Index
A
Academic problems, 1, 13, 14, 59, 63, 77
Access-limiting interventions.
See also Minimum drinking age laws
anti-smoking programs compared, 159, 161, 169, 170
for college students, 203-204
for commercial establishments, 6-7, 18, 102, 103, 105, 168-175
compliance checks, 6-7, 109, 169-171, 181
conditional use permits for public places, 178, 222
Cops in Shops program, 109, 180-181
design considerations, 3, 102-104
dram shop liability laws, 7, 172-174, 177
driving-related, 6, 8, 173, 178-180
effectiveness of, 66, 159, 169, 171, 173, 175-176
false identification prevention and detection, 8, 127, 166, 167-168, 171, 173, 175, 181-183
incentives for compliance, 159, 162, 163, 166, 170
Internet sales and home delivery and, 142, 174-175
media campaigns, 3, 6, 132, 169, 170, 175, 176, 177
for noncommercial sources, 18, 105, 166, 175-178
party detection and termination, 8, 180
penalties for possession, 9, 183-184
possession and purchase restrictions, 21, 180-184
public support for, 15, 109, 162
recommendations, 6-9, 166, 169-170, 172, 174-175, 176, 182-183
research and evaluation, 159, 160, 171, 246
responsible beverage service and sales programs, 6, 7, 171-172, 221-222
school-based programs, 197
social host liability, 177-178
success factors, 171-172
third-party transactions and, 7, 175-176
Access to alcohol
adult drinking behavior and, 98-99
false identification for purchases, 181-182
financial barriers, 100
Accountability
entertainment industry, 156-157
Acute impairment, consequences of, 59-63
Adolescent Alcohol Prevention Trials, 196
Adolescent development
cognitive changes, 73-75
decision-making competency, 30, 73-74, 77, 84-85, 113
desire for autonomy, 72-73, 75, 85
identity construction, 72
peer influence, 9, 19, 45, 72, 73, 75, 76, 78, 83-84, 86
personality characteristics, 76, 85
and program dose and follow-up, 196
and risk perception, 74, 76, 77
self-esteem, 77
Adult-oriented interventions, 31-32, 86.
See also National media campaign, adult-focused
Adults.
See also Parents;
Public opinion/awareness
attitudes about underage drinking, 3, 22-23, 31, 109-111
consequences of drinking, 58-59, 64
drinking behavior, 19-20, 24, 35, 39, 42, 43, 47, 52, 53-54, 85, 98-99, 188
influence of underage drinking on later behavior, xvi, 18, 65, 66
knowledge about underage drinking, 3, 111-114
purchase of alcohol for underage drinkers, 20, 35, 168
supervision of adolescents, 82
Advertising, 18
adult drinking levels and, 98
audience proportion threshold, 132, 138-140, 141
codes and code enforcement, 4, 137, 138, 141, 142-143, 146
college bans on, 144
constitutional issues, 4, 135-136, 142
content, 4, 20, 79, 105, 126, 136 n.6, 137, 140-141
“drink responsibly” message, 101, 125, 129
entertainment industry and, 105, 142-143, 146-147, 148, 149, 151, 152
expenditures, 20, 132, 133, 138
FTC recommendations, 15, 135, 137, 138, 141, 142-143, 149
influence on youth, 4, 71, 79, 105, 129, 132-133, 218
Internet, 142
literacy programs, 195
measured media purchases, 132, 133
monitoring exposure to, 4, 139-140, 143-144
placement, 136 n.6, 137, 138-140, 142-143
print media, 139-140
public awareness of practices, 4, 15, 143-144
recommendations, 4, 136, 137, 143-144
research on causal links, 133-134
social norms marketing, 128, 129, 190
on television programs, 4, 129, 132, 138-139
unmeasured promotion, 132
African Americans
access to alcohol, 182
driving and drinking, 60
patterns of underage drinking, 36, 40, 41, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52
risky sexual behavior, 62
violence-related deaths, 61
Age groups.
