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OCR for page 385
Index
A
Abandonment
of spawning areas, 228-230
Adaptive Environmental Assessment and
Management (AEAM) program,
296
Adaptive management, 333-335
definition of the problem, 333
determination of goals and objectives for
management of ecosystems, 334
determination of the ecosystem baseline,
334
development of conceptual models, 334
evaluation of restoration efforts and
proposals for remedial actions,
335
implementation of management actions
334-335
monitoring of the ecosystem response,
335
selection of future restoration actions,
334
Adaptive management for ecosystem
restoration in the Klamath basin,
331-344
as an organizing framework, 332-337
ecosystem management and, 332-333
improvement of resource management,
340-343
385
key components of, 333-335
policy options and restoration activities,
337-339
status of, 335-337
Adequacy of nursery habitat
for larvae and juveniles, 232-236
Adult endangered suckers in Upper Klamath
Lake, 199-200, 237-240
entrainment, 237
loss of habitat, 240
mass mortality, 237-240
AEAM. See Adaptive Environmental
Assessment and Management
program
Age distributions
of suckers in Upper Klamath Lake, 205
Age structure, 204-207
of shortnose sucker sample from Copco
Reservoir, 210
Agency Lake
bathymetric map of, 98
Agriculture
in the Klamath basin, 67-71
Ammonia, 116-117
Amory, Copley, 68
Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, 5-7, 13
explanations of dominance by, 108-110
Aquatic environments, 53-57
in the lower Klamath basin, 57
in the upper Klamath basin, 53-56
OCR for page 386
386
B
13asinwide issues, 344-346
Bathymetric map
of Upper Klamath Lake and Agency
Lake, 98
PEA. See Bureau of Economic Analysis
"pest available evidence" standard, 313-
314
Biological assessments and biological
opinions of 2002, 37-45
endangered suckers, 38-41
overview of, 44-45
threatened coho salmon, 41-44
13luegreen (cyanobacterial) alga, 5
Bull trout, 184-185
Bureau of Economic Analysis (PEA), 74-75
C
CALFED Sacramento-San Joaquin, 332
California Department of Fish and Game
(CDFG), 9, 163, 263, 278-283
California Department of Water Resources
(CDWR), 156, 339
Watermaster Service, 154
California State Water Resources Control
Board (CSWRC13), 162
California Wild and Scenic Rivers Act, 172
Candlefish, 275
Captive propagation, 245
Cascadia volcanic arc, 47
Catostomidae, 184
Causal connections in suppression of
populations of endangered
suckers in Upper Klamath Lake
diagram of, 221
Causes of decline and strategies for recovery
of Klamath basin suckers, 214-
249
criteria for judging status and recovery
of sucker populations, 214-217
lessons from comparative biology of
suckers, 246-247
requirements for protection and
recovery, 217-219
suppression of endangered suckers in
Upper Klamath Lake, 219-246
CDFG. See California Department of Fish
and Game
Census of Agriculture, 83
INDEX
Central Valley Project Improvement Act
(1992), 306
Changes
in cropping and water wells in the Scott
Valley, 166
in numbers of cattle and cumulative
acres of drained wetland in
Klamath County, Oregon, 64
in operation of hatcheries, 303-304
Characteristics of farms and farm operators,
80, 90
of the lower Klamath basin, 1997, 90
of the upper Klamath basin, 1997, 80
Chasmistes brevirostris. See Shortnose
suckers
Chiloquin Dam
removal of, 223
on the Sprague River, 3, 15
Chinook salmon, 8, 263-270
fall-run chinook salmon, 264-268
spring-run chinook salmon, 268-270
Chlorophyll
changes over growing season, 111
relationship to water level in Upper
Klamath Lake, 113
CH2M HILL, 223
Chum salmon, 274
Clean Water Act of 1972, 305
Clear Lake, 7, 13, 129-132
map of, 130
Clear Lake National Wildlife Refuge, 129
Climate and historical hydropattern
of the Klamath River watershed, 51-53
Coast Range Geologic Province, 170
Coastal cutthroat trout, 274-275
Coho salmon, 252-263
findings about, 7-8
hatcheries, 262-263
life history, 254-261
pictured, 254
pools containing juvenile coho salmon,
chinook salmon, and steelhead
