking, 57

and message development, 93 n.1

patterns of drinking by, 39, 40-43, 46, 47, 50, 57, 78

segregation effects, 72, 75, 82

Alcohol 101 program, 18, 129

Alcohol dependency, 58, 59, 63, 65, 66, 69, 70, 76, 85, 212-215

Alcohol industry

accountability, 4, 143-144

advertising and promotion, 4, 15, 18, 20, 79, 105, 126, 132-143

“best practices,” 15, 126, 137, 138, 141

independent nonprofit foundation, 130-131, 235

prevention programs, 3, 6, 15, 17-18, 101, 102, 105, 126, 127-132, 144, 180-181

public attitudes about controls on, 15

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2004. Reducing Underage Drinking: A Collective Responsibility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10729.
×

recommendations, 3, 4, 130-132

self-regulation, 135-136, 137, 143

social responsibility, 135, 136, 142

support of enforcement, 128

tax revenues from, 23

trade associations, 4, 127, 128, 137, 141

underage market, 23, 32, 126-127, 131

Alcohol Research Group, National Alcohol Surveys, 48

Alcopops, 133-134, 137

American Legacy Foundation, 130 n.4, 186, 187, 190, 191, 247-248

American Medical Association (AMA), 15, 209, 228

American Revolution, 125

Anemia, 64

Anheuser-Busch, 127, 129

Antisocial personality disorder, 76

Asian Americans, patterns of underage drinking, 41, 48, 52

Asian Indians, 36, 52

Australia, 171

Australian National Alcohol Campaign, 115, 189

Autonomy, adolescent desires for, 72-73, 75, 85

B

Beer, 27, 55, 81, 127, 128, 138, 140, 142, 149, 244

Beer Institute, 127, 141 n.10

Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance Survey, 53

Beverage preferences, 55

Binge drinking. See Consumption frequency and intensity; Heavy drinking; Patterns of underage drinking

Blood alcohol limits, 59-60, 161, 178, 180

Boston University School of Public Health, 62

Brain development and damage, 1, 13, 14, 35, 59, 64-65, 69

C

California, 55-56, 57, 79, 117 n.5, 121, 124, 173, 189, 191, 218, 219, 221

Alcohol Policy Reforms Initiative, 131 n.5

California State University Memorandum of Understanding Program, 228

Center for Advancement of Public Health, 200

Center for the Enforcement of Underage Drinking Laws, 234

Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth (CAMY), 129, 138, 140, 248

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 53, 188, 233, 238

Century Council, 128-129, 180-181, 235

Children of alcoholics, 65-66

Chinese Americans, 36

Chronic health problems, 64

Coalitions and coalition building, 10, 15, 216, 217-218, 219-220, 223-224, 225, 226-230

Cognitive-behavioral skills approach, 201

College students

access to alcohol, 167-168, 182

consequences of drinking, 59, 61, 62, 200

dormitory effect, 47-48, 82-83, 203

fraternity members, 44, 177, 182

patterns of drinking, 14, 37, 38, 43-48, 50, 51, 52, 55-56, 70, 200

risk factors for drinking, 20, 44-45, 47-48, 203

support for policy enforcement, 224

violent crimes, 61, 62

College/university interventions

access-limiting interventions, 203-204

advertising bans, 144

alcohol-free social activities, 205-206

cognitive-behavioral skills approach, 201

community collaborations in, 10, 15, 196, 197, 223-224, 225, 226-230

driving-related, 202

education-based strategies, 9, 18, 129, 199, 201-203

effectiveness of programs, 9, 201, 205

environmentally focused, 9, 203-206

evaluation of, 10

funding, 15

for high-risk heavy drinkers, 199-200, 201-202

industry-sponsored, 18, 128-129, 144

ineffective strategies, 201, 205

integrated approach, 202

motivational enhancement approach, 201, 202

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2004. Reducing Underage Drinking: A Collective Responsibility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10729.
×