See also Adults;
College students;
High school students;
Initiation age of drinking;
Junior high school students
and expectancies about alcohol, 72
and location of drinking, 57
and message development, 93 n.1
patterns of drinking by, 39, 40-43, 46, 47, 50, 57, 78
segregation effects, 72, 75, 82
Alcohol dependency, 58, 59, 63, 65, 66, 69, 70, 76, 85, 212-215
Alcohol industry
advertising and promotion, 4, 15, 18, 20, 79, 105, 126, 132-143
“best practices,” 15, 126, 137, 138, 141
independent nonprofit foundation, 130-131, 235
prevention programs, 3, 6, 15, 17-18, 101, 102, 105, 126, 127-132, 144, 180-181
public attitudes about controls on, 15
recommendations, 3, 4, 130-132
self-regulation, 135-136, 137, 143
social responsibility, 135, 136, 142
support of enforcement, 128
tax revenues from, 23
trade associations, 4, 127, 128, 137, 141
underage market, 23, 32, 126-127, 131
Alcohol Research Group, National Alcohol Surveys, 48
American Legacy Foundation, 130 n.4, 186, 187, 190, 191, 247-248
American Medical Association (AMA), 15, 209, 228
American Revolution, 125
Anemia, 64
Antisocial personality disorder, 76
Asian Americans, patterns of underage drinking, 41, 48, 52
Australia, 171
Australian National Alcohol Campaign, 115, 189
Autonomy, adolescent desires for, 72-73, 75, 85
B
Beer, 27, 55, 81, 127, 128, 138, 140, 142, 149, 244
Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance Survey, 53
Beverage preferences, 55
Binge drinking. See Consumption frequency and intensity; Heavy drinking; Patterns of underage drinking
Blood alcohol limits, 59-60, 161, 178, 180
Boston University School of Public Health, 62
Brain development and damage, 1, 13, 14, 35, 59, 64-65, 69
C
California, 55-56, 57, 79, 117 n.5, 121, 124, 173, 189, 191, 218, 219, 221
Alcohol Policy Reforms Initiative, 131 n.5
California State University Memorandum of Understanding Program, 228
Center for Advancement of Public Health, 200
Center for the Enforcement of Underage Drinking Laws, 234
Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth (CAMY), 129, 138, 140, 248
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 53, 188, 233, 238
Century Council, 128-129, 180-181, 235
Children of alcoholics, 65-66
Chinese Americans, 36
Chronic health problems, 64
Coalitions and coalition building, 10, 15, 216, 217-218, 219-220, 223-224, 225, 226-230
Cognitive-behavioral skills approach, 201
College students
access to alcohol, 167-168, 182
consequences of drinking, 59, 61, 62, 200
dormitory effect, 47-48, 82-83, 203
fraternity members, 44, 177, 182
patterns of drinking, 14, 37, 38, 43-48, 50, 51, 52, 55-56, 70, 200
risk factors for drinking, 20, 44-45, 47-48, 203
support for policy enforcement, 224
College/university interventions
access-limiting interventions, 203-204
advertising bans, 144
alcohol-free social activities, 205-206
cognitive-behavioral skills approach, 201
community collaborations in, 10, 15, 196, 197, 223-224, 225, 226-230
driving-related, 202
education-based strategies, 9, 18, 129, 199, 201-203
effectiveness of programs, 9, 201, 205
environmentally focused, 9, 203-206
evaluation of, 10
funding, 15
for high-risk heavy drinkers, 199-200, 201-202
industry-sponsored, 18, 128-129, 144
ineffective strategies, 201, 205
integrated approach, 202
parental notification, 204-205, 207
policy enforcement and sanctions, 9, 200-201, 203, 204, 206
research and evaluation, 207
screening for high-risk and heavy drinkers, 9, 18, 199, 200, 202, 206-207
social norms approach, 201-202, 203, 207
sourcebook, 200
Commercial establishments
access to alcohol through, 168-175
community-based interventions, 168, 169
compliance checks, 6-7, 169-171, 181, 220
density of outlets, 81, 218, 219-220
and design of interventions, 23-24
dram shop liability laws, 7, 125, 172-174, 177
entertainment product access restrictions, 152-153
and false identification, 8, 127, 166, 167-168, 171, 173, 175, 181-183
Internet sales and home delivery and, 142, 174-175
off-license vs. on-license establishments, 168
public support for restrictions on, 110
responsible beverage service and sales programs, 6, 7, 125, 171-172, 221-222
sales to underage buyers, 20
seller/server training, 6, 7, 171-172
social responsibility, 172
Communities Mobilizing for Change, 197, 222-223
Community-based interventions, 18, 102
coalition building, 10, 15, 216, 217-218, 219-220, 223-224, 225, 226-230
college/university collaborations in, 10, 15, 196, 197, 223-224, 225, 226-230
cultural considerations, 52, 218
driving-related, 6, 8, 161-162, 178-180, 221-222, 223-224
effective programs, 218, 221-224
evidence of effectiveness, 176, 216, 220-230
loitering and nuisance ordinances, 7, 176
media use, 10, 122-124, 219, 221, 222
party detection and termination, 8, 180
recommendations, 6, 7, 8, 10, 176, 180, 219, 231
