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Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2003. Enhancing the Vitality of the National Institutes of Health: Organizational Change to Meet New Challenges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10779.
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Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2003. Enhancing the Vitality of the National Institutes of Health: Organizational Change to Meet New Challenges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10779.
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Page 130
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2003. Enhancing the Vitality of the National Institutes of Health: Organizational Change to Meet New Challenges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10779.
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Page 131
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2003. Enhancing the Vitality of the National Institutes of Health: Organizational Change to Meet New Challenges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10779.
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Page 132
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2003. Enhancing the Vitality of the National Institutes of Health: Organizational Change to Meet New Challenges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10779.
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Page 133
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2003. Enhancing the Vitality of the National Institutes of Health: Organizational Change to Meet New Challenges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10779.
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130 Enhancing the Vitality of the National Institutes of Health Center for Scientific Review. (2000d). "CSR vs. IC Review: Similarities and Differences," Peer Review Notes, Center for Scientific Review, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (September). At http://www.csr.nih.gov/prnotes/sepOObod.htm#similar. Cohen, J. (1993). Conflicting agendas shape NIH. Science 261:1674-1679. Congressional Budget Office. (2002). Unauthorized appropriations and expiring authorizations. At http:/ /www.cbo.gov/showdoc.cim ?index=3266&sequence=0&from=7. Cohen, J. J., Hasselmo, N. and Magrath, C.P. (2003). Letter re: National Center for Research Resources 2004 Strategic Plan, 68 FR 4503-4. At http://www.aau.edu/research/Ltr5.9.03.pdf. Cook-Deegan, R. (1994). Gene Wars. New York: W.W.Norton & Company. Cook-Deegan, R. (1996). Does NIH need a DARPA? Issues in Science and Technology, winter 1996. Cooper R.S. (2001). Social inequality, ethnicity and cardiovascular disease. Int J Epidemiol. Oct.; 30 Suppl 1:S48-52. De Tocqueville, Alexis. (2000). Democracy in America. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press. Dennis, C. (1999) Varmus speculates on a possible reorganization of the NIH. Nature. 400(5 August 1999):491. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. (1958). The Advancement of Medical Research and Education Through the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Final Report of the Secretary's Consultants of Medical Research and Education. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. (1976). Report of the President's Biomedical Research Panel. DHEW Publication (OS) 76-500 and related volumes. Washington, D.C.: Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Department of Health and Human Services. (2001). Workforce restructuring plan. November 9. Department of Health and Human Services. (2002). Justification of estimates for appropriations com- mittee, fiscal year 2003, National Institutes of Health, Volume I. Drew, E. (1967). The health syndicate: Washington's noble conspirators. Atlantic Monthly Dec. 1967:75-82. Graham, A.W., and Schultz, T.K., editors. (1998). Principles of Addiction Medicine, 2nd edition. Chevy Chase, Md.: American Society of Addiction Medicine. Haley, S. (2001). Kirschstein tells how NIH is adapting to the evolving multidisciplinary research model. Washington Fax, May 7, 2001. At http://www.washingtonfax.com. Hanash, S., and Celis, J.E. (2002). The Human Proteome Organization: A mission to advance proteome knowledge. Mol Cellular Proteomics 1.6:413-414. Hanson, G.R., and Li, T.H. (2003). Public health implications of excessive alcohol consumption. Journal of the American Medical Assoc. 289(8):1031-1032. Hawana, J. (2003). Chronic disease cure center Part One of presidential candidate Lieberman's health care plan. Washington Fax May 23, 2003. At http://www.washingtonfax.com. Helms, W.D. (2002). Funding and Priorities for Health Services Research. Presentation by the Presi- dent & CEO of the Academy for Health Services Research and Health Policy to the Institute of Medicine's Clinical Research Roundtable, June 12, 2002. Available at http://www.iom.edu/iom/ iomhome.nsf/pages/Clinical+Research+Roundtable+June+ 12+2002+Agenda? OpenDocument Hood, L. (2003). Systems biology: integrating technology, biology, and computation. Mech Ageing Dev. 124(1):9-16. Institute of Medicine. (1984). Responding to Health Needs and Scientific Opportunity: The Organiza- tional Structure of the National Institutes of health. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Institute of Medicine. (1988). A healthy NIH intramural program: structural change or administrative remedies? Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Institute of Medicine. (1998). Scientific Opportunities and Public Needs: Improving Priority Setting and Public Input at the National Institutes of Health. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Institute of Medicine. (1999). Toward EnvironmentalJustice: Research, Education, and Health Policy Needs. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press.

