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Suggested Citation:"Final Report, December 21, 1988." National Research Council. 1988. Collected Reports of the Panel on Technical Evaluation of NASA's Redesign of the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10797.
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Suggested Citation:"Final Report, December 21, 1988." National Research Council. 1988. Collected Reports of the Panel on Technical Evaluation of NASA's Redesign of the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10797.
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Page 60
Suggested Citation:"Final Report, December 21, 1988." National Research Council. 1988. Collected Reports of the Panel on Technical Evaluation of NASA's Redesign of the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10797.
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Page 61
Suggested Citation:"Final Report, December 21, 1988." National Research Council. 1988. Collected Reports of the Panel on Technical Evaluation of NASA's Redesign of the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10797.
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Page 62
Suggested Citation:"Final Report, December 21, 1988." National Research Council. 1988. Collected Reports of the Panel on Technical Evaluation of NASA's Redesign of the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10797.
×
Page 63
Suggested Citation:"Final Report, December 21, 1988." National Research Council. 1988. Collected Reports of the Panel on Technical Evaluation of NASA's Redesign of the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10797.
×
Page 64
Suggested Citation:"Final Report, December 21, 1988." National Research Council. 1988. Collected Reports of the Panel on Technical Evaluation of NASA's Redesign of the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10797.
×
Page 65
Suggested Citation:"Final Report, December 21, 1988." National Research Council. 1988. Collected Reports of the Panel on Technical Evaluation of NASA's Redesign of the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10797.
×
Page 66
Suggested Citation:"Final Report, December 21, 1988." National Research Council. 1988. Collected Reports of the Panel on Technical Evaluation of NASA's Redesign of the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10797.
×
Page 67
Suggested Citation:"Final Report, December 21, 1988." National Research Council. 1988. Collected Reports of the Panel on Technical Evaluation of NASA's Redesign of the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10797.
×
Page 68
Suggested Citation:"Final Report, December 21, 1988." National Research Council. 1988. Collected Reports of the Panel on Technical Evaluation of NASA's Redesign of the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10797.
×
Page 69
Suggested Citation:"Final Report, December 21, 1988." National Research Council. 1988. Collected Reports of the Panel on Technical Evaluation of NASA's Redesign of the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10797.
×
Page 70
Suggested Citation:"Final Report, December 21, 1988." National Research Council. 1988. Collected Reports of the Panel on Technical Evaluation of NASA's Redesign of the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10797.
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Page 71

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NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL COMMISSION ON ENGINEERING AND TECHNICAL SYSTEMS 2101 Constitution Avenue Washington, D. C. 20418 -- COMMI1lEE ON NASA SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRAM REVIEWS Panel on Redesign of Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster December 21, 1988 The Honorable James C. Fletcher Administrator National Aeronautics and Space Administration 400 Maryland Avenue, S.W., Room 7137 Washington, DC 20546 Dear Jim: I am pleased to submit herewith the final report of the National Research Counci1's Panel for the Technical Evaluation of NASA's Redesign of the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster. Since our last report, two missions of the National Space Transportation System have been completed, STS-26 and STS-27, employing the redesigned solid propellant rockets. The Panel has received a briefing from NASA and Morton Thiokol personnel on the results of post-flight inspections of the STS-26 boost- ers that were performed at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station and one member inspected the spent hardware while it was in Florida. This report contains our evaluation of the redesigned boosters in STS-26 as well as our observations regarding the lessons to be learned from the experience of the redesign program. The Flight of Discovery, STS-26 Initial inspections performed on the recovered hardware and preliminary analysis of data from flight instruments suggest that the redesigned solid rocket boosters performed as anticipated. Several probe ems did arise, however, that require NASA's attention: (1) Small pieces of cork, which is used to cover external diagnostic instruments and their electrical leads, were lost during flight. One piece is thought to have damaged thermal tiles on the Orbiter. Deficiencies in the configura- tion and process of bonding the cork to the vehicle at Kennedy Space Center have been identified and modifications are being devised and adopted. 59 The National Research Council is the principal operating agency of the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering to serve government and other organizations