parental notification, 204-205, 207

policy enforcement and sanctions, 9, 200-201, 203, 204, 206

recommendations, 9-10, 207

research and evaluation, 207

screening for high-risk and heavy drinkers, 9, 18, 199, 200, 202, 206-207

social norms approach, 201-202, 203, 207

sourcebook, 200

Commercial establishments

access to alcohol through, 168-175

community-based interventions, 168, 169

compliance checks, 6-7, 169-171, 181, 220

density of outlets, 81, 218, 219-220

and design of interventions, 23-24

dram shop liability laws, 7, 125, 172-174, 177

entertainment product access restrictions, 152-153

and false identification, 8, 127, 166, 167-168, 171, 173, 175, 181-183

Internet sales and home delivery and, 142, 174-175

keg registration laws, 8, 176

off-license vs. on-license establishments, 168

public support for restrictions on, 110

recommendations, 169-170, 174

responsible beverage service and sales programs, 6, 7, 125, 171-172, 221-222

sales to underage buyers, 20

seller/server training, 6, 7, 171-172

social responsibility, 172

Communities Mobilizing for Change, 197, 222-223

Community-based interventions, 18, 102

coalition building, 10, 15, 216, 217-218, 219-220, 223-224, 225, 226-230

college/university collaborations in, 10, 15, 196, 197, 223-224, 225, 226-230

cultural considerations, 52, 218

driving-related, 6, 8, 161-162, 178-180, 221-222, 223-224

effective programs, 218, 221-224

evidence of effectiveness, 176, 216, 220-230

funding, 10, 15, 230-231, 248

keg registration laws, 8, 176

loitering and nuisance ordinances, 7, 176

media use, 10, 122-124, 219, 221, 222

party detection and termination, 8, 180

recommendations, 6, 7, 8, 10, 176, 180, 219, 231

with school-based interventions, 196, 197

social mobilization, 10, 31, 106, 122-124, 197, 216-219, 221, 226-227

social norms approach, 128, 129, 161, 175, 176, 177, 180

statewide initiatives, 218-219, 228-229

success factors, 224-226, 235-236

and treatment programs, 215

Community Coalition for Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment, 220

Community environment

coalition-instigated changes in, 218, 219-220, 223

enabling, 79-83, 98

and enforcement, 227

Community Trials Intervention to Reduce High-Risk Drinking, 197

Community Trials Program, 221

Compliance checks, 6-7, 109, 169-171, 181, 220

Conditional use permits, 178

Conduct disorder, 76

Consequences of underage drinking

acute impairment, 1, 58, 59-63

adults compared, 58-59

brain damage, 1, 13, 14, 35, 59, 64-65, 69

causation question, 65-66

chronic health problems, 64

college students, 59, 61, 62, 200

decision-making capacity, 59, 60, 62

dependency, 63, 65

driving and drinking, 1, 13, 58, 59-60, 65, 113

gender and, 61, 64

initiation age and, 59, 62, 63, 65-66

knowledge and attitudes of youth, 62

long-term effects, 14, 58, 63-65

measures of, 93-94

parental knowledge and attitudes, 113-114

race/ethnicity and, 60, 61, 62, 64

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2004. Reducing Underage Drinking: A Collective Responsibility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10729.
×

risky sexual activity, 13, 59, 61-62, 65

social costs, 1, 13, 59, 61, 67-69, 212, 242, 243-244, 249

school failures, 13, 59, 63

suicide, 1, 59, 61, 63

unintentional injuries, 13, 60-61

vandalism and property damage, 59, 63

violence, 1, 13, 59, 61, 62, 65

Consumption frequency and intensity.

See also Patterns of underage drinking

advertising exposure and, 4, 71, 79, 105, 129, 132-133

community environment and, 81

in European countries, 163, 164-165

as indicator of program effectiveness, 92-93, 94

initiation age and, 1, 14, 35, 38, 40, 49, 52

minimum drinking age laws and, 163-165

overall levels, 52-55

patterns and trends, 2, 14, 35, 36-37, 38-39, 40-44, 46-47, 48, 49, 51, 56, 78, 81

price and, 11, 127, 240, 241, 243

and revenues, 23, 126-127, 131

risk perception and, 77, 187, 188

terminology, 36-37

Context of underage drinking, 40, 44, 55-57, 78-85

Coors, 129, 143

Cops in Shops program, 109, 180-181

Corporation for National Service, 233

Cost assessment, 94-95, 241-242, 247-249

Costs.

See also Social costs of underage drinking

of enforcement, 248

Council of Better Business Bureaus, National Advertising Bureau, 143

Crowd membership, 75

D

Day One Community Partnership, 197

Denmark, 117, 163, 164, 165

Design of prevention strategy

access-limiting, 3, 102-104

adolescent decision-making perspective, 30

assessing costs, 94-95, 247-249

assessing effectiveness, 91-94, 245-247

challenges in, 19-24, 89-91

commercial factors, 23-24

comparing outcomes, 93-94

connecting evidence and strategy, 96-98

consensus considerations, 20-21, 91

cost-effectiveness considerations, 91-95, 97-98, 99, 212, 249

diminishing-returns problem, 90

goals and means, 21-23

heterogeneity of the problem, 89-91

implementation considerations, 21-23, 97, 199

interaction among policy instruments, 90

multidisciplinary perspective, 30

national media campaigns, 9, 18, 21, 86, 90, 99, 105, 120-124, 189, 191-192

opportunities for, 12, 102-105

pervasiveness of drinking and, 19-20

portfolio approach, 89-91, 97, 106, 189, 195-196

relevant outcomes, 92-93

risk-benefit balancing, 97

separability of legal drinking and underage drinking, 98-99, 101-102

standards of evidence, 95-98

uncertainty problem, 90

Designated driver, 100, 116, 117, 189

Developmental factors, 40, 72-73

cognitive changes, 73-75

social situations, 75-76

Distilled spirits, 141 n.10, 142, 149

Distilled Spirits Council of the United States (DISCUS), 128, 141, 144, 235

Dram shop liability laws, 7, 125, 172-174, 177

Drinking refusal self-efficacy, 9, 76, 78

Driving and drinking

blood alcohol limits, 59-60, 161, 178, 180

college/university interventions, 202, 223

community interventions, 6, 8, 161-162, 178-180, 222, 223-224

costs of, 67, 68-69, 242, 243-244

crashes and fatalities, 1, 13, 25, 27, 58, 59, 60, 61, 66, 67, 68-69, 99-100, 161, 163, 173, 177, 179, 188, 243-244