with school-based interventions, 196, 197
social mobilization, 10, 31, 106, 122-124, 197, 216-219, 221, 226-227
social norms approach, 128, 129, 161, 175, 176, 177, 180
statewide initiatives, 218-219, 228-229
success factors, 224-226, 235-236
and treatment programs, 215
Community Coalition for Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment, 220
Community environment
coalition-instigated changes in, 218, 219-220, 223
and enforcement, 227
Community Trials Intervention to Reduce High-Risk Drinking, 197
Community Trials Program, 221
Compliance checks, 6-7, 109, 169-171, 181, 220
Conditional use permits, 178
Conduct disorder, 76
Consequences of underage drinking
acute impairment, 1, 58, 59-63
adults compared, 58-59
brain damage, 1, 13, 14, 35, 59, 64-65, 69
causation question, 65-66
chronic health problems, 64
college students, 59, 61, 62, 200
decision-making capacity, 59, 60, 62
driving and drinking, 1, 13, 58, 59-60, 65, 113
initiation age and, 59, 62, 63, 65-66
knowledge and attitudes of youth, 62
long-term effects, 14, 58, 63-65
measures of, 93-94
parental knowledge and attitudes, 113-114
risky sexual activity, 13, 59, 61-62, 65
social costs, 1, 13, 59, 61, 67-69, 212, 242, 243-244, 249
unintentional injuries, 13, 60-61
vandalism and property damage, 59, 63
violence, 1, 13, 59, 61, 62, 65
Consumption frequency and intensity.
See also Patterns of underage drinking
advertising exposure and, 4, 71, 79, 105, 129, 132-133
community environment and, 81
in European countries, 163, 164-165
as indicator of program effectiveness, 92-93, 94
initiation age and, 1, 14, 35, 38, 40, 49, 52
minimum drinking age laws and, 163-165
overall levels, 52-55
patterns and trends, 2, 14, 35, 36-37, 38-39, 40-44, 46-47, 48, 49, 51, 56, 78, 81
price and, 11, 127, 240, 241, 243
and revenues, 23, 126-127, 131
risk perception and, 77, 187, 188
terminology, 36-37
Context of underage drinking, 40, 44, 55-57, 78-85
Cops in Shops program, 109, 180-181
Corporation for National Service, 233
Cost assessment, 94-95, 241-242, 247-249
Costs.
See also Social costs of underage drinking
of enforcement, 248
Council of Better Business Bureaus, National Advertising Bureau, 143
Crowd membership, 75
D
Day One Community Partnership, 197
Design of prevention strategy
adolescent decision-making perspective, 30
assessing costs, 94-95, 247-249
assessing effectiveness, 91-94, 245-247
commercial factors, 23-24
comparing outcomes, 93-94
connecting evidence and strategy, 96-98
consensus considerations, 20-21, 91
cost-effectiveness considerations, 91-95, 97-98, 99, 212, 249
diminishing-returns problem, 90
goals and means, 21-23
heterogeneity of the problem, 89-91
implementation considerations, 21-23, 97, 199
interaction among policy instruments, 90
multidisciplinary perspective, 30
national media campaigns, 9, 18, 21, 86, 90, 99, 105, 120-124, 189, 191-192
opportunities for, 12, 102-105
pervasiveness of drinking and, 19-20
portfolio approach, 89-91, 97, 106, 189, 195-196
relevant outcomes, 92-93
risk-benefit balancing, 97
separability of legal drinking and underage drinking, 98-99, 101-102
standards of evidence, 95-98
uncertainty problem, 90
Designated driver, 100, 116, 117, 189
Developmental factors, 40, 72-73
cognitive changes, 73-75
social situations, 75-76
Distilled spirits, 141 n.10, 142, 149
Distilled Spirits Council of the United States (DISCUS), 128, 141, 144, 235
Dram shop liability laws, 7, 125, 172-174, 177
Drinking refusal self-efficacy, 9, 76, 78
Driving and drinking
blood alcohol limits, 59-60, 161, 178, 180
college/university interventions, 202, 223
community interventions, 6, 8, 161-162, 178-180, 222, 223-224
costs of, 67, 68-69, 242, 243-244
crashes and fatalities, 1, 13, 25, 27, 58, 59, 60, 61, 66, 67, 68-69, 99-100, 161, 163, 173, 177, 179, 188, 243-244
“designated driver,” 100, 116, 117, 189
funding for interventions, 234
graduated driver licensing laws, 6, 8, 26, 179
industry prevention programs, 127, 128, 129
media campaigns, 100, 116, 117, 122, 129, 180, 188
minimum drinking age and, 25-26, 66
parental knowledge and discussion, 112, 113
passengers of intoxicated drivers, 60
race/ethnicity and, 60
risk perception, 74
risks of adverse consequences, 58-59
sobriety check points and random breath testing, 8, 179-180
social host liability laws and, 177
zero tolerance laws, 6, 8, 27, 90, 100, 161, 178-179, 180
Drug abuse
comparison to underage drinking, 21-22, 35, 38, 96, 101, 112
costs of prevention, 247-248
dependency, 63
federal funding of prevention, 1, 10, 14
media campaigns, 15, 22, 186-187, 189-190
parental concerns, 112
screening and prevention programs, 209, 211
school programs, 193
social costs, 40
Drug Free Communities Act, 10
Drug Free Communities Support Program, 230-231, 248
E
Education interventions, 9, 18, 128.
