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Appendix D
Overview of Commissioned Papers
The IOM committee commissioned eight background papers as part
of the collection of evidence to support this study. The commissioned pa-
pers are briefly described below.
1. Trends In Vaccine Prices, 1992-2002. Provides a quantitative analy-
sis of vaccine trends using two different data sources, and analyzes the
impact of market structure variables on these trends.
Frank Lichtenberg, Graduate School of Business, Columbia Univer-
sity
2. An Overview of the Market for Vaccines in the United States. Presents a
comprehensive industrial organization analysis of the market for vaccines
in the United States, with a focus on production and licensing processes
and the mixed public-private market for vaccines.
Richard Arnould and Larry DeBrock, Department of Economics,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
3. How Insurance Companies and Health Plans Are Planningfor New Vac-
cines. Through interviews with health plans and state officials, considers
how private and public insurance plans make decisions about insurance
benefits for vaccine products and provider fees, with a focus on future
strategies in light of rising vaccine costs.
Kathy Swartz, School of Public Health, Harvard University
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242
FINANCING VACCINES IN THE 21ST CENTURY
4. Vaccine Purchase and Distribution: Proposed Changes in Vaccine Supply
and Delivery Policies. Based on a series of interviews with key policy mak-
ers, reviews proposals made by industry, government, medical profes-
sional organizations, and other stakeholders to fix the current system
through a wide range of proposed reforms.
Gerry Fairbrother and Arfana Haidery, New York Academy of Medi-
cine
5. Setting Prices for New Vaccines (in Advance). Presents an economic
model for calculating a price for future vaccines in advance as a way to
stimulate investment in vaccine development and determine an accept-
able price in the absence of a functioning market.
Thomas McGuire, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medi-
cal School
6. Vaccine Policy Perspectives: Market Strategies. Considers a wide array
of strategic options for improving the financing of vaccines through mar-
ket-based approaches such as price incentives, a voucher system to dis-
tribute vaccines, and reduced barriers to global competition in the United
States.
Joel Hay and Danielle Zammit, Department of Economics, University
of Southern California
7. Estimating the Need for Publicly Purchased Vaccine for Adults and Chil-
dren. Provides estimates of the numbers and characteristics of child and
adult populations that require assistance in purchasing vaccines and a
description of how such assistance is currently received through state and
federal public health and private health care systems.
David Wood, Delmarva Foundation
8. Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine (DTaP): A Case
Study. Presents a case study analysis of the DTaP vaccine illustrating the
changes in the vaccine market over time; based on structured interviews
with regulators, industry executives, and providers.
Amy Fine, Consultant, Washington, DC
Representative terms from entire chapter:
industrial organization