along main stem of Klamath
River, 2001, as determined in
snorkeling surveys, 257
population cycles in California, 261
status, 263
See also Threatened coho salmon
Columnaris disease, 201, 238
Comparative biology of suckers
lessons from, 246-247
OCR for page 387
INDEX
Conceptual models
development of, 334
Conservation status, 212
Costs of remediation, 15-16, 352
Cottidae, 186-188
Criteria for judging status and recovery of
sucker populations, 214-217
Critical habitat, 245-246
designation of, 318-320
CSWRC13. See California State Water
Resources Control Board
Cui-ui, 196, 247
Current status of aquatic ecosystems: lakes,
95-143
basic information on lakes of upper
Klamath basin, 96
Clear Lake, 129-132
Gerber Reservoir, 132-133
Lower Klamath Lake, 133
reservoirs of the main stem, 134-141
Tule Lake, 133-134
Upper Klamath Lake, 97-129
Cyanobacterial alga, 5
Cyprinidae, 182-183
D
Dams, 222-224
Degradation of spawning areas, 227-228
Deltistes luxatus. See Lost River suckers
Discharge
of the Klamath River and the Trinity
River, 174
Dissolved oxygen, 117-122
Distribution of adult Lost River suckers and
shortnose suckers in the Klamath
basin, 192
DOI. See U.S. Department of the Interior
Dominance by Aphanizomenon flos-aquae
explanations of, 108-110
Dwinnell Dam, 8, 156
. . . . . .
map depicting substantial water
diversions from the Shasta River
below, 155
E
Economy of the Klamath basin, 74-93
characteristics of farms and farm
operators, 80, 90
387
export based employment, 1998, 78, 87
farms in the Klamath Reclamation
Project and in the upper Klamath
basin, 83
fisheries characteristics of ports of
Eureka and Crescent City, 92-93
lower basin, 82-93
output, value added, and employment,
1998, 77, 86
structural change, 1969-1999, 75, 85
upper basin, 74-82
value of agricultural production, 1998,
81, 91
Ecosystem baseline
determination of, 334
Ecosystem management and adaptive
management, 332-333
Ecosystem restoration
adaptive management for the Klamath
basin, 331-344
Ecosystem Restoration Office (ERO), 340-
341
Employment, 77, 86
in lower Klamath basin, 86
in upper Klamath basin, 77
Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA), 1, 4,
10, 17-19, 28, 146, 305
Endangered sucker species, 38-41, 346-349
commitments of the USER Biological
Assessments of 2002 that are
relevant to, 39
geographic subpopulations of in the
upper Klamath basin, 216
needs for new information, 346-347
remedial actions, 347-349
the USER biological assessment, 38-40
the USFWS biological opinion, 40-41
Endangered suckers in other Klamath basin
waters, 209-212
Endangered suckers of the Klamath River
basin, 189-212, 190
age-class structure, 204-207
age distributions of suckers in Upper
Klamath Lake based on fish kills,
205
age structure of a small sample of
shortnose suckers taken from
Copco Reservoir, 1987, 210
· A ~ A
conservation status, 212
current and former distribution of adult
Lost River suckers and shortnose
suckers in the Klamath basin, 192
OCR for page 388
388
endangered suckers in other Klamath
basin waters, 209-212
endangered suckers of the Klamath
River basin, 190
generalized view of habitat of young
suckers in Upper Klamath Lake,
197
juveniles (1-4 inches), 198-199
larvae, 196-198
locations of current and past
populations of Lost River suckers
and shortnose suckers, 193
perspective on age-class structure and
strength, mortality, and
reproductive output, 208-209
physiological tolerances, 200-203
population size, 203
spawning, 194-196
spawning-run abundances of lake
suckers, lower Williamson River,
1995-2001, 206
subadults (4-10 inches) and adults, 199-
200
Entrainment
of adults, 237
of larvae and juveniles, 231-232
Environmental impact statement (EIS), 25,
173
Environmental overview, 19-26
flow of the Williamson River, the largest
water source for Upper Klamath
Lake, and of the Klamath River
main stem (at Iron Gate Dam) in
a year of near-average water
availability, 26
flows under conditions of average water
availability in the upper Klamath
basin, 22
mainstem dams on the Klamath River.