References Institute of Medicine. (2000). Bridging Disciplines in the Brain, Behavioral, and Clinical Sciences. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Institute of Medicine. (2002). Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press. Institute of Medicine. (2003a). Large-scale Biomedical Science: Exploring Strategies for Future Re- search. Washington D.C.: The National Academies Press. Institute of Medicine. (2003b). Discussion by NIH Panel on Chronic Pain, meeting of the Board on Neuroscience and Behavioral Health, June 2-3, 2003. Jenkins, S.C. (2002a). NIH research strategy may trend toward putting the pieces together, Zerhouni testifies. Washington Fax, June 12, 2002. At http://www.washingtonfax.com. Jenkins, S.C. (2002b). NIH "roadmap meetings" identify trans-agency issues for proactive attention. Washington Fax, October 16, 2002. At http://www.washingtonfax.com. Kirschstein, R. (2001). Speech at American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering annual meeting. National Academy of Sciences Auditorium, Washington, D.C., March 1. Leshner, A., Member of the Committee on the Organizational Structure of the National Institutes of Health, currently Chief Executive Officer, Amercian Association for the Advancement of Science, formerly director, National Institute on Drug Abuse. Personal Communication. McGeary, M., and P.M. Smith. (2002). Organizational Structure of the National Institutes of Health: Background Paper prepared for the National Academy of Sciences. Metheny, B. (2002). Accelerated translation of discoveries into practice is a national priority, Zerhouni tells AAMC. Washington Fax November 13, 2002. http://www.washingtonfax.com/. Miller, G. (2003). Spying on the brain, one neuron at a time. Science 300:78-79. Morris, Thomas D. (1984). "The Current Organization Structure of the National Institutes of Health," Appendix B in Institute of Medicine, Responding the Health Needs and Scientific Opportunity: The Organizational Structure of the National Institutes of Health. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Nathan, D.G., and H.E.Varmus (2000). The National Institutes of Health and clinical research: a progress report. Nat. Med. 2000 Nov. 6(11):1201-4. National Bioethics Advisory Commission. (1999). Research Involving Human Biological Materials: Ethical Issues and Policy Guidance: Volume I, Report and Recommendations of the National Bioethics Advisory Commission. Available at http://www.georgetown.edu/research/nrcbl/nbac/ pubs.html. National Institutes of Health. (1976). Bureau Status for Institutes and Divisions. Memorandum from Leon M. Schwarz, Associate Director for Administration, November 22, 1976. Bethesda, Md. National Institutes of Health. (1992a). Report of the Task Force on the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health, transmitted April 13, 1992, to Dr. Bernadine Healy, Director, National Institutes of Health, from Richard D. Klausner, M.D., Chief, Cell Biology and Metabo- lism Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH. National Institutes of Health. (1992b). Orientation handbook for members of scientific review groups. Division of Research Grants. Bethesda, Md. National Institutes of Health. (1994). The Intramural Research Program: Report of the External Advi- sory Committee of the Director's Advisory Committee and Implementation Plan and Progress Report. Office of the Director, Bethesda, Md. National Institutes of Health. (1997a). Report of the NIH Director's Panel on Clinical Research. Report to the Advisory Committee to the NIH Director. Clinical Research Program, Bethesda, Md. At http://www.nih.gov/news/crp/97report/index.htm. National Institutes of Health. (1997b). Review of NIH Administrative Structure and Costs, Final Report. Arthur Andersen Government Services. National Institutes of Health. (1999a). Proceedings of the 79th meeting of the advisory committee to the director, December. At http://www.nih.gov/about/director/dec99min.htm. National Institutes of Health. (1999b). The biomedical information science and technology initiative. Working Group on Biomedical Computing Advisory Committee to the Director, Bethesda, Md. 131