See also School-based interventions
college/university interventions, 9, 18, 129, 199, 201-203
ineffective tactics, 193
alcohol industry support of, 128
college consistency in, 9, 200-201, 203, 204, 206
community support for, 227
costs, 248
and deterrence, 159, 169, 176, 179, 183-184
driving-related, 17, 18, 173, 178-179
for false identification, 167-168, 182, 184
and individual liberty, 95
media campaigns linked to, 6-7, 117, 118, 170, 175, 176, 177-178
minimum drinking age, 162, 167-168
penalties and sanctions, 9, 90, 167-168, 170, 177-178, 179, 182, 183-184, 204
public attitudes and awareness and, 168, 175, 178-179
school-based interventions linked to, 21, 197
Enforcing the Underage Drinking Laws (EUDL) Program, 17, 160-161 n.1, 234, 237
Entertainment industry
causal effect of youth exposure, 145-146
FTC recommendations, 146, 149, 150, 151, 152-153
incentives for change, 32
monitoring product content, 156-157, 239-240
product placement, 105, 142-143, 146-147, 148, 149, 151, 152
public awareness of practices, 156-157, 239
rating systems and marketing codes, 5, 146, 147, 150-152, 153-156
recommendations, 5-6, 146, 148, 150, 156-157
retail access to products, 152-153
social responsibility, 5, 32, 102, 105, 146, 239
video games, 150-152
violent programming, 146, 152-153
Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB), 150-152
European countries, minimum drinking age, 163, 164-165
Excise taxes, 11-12, 15, 18, 23, 66, 81, 99, 106, 240-244, 247
Executive Office of the White House, 233
Expectancy theory, 20, 70-72, 77-78, 83, 201
Expenditures for alcohol, 54-55
F
Faith-based programs, 207, 208
False identification, 167-168, 182, 184
Fatalities, alcohol-related, 1, 13, 14
Federal government, 102.
See also individual departments and agencies
alcohol-related programs, 17, 233-236
excise taxes, 11-12, 15, 18, 23, 66, 81, 99, 106, 232, 240-244, 247
funding for alcohol prevention, 1, 3, 5-6, 11, 14, 16, 17, 106, 108, 233
interagency coordinating committee, 11, 232, 235
recommended role, 10-11, 108, 232, 235-236
revenues from taxes, 244
state block grants tied to retailer compliance rates, 7, 26, 162, 170
technical assistance, 233-234
Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 4, 15, 135, 137, 138, 141, 142-143, 146, 149, 150, 151, 152-153
Fetal alcohol syndrome, 13
First Amendment issues, 4, 135-136, 142
Florida State University, 230
Food and Drug Administration, 139 n.8
Frequent heavy drinking.
See also Consumption frequency and intensity;
Patterns of underage drinking
defined, 37
psychological problems associated with, 63
Funding for prevention, 1, 3, 5-6, 10
from alcohol industry, 130-131
college/university interventions, 15
community-based activities, 10, 15, 230-231, 248
consensus considerations, 21
driving-related, 234
excise taxes and, 11-12, 244, 247
federal, 1, 3, 5-6, 11, 14, 16, 17, 106, 108, 233
research and evaluation, 12
state enforcement activities, 170
G
Gender differences
in consequences of drinking, 61, 64
in expectancies about alcohol, 72
in patterns of underage drinking, 38, 44, 49-52, 56
in suicides, 61
and treatment programs, 214
George Mason University, College Alcohol Survey, 200
Georgetown University, 138
Georgia Institute of Technology, 229
Guidelines for Adolescent Preventive Services, 206
H
Harvard School of Public Health National College Alcohol Survey, 44, 63, 228-229
Health care settings, interventions in, 207, 208-209
Heavy drinking, defined, 37.