24
map of the upper Klamath basin, 23
water routing diagram for the Klamath
Project, 21
Environmental Protection Agency
Index of Watershed Indicators, 64
ERO. See Ecosystem Restoration Office
ESA. See Endangered Species Act of 1973
ESU. See Evolutionarily significant unit
Eulachon, 275
Evolutionarily significant unit (ESU), 262
Explanations summarized, 282-283
INDEX
Export based employment, 1998, 78, 87
lower Klamath basin, 87
upper Klamath basin, 78
Extent of mortality, 278-279
F
Facilitating recovery of coho salmon and
other anadromous fishes of the
Klamath River, 287-310
changes in operation of hatcheries, 303-
304
creation of a framework for fish
management, 305-307
land-management practices, 304
lowermost Klamath and ocean
conditions, 301-302
main-stem Klamath River, 298-301
possible future effects of climate change,
307-308
removal of dams, 302-303
restoration of tributaries, 287-298
Factors likely to limit production of coho
and other salmonids in the
Shasta, Scott, Salmon, and Trinity
Rivers and their tributaries, 288
Factors relevant to all life-history stages,
240-244
hybridization and introgression, 242-
244
nonindigenous species as predators and
competitors, 242
water quality, 241-242
Fall-run chinook salmon, 264-268
hatcheries, 267
life history of fall-run chinook salmon
264-267
status, 267-268
Farms in the Klamath Reclamation Project
and in the upper Klamath basin,
83
Fathead minnow, 188
Federal agency conservation duty, 321-323
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
(FERC), 42, 136
FERC. See Federal Energy Regulatory
Commission
Findings, 3-10
about coho salmon, 7-8
about Lost River and shortnose suckers,
3-7
OCR for page 389
INDEX
about the Klamath River fish kill of
2002, 8-9
legal, regulatory, and administrative
context of recovery actions, 9-10
Finley, William, 68
Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act of
1934, 305
"Fish kills," 5
age distributions of suckers in Upper
Klamath Lake based on, 205
Fisheries characteristics of ports
of Eureka (Humboldt County) and
Crescent City (Del Norte Fry, 5
County), 92-93
Fishes, 26-28
"mass mortality" of, 6, 202, 219
Fishes of the lower Klamath basin,
250-286
chinook salmon, 263-270
chum salmon, 274
coastal cutthroat trout, 274-275
coho salmon, 252-263
eulachon, 275
green sturgeon, 276
mass mortality of fish in the Lower
Klamath River in 2002, 278-283
native fishes of the Lower Klamath River
and its tributaries, 251-252
nonnative fishes of the Lower Klamath
and Trinity Rivers, 253
nonnative nonanadromous species, 277
nonnative species, 277-278
Pacific lamprey, 276-277
pink salmon, 274
steelhead, 270-274
Fishes of the upper Klamath basin, 179-213
endangered suckers of the Klamath
basin, 189-212
native fishes, 180-188
nonnative fishes, 188-189
Fishing
and attempts to regulate loss of fish, 71
Flavobacterium columnare, 201
Flows under conditions of average water
availability in the upper Klamath
basin, 22
Framework for fish management, 305-307
Central Valley Project Improvement Act,
306
Clean Water Act of 1972, 305
Endangered Species Act of 1973, 305
389
Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act of
1934, 305
National Environmental Policy Act of
1970, 305
National Forest Management Act of
1976, 305
Sustainable Fisheries Act of 1996, 305
Trinity River Basin Fish and Wildlife
Management Act, 305-306
Trinity River Stream Rectification Act,
305
Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968, 305
Fur trapping
in the Klamath basin, 59
G
Gabrielson, Ira, 69
Geologic setting
of the Klamath River watershed, 46-51
Gerber Reservoir, 7, 132-133
Global circulation models (GCM), 307
Gold-bearing placer deposits, 60
Gorda Plates, 46
Gordon Report, 63
Grab-sample data for surface waters in the
main-stem reservoir system, 2001,
140
Green sturgeon, 276
H
Habitat loss
of adults, 240
Hardy Phase II draft report, 298
Hatcheries
of coho salmon, 262-263
of fall-run chinook salmon, 267
of winter steelhead, 272-273
History of land use in the Klamath basin,
57-71
agriculture, 67-71
changes in numbers of cattle and
cumulative acres of drained
wetland in Klamath County,
Oregon, 64
fur trapping, 59
mining, 59-63
ranching, 63-65
timber, 65-67
OCR for page 390
390
Hudson Bay Company, 59