“designated driver,” 100, 116, 117, 189

DUI arrests, 161, 163, 222, 223

enforcement of laws, 17, 18, 173, 178-179

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2004. Reducing Underage Drinking: A Collective Responsibility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10729.
×

funding for interventions, 234

graduated driver licensing laws, 6, 8, 26, 179

industry prevention programs, 127, 128, 129

media campaigns, 100, 116, 117, 122, 129, 180, 188

minimum drinking age and, 25-26, 66

parental knowledge and discussion, 112, 113

passengers of intoxicated drivers, 60

prevalence, 55, 56, 57

race/ethnicity and, 60

recommendations, 6, 179

risk perception, 74

risks of adverse consequences, 58-59

and safety belt use, 60, 118

sobriety check points and random breath testing, 8, 179-180

social host liability laws and, 177

zero tolerance laws, 6, 8, 27, 90, 100, 161, 178-179, 180

Drug abuse

alcohol use and, 66, 100

comparison to underage drinking, 21-22, 35, 38, 96, 101, 112

costs of prevention, 247-248

dependency, 63

federal funding of prevention, 1, 10, 14

media campaigns, 15, 22, 186-187, 189-190

parental concerns, 112

prevalence, 14, 40, 100

screening and prevention programs, 209, 211

school programs, 193

social costs, 40

Drug Free Communities Act, 10

Drug Free Communities Support Program, 230-231, 248

E

Education interventions, 9, 18, 128.

See also School-based interventions

college/university interventions, 9, 18, 129, 199, 201-203

ineffective tactics, 193

Enforcement of laws, 17, 18

alcohol industry support of, 128

college consistency in, 9, 200-201, 203, 204, 206

community support for, 227

costs, 248

and deterrence, 159, 169, 176, 179, 183-184

driving-related, 17, 18, 173, 178-179

for false identification, 167-168, 182, 184

and individual liberty, 95

media campaigns linked to, 6-7, 117, 118, 170, 175, 176, 177-178

minimum drinking age, 162, 167-168

penalties and sanctions, 9, 90, 167-168, 170, 177-178, 179, 182, 183-184, 204

public attitudes and awareness and, 168, 175, 178-179

recommendations, 179, 184

school-based interventions linked to, 21, 197

Enforcing the Underage Drinking Laws (EUDL) Program, 17, 160-161 n.1, 234, 237

Entertainment industry

accountability, 156-157, 239

causal effect of youth exposure, 145-146

FTC recommendations, 146, 149, 150, 151, 152-153

incentives for change, 32

monitoring product content, 156-157, 239-240

movies, 5, 147-148, 152-153

music recordings, 5, 148-153

product placement, 105, 142-143, 146-147, 148, 149, 151, 152

public awareness of practices, 156-157, 239

rating systems and marketing codes, 5, 146, 147, 150-152, 153-156

recommendations, 5-6, 146, 148, 150, 156-157

retail access to products, 152-153

self-regulation, 146, 149-150

social responsibility, 5, 32, 102, 105, 146, 239

television, 5, 153-156

video games, 150-152

violent programming, 146, 152-153

Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB), 150-152

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2004. Reducing Underage Drinking: A Collective Responsibility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10729.
×

European countries, minimum drinking age, 163, 164-165

Excise taxes, 11-12, 15, 18, 23, 66, 81, 99, 106, 240-244, 247

Executive Office of the White House, 233

Expectancy theory, 20, 70-72, 77-78, 83, 201

Expenditures for alcohol, 54-55

F

Faith-based programs, 207, 208

False identification, 167-168, 182, 184

Fatalities, alcohol-related, 1, 13, 14

Federal government, 102.

See also individual departments and agencies

alcohol-related programs, 17, 233-236

antidrug programs, 1, 10, 14

excise taxes, 11-12, 15, 18, 23, 66, 81, 99, 106, 232, 240-244, 247

funding for alcohol prevention, 1, 3, 5-6, 11, 14, 16, 17, 106, 108, 233

interagency coordinating committee, 11, 232, 235

recommended role, 10-11, 108, 232, 235-236

revenues from taxes, 244

state block grants tied to retailer compliance rates, 7, 26, 162, 170

technical assistance, 233-234

Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 4, 15, 135, 137, 138, 141, 142-143, 146, 149, 150, 151, 152-153

Fetal alcohol syndrome, 13

Filipinos, 36, 52

First Amendment issues, 4, 135-136, 142

Florida, 79, 124, 191

Florida State University, 230

Food and Drug Administration, 139 n.8

Frequent heavy drinking.