Letter to the Honorable James C. Fletcher i,, —2— (2) Sooting has been reported within several internal joints in both nozzles. The causes and implications of this anomaly are not yet known. The problem was discovered after our last formal meeting and we do not have sufficient current information on it to comment on its seriousness. To develop an appropriate understanding of the phenomenon, NASA should review the results of static tests and carefully document its occurrence in future flights. (3) A considerable number of pits' galls, scratches, and gouges were found on the surfaces of the interference fit in the case field joints of both the left and right boosters. Defects of this type had not been reported on the full-scale hardware used in ground tests, either short-duration simula- tions or full-duration static motor firings. Evaluation of these anomalies is being conducted at the refurbishment facility in Utah. Their occurrence could have important consequences for program costs, since removing them could change the dimensions of the hardware enough to make it more difficult to find mating parts that provide the desired interference fit. Remaining Tasks in the Recovery Program While STS-26 was a successful mission, work remains to be accomplished before we would consider the redesign program to be complete. We listed a number of the remaining tasks in our last report. Here we highlight the following: (1) Redesign the aft skirt to meet the system requirement for design ultimate strength. (2) Reconfigure the cowl vent holes in the nozzle to prevent the occurrence of differential pressure across the flexible boot. (3) Determine the reuse potential of motor case segments. In addition to a hydroburst test after 20 cycles of pressurization, this task may require testing flown hardware in short-duration, full-scale test apparatus such as the Joint Environment Simulator since only flown hardware experiences the effects of re-entry, splashdown, and recovery. (4) Modify the configuration of the pressure proof test to ensure that the case field joints experience more realistic stresses. In the current configuration, one case segment is capped by two rigid domes; consequently the ends of the segment do not experience stresses representative of the flight condition. The redesigned joint is more complex than the original design; since the joint experiences the highest stresses, it is imperative that the proof test subject the joint to the most realistic stresses. This goal may best be achieved by proof testing a case of two segments with a full field joint in the middle and factory joints mated to the domes. 60

Letter to the Honorable James C. Fletcher —3— (5) Continue pursuing improvements in materials and methods of bonding, notably of insulation to the case, of the polysulfide in the case-to-nozzle joints, and of the Iamina- tions of the flexible bearing, as well as methods of testing them nondestructively. (6) Improve the accuracy and reliability of case measurements to assure the desired interference fit in the case field joint. (7) Seek or develop alternative O-ring materials and processes and compatible corrosion-inhibiting greases that will operate satisfactorily without heaters. Any resulting changes in the design would have to be qualified before being introduced into flight hardware. (8) Qualify the redesigned motor at the low end of its intended range of operating temperatures, as planned in the QM-8 static test. (9) Continue to collect flight data in order to assess critically the performance of components of the redesigned booster. In addition to assessment of flight instrumentation data, these evaluations should include careful inspection of used hardware and a systemmatic assessment and documentation of the performance of seals, insulation, ablative materials, and metal components. The procedures should take account of the fact that in the case field joint and case-to-nozzle joint, upstream gas barriers will normally prevent combustion gases from reaching the primary seals, making it difficult to detect a degradation in the seals, materials, or surface finishes unless an upstream barrier fails. An important objective is to continue to improve the statistical validity of the data base. Lessons Learned The recovery from the Challenger accident evolved as a comprehensive redesign, testing, and qualification program. The Panel concluded that the program was well conceived and executed. Indeed, we believe that a number of important lessons have been learned from this experience that could well be applied to future NASA programs. In our view, the most important of these are the following: Use of an Inherently Tolerant Design. In light of the complexity of the preparations for fl ight and the need to prepare components and vehicles under conditions that may be less than ideal, designs should be favored that are relatively insens itive to the level of skill and art required in manufacturing, assemble y, or checkout e The design should be tolerant of small errors. 61

Letter to the Honorable James C. Fletcher _ 4 _ The redes ign of the Shuttle booster was constrained by budget, schedule, hardware inventory, a desire to rely on the large existing data base to the extent possible, and compati- bi~ ity with existing fact] ities and hardware with the result that it may be more sensitive to manufacturing, assembly, and checkout procedures than might otherwise be des irable . The resulting procedures are therefore costly and time-consuming. In the advanced booster design program, it may be cost- e f f ect ive to devote cons iderab le attention to achieving a des ign that i s more to l erant o f change s in var lab l e s that are difficult to control in materials, manufacturing, and assembly. Understanding How the Design Works. In testing large and com- plex hardware systems such as the solid rocket booster, the major emphasis seems to be, first, on performance, next on overall reliability, and, last, on understanding how the sub- systems and components actually work. From a programmatic perspective, understanding how a design works at the component level frequently carries a lower priority than just demon- strating overall system performance. Often, only when major components fail does the focus shift to developing a firm understanding of how the components actually perform over the full range of operating environments. In response to the Challenger accident, the solid rocket booster recovery program initially focussed on determining how the originals y designed parts had failed, understanding their operation, and establishing the margins of safety of the redes igned components . The unusually detailed analyses and tests run during the SRB redesign program frequently yielded surprises traceable to incomplete understanding of novel designs and the novel use of conventional designs. The growth in understanding was a maj or factor in the design improvement. One of the important ~ es sons ~ earned from the post-Chal~ enger experience is that heavy emphasis should be placed at the beginning of a new program in developing a detailed understanding of how subsystems perform in the total range of operating environments and in determining the margin of safety over maximum expected operating conditions of the component designs. In the current booster program, continued growth in understanding may help to reduce the large number of critical items that burden the "operational" program, thereby reducing operating costs and allowing full attention to what are truly the most critical items. A Full Snectrum of Tests. Because of the inherent nature of solid propellant rockets, a statistically meaningful number of 62