Hybridization and introgression, 242-244
Hydraulic placer mining, 61
Hydrography
for the lower Shasta River, 153
for the Salmon River, 169
for the Scott River, 160
I
Iakish, J. R., 69
IMPLAN modeling process, 74
Implementation of management actions,
334-335
Improvement of resource management in
the Klamath basin, 340-343
Index map of the Trinity River watershed,
170
Index of Watershed Indicators, 64
Indirect causes of mortality, 279-282
Interested parties, 30-37
judging the degree of scientific support
for proposed actions pursuant to
the goals of the ESA, 35
Iron Gate Dam, 1, 8-9,283
Iron Gate Hatchery, 272
Iron Gate Reservoir, 8-9
Juan de Fuca Plate, 46
Juveniles (1-4 inches), 198-199
adequacy of nursery habitat for, 232-236
mortality among, 5
overview of production of, 236-237
K
Klamath basin
agriculture in, 67-71
aquatic environments in, 53-57
Klamath Basin Ecosystem Restoration
Office (ERO), 340-341
Klamath Drainage District, 69
Klamath largescale sucker, 184
Klamath Mountains, 48
Klamath Mountains Geologic Province, 51
Klamath Project, 1-2,4,10,32-33, 55, 82
Lost River system regulation from, 7
water routing diagram for, 21
INDEX
Klamath River
findings about the fish kill of 2002,8-9
Klamath River Basin Restoration Task
Force (KR13RTF), 342
Klamath River lamprey, 182
Klamath River watershed, 46-53
climate and historical hydropattern, 51-
53
geologic setting, 46-51
runoff, yield, and basin areas for, 52
Klamath smallscale sucker, 184
Klamath Strait Drain, 135
Klamath Straits, 54
Klamath Tribes Native Fish Hatchery, 245
Klamath tui chub, 182
KR13RTF. See Klamath River Basin
Restoration Task Force
L
Lake of the Woods, 13,218
Lampreys, 181-182
Land-management practices, 304
Land use and water management, 46-94
aquatic environments, 53-57
description of the Klamath River
watershed, 46-53
economy of the Klamath basin, 74-93
fishing and attempts to regulate loss of
fish, 71
history of land use in the Klamath basin,
57-71
overview, 93-94
wetland transformations, 71-74
Larvae, 196-198
adequacy of nursery habitat for, 232-236
hydraulic transport of, 12
overview of production of, 236-237
Larval habitat availability
calculated as percentage of lakeshore
inundated to a depth of at least 1
ft for lake edge and marsh
regions, 233
Legal, regulatory, and administrative
context of recovery actions, 9-10
Life history of fishes
coho salmon, 254-261
fall-run chinook salmon, 264-267
spring-run chinook salmon, 268-269
summer steelhead, 273-274
winter steelhead, 270-272
OCR for page 391
INDEX
Link River
entrainment from, 7
Link River Dam, 7, 97
Listing of endangered and threatened
species, 317
Longitudinal transect data on Keno
Reservoir (Lake Ewauna), 2001,
139
Lost River suckers, 146-147
Klamath Indian name for, 58
locations of current and past
populations of, 193
Lost River system
regulation from the Klamath Project, 7
reservoirs on, 1
status of, 146-147
Lower Klamath basin, 57, 82-93
agriculture in, 70-71
aquatic environments in, 57
characteristics of farms and farm
operators of, 90
export based employment in, 87
output, value added, and employment
in, 86
structural change in economy of, 85
value of agricultural production in, 91
-I --- --- -- r - ------ - 7 -
Lower Klamath Basin Input-Output Model,
91
Lower Klamath Lake, 7, 133
Lower Klamath Lake National Wildlife
Refuge, 68
Lower Klamath main stem
status of minor tributaries to, 175-176
Lowermost Klamath
and ocean conditions, 301-302
M
Main-stem Klamath River, 298-301
dams on, 24
management of flow at Iron Gate Dam,
299-301
modeling of habitat availability in
relation to flow, 298-299
to the Pacific, 176-177
water temperature of the Klamath
River at Orleans, 177
to the Pacific, status of, 176-177
reservoirs of, 134-141
status of Iron Gate Dam to Orleans,
147-153
391
Main-stem Klamath River, from Iron Gate
Dam to Orleans, 147-153
annual hydrograph for the lower Shasta
River, 153
mean annual concentrations of total
nitrogen (TN) and total
phosphorus (TP), nitrate (NO3-
expressed as N), and soluble
reactive phosphorus (SRP), 152
mean monthly flows at Iron Gate Dam
in 1961-1996 compared with
reconstructed flows for 1905-
1912, 148
simulated and measured temperature in
the Klamath River below Iron
Gate Dam, 149
simulated daily maximum, mean, and
. .