See also Consumption frequency and intensity;

Patterns of underage drinking

defined, 37

psychological problems associated with, 63

Funding for prevention, 1, 3, 5-6, 10

from alcohol industry, 130-131

college/university interventions, 15

community-based activities, 10, 15, 230-231, 248

consensus considerations, 21

driving-related, 234

excise taxes and, 11-12, 244, 247

federal, 1, 3, 5-6, 11, 14, 16, 17, 106, 108, 233

media campaigns, 121, 124

research and evaluation, 12

state enforcement activities, 170

G

Gender differences

in alcohol metabolism, 49, 52

in consequences of drinking, 61, 64

in expectancies about alcohol, 72

in patterns of underage drinking, 38, 44, 49-52, 56

in risk factors, 72, 76

in suicides, 61

and treatment programs, 214

George Mason University, College Alcohol Survey, 200

Georgetown University, 138

Georgia Institute of Technology, 229

Guidelines for Adolescent Preventive Services, 206

H

Harvard School of Public Health National College Alcohol Survey, 44, 63, 228-229

Health care settings, interventions in, 207, 208-209

Heavy drinking, defined, 37.

See also Consumption frequency and intensity;

Patterns of underage drinking

Hepatitis, 64

High school students

access to alcohol, 55, 167, 180

marijuana use, 38, 101

patterns of drinking, 14, 20, 37-38, 41, 42, 43, 44-45, 49, 50, 51, 55-56, 70, 99-100, 101

smoking, 38, 101, 169

sources of alcohol, 20

surveys of, 238

Higher Education Amendments of 1998, 204

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2004. Reducing Underage Drinking: A Collective Responsibility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10729.
×

Higher Education Center for Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention, 228

Hispanics

coalition, 222

driving and drinking, 60

health consequences of drinking, 64

patterns of underage drinking, 36, 40, 41, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52

risky sexual behavior, 62

violence-related deaths, 61

Homicide, 27, 61, 173

Hypertension, 64

I

Illinois, 80, 221

Implementation of interventions

cooperation and coordination required for, 18-19, 20-21

design considerations, 21-23, 97

lack of fidelity in, 199

Information-focused programs for high-risk youth, 9, 132, 193, 194, 198

Initiation age of drinking

and consequences of drinking, 59, 62, 63, 65-66

delay as outcome goal, 92, 94, 193

entertainment media exposure and, 146

gender differences, 49

and patterns of drinking, 1, 14, 35, 38, 40, 49, 52

and risky sexual behavior, 62

Injury. See Unintentional injuries

Interactive Digital Software Association (IDSA), 152

Interactive programs, 197

Internet

alcohol sales and home delivery and, 142, 174-175

false identification, 182

Ireland, 163, 164, 165

J

Junior high school students

access to alcohol, 55, 167, 180

patterns of drinking, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44-45, 49, 50, 51, 52, 55

K

Kaiser Family Foundation, 62

Keg registration laws, 8, 176

Kentucky, 80, 190

King, Rodney, 220

Knowledge and attitudes of youth and behavior change, 193

about consequences of drinking, 62

drinking refusal self-efficacy, 9, 76, 78

about normative practices, 77, 91-92, 98-99

about prevalence of drinking, 74-75, 77

Korean Americans, 36, 52

L

Latinos. See Hispanics

Leadership to Keep Children Alcohol Free, 15, 234

Lehigh University, 229

Liability laws, 7, 172-174, 177-178

Liver cirrhosis, 64

Loitering and nuisance ordinances, 7, 176

Louisiana State University, 230

LSU Campus-Community Coalition for Change, 230

M

Maine, 80, 112-113, 173

Massachusetts, 80, 124

Saving Lives Program, 223-224

Matter of Degree Program, 228

Media campaigns. See National media campaign

drunk driving prevention, 100, 116, 117, 122, 129, 180, 188

Media influence, 20, 71, 79, 81, 86, 98, 100, 102, 122-124, 179, 219, 221, 222

Mexican Americans, 36

Michigan State University Multiple Risk Outreach Program, 195

Midwestern Prevention Project, 189

Military-based interventions, 211-212

Minimum drinking age laws.

See also National Minimum Drinking Age Act

and consequences of underage drinking, 25-26, 66, 163

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2004. Reducing Underage Drinking: A Collective Responsibility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10729.
×

cultural contexts, 22-23

effectiveness, 6, 25, 27, 81, 96, 100, 158, 161-162, 163, 232

enforcement, 17, 159, 162, 167-168

in European countries, 159, 163, 164-165

evolution of current policy, 25-26, 100

federal highway funds tied to, 26, 162

goal of delay, 26-27, 161

incentives for compliance, 159, 162, 163, 166

industry support of, 127

instrumental role of law, 27-29, 158

“learner’s permit” for drinking, 26-27

public support for, 21, 22-23, 25, 162, 224-225

rationale for lowering, 25, 163

recommendations, 166

scope, 162-166

underlying assumptions, 25-29, 31

Minnesota, 55, 80, 166, 167, 221, 223

Missouri, 80, 219

Model Alcoholic Beverage Retail Licensee Liability Act of 1985, 7, 173-174

Monitoring. See Surveillance and monitoring

Monitoring the Future (MTF) Survey, 11, 35, 36, 37, 41, 81, 163, 187, 238, 239

Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD), 15, 122, 235

Motion Picture Association of America, film ratings, 5, 148, 152, 154-155

Motivational enhancement approach, 201, 202

Movies

exposure time, 147

marketing to underage youth, 146-147, 153

positive depictions of drinking, 20, 71, 79, 147-148

product placements, 149

rating for alcohol content, 5, 146-147, 148

Music recordings

exposure time, 148

positive references to drinking, 20, 79, 148-149

rating for content, 5, 146-147, 149-150, 152, 153

N

National Advertising Review Board, 143

National Alcohol Beverage Control Association, 235

National Beer Wholesalers Association, 235

National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA), 61, 109, 110, 113

