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NDANGERED AND
THREATENED FISHES
I N TH E KLAMATH
RIVER BASIN
CAUSES OF DECLINE AND STRATEGIES FOR RECOVERY
Committee on Enclangerecl and Threatenecl Fishes
in the Klamath River Basin
Boarcl on Environmental Stuclies ancl Toxicology
Division on Earth and Life Stuclies
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, DC
www.nap.edu
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Govern-
ing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the
councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineer-
ing, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the
report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate
balance.
This project was supported by Grant 98210-1-G092 between the National
Academy of Sciences and the U.S. Department of the Interior and the U.S. Depart-
ment of Commerce. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations ex-
pressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the
view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for this project.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Endangered and threatened fishes in the I(lamath River Basin: causes of decline and
.
strategies: -or recovery.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references (p. ).
IS8N 0-309-09097-0 (hardcover) IS8N 0-309-52808-9 (pdf)
1. Rare fishes I(lamath River Watershed (Or. and Calif.) 2. Fishes Conserva-
tion I(lamath River Watershed (Or. and Calif.) I. National Academies Press (U.S.~.
QL617.73.U6E53 2004
333.95'68'09795 dc22
2004001241
Cover illustration by Janice C. Fong, University of California, Davis; copyright 2004.
Additional copies of this report are available from:
The National Academies Press
500 Fifth Street, NW
Box 285
Washington, DC 20055
800-624-6242
202-334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area)
http://www.nap.edu
Copyright 2004 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Advisers to the Nation on Stiente, Engineering, and Meditine
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society
of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to
the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare.
Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Acad-
emy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and
technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of
Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of
the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engi-
neers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members,
sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the
federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineer-
ing programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research,
and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president
of the National Academv of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sci-
ences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the
examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute
acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its con-
gressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own
initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V.
Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences
in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the
Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government.
Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the
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ernment, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is
administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M.
Alberts and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National
Research Council.
www.national-academies.org
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COMMITTEE ON ENDANGERED AND THREATENED FISHES
IN THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN
Members
WILLIAM M. LEWIS, IR. (Chair), University of Coloraclo, Bouicler
RICHARD M. ADAMS, Oregon State University, Corvallis
ELLIS B. COWLING, North Carolina State University, Raleigh
EUGENE S. HEEFMAN, University of Georgia, Athens
CHARLES D. D. HOWARD, Consulting Engineer, Victoria, British Columbia,
Canacia
ROBERT I. HUGGETT, Michigan State University, East Lansing
NANCY E. LANGSTON, University of Wisconsin, Madison
JEFFREY F. MOUNT, University of California, Davis
PETER B. MOYLE, University of California, Davis
TAMMY I. NEWCOMB, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Lansing
MICHAEL L. PACE, Institute of Ecosystem StucTies, Milibrook, NY
}.B. RUHL, Floricia State University, Tallahassee
Staff
SUZANNE VAN DRUNICK, Project Director
DAVID I. POLICANSKY, Associate Director anti Senior Program Director for
AppliecI Ecology
NORMAN GROSSBEATT, Senior Editor
KELLY CLARK, Assistant Editor
MIRSADA KARAETC-LONCAREVIC, Research Assistant
BRYAN P. SHIPLEY, Research Assistant
Sponsors
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
v
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BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY1
Members
JONATHAN M. SAMET (ChairJ, lohns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
DAVID ALLEN, University of Texas, Austin
THOMAS BURKE, IOhnS Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
JUDITH C. CHOW, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV
COSTEL D. DENSON, University of Delaware, Newark
E. DONALD ELLIOTT, Wilkie, Farr & Galagher, LLP, Washington, DC
CHRISTOPHER B. FIELD, Carnegie Institute of Washington, Stanford, CA
WILLIAM H. GLAZE, Oregon Health anti Science University, Beaverton
SHERRI W. GOODMAN, Center for Naval Analyses, AlexancTria, VA
DANIEL S. GREENBAUM, Health Effects Institute, Cambridge, MA
ROGENE HENDERSON, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute,
Albuquerque, NM
CAROL HENRY, American Chemistry Council, Arlington, VA
ROBERT HUGGETT, Michigan State University, East Lansing
BARRY L. JOHNSON, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
JAMES H. JOHNSON, Howard University, Washington, DC
JUDITH L. MEYER, University of Georgia, Athens
PATRICK Y. O'BRIEN, ChevronTexaco Energy Technology Company,
Richmond, CA
DOROTHY E. PATTON, International Life Sciences Institute, Washington, DC
STEWARD T. A. PICKETT, Institute of Ecosystem StucTies, Milibrook, NY
ARMISTEAD G. RUSSELL, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta
LOUISE M. RYAN, Harvard University, Boston, MA
KIRK SMITH, University of California, Berkeley
LISA SPEER, Natural Resources Defense Council, New York, NY
G. DAVID TIEMAN, University of Minnesota, St. Paul
CHRIS G. WHIPPLE, Environ Incorporated, Emeryville, CA
LAUREN A. ZETSE, California Environmental Protection Agency, OaklancT, CA
Senior Staff
JAMES }. RETSA, Director
DAVID I. POETCANSKY, Associate Director
RAYMOND A. WASSEL, Senior Program Director for Environmental Sciences
ancT Engineering
KULBIR BAKSHT, Program Director for the Committee on Toxicology
ROBERTA M. WEDGE, Program Director for Risk Analysis
K. JOHN HOLMES, Senior Staff Officer
SUSAN N. }. MARTEE, Senior Staff Officer
SUZANNE VAN DRUNICK, Senior Staff Officer
EILEEN N. ABT, Senior Staff Officer
ELLEN K. MANTUS, Senior Staff Officer
RUTH E. CROSSGROVE, Managing Editor
iThis study was planned, overseen, and supported by the Board on Environmental Studies
and Toxicology.