See also Consumption frequency and intensity;
Patterns of underage drinking
Hepatitis, 64
High school students
access to alcohol, 55, 167, 180
patterns of drinking, 14, 20, 37-38, 41, 42, 43, 44-45, 49, 50, 51, 55-56, 70, 99-100, 101
sources of alcohol, 20
surveys of, 238
Higher Education Amendments of 1998, 204
Higher Education Center for Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention, 228
Hispanics
coalition, 222
driving and drinking, 60
health consequences of drinking, 64
patterns of underage drinking, 36, 40, 41, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52
risky sexual behavior, 62
violence-related deaths, 61
Hypertension, 64
I
Implementation of interventions
cooperation and coordination required for, 18-19, 20-21
design considerations, 21-23, 97
lack of fidelity in, 199
Information-focused programs for high-risk youth, 9, 132, 193, 194, 198
Initiation age of drinking
and consequences of drinking, 59, 62, 63, 65-66
delay as outcome goal, 92, 94, 193
entertainment media exposure and, 146
gender differences, 49
and patterns of drinking, 1, 14, 35, 38, 40, 49, 52
and risky sexual behavior, 62
Injury. See Unintentional injuries
Interactive Digital Software Association (IDSA), 152
Interactive programs, 197
Internet
alcohol sales and home delivery and, 142, 174-175
false identification, 182
J
Junior high school students
access to alcohol, 55, 167, 180
patterns of drinking, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44-45, 49, 50, 51, 52, 55
K
Kaiser Family Foundation, 62
King, Rodney, 220
Knowledge and attitudes of youth and behavior change, 193
about consequences of drinking, 62
drinking refusal self-efficacy, 9, 76, 78
about normative practices, 77, 91-92, 98-99
about prevalence of drinking, 74-75, 77
L
Latinos. See Hispanics
Leadership to Keep Children Alcohol Free, 15, 234
Lehigh University, 229
Liability laws, 7, 172-174, 177-178
Liver cirrhosis, 64
Loitering and nuisance ordinances, 7, 176
Louisiana State University, 230
LSU Campus-Community Coalition for Change, 230
M
Saving Lives Program, 223-224
Matter of Degree Program, 228
Media campaigns. See National media campaign
drunk driving prevention, 100, 116, 117, 122, 129, 180, 188
Media influence, 20, 71, 79, 81, 86, 98, 100, 102, 122-124, 179, 219, 221, 222
Mexican Americans, 36
Michigan State University Multiple Risk Outreach Program, 195
Midwestern Prevention Project, 189
Military-based interventions, 211-212
Minimum drinking age laws.
See also National Minimum Drinking Age Act
cultural contexts, 22-23
effectiveness, 6, 25, 27, 81, 96, 100, 158, 161-162, 163, 232
enforcement, 17, 159, 162, 167-168
in European countries, 159, 163, 164-165
evolution of current policy, 25-26, 100
federal highway funds tied to, 26, 162
incentives for compliance, 159, 162, 163, 166
industry support of, 127
instrumental role of law, 27-29, 158
“learner’s permit” for drinking, 26-27
public support for, 21, 22-23, 25, 162, 224-225
rationale for lowering, 25, 163
recommendations, 166
scope, 162-166
underlying assumptions, 25-29, 31
Minnesota, 55, 80, 166, 167, 221, 223
Model Alcoholic Beverage Retail Licensee Liability Act of 1985, 7, 173-174
Monitoring. See Surveillance and monitoring
Monitoring the Future (MTF) Survey, 11, 35, 36, 37, 41, 81, 163, 187, 238, 239
Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD), 15, 122, 235
Motion Picture Association of America, film ratings, 5, 148, 152, 154-155
Motivational enhancement approach, 201, 202
Movies
exposure time, 147
marketing to underage youth, 146-147, 153
positive depictions of drinking, 20, 71, 79, 147-148
product placements, 149
rating for alcohol content, 5, 146-147, 148
Music recordings
exposure time, 148
positive references to drinking, 20, 79, 148-149
rating for content, 5, 146-147, 149-150, 152, 153
N
National Advertising Review Board, 143
National Alcohol Beverage Control Association, 235
National Beer Wholesalers Association, 235
National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA), 61, 109, 110, 113
National High Blood Pressure Campaign, 117, 121
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 218, 234
National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA), 35-36, 37, 38, 40, 44, 53, 54, 126, 212, 238, 239, 242
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), 10, 15-16, 43, 117, 173, 192, 200, 207, 227, 233-234