National High Blood Pressure Campaign, 117, 121

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 218, 234

National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA), 35-36, 37, 38, 40, 44, 53, 54, 126, 212, 238, 239, 242

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), 10, 15-16, 43, 117, 173, 192, 200, 207, 227, 233-234

National Institute on Drug Abuse, 192, 238

National Institutes of Health, 15

National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 47, 81

National media campaign, adult-focused

access-limiting strategies tied to, 3, 6, 132, 169, 170, 175, 176, 177

approach of the committee, 18, 123-124, 159-160

attitudes of adults about underage drinking and, 3, 22-23, 31, 109-111

and behavior change, 116-119

challenges, 122-123

designing, 90, 99, 120-124

developmental approach, 122

disseminating facts, 111-112

evidence for action, 117, 119-120

funding, 121, 124

goals and logic, 114-115, 119-120

industry-sponsored messages, 101, 125, 129, 132

knowledge of adults about underage drinking and, 3, 111-114

law enforcement combined with, 6-7, 117, 118, 132, 169, 170, 175, 176, 177-178

message development, 3, 22, 86, 120

models, 115, 116, 117, 121-122

paid advertising, 121

parenting norms and behaviors, 116, 118-119

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2004. Reducing Underage Drinking: A Collective Responsibility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10729.
×

potential effectiveness, 115-119

recommendations, 3, 12, 108, 132

research and evaluation, 12, 120, 122, 123-124

and social mobilization for cultural change, 122-124

underlying assumptions, 114

National media campaign, youth-focused

anti-tobacco and anti-drug campaigns compared, 15, 22, 186-187, 189-190

boomerang effect, 189-190, 192

costs, 190

design and development of, 9, 18, 86, 105, 189-190, 191-192

environmental considerations, 190-191

evidence of effectiveness, 108, 187-189

goals, 109

industry-sponsored, 15

message development, 93 n.1, 189-190, 191-192

recommendations, 9, 192

research and evaluation, 191-192, 245

National Minimum Drinking Age Act, 26, 27-29, 161-166

National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 11, 36, 238

National Training and Research Center on Underage Drinking (proposed), 11, 235-236

National Youth Anti-drug Media Campaign, 189

Native Americans

health consequences of drinking, 64

patterns of underage drinking, 36, 48

New Hampshire, 80, 173

New York, 80, 167, 168, 181-182

Noncommercial distribution of alcohol, 18, 29, 175-178.

See also Adults;

Parents

O

Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 17, 161 n.1, 231, 234

Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP), 15, 118, 186, 189, 190, 231, 236, 247

Ohio College Initiative to Reduce High-Risk Drinking, 225, 228

Osteoporosis, 64

P

Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation (PIRE), 67-69, 242

Pancreatitis, 64

Parents

alcohol use by, 85

college notification program, 204-205, 207

discussion of alcohol issues with children, 113-114, 118

facilitation of underage alcohol use, 21, 29, 71, 82, 85, 104, 108, 115, 118, 119, 166

influence on adolescent drinking, 20, 82, 83, 84-85, 110, 118-119

involvement in youth programs, 208, 213

knowledge of underage drinking, 3, 35, 71, 85, 86, 111-114

liability issues, 21, 29, 118, 132, 177-178

as media campaign target, 116, 118-119, 132

monitoring and supervision of adolescents, 84-85, 104, 110-111, 118-119, 156, 196, 197

risk perception, 113-114, 115

role in prevention, 19, 21, 24, 82, 90, 102, 104

Parties

detection and termination, 8, 180

liability considerations, 21, 177-178

parents as sponsors, 85, 104, 166

as source of alcohol, 20, 56, 71, 85, 166

Partnership for a Drug-Free America, 190

Partnership in prevention

alcohol industry, 3

Patterns of underage drinking

abstainers, 44

adult drinking compared, 35, 39, 42, 43, 47, 52, 53-54

beverage preferences, 55

college students, 14, 37, 38, 43-48, 50, 51, 52, 55-56, 70

community environment and, 81

expenditures, 54-55

frequency and intensity of drinking, 2, 14, 35, 36-37, 38-39, 40-44, 46-47, 48, 49, 51, 56