minimum water temperatures on
the Klamath River from Iron Gate
Dam to Seiad Valley for Iron
Gate Dam releases of 1,000 cfs
(A) and 3,000 cfs (13) under
meteorological conditions of
August 14, 1996, 150
Management of ecosystems
determination of goals and objectives
for, 334
Management of flow at Iron Gate Dam'
299-301
Maps
of Clear Lake, 130
depicting substantial water diversions
from the Shasta River below
Dwinnell Dam, 155
of the Klamath River basin showing
surface waters and landmarks, 2
of the upper Klamath basin, 23
of the upper Klamath River basin
showing surface waters and
landmarks, 18
Marbled sculpins, 187-188
Marbut, C. F., 68-69
Mass mortality of adults, 6, 237-240
Mass mortality of fish in the Lower
Klamath River in 2002, 278-283
direct causes of mortality, 279
extent of mortality, 278-279
indirect causes of mortality, 279-282
summary of explanations, 282-283
Maximum weekly average temperature
(MWAT), 166
OCR for page 392
392
Mean water levels proposed by USER for Net loss, through drainage, of wetland
years of varying water availability
water level in Upper Klamath Lake and,
100
Miller Lake lamprey, 182
Mining
in the Klamath basin, 59-63
Minnesota IMPLAN Group, Inc., 83-84
Minnows, 182-183
fathead, 188
Minor tributaries
to the lower Klamath main stem, 175-
176
Modeling of habitat availability in relation
to flow, 298-299
Modoc Point Irrigation District (MPID), 223
Monitoring of the ecosystem response, 335
Morphological anomalies in young fish,
230-231
Mortality
direct causes of, 279
Mount Mazama, 47, 97
Mount Shasta, 47
MPID. See Modoc Point Irrigation District
MWAT. See Maximum weekly average
temperature
N
National Environmental Policy Act of 1970,
305
National Forest Management Act of 1976
(NFMA), 30s
National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS),
1, 3, 28, 263, 298-299, 312-330
biological opinion on threatened coho
salmon, 43-44
Native species, 180-188
Catostomidae suckers, 184
Cottidae sculpins, 186-188
Cyprinidae minnows, 182-183
of the Lower Klamath River and its
tributaries, 251-252
native fishes of the upper Klamath basin,
181
and the paradox of persistent endemics,
244
Petromyzontidae lampreys, 181-182
Salmonidae salmon and trout, 184-186
of the upper Klamath basin, 181
Nature Conservancy, The, 33, 73, 234
INDEX
connected to Upper Klamath
Lake, 72
New information needs
about the endangered Lost River and
shortnose suckers, 346-347
about threatened coho salmon, 14-15,
349-350
NFMA. See National Forest Management
Act of 1976
NFMS. See National Marine Fisheries
~ .