v'
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OTHER REPORTS OF THE BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY
Cumulative Environmental Effects of Alaska North Slope Oil ancI Gas
Development (2003)
Estimating the Public Health Benefits of Proposed Air Pollution
Regulations (2002)
Biosolicis AppliecI to LancI: Advancing Stanciarcis anti Practices (2002)
Ecological Dynamics on Yellowstone's Northern Range (2002)
The Airliner Cabin Environment ancI Health of Passengers ancI Crew
(2002)
Arsenic in Drinking Water: 2001 Update (2001 ~
Evaluating Vehicle Emissions Inspection ancI Maintenance Programs
(2001 ~
Compensating for WetiancI Losses Uncler the Clean Water Act (2001)
A Risk-Management Strategy for PCB-ContaminatecI Sediments (2001)
Acute Exposure Guicleline Levels for SelectecI Airborne Chemicals
(3 volumes; 2000-2003)
Toxicological Effects of Methy~mercury (2000)
Strengthening Science at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2000)
Scientific Frontiers in Developmental Toxicology ancI Risk Assessment
(2000)
Ecological Indicators for the Nation (2000)
Mocleling Mobile-Source Emissions (2000)
Waste Incineration ancI Public Health (1999)
Hormonally Active Agents in the Environment (1999)
Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter (4 volumes,
1998-2003)
Ozone-Forming Potential of ReformulatecI Gasoline (1999)
Arsenic in Drinking Water ~ 1999)
The National Research Council's Committee on Toxicology: The First
50 Years (1997)
. ~ .
Carcinogens ancI Anticarcinogens in the Human Diet (1996)
Upstream: Salmon ancI Society in the Pacific Northwest (1996)
Science anti the EnciangerecI Species Act (1995)
Wetiancis: Characteristics ancI Boundaries (1995)
Biologic Markers (5 volumes, 1989-1995 ~
Review of EPA's Environmental Monitoring anti Assessment Program
(3 volumes, 1994-1995)
Science anti lucigment in Risk Assessment (1994)
Pesticides in the Diets of Infants anti Chilciren (1993)
Dolphins anti the Tuna Industry (1992)
. .
v''
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Science anti the National Parks (1992)
Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants (1991)
Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban anti Regional Air Pollution
(1991)
Decline of the Sea Turtles (1990)
Copies of these reports may be ordered from the National Academies Press
(800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313
www.nap.edu
. . .
v'''
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Acknowledgments
This project was supported by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (USBR),
the U.S. Fish ancI WilcIlife Service (USFWS), ancI the National Marine Fish-
eries Service (NMFS).
Many people assisted the committee ancI National Research Council
staff in creating this report. We are grateful for the support proviclecI by the
following:
Pablo Arroyave, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
Ec~warcI Bartell, Water for Life Foundation
lohn Bartholow, U.S. Geological Survey
Michael Belchik, Yurok Tribe
Antonio Bentivoglio, U.S. Fish ancI WilcIlife Service
Gary Black, Siskiyou Resource Conservation District
Rancly Brown, U.S. Fish ancI WilcIlife Service
Mark Buettner, U.S. Fish ancI WilcIlife Service
DonalcI Buth, University of California, Los Angeles
lames Carpenter, Carpenter Design Inc.
William Chesney, California Department of Fish ancI Game
Paul Cleary, Oregon Department of Water Resources
David Cottingham, Marine Mammal Commission
lohn Crawford, Tule Lake Irrigation District
Ear! Danosky, Tule Lake Irrigation District
Michael Deas, Watercourse Engineering Inc.
Thomas Dowling, Arizona State University
Larry Dunsmoor, I(lamath Tribes Natural Resources
1 -
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x
lohn Fay, U.S. Fish ancI WilcIlife Service
Mary Freeman, U.S. Geological Survey
Thomas Harcly, Utah Water Research Laboratory
William Hogarth, National Marine Fisheries Service
Becky Hycle, Yainex Ranch Owner
Cecil lennings, U.S. Geological Survey
Marshall [ones, U.S. Fish ancI WilcIlife Service
lohn I(eys, III, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
lacob I(ann, Aquatic Ecosystem Sciences LLC
Steve Kirk, Oregon Department of Environmental Quality
Don I(nowles, National Marine Fisheries Service
Ron Larson, U.S. Fish ancI WilcIlife Service
Tames Lecky, National Marine Fisheries Service
Steven Lewis, U.S. Fish ancI WilcIlife Service
Loren Little, Mocloc Irrigation District
Douglas Markle, Oregon State University
Graham Matthews, Graham Matthews & Associates
Martin Miller, U.S. Fish ancI WilcIlife Service