Rodents

Decreased activity; excessive licking and scratching; self-mutilation; may be unusually aggressive; abnormal locomotion (stumbling, falling); writhing; does not make nest; hiding

Piloerection; rough/stained haircoat; abnormal stance or arched back; porphyrin staining (rats)

Rapid, shallow respiration; decreased food/water consumption; tremors

Rabbit

Head pressing; teeth grinding; may become more aggressive; increased vocalizations; excessive licking and scratching; reluctant to locomote

Excessive salivation; hunched posture

Rapid, shallow respiration; decreased food/water consumption

Dog

Excessive licking; increased aggression; increased vocalizations, inclusive of whimpering, howling, and growling; excessive licking and scratching; self-mutilation

Stiff body movements; reluctant to move; trembling; guarding

Decreased food/water consumption; increased respiration rate/panting

Cat

Hiding; increased vocalizations, inclusive of growling and hissing; excessive licking; increased aggression

Stiff body movements; reluctant to move; haircoat appear rough, ungroomed; hunched posture; irritable tail twitching; flattened ears

Decreased food/water consumption

Nonhuman Primate

Increased aggression or depression; self-mutilation; often a dramatic change in routine behavior (e.g., locomotion is decreased); rubbing or picking at painful location

Stiff body movements; reluctant to move; huddled body posture

Decreased food/water consumption