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2004. Reducing Underage Drinking: A Collective Responsibility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10729.
×

gender, 38, 44, 49-52, 56

high school students, 14, 20, 37-38, 41, 42, 43, 44-45, 49, 50, 51, 55-56, 70, 99-100, 101

initiation age, 1, 14, 35, 38, 40, 49, 52

junior high school students, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44-45, 49, 50, 51, 52, 55

knowledge of adolescents about, 74-75

locations and situations, 55-57

long-term trends, 14, 37-38, 81

overall patterns, 38-40, 43, 101

participation rates, 53-54, 99-100, 101

race and ethnicity, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 44, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52

terminology, 36-37

trajectories, 39-40

Peer influence, 9, 19, 45, 72, 73, 75, 76, 78, 83-84, 86, 113, 194

Pennsylvania, 80, 167, 168, 181-182, 218

Poland, 163, 164, 165

Possession and purchase restrictions, 21, 180-184

Pregnancy, unwanted, 13

President’s Commission on Model State Drug Laws, 166

PREVENT (Personal Responsibility and Values: Education and Training), 211-212

Prevention strategy.

See also Adult-oriented interventions;

Design of prevention strategy;

Youth-oriented

interventions;

individual components

availability of alcohol and, 102-104, 159-160;

see also Access-limiting interventions

blueprint, 12, 102-105

boomerang effects, 97, 189-190, 192, 198

costs and cost effectiveness, 247-249

demand reduction, 104-105;

see also Alcohol industry;

Entertainment industry

implementation fidelity, 21-23, 97, 107, 197

injunctive norms as focus of, 75, 83-84

instrumental role of law, 27-29

key components, 105-107

need for, 99-101

occasions for drinking and, 104

overview, 2-3, 12

population perspective, 29-30, 186-187

premises, 101-102

responsible parties, 106

social norms approach, 128, 129, 161, 175, 176, 177, 180, 183, 194, 196, 197, 198, 201-202, 203, 207, 209

success factors, 171-172

Print media, 139-140

Prohibition, 25

Project Northland, 116-117, 189, 195-196, 197, 221

Public opinion/awareness

of advertising practices, 4, 15, 143-144

about alcohol industry controls, 15

and attitudes about underage drinking, 3, 5-6, 14-15, 24, 31, 35, 79, 81, 109-111

coalition initiatives, 221-222

and enforcement of laws, 168, 175, 178-179

of entertainment industry practices, 156-157

support for policy actions, 15, 21, 22-23, 25, 109, 162, 224-225

R

Race and ethnicity.

See also individual racial or ethnic groups

acculturation experiences, 52, 218

community coalitions based on, 219-220

and consequences of drinking, 60, 61, 62, 64

and false identification, 182

and industry targeting, 218

and patterns of underage drinking, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 44, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52

and program design, 194-195

and risk factors, 76

Rape. See Sexual assault

Recommendations

access-limiting interventions, 6-9, 166, 169-170, 171, 172, 174-175, 176, 182-183, 246

advertising restrictions, 4, 136, 137, 143-144

alcohol industry role, 3, 4, 130-132

community-based activities, 6, 7, 8, 10, 176, 180, 219, 231

driving-related, 6, 179

enforcement and sanctions, 179, 184

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2004. Reducing Underage Drinking: A Collective Responsibility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10729.
×