service
Nitrogen-fixing
by bluegreen alga, 5
Nitrogen in Upper Klamath Lake, 108
Nonindigenous species, 188-189, 277-278
of the Lower Klamath and Trinity
Rivers, 253
nonanadromous, 277
as predators and competitors, 242
Nursery habitat
adequacy for larvae and juveniles, 232-
236
Nutrients
of Upper Klamath Lake, 102-103
o
ODFW. See Oregon Department of Fish and
Wildlife
OECD. See Organization for Economic Co-
Operation and Development
Ogden, Peter Skene, 59
Oncorhynchus kisutch. See Coho salmon
Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife
(ODFW), 185
Oregon State Water Resources 13oard, 66
Organization for Economic Co-Operation
and Development (OECD), 104
Organizing framework
adaptive management as, 332-337
Overview of larvae and juvenile production,
236-237
Overview of the ESA in the Klamath
context, 312-316
the "best available evidence" standard,
313-314
the decision-making burden of proof,
314-316
the species-specific orientation of the
ESA, 316
OCR for page 393
INDEX
Overview of water quality in Upper
Klamath Lake, 122-125
Oxygenation as a management tool, 128-
129
p
Pacific Fisheries Management Council, 306
Pacific Flyway, 54
Pacific lamprey, 276-277
PacifiCorp, 24, 41-43, 139
Perch, 188-189
Perspective on age-class structure and
strength, mortality, and
reproductive output, 208-209
Petromyzontidae, 181-182
pH, 113-116
Phosphorus
in Upper Klamath Lake, 5, 103-108
Physiological tolerances, 200-203
Pink salmon, 274
Planning and external review
recommendation, 345-346
Policy options and restoration activities,
337-339
Population cycles
of coho salmon in California, 261
Production and viability of eggs, 222-230
abandonment of spawning areas, 228-
230
dams, 222-224
degradation of spawning areas, 227-228
water level in Upper Klamath Lake,
224-227
Prohibition
against jeopardy and adverse
modification caused by federal
agencies, 323-325
of take and incidental take, 325-329
R
Ranching
in the Klamath basin, 63-65
Razorback suckers, 246
Recommendations, 10-15, 344-352
on basinwide issues, 344-346
costs of remediation, 15-16, 352
endangered Lost River and shortnose Requirements
suckers, 346-349
393
new Information needed on coho
salmon, 14-15
planning and external review, 345-346
planning and organization of research
and monitoring for listed species,
11-12
priority of recovery actions based on
current knowledge of endangered
suckers, 13-14
remediation measures justified from
current knowledge, 15
research and monitoring on endangered
suckers, 12-13
scope of ESA actions by NMFS and
USFWS, 11, 344-345
threatened coho salmon, 349-352
Record of Decision (ROD), 25, 296-297
Recovery issues, 244-246
captive propagation, 245
critical habitat, 245-246
legal, regulatory, and administrative
context of, 9-10
other natives and the paradox of
persistent endemics, 244
planning, 320-321
Redband trout, 185-186
Regulatory consequences, 321-329
authorities prohibiting take and
incidental take, 325-329
federal agency conservation duty, 321-
323
prohibition against jeopardy and adverse
modification caused by federal
agency, 323-325
Regulatory context of the Endangered
Species Act, 311-331
overview of the ESA in the Klamath
context, 312-316
regulatory consequences, 321-329
species listing and designation of critical
habitat, 316-321
Remediation
of the endangered Lost River and
shortnose suckers, 347-349
measures justified from current
knowledge, 15
proposals for, 335
of threatened coho salmon, 350-351
Removal of dams, 223, 302-303
1 - _ _
of the Endangered Species Act, 28-30
for protection and recovery, 217-219
OCR for page 394
394
Research and monitoring on endangered
suckers, 12-13
Reservoirs of the main stem, 134-141
longitudinal transect data on Keno
Reservoir (Lake Ewauna), 13-14
August 2001, 139
summary of grab-sample data for
surface waters in the mains stem
reservoir system, 2001, 140
water temperature and dissolved oxygen
(DO), 137-138
in all main-stem reservoirs, July
2000, 138
in Copco and Iron Gate Reservoirs,
January 2000, 137
Residualization, 303
Restoration
evaluation of efforts, 335
selection of future actions, 334
Restoration of tributaries, 287-298
factors likely to limit production of coho
and other salmonids in the
Shasta, Scott, Salmon, and Trinity
Rivers and their tributaries, 288
Salmon River, 292-294
Scott River, 291-292
Shasta River, 289-290
small main-stem tributaries, 298
Trinity River, 294-298
1992 Rio Declaration, 314
Robust redhorse suckers, 247
ROD. See Record of Decision
Roosevelt, Franklin, 68
Runoff, yield, and basin areas for the
Klamath Watershed, 52
S
Sacramento perch, 188
Salmon, 184-186
Salmon River, 67, 168, 292-294
status of, 168
Salmonidae, 184-186
San Andreas-Coast Range Fault system, 48
Science and the Endangered Species Act, 315
Scope of ESA actions
by NMFS and USFWS expanded, 11
recommendation, 344-345
Scott River, 159-168, 291-292
annual hydrograph of Scott River at Fort
Jones, California, 160
INDEX
changes in cropping and water wells in
the Scott Valley, 166
declines in late summer and early fall
flows on, 164
declines in late summer and early fall
flows on the Scott River, 164
plot of downstream changes in
maximum weekly average water
temperature on the main stem of
the Scott River during summer,
167
status of, 159-168
Sculpins, 186-188
marbled, 187-188
slender, 187
Seasonal development of algal biomass,
110-113
SEA. See Sustainable Fisheries Act of 1996
Shasta River, 153-159, 289-290
map depicting substantial water
diversions from below Dwinnell
Dam, 155
map depicting substantial water
diversions from the Shasta River
below Dwinnell Dam, 155
simulation of daily mean water
temperatures in the Shasta River
at three flows for August 2001
conditions, 159
status of, 153-159
temperature (thin line) and daily average
temperature (wide line) within the
Shasta River below Dwinnell
Dam during the summer of 2001,
158
Shortnose suckers, 3-7
findings about, 3-7
Klamath Indian name for, 58
locations of current and past
populations of, 193
other locations in the Klamath basin, 7
Upper Klamath Lake, 3-7
Sierra Nevada block, 48
Simpson, George, 59
Siskiyou County Resource Conservation
District (SRCD), 70, 162
Slender sculpins, 187
Small main-stem tributaries, 298
Smolts, 7-8
Snake River suckers, 246
SONCC. See Southern Oregon/northern
California coasts
OCR for page 395
INDEX
South Fork Trinity River, 296
Southern Oregon/Northern California
coasts (SONCC), 17, 20, 28, 263,
312
Spawning, 194-196
~ .