National Institute on Drug Abuse, 192, 238
National Institutes of Health, 15
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 47, 81
National media campaign, adult-focused
access-limiting strategies tied to, 3, 6, 132, 169, 170, 175, 176, 177
approach of the committee, 18, 123-124, 159-160
attitudes of adults about underage drinking and, 3, 22-23, 31, 109-111
and behavior change, 116-119
challenges, 122-123
developmental approach, 122
disseminating facts, 111-112
evidence for action, 117, 119-120
goals and logic, 114-115, 119-120
industry-sponsored messages, 101, 125, 129, 132
knowledge of adults about underage drinking and, 3, 111-114
law enforcement combined with, 6-7, 117, 118, 132, 169, 170, 175, 176, 177-178
message development, 3, 22, 86, 120
models, 115, 116, 117, 121-122
paid advertising, 121
potential effectiveness, 115-119
recommendations, 3, 12, 108, 132
research and evaluation, 12, 120, 122, 123-124
and social mobilization for cultural change, 122-124
underlying assumptions, 114
National media campaign, youth-focused
anti-tobacco and anti-drug campaigns compared, 15, 22, 186-187, 189-190
boomerang effect, 189-190, 192
costs, 190
design and development of, 9, 18, 86, 105, 189-190, 191-192
environmental considerations, 190-191
evidence of effectiveness, 108, 187-189
goals, 109
industry-sponsored, 15
message development, 93 n.1, 189-190, 191-192
research and evaluation, 191-192, 245
National Minimum Drinking Age Act, 26, 27-29, 161-166
National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 11, 36, 238
National Training and Research Center on Underage Drinking (proposed), 11, 235-236
National Youth Anti-drug Media Campaign, 189
Native Americans
health consequences of drinking, 64
patterns of underage drinking, 36, 48
New York, 80, 167, 168, 181-182
Noncommercial distribution of alcohol, 18, 29, 175-178.
See also Adults;
Parents
O
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 17, 161 n.1, 231, 234
Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP), 15, 118, 186, 189, 190, 231, 236, 247
Ohio College Initiative to Reduce High-Risk Drinking, 225, 228
Osteoporosis, 64
P
Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation (PIRE), 67-69, 242
Pancreatitis, 64
Parents
alcohol use by, 85
college notification program, 204-205, 207
discussion of alcohol issues with children, 113-114, 118
facilitation of underage alcohol use, 21, 29, 71, 82, 85, 104, 108, 115, 118, 119, 166
influence on adolescent drinking, 20, 82, 83, 84-85, 110, 118-119
involvement in youth programs, 208, 213
knowledge of underage drinking, 3, 35, 71, 85, 86, 111-114
liability issues, 21, 29, 118, 132, 177-178
as media campaign target, 116, 118-119, 132
monitoring and supervision of adolescents, 84-85, 104, 110-111, 118-119, 156, 196, 197
role in prevention, 19, 21, 24, 82, 90, 102, 104
Parties
detection and termination, 8, 180
liability considerations, 21, 177-178
parents as sponsors, 85, 104, 166
as source of alcohol, 20, 56, 71, 85, 166
Partnership for a Drug-Free America, 190
Partnership in prevention
alcohol industry, 3
Patterns of underage drinking
abstainers, 44
adult drinking compared, 35, 39, 42, 43, 47, 52, 53-54
beverage preferences, 55
college students, 14, 37, 38, 43-48, 50, 51, 52, 55-56, 70
community environment and, 81
expenditures, 54-55
frequency and intensity of drinking, 2, 14, 35, 36-37, 38-39, 40-44, 46-47, 48, 49, 51, 56
high school students, 14, 20, 37-38, 41, 42, 43, 44-45, 49, 50, 51, 55-56, 70, 99-100, 101
initiation age, 1, 14, 35, 38, 40, 49, 52
junior high school students, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44-45, 49, 50, 51, 52, 55
knowledge of adolescents about, 74-75
locations and situations, 55-57
long-term trends, 14, 37-38, 81
overall patterns, 38-40, 43, 101
participation rates, 53-54, 99-100, 101
race and ethnicity, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 44, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52
terminology, 36-37
trajectories, 39-40
Peer influence, 9, 19, 45, 72, 73, 75, 76, 78, 83-84, 86, 113, 194
Pennsylvania, 80, 167, 168, 181-182, 218
Possession and purchase restrictions, 21, 180-184
Pregnancy, unwanted, 13
President’s Commission on Model State Drug Laws, 166
PREVENT (Personal Responsibility and Values: Education and Training), 211-212
Prevention strategy.