entertainment industry role, 5-6, 146, 148, 150, 156-157

excise taxes, 11-12, 244

federal government role, 10-11, 108, 232, 235-236

by FTC on advertising, 15, 135, 137, 138, 141, 142-143

media campaigns, 3, 9, 12, 108, 132, 192

minimum drinking age, 166

national strategy, 3, 108-109

non-profit foundation, 3, 130-132

research and evaluation, 12, 236, 245

standard of evidence for, 96, 160

state role, 6-7, 8, 11, 237

youth-oriented interventions, 9-10, 192, 198-199, 207, 215

Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), 152

Religious beliefs, 44

Research and evaluation, 106

access-limiting interventions, 159, 160, 171, 246

of adult media campaign, 12, 120, 122, 123-124

of alcohol industry programs, 129-130

of causal links to advertising practices, 133-134

cost-effectiveness assessments, 91-95, 245-247

entertainment media controls, 5-6, 146, 148, 150, 156-157

of EUDL program, 17

funding of, 17, 245

outcome measures, 92-94, 160, 193, 214-215

recommendations, 12, 236, 245

youth media messages, 191-192, 245

youth-oriented interventions, 10, 198-199, 207, 214-215, 246-247

Responsible beverage service and sales programs, 6, 7, 125, 171-172, 221-222

Rhode Island, 80, 173

Risk factors for underage drinking

access to alcohol, 20, 81, 82-83, 86

adult drinking as, 85

age factors, 72, 75, 82

cognitive changes, 73-75

community environment, 79-83

confluence of factors, 86

contextual factors, 40, 44, 55-57, 78-85

decision-making competency, 73-74, 77, 84-85

developmental factors, 40, 72-76, 86

expectancy theory, 20, 70-72, 77-78, 83, 201

gender differences, 72, 76

individual differences, 76-78

media influence, 71, 79, 81, 86

minimum drinking age and, 81

parental influence, 20, 82, 83, 84-85

peer influence, 9, 19, 45, 72, 73, 75, 76, 78, 83-84, 86

personality characteristics, 76, 85

prior experience with alcohol, 77-78

race/ethnicity and, 76

risk perception, 74, 76, 77, 187

self-efficacy and, 9, 76, 78

self-esteem, 77

sibling alcohol use, 85

social situations, 20, 44, 55-57, 70, 75-76, 81, 83-85

Risk perception, 74, 76, 77, 187, 188

Robberies, 61, 244

Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF), 15, 224, 228, 234

S

Sanctions. See Enforcement of laws

School-based interventions, 102

access limitations, 197

antidrug programs compared, 193

community components, 196, 197

cultural considerations, 194-195

disciplinary, 21, 197

effective strategies, 195-199

enforcement and sanctions linked to, 21, 197

evaluation research, 198-199

exposure and follow-up, 196

fidelity in implementation, 197

ineffective strategies, 193-194, 198

information-focused for high-risk youth, 9, 132, 193, 194, 198

institutionalization of, 197

interactive programs, 197

multicomponent and integrated programs, 90, 106, 195-196, 222

norms that support nonuse, 194, 196, 197, 198

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2004. Reducing Underage Drinking: A Collective Responsibility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10729.
×

overall results, 101, 193-195

parental monitoring and supervision, 196, 197

recommendations, 9, 198-199

social and emotional skill development, 2, 198-199

Screening for high-risk and heavy drinkers, 9, 18, 199, 200, 202, 206-207, 209, 215

Self-efficacy, 9, 76, 78

Self-esteem, 77, 194

Sensation-seeking behavior, 76

Sexual assault, 62, 244

Sexual behavior, risky, 13, 40, 59, 61-62, 65

Sexually transmitted diseases, 66, 244

“Shoulder-tap” enforcement sting, 7, 109, 132, 175-176

Sobriety check points and random breath testing, 8, 179-180

Social and emotional skill development, 2, 198-199

Social cognitive theory, 71

Social costs of underage drinking, 1, 13, 59, 61

accounting framework, 68-69, 241-242

driving-related costs, 67, 68-69, 242, 243-244

drug abuse compared, 14

policy relevance, 67-68

Social host liability laws, 177-178

Social mobilization, 10, 31, 106, 122-124, 197, 216-219, 221, 226-227

Social norms marketing, 128, 129

Social responsibility

of alcohol industry, 135, 136, 142

of entertainment industry, 5, 32, 102, 105, 146

Social situations, high-risk, 20, 44, 55-57, 70, 75-76, 81, 83-85

alcohol-free activities, 205-206

Sports participation, 75

State University of New York at Albany, Committee of Community and University Relations, 228

States

agencies involved in programs, 16, 218, 236-237

alcohol beverage control, 6-7, 8, 9, 16, 169-171, 176, 181-184, 218

commercial source control, 168

federal grants to, 7, 26, 162, 170, 234, 248

minimum drinking age enforcement, 162, 167-168

per capita consumption of alcohol by, 79-80

recommended role, 6-7, 8, 11, 237

revenues from alcohol sales, 23

tobacco prevention expenditures, 14

Strategy. See Design of prevention strategy; Prevention strategy

Stress management programs, 201, 209

Students Against Destructive Decisions, 235

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), 10, 11-12, 37, 197, 198, 207, 233, 234, 238, 245

Sudden infant death syndrome, 116

Suicide, 1, 27, 59, 61, 63

Surveillance and monitoring.

See also individual surveys

of advertising and entertainment media exposure, 4, 139-140, 143-144, 156-157, 239-240, 248

costs and cost effectiveness, 247, 248

information to be included in, 237

national indicators, 11, 238

quantity consumed and brand preferences, 238-239

recommendations, 238, 239

T

Taxes. See Excise taxes

Television

advertising, 4, 129, 132, 138-139

exposure of youth to, 153

positive depictions of drinking, 20, 79, 153

ratings for programs, 5, 153-156

sports program advertising, 138, 139

v-chip, 156

Texas, 80, 173

Theory of planned behavior, 71

Third-party transactions, 7, 20, 175-176

“TIPS” program, 128

Tobacco sales and use

advertising restrictions, 139

alcohol use and, 63, 66

comparison to underage drinking, 21-22, 23-24, 35, 38, 101

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2004. Reducing Underage Drinking: A Collective Responsibility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10729.
×

costs of prevention, 247-248

entertainment industry and, 145-146

federal funding of prevention, 1, 14

Master Settlement Agreement, 24, 130 n.4, 190

media campaigns, 15, 22, 117, 121, 124, 186-187, 189-190

monitoring, 239

parental concerns, 112

prevention approach, 90, 96, 159, 161, 169, 170

Synar Amendment, 7, 170

underage prevalence, 14, 35, 38

Trade associations, 4, 127, 128, 137, 141.