Letter to the Honorable James C. F1 etcher —5— fu11-scale, full-duration, solid rocket motor tests simply cannot practically be accomplished prior to flight within any reasonable schedule and budget. NASA's strategy for devel- oping confidence in the redesign was to employ a hierarchy of component and motor testing aimed at demonstrating nominal performance and establishing margins, product control, reli- ability, operational limits, and service life. The test program for the original Shuttle booster was less extensive than for many ballistic missile programs. For man-rated systems, test programs must be particularly thorough. The redesign program has set a more rigorous standard for testing of material, component, and system function by includ- ing an extensive program of analysis; laboratory testing; substage motor tests; full-scaJe, short-duration motor tests; and, ultimately, five fulI-scale, full-duration tests of com- plete motor assemblies. Emphasis was placed on gaining real understanding of how the system performed through a large number of laboratory and subscale tests coupled with analyti- cal models, and then scaling to well instrumented full-scale, hot fire tests. In addition, several fu11-scale test articles were prepared to test the structural and assembly aspects of the new designs. In this way, signi f icant conf idence in the new designs could be achieved without many full-scale, full- duration tests. Furthermore, a subscale motor could be tested f or a f ew tens o f thousands o f do ~ ~ ars whil e the costs of a full-sca~ e, ful]L-duration static test is likely to be in the millions to tens of millions of dollars . In the case of the rede s igned j oints , many subscale motors were tested with a number of design variants and with suf f icient tests to begin to get some statisticaI conf idence in the des ign , at least at the subsca~e level. The results of those tests were often surprising, en- lightening or disappointing, all of which show why the tests were needed. It is important that future programs recognize the need for a full spectrum of tests, and that NASA assure the capability to run them. Tt is also important that this philosophy of testing be continued in the current program until the operational limits, service life, and component reusability have been adequately determined. We believe that this basic testing strategy is a good one for development efforts of this type and may be successfully used in other NASA programs. Early in the testing program, three Joint Environment Sim- ulator (JES) tests of the Challenger field joint configuration added greatly to the understanding of the probable contrib- uting causes of the Challenger accident and, in fact, appeared to duplicate closely the operation of the joint under the conditions of the failure. The experiments, each conducted at 63

Letter to the Honorable James C. Fletcher —6— 25°F, were designed to study the importance for the sealing function of the manner in which combustion gases reach the O-rings. The results demonstrated that the worst situation arises when the gases are confined to a narrow jet that impinges on a seal. A jetting flow could occur in the original field joint design through blowholes that tended to form in the putty that was used to fill the space between mating segments. In one test, in which a blowhole was deliberately inserted in the putty, the performance of the joint appeared to be similar to that observed in the initial stages of the Challenger launch: blow-by of both the primary and secondary O-rings occurred, with black smoke visible on the outside of the joint at the point of the blowhole in the putty. These three JES tests and supporting dynamic labora- tory measurements provided the basis for an assertion that there were three main problems with the Challenger joint that, together, resulted in the failure: a leak path through the putty causing a jet of combustion gas to impinge on a small area of the O-rings and rapidly erode them, a fast opening of a significant gap between the tang and clevis sealing surfaces during the ignition transient, and the inability of the O-rings to track the gap opening at the low temperature experienced at launch. Two other simulators, the Nozzle Joint Environment Simulator and the Transient Pressure Test Article, were developed during the course of the program which, along with the JES, proved extremely valuable for improving understanding of the operation of specific redesigned components. The Panel believes that these test devices were of critical importance in the design verification program and that some of these test setups should be retained in an operational condition. In particular, we recommend that simulators be used in the future to verify the reuse potential of flown hardware, to demon- strate that the primary and secondary seals remain operational after Jong-term aging, and for verification testing of any future block changes in the redesigned booster. These types of test systems could also be of great value in the develop- ment and verification testing of future generations of solid rocket boosters. Criteria for Success and Pretest Predictions. To assure the effectiveness of a testing program and to validate the tech- nical understanding of a design, the Panel believes that both a statement of criteria for a successful test and a detailed analysis and prediction of how the hardware is expected to perform should routinely be prepared in advance of every major test. In the case of the booster development and verification 64