See also Adult-oriented interventions;
Design of prevention strategy;
Youth-oriented
interventions;
individual components
availability of alcohol and, 102-104, 159-160;
see also Access-limiting interventions
boomerang effects, 97, 189-190, 192, 198
costs and cost effectiveness, 247-249
demand reduction, 104-105;
see also Alcohol industry;
Entertainment industry
implementation fidelity, 21-23, 97, 107, 197
injunctive norms as focus of, 75, 83-84
instrumental role of law, 27-29
key components, 105-107
need for, 99-101
occasions for drinking and, 104
population perspective, 29-30, 186-187
premises, 101-102
responsible parties, 106
social norms approach, 128, 129, 161, 175, 176, 177, 180, 183, 194, 196, 197, 198, 201-202, 203, 207, 209
success factors, 171-172
Print media, 139-140
Prohibition, 25
Project Northland, 116-117, 189, 195-196, 197, 221
Public opinion/awareness
of advertising practices, 4, 15, 143-144
about alcohol industry controls, 15
and attitudes about underage drinking, 3, 5-6, 14-15, 24, 31, 35, 79, 81, 109-111
coalition initiatives, 221-222
and enforcement of laws, 168, 175, 178-179
of entertainment industry practices, 156-157
support for policy actions, 15, 21, 22-23, 25, 109, 162, 224-225
R
Race and ethnicity.
See also individual racial or ethnic groups
acculturation experiences, 52, 218
community coalitions based on, 219-220
and consequences of drinking, 60, 61, 62, 64
and false identification, 182
and industry targeting, 218
and patterns of underage drinking, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 44, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52
and program design, 194-195
and risk factors, 76
Rape. See Sexual assault
Recommendations
access-limiting interventions, 6-9, 166, 169-170, 171, 172, 174-175, 176, 182-183, 246
advertising restrictions, 4, 136, 137, 143-144
alcohol industry role, 3, 4, 130-132
entertainment industry role, 5-6, 146, 148, 150, 156-157
federal government role, 10-11, 108, 232, 235-236
by FTC on advertising, 15, 135, 137, 138, 141, 142-143
media campaigns, 3, 9, 12, 108, 132, 192
minimum drinking age, 166
non-profit foundation, 3, 130-132
research and evaluation, 12, 236, 245
standard of evidence for, 96, 160
youth-oriented interventions, 9-10, 192, 198-199, 207, 215
Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), 152
Religious beliefs, 44
Research and evaluation, 106
access-limiting interventions, 159, 160, 171, 246
of adult media campaign, 12, 120, 122, 123-124
of alcohol industry programs, 129-130
of causal links to advertising practices, 133-134
cost-effectiveness assessments, 91-95, 245-247
entertainment media controls, 5-6, 146, 148, 150, 156-157
of EUDL program, 17
outcome measures, 92-94, 160, 193, 214-215
youth media messages, 191-192, 245
youth-oriented interventions, 10, 198-199, 207, 214-215, 246-247
Responsible beverage service and sales programs, 6, 7, 125, 171-172, 221-222
Risk factors for underage drinking
access to alcohol, 20, 81, 82-83, 86
adult drinking as, 85
cognitive changes, 73-75
community environment, 79-83
confluence of factors, 86
contextual factors, 40, 44, 55-57, 78-85
decision-making competency, 73-74, 77, 84-85
developmental factors, 40, 72-76, 86
expectancy theory, 20, 70-72, 77-78, 83, 201
individual differences, 76-78
media influence, 71, 79, 81, 86
minimum drinking age and, 81
parental influence, 20, 82, 83, 84-85
peer influence, 9, 19, 45, 72, 73, 75, 76, 78, 83-84, 86
personality characteristics, 76, 85
prior experience with alcohol, 77-78
race/ethnicity and, 76
risk perception, 74, 76, 77, 187
self-esteem, 77
sibling alcohol use, 85
social situations, 20, 44, 55-57, 70, 75-76, 81, 83-85
Risk perception, 74, 76, 77, 187, 188
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF), 15, 224, 228, 234
S
Sanctions. See Enforcement of laws
School-based interventions, 102
access limitations, 197
antidrug programs compared, 193
community components, 196, 197
cultural considerations, 194-195
effective strategies, 195-199
enforcement and sanctions linked to, 21, 197
evaluation research, 198-199
exposure and follow-up, 196
fidelity in implementation, 197
ineffective strategies, 193-194, 198
information-focused for high-risk youth, 9, 132, 193, 194, 198
institutionalization of, 197
interactive programs, 197
multicomponent and integrated programs, 90, 106, 195-196, 222
parental monitoring and supervision, 196, 197
social and emotional skill development, 2, 198-199
Screening for high-risk and heavy drinkers, 9, 18, 199, 200, 202, 206-207, 209, 215
Sensation-seeking behavior, 76