See also individual associations

Treatment programs, 10, 13, 18, 30, 106, 212-215

TruthTM Campaign, 186

U

Unintentional injuries, 13, 14, 27, 60-61, 173

United Kingdom, 163, 164, 165

U.S. Department of Agriculture, 233

U.S. Department of Defense, 233

U.S. Department of Education, 9, 10, 12, 198, 204, 215, 228, 245, 246

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1, 16, 144, 208, 233

alcohol treatment programs, 10

annual report on underage drinking, 11, 157, 236, 238

Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, 231

funding interventions, 9, 10, 17, 198, 246, 248

monitoring exposure to alcohol advertising, 4, 143-144, 156-157

Office of Smoking and Health, 1, 14

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), 10, 15-16, 43, 117, 173, 192, 200, 207, 227, 233-234

recommendations for, 5-6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 198, 215, 235-236, 246

review of entertainment offerings, 5-6

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), 10, 11-12, 37, 197, 198, 207, 233, 234, 238, 245

U.S. Department of Interior, 233

U.S. Department of Justice, 1, 10, 16, 215, 233

Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 17, 161 n.1, 231, 234

U.S. Department of Labor, 233

U.S. Department of the Treasury, 233

U.S. Department of Transportation, 1, 16, 17, 237

Utah, 79, 80

V

Vandalism and property damage, 59, 63, 204

Video games, 150-152

Video Gaming Industry, 150

Vietnamese Americans, 36

Violence, 13, 66.

See also Homicide;

Sexual assault;

Suicide

costs of, 67

in entertainment media, 146, 152-153

Virginia, 80, 167, 181-182

W

“We I.D.” program, 128

Whites (non-Hispanic)

driving and drinking, 60

patterns of underage drinking, 36, 40, 41, 44, 48, 49, 50, 51

risky sexual behavior, 62

violence-related deaths, 61

Wine, 140, 149

Wine Institute, 141 n.10, 144

Winners Campaign, 117 n.5, 189

Wisconsin, 79, 80, 223

Women, chronic health effects of drinking, 64

Workplace programs, 209-211

Y

Youth-oriented interventions.

See also College/university interventions;

National media campaign, youth-focused;

School-based interventions

faith-based programs, 207, 208

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2004. Reducing Underage Drinking: A Collective Responsibility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10729.
×

family involvement, 208, 213

framework, 185-186

health care settings, 207, 208-209

military-based, 211-212

recommendations, 9-10, 215, 246

research and evaluation, 214-215, 246-247

treatment programs, 10, 13, 18, 30, 106, 212-215

workplace programs, 209-211

Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), 36, 40, 53, 54, 62, 238

Z

Zero tolerance laws, 6, 8, 27, 90, 100, 161, 178-179, 180

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2004. Reducing Underage Drinking: A Collective Responsibility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10729.
×

This page intentionally left blank.

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2004. Reducing Underage Drinking: A Collective Responsibility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10729.
×
Page 303
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2004. Reducing Underage Drinking: A Collective Responsibility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10729.
×
Page 304
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2004. Reducing Underage Drinking: A Collective Responsibility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10729.
×
Page 305
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2004. Reducing Underage Drinking: A Collective Responsibility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10729.
×
Page 306
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2004. Reducing Underage Drinking: A Collective Responsibility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10729.
×
Page 307
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2004. Reducing Underage Drinking: A Collective Responsibility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10729.
×
Page 308
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2004. Reducing Underage Drinking: A Collective Responsibility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10729.
×
Page 309
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2004. Reducing Underage Drinking: A Collective Responsibility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10729.
×
Page 310
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2004. Reducing Underage Drinking: A Collective Responsibility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10729.
×
Page 311
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2004. Reducing Underage Drinking: A Collective Responsibility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10729.
×
Page 312
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2004. Reducing Underage Drinking: A Collective Responsibility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10729.
×
Page 313
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2004. Reducing Underage Drinking: A Collective Responsibility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10729.
×
Page 314
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2004. Reducing Underage Drinking: A Collective Responsibility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10729.
×
Page 315
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2004. Reducing Underage Drinking: A Collective Responsibility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10729.
×
Page 316
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2004. Reducing Underage Drinking: A Collective Responsibility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10729.
×
Page 317
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2004. Reducing Underage Drinking: A Collective Responsibility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10729.
×
Page 318
Next: 1 The Epidemiology of Underage Drinking in the United States: An Overview--Robert L. Flewelling, Mallie J. Paschall, and Christopher Ringwalt »
Reducing Underage Drinking: A Collective Responsibility Get This Book
×
Buy Hardback | $49.95 Buy Ebook | $39.99
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

Alcohol use by young people is extremely dangerous - both to themselves and society at large. Underage alcohol use is associated with traffic fatalities, violence, unsafe sex, suicide, educational failure, and other problem behaviors that diminish the prospects of future success, as well as health risks – and the earlier teens start drinking, the greater the danger. Despite these serious concerns, the media continues to make drinking look attractive to youth, and it remains possible and even easy for teenagers to get access to alcohol.

Why is this dangerous behavior so pervasive? What can be done to prevent it? What will work and who is responsible for making sure it happens? Reducing Underage Drinking addresses these questions and proposes a new way to combat underage alcohol use. It explores the ways in which may different individuals and groups contribute to the problem and how they can be enlisted to prevent it. Reducing Underage Drinking will serve as both a game plan and a call to arms for anyone with an investment in youth health and safety.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  9. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!