pawnmg areas
abandonment of, 228-230
Spawning-run abundances of lake suckers,
lower Williamson River, 1995-
2001, 206
Species listing and designation of critical
habitat, 316-321
designation of critical habitat, 318-320
listing of endangered and threatened
species, 317
recovery planning, 320-321
~pecies-specific orientation of the ESA, 316
Speckled dace, 183
Sprague River
Chiloquin Dam on, 3
Spring-run chinook salmon, 268-270
life history, 268-269
status, 269-270
SRCD. See Siskiyou County Resource
Conservation District
Status findings
of adaptive management in the Klamath
basin, 335-337
of coho salmon, 263
of fall-run chinook salmon, 267-268
of spring-run chinook salmon, 269-270
of summer steelhead, 274
of various hypotheses related to water
quality of Upper Klamath Lake
123
of winter steelhead, 273
Status of river and stream ecosystems, 144-
178
Lost River, 146-147
main-stem Klamath, from Iron Gate
Dam to Orleans, 147-153
main-stem Klamath to the Pacific, 176-
177
minor tributaries to the lower Klamath
main stem, 175-176
Salmon River, 168
Scott River, 159-168
Shasta River, 153-159
tributaries to Upper Klamath Lake, 144-
146
Trinity River, 168-175
395
Steelhead, 270-274
summer steelhead, 273-274
winter steelhead, 270-273
Stress in suckers of Upper Klamath Lake
incidence indicators of, 239
Structural change, 1969-1999, 75, 85
in the lower Klamath basin economy, 85
in the upper Klamath basin economy, 75
Subadults (4-10 inches), 199-200
Suckers, 184
razorback, 246
robust redhorse, 247
shortnose, 3-7
Snake River, 246
Utah, 246
Summer steelhead, 273-274
life history, 273-274
status, 274
Suppression of endangered suckers in Upper
Klamath Lake, 219-246
adults, 237-240
April water level and larval abundance
(mean catch per unit effort
[CPUE]) in Upper Klamath Lake,
225
diagram of causal connections in
suppression of populations of
endangered suckers in Upper
Klamath Lake, 221
factors relevant to all life-history stages,
240-244
incidence (%) of various indicators of
stress in suckers of Upper
Klamath Lake based on visual
inspection, 239
other issues relevant to recovery, 244-
246
production and viability of eggs, 222-
230
survival of larvae and juveniles, 230-237
Survival of larvae and juveniles, 230-237
adequacy of nursery habitat for larvae
and juveniles, 232-236
entrainment of larvae and juveniles,
231-232
morphological anomalies in young fish,
230-231
overview of larvae and juvenile
production, 236-237
Sustainable Fisheries Act of 1996 (SFA),
305
OCR for page 396
396
T
Task statement, 4, 379-380
Tectonic setting for Northern California
and Southern Oregon
illustrating the Cascadia subduction
zone, the Cascade volcanic arc,
the Basin and Range Province,
and the Oregon fore-arc and
Sierra Nevada blocks, 47
Threatened coho salmon, 41-44, 349-352
needs for new information, 349-350
the NMFS biological opinion, 43-44
remediation, 350-351
the USER biological assessment, 41-43 '
Timber
in the Klamath basin, 65-67
TMDL. See Total-maximum-daily-load
Total-maximum-daily-load (TMDL), 108,
127, 172
Tributaries to Upper Klamath Lake, 144-
146
relative external phosphorus loading
from tributaries and other sources
to Upper Klamath Lake, 145
Trinity Alps, 51
Trinity Management Council, 301
Trinity River, 8, 168-175, 294-298
index map of the Trinity River
watershed, 170
reservoirs, 9
status of, 168-175
Trinity River Basin Fish and Wildlife
Management Act (1984), 305-
306
Trinity River Diversion (TRD) project, 8,
25, 169
Trinity River Flow Evaluation Study, 306
Trinity River Hatchery, 14, 270
Trinity River Mainstream Fishery
Restoration program, 175
Trinity River Restoration Project, 9
Trophic status