Letter to the Honorable James C. Fletcher —7— program, we found that the team was conscientious in estab- lishing specific pretest criteria for success and predictions of results. We believe that this discipline was an important factor in the program's success to date, that the discipline can be sharpened further, and that it should be applied dili- gent~y in future NASA programs. Testing the Performance of Seals. The Pane J is also a strong advocate of emphasizing testing that demonstrates the perform- ance of design components at all levels under conditions more severe than would be encountered in flight. For the redesign joints, this testing included imposing purposely manufactured leak paths into test articles sufficient to guarantee that combustion gases would impinge on the respective barriers and seals for testing the performance of the new designs. The ultimate test of the new joints prior to the return to flight was the ful1-sca~e, full-duration static test of the PV-1 motor. This test included pressure-assuring flaws to the primary O-ring in both the field joints and the case-to-nozzle joint, as well as intentional flaws in some of the internal nozzle joints and the case-to-igniter joint. Defects to simulate insulation edge separations were also intentionally introduced in several areas near the pressure-assuring flaws to evaluate the effects of poor insulation-to-metal bonding. This test represented a major departure from historical approaches to full-scale, full-duration ground testing of rocket motors and was debated for many months by the redesign team and our Panel. We advocated the test because we were convinced that the requirement for redundant, verifiable, and independent seals should be confirmed in fulI-duration, fu11-scale testing. The test incorporated flaws that clearly were more severe than defects that can be expected to arise in the normal course of manufacturing and assembling the boosters but not be detected. As the program proceeded, each of the flaws that was finally tested in the PV-1 motor was first successfully tested in subscale and then in full-sca~e, short-duration hardware. Thus, with each succeeding test, the team became more confi- dent that the joint seal designs had truly redundant seals that performed as expected. The PV-1 test, which was per- formed on August 18th, was successful: full motor pressure did, in fact, reach the primary O-rings (through the flaws) but gas did not leak past the O-rings. The Panel believes that careful preparation and demon- strations at subscale and intermediate levels prior to such 65

Letter to the Honorable James C. Fletcher —8— a "high risk" test is critical to successful testing of this general type. Again, we believe that NASA might well apply this philosophy to other programs. Validation of Analytical Computations. While extensive use of analytical models and computer-based computational methods is appropriate and necessary for developing and verifying space systems, we concluded that the current mixed success in this regard. Models validated through well instrumented testing generally predicted the results duration testing rather well. However, "first principles" but not validated before full-sca~e testing often left something to be desired. This appeared to us to be particularly true of structural analysis where great emphasis was placed on large, complex finite element methods. The most obvious example was the redesign of the aft skirt where com- puter analyses led to a design that added hundreds of pounds of weight but did not significantly improve the structural margin of safety. program achieved only that were refined and subscale or component of full-scale, full- models developed from Computational results are no better than the physics of the models on which the analyses are based. There are many areas of design where the knowledge of the physics is too limited for reliable analyses (e.g., mechanical and thermal performance of ablatives), or where available computational codes are not adequate (e.g., analysis of plastic deformation in complex load situations or of heat transfer from viscous rotational two-phase flows). The experience in the SRB re- design program suggest a strategy that should be adopted in the future: (1) Identify the areas where analysis is likely to be unreliable, (2) Find and employ the best expertise available, (3) Use the analysis to test for the sensitivity of results to poorly determined inputs, and (4) Verify computed results by test. We concluded that analyses, especially those whose objec- fives are to predict structural failure, must be verified by carefully planned and properly simulated experiments that are well instrumented. We suggest that NASA could improve its modelling capability by shifting some attention from computer program development to development of good engineering insight through simple, meaningful validation experiments. Control of Processes and Materials. The redesign program has set new standards for control of materials and processes used 66