132 Enhancing the Vitality of the National Institutes of Health National Institutes of Health. (2001). Setting Research Priorities at the National Institutes of Health. Originally prepared by the NIH Working Group on Priority Setting, 1997, revised October 2001. At http://www.nih.gov/about/researchpriorities.htm#overview. National Institutes of Health. (2002). Federal Obligations for Health R&D, by Source or Performer, Fiscal Years 1985-2000. On-line table at http://grants2.nih.gov/grants/award/research/ sourfund.htm. National Institutes of Health. (2003a). Memorandum from Acting Director, Executive Secretariat to IC directors, April 10, 2003: IC Directors' Meeting Highlights. At http://www.nih.gov/icd/od/foia/ icdirminutes/icdirO41003.htm. National Institutes of Health. (2003b). Government Performance and Results Act, FY 2004 Annual Performance Plan. Bethesda, Md. National Institutes of Health. Unpublished draft report of the NIH Research Management and Support Exploratory Committee, Illuminating tile Black Box. Bethesda, Md. National Research Council. (2002). Making the Nation Safer: The Role of Science and Technology in Countering Terrorism. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. National Science Foundation. (1955). Medical Research Activities of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare. Report of the Special Committee on Medical Research Appointed by the National Science Foundation at the Request of the Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare. Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation. National Science Foundation. (2002a). Science and engineering indicators 2002. National Science Board, Arlington, Va.: (NSB-02-1). National Science Foundation. (2002b). Guide to Programs FY 2003 NSF funding opportunities. At http://www.nsf.gov/pubsys.ods/getpub.cim ?gp. Ochs, N. (2003). Reps. Tauzin and Greenwood launch examination of NIH management/oversight. Washington Fax. March 17, 2003. At http://www.washingtonfax.com. Office of Management and Budget, Executive Office of the President. (2002). The President's Manage- ment Agenda, Fiscal Year 2002. At http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budintegration/ pma_index.html. Omenn, G.S. (2000) Public health genetics: an emerging interdisciplinary field for the post-genomic era. Annual Rev Pub Health. 21:1-13. Omenn, G.S. (2003). Science and technology policies concerning the life sciences. In Nelson S., Lita S. (eds). AAAS Science & Technology Yearbook (in press). Pennisi, E. (2003). Human Genome: Reaching Their Goal Early, Sequencing Labs Celebrate. Science 300(5618): 409. Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America. (2001). Pharmaceutical Industry Profile 2001. Washington, D.C.: Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America. Pradhan, A.D., J.E. Manson, J.E. Rossouw, D.S. Siscovick, C.P. Mouton, N. Rifai, R.B. Wallace, R.D. Jackson, M.B. Pettinger, and P.M. Ridker. (2002). Inflammatory biomarkers, hormone replace- ment therapy, and incident coronary heart disease: prospective analysis from the women's health initiative observational study. JAMA. 288:980-987. Rich, M.W. (2002). From clinical trials to clinical practice: bridging the GAP. JAMA, 287(10): 1321-3. Sclar, E. (2000). You Don't Always Get What You Pay For: The Economics of Privatization. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, Silverstein, S.C. (2001). Perspectives from genomics and informatics to medical practice. Issues in Science and Technology, NAS, NAE. Fall:37-41. Stokes, Donald. (1997). Pasteur's Quadrant. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institute. Sung, N.S., W.F. Crowley, M. Genel, P. Salber, L. Sandy, L.M. Sherwood, S.P. Johnson, V. Catanese, H. Tilson, K. Getz, E.L. Larson, D. Scheinberg, E.A. Reece, H. Slavkin, A. Dobs, J. Grebb, R.A. Martinez, A. Korn, and D. Rimoin. (2003). Central Challenges Facing the National Clinical Research Enterprise. J. Amer. Med. Assoc. 289:1278-1287.

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The report says that important organizational changes are needed at the National Institutes of Health to ensure the agency meets future challenges effectively. In particular, the report advises NIH to devote additional resources to innovative interdisciplinary research that reflects its strategic objectives and cuts across all agency's institutes and centers. The report recommends that Congress should establish a formal process for determining how specific proposals for changes in the number of NIH agencies and centers should be addressed.

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