of Upper Klamath Lake, 102-103
Trout, 184-186
Tui chub, 182
Tule Lake, 7, 133-134
Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge, 55,
68-69
Tule Lake Sump, 69, 134
INDEX
U
United Nations Conference on Environment
and Development, 314
Upper Klamath basin, 1, 10, 74-82
agriculture in, 67-70
aquatic environments in, s3-s6
basic information on the lakes of, 96
characteristics of farms and farm
operators of, 80
export based employment in, 78
output, value added, and employment
in, 77
structural change in economy of, 75
value ot agricultural production in, 81
Upper Klamath Lake, 97-129
adult endangered suckers in, 237-240
age distributions of suckers in, 205
ammonia, 116-117
April water level and larval abundance
in, 225
bathymetric map of, 98
change in chlorophyll over growing
season, 111
connections between human activity and
high abundances of
phytoplankton in, 124
description, 97-102
dissolved oxygen, 117-122
explanations of dominance by
A phanizomenon flos-aquae, 108-
110
hypertrophicity of, 5
Lost River and shortnose suckers in, 3-7
nitrogen in, 108
nutrients and trophic status of, 102-103
overview of water quality in, 122-125
oxygenation as a management tool,
128-129
pH, 113-116
phosphorus in, 103-108
potential (?) and demonstrated (,/)
causal connections between high
abundance of phytoplankton and
harm to fish through poor water-
quality conditions, 125
potential for improvement of water
quality in, 126-128
probable cause of low dissolved oxygen
throughout the water column of,
120-121
OCR for page 397
INDEX
relationship between water level and
dissolved oxygen in the water
column of, 120
relationship between water level and pH
in, 115
relationship of mean chlorophyll and
peak chlorophyll to water level,
113
seasonal development of algal biomass
in, 110-113
status of tributaries to, 144-146
status of various hypotheses related to
water quality of, 123
water level in, 100-101
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (US13R), 1, 3,
10,14,20-21,65,99,219,311,
335
biological assessment of endangered
suckers, 38-40
biological assessment of the threatened
coho salmon, 41-43
U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2,19
U.S. Department of Commerce, 2,19
U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI), 2,
19,173
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), 1,
3,10,56,99,128,214,312-330
biological opinion of endangered
suckers, 40-41
U.S. Forest Service (USES), 11
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), 9,148,278
US13R. See U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
USES. See U.S. Forest Service
USFWS. See U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
USGS. See U.S. Geological Survey
Utah suckers, 246
397
V
Value of agricultural production, 1998,81,
91
in lower Klamath basin, 91
in upper Klamath basin, 81
W
Wanger, Oliver, 173
Water level in Upper Klamath Lake, 100-
101,224-227
fluctuations in, 101
and mean water levels proposed by
US13R, 100
Water quality, 241-242
harming large fish, 5
Water routing
diagram for the Klamath Project, 21
Water temperature and dissolved oxygen
(DO), 137-138
in all main-stem reservoirs, 2000,138
in Copco and Iron Gate Reservoirs,
2000,137
Water temperature of the Klamath River at
Orleans, 177
Wetland transformations, 71-74
net loss, through drainage, of wetland
connected to Upper Klamath
Lake, 72
Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968,305
Williamson River system, 12-13,53,101
Winter steelhead, 270-273
hatcheries, 272-273
life history, 270-272
status, 273
Wood River, 54,101
OCR for page 398
Representative terms from entire chapter:
klamath basin