Letter to the Honorable James C. Fletcher _9 _ in manufacturing the motor and its component parts, and for inspection of components, assembly operations, and the assembled product. While improving reliability, this has added substantially to cost and to production and assembly time. Some of these efforts may have been, or may later become, unnecessary as an acceptable degree of imperfection becomes clear. However, the enhanced control and inspection procedures have frequently shown the presence of defects that would not have been found in the past, some of which are still considered unacceptable. There will no doubt be a push toward relaxation of quality control and inspection in the interest of economy and time or due to complacency. Potential improvements, particularly in process controls, may justify some Reductions . It is abso- lutely crucial however that "rel axation" be a carefully planned, del iberate process in which lowered standards are only authorized after formal demonstration that safety and reliability are not compromised. Considering the nature of the Shuttl e and its mi s s i on, standards f or qua l ity c ontro l and assurance should be the highest of all space systems. Documentation of Lessons Learned. In light of the important lessons learned in the course of the redesign program, both technical and administrative, about large and complex engineering programs, we suggest that NASA commission an independent, professional technical history of the booster rocket recovery program to benefit future NASA--and possibly other national--programs of similar scope. Risk Reduction through Product Improvement Although our formal task is completed with the successful return to flight, the Panel has been briefed on NASA's plans for program activities beyond STS-26. We have also formed conclusions about what is needed for continued flight safety and have concerns about the adequacy of your plans in this regard. Before stating these concerns once again, it is appropriate to emphasize that the Space Transportation System consists of a very complex flight system, operating in a very hostile environment. It is not realistic to view the mission as risk-free. It is, however, reasonable to expect that a higher level of confidence can be acquired as more flight experience is obtained. That confidence will only be gained from measured performance of the system (including data from quality control review and post flight inspection). Risk cannot be assessed 67

Letter to the Honorable James C. Fletcher -10- without a data base, and confidence comes from large data bases, which cannot be provided from pre-flight tests alone. It is standard practice in the aeronautical industry to monitor flight performance (from components to systems to the vehicle) and to make modifications when the data base indi- cates that safety margins are below design requirements or potential failure modes are not adequately treated in the design. The need for such practices is even more important in the Shuttle system because the safety margins are lower than in the aeronautical industry (due to considerations of weight) and the opportunity to develop a performance data base is orders of magnitude more limited. This message was dramat- ical~y conveyed by the Challenger accident and the conditions leading to it. The thorough redesign and verification effort since then reflect a new set of standards within NASA and the space industry. It is important that these standards be continued in the flight program, and that budgetary, manpower, and facilities policies be consistent with that objective. Some specific recommendations for effective control and reduction of risk are: . . ~ (1) Maintain a technically competent team of personnel that is familiar with booster design to evaluate, maintain, and/or improve quality control, assembly, launch operations, post-fight evaluation, and questions of service life. (2) Provide for measurements during flight for as long as program engineering and safety personnel perceive the need (i.e., get the data base). (3) Maintain a supporting program of ground testing that will provide for product quality control and for validation of changes in material, manufacturing, and design related to product reliability. This program should include maximum use of the "Test Evaluation Motor" firings for the these purposes. (4) Provide enough flexibility in the flight program to introduce adequately evaluated material, manufacturing, and design improvements expeditiously when accumulating results indicate unanticipated risk. (5) Insulate the budget for the above activities from competitive pressures from the flight program or advanced solid rocket motor programs and reduce their support only in the context of statistically significant base of measured flight performance. 68

Letter to the Honorable James C. Fletcher Organizational Issues —11— At times, some organizational issues seemed to have impeded the smooth progress of the redesign effort. For example, we observed problems with calculation and dissemin- ation of loads within the program. Information about design loads was difficult to obtain and almost al ways in a state of flux. We believe that the designers of components of solid rocket boo s ter should not only have intimate understanding o f the loads but also be suf f iciently knowledgable to challenge the methods and results of the calculations supplied by others. The organizational and management issues pertinent to the calculation and dissemination of loads should be reviewed by NASA. Finally, as we have recommended previously, independent responsibilities should be firmly established for setting design requirements and standards and for carrying out the design. The objective should be to ensure a system of checks and balances in the inevitable interplay between design and requirements. Acknowledgments Finally, Jim, all of the members of the NASA/contractor team responsible for the redesign of the solid rocket booster have earned the appreciation and congratulations of the Nation for their tireless dedication leading to the return to flight of the Shuttle in the face of intense public scrutiny. We join in expressing our own thanks, particularly because we could not have discharged our responsibilities without their earnest cooperation and support. We are especially grateful to John W. Thomas, of NASA' s Marshall Space Fl ight Center, and Allan J . McDonald, of Morton Thiokol, Inc., who bore a primary responsibility for making the engineering j udgments required in the redes ign program and the burden 0 f cony inc ing us that they were r ight - - or accept ing our recommendations. We owe a special debt of gratitude to Russell Bardos, of NASA's Office of Space Flight, for assuring that we had the information we needed to ful f ill our charge, guiding us through the program' s organizational structure, and providing excel lent ~ iaison between the Panel and the respective leered s of NASA. S incerel y, H . Guy f ord Stever Chairman cc: Adm. Richard H. Truly Panel Members 69

:l j APPENDIXES 71

Next: Appendix A: Biographical Data of Panel Members »
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