Research Training in Psychiatry Residency: Strategies for Reform

which is nonsignificant, and adjusting for the significant effects of years of experience and gender, Schwalm found that on average, psychiatrist-researchers earn approximately 20 percent less than their nonresearcher counterparts. Assuming a retirement age of 70, this loss of income translates to a reduction in lifetime earnings of $600,000 to $1 million (1998 dollars). For women, the annual salary difference between researchers and nonresearchers is negligible; however, the extrapolated hourly wage favors female clinicians over researchers (see Table 5-3). The modeling results further indicate that, while psychiatrists who spend any (i.e., greater than 1 percent) of their time engaged in research activities earn less than their full-time clinician counterparts, psychiatrists who devote more than 20 percent of their time to research earn more than those who spend a smaller proportion of their time engaged in research activities, although their salary never recovers to the level of full-time clinicians.

There are two key limitations to the above analysis. First, researchers in this dataset are disproportionately at academic institutions (e.g., medical schools), and thus their salaries are likely lower in part because of

TABLE 5-3 Selected Data from the American Psychiatric Association’s 1998 National Survey of Psychiatric Practice

Full-Time Employed Psychiatrists (n = 628^a)	Males	Females
Nonresearcher Annual Salary	$143,000^c	$111,000
Researcher Annual Salary	$121,000	$114,000
Nonresearcher Hours Worked^b	52	44
Researcher Hours Worked^b	56	51
Nonresearcher-Implicit Wage^d	$55/hour	$50/hour
Researcher-Implicit Wage^d	$43/hour	$45/hour
^aOf these respondents, 112 had spent some time as researchers, including 26 females and 31 non-Caucasians. ^bRespondents gave the number of hours they worked in the week prior to the time at which they completed the survey. ^cSignificantly different from male researchers (p ß0.01). ^dImplicit wage = annual salary/(hours of work × 50). SOURCE: Data adapted from Schwalm (2002a).

Table of Contents

Front Matter R1-R16

Executive Summary 1-20

1 Introduction 21-36

2 Residency as Part of a Longitudinal Career Continuum 37-60

3 Regulatory Factors 61-90

4 Institutional Factors 91-132

5 Personal Factors 133-166

6 Future Directions for Promoting the Development of Psychiatrist-Researchers 167-176

References 177-200

Appendix A: Data Sources and Methods 201-210

Appendix B: Federal and Other Funding Mechanisms Listed and Summarized by Career Stage 211-230

Appendix C: Brief Descriptions of Psychiatry Residency Training Programs, Sorted by NIH 2002 Funding Rank for Each Corresponding Department 231-246

Appendix D: Committee and Staff Biographies 247-254