Sexual behavior, risky, 13, 40, 59, 61-62, 65
Sexually transmitted diseases, 66, 244
“Shoulder-tap” enforcement sting, 7, 109, 132, 175-176
Sobriety check points and random breath testing, 8, 179-180
Social and emotional skill development, 2, 198-199
Social cognitive theory, 71
Social costs of underage drinking, 1, 13, 59, 61
accounting framework, 68-69, 241-242
driving-related costs, 67, 68-69, 242, 243-244
drug abuse compared, 14
policy relevance, 67-68
Social host liability laws, 177-178
Social mobilization, 10, 31, 106, 122-124, 197, 216-219, 221, 226-227
Social norms marketing, 128, 129
Social responsibility
of alcohol industry, 135, 136, 142
of entertainment industry, 5, 32, 102, 105, 146
Social situations, high-risk, 20, 44, 55-57, 70, 75-76, 81, 83-85
alcohol-free activities, 205-206
Sports participation, 75
State University of New York at Albany, Committee of Community and University Relations, 228
States
agencies involved in programs, 16, 218, 236-237
alcohol beverage control, 6-7, 8, 9, 16, 169-171, 176, 181-184, 218
commercial source control, 168
federal grants to, 7, 26, 162, 170, 234, 248
minimum drinking age enforcement, 162, 167-168
per capita consumption of alcohol by, 79-80
recommended role, 6-7, 8, 11, 237
revenues from alcohol sales, 23
tobacco prevention expenditures, 14
Strategy. See Design of prevention strategy; Prevention strategy
Stress management programs, 201, 209
Students Against Destructive Decisions, 235
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), 10, 11-12, 37, 197, 198, 207, 233, 234, 238, 245
Sudden infant death syndrome, 116
Surveillance and monitoring.
See also individual surveys
of advertising and entertainment media exposure, 4, 139-140, 143-144, 156-157, 239-240, 248
costs and cost effectiveness, 247, 248
information to be included in, 237
quantity consumed and brand preferences, 238-239
T
Taxes. See Excise taxes
Television
advertising, 4, 129, 132, 138-139
exposure of youth to, 153
positive depictions of drinking, 20, 79, 153
ratings for programs, 5, 153-156
sports program advertising, 138, 139
v-chip, 156
Theory of planned behavior, 71
Third-party transactions, 7, 20, 175-176
“TIPS” program, 128
Tobacco sales and use
advertising restrictions, 139
costs of prevention, 247-248
entertainment industry and, 145-146
federal funding of prevention, 1, 14
Master Settlement Agreement, 24, 130 n.4, 190
media campaigns, 15, 22, 117, 121, 124, 186-187, 189-190
monitoring, 239
parental concerns, 112
prevention approach, 90, 96, 159, 161, 169, 170
underage prevalence, 14, 35, 38
Trade associations, 4, 127, 128, 137, 141.
See also individual associations
Treatment programs, 10, 13, 18, 30, 106, 212-215
TruthTM Campaign, 186
U
Unintentional injuries, 13, 14, 27, 60-61, 173
U.S. Department of Agriculture, 233
U.S. Department of Defense, 233
U.S. Department of Education, 9, 10, 12, 198, 204, 215, 228, 245, 246
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1, 16, 144, 208, 233
alcohol treatment programs, 10
annual report on underage drinking, 11, 157, 236, 238
Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, 231
funding interventions, 9, 10, 17, 198, 246, 248
monitoring exposure to alcohol advertising, 4, 143-144, 156-157
Office of Smoking and Health, 1, 14
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), 10, 15-16, 43, 117, 173, 192, 200, 207, 227, 233-234
recommendations for, 5-6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 198, 215, 235-236, 246
review of entertainment offerings, 5-6
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), 10, 11-12, 37, 197, 198, 207, 233, 234, 238, 245
U.S. Department of Interior, 233
U.S. Department of Justice, 1, 10, 16, 215, 233
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 17, 161 n.1, 231, 234
U.S. Department of Labor, 233
U.S. Department of the Treasury, 233
U.S. Department of Transportation, 1, 16, 17, 237
V
Vandalism and property damage, 59, 63, 204
Video games, 150-152
Video Gaming Industry, 150
Vietnamese Americans, 36
See also Homicide;
Sexual assault;
Suicide
costs of, 67
in entertainment media, 146, 152-153
W
“We I.D.” program, 128
Whites (non-Hispanic)
driving and drinking, 60
patterns of underage drinking, 36, 40, 41, 44, 48, 49, 50, 51
risky sexual behavior, 62
violence-related deaths, 61
Winners Campaign, 117 n.5, 189
Women, chronic health effects of drinking, 64
Workplace programs, 209-211
Y
Youth-oriented interventions.
See also College/university interventions;
National media campaign, youth-focused;
School-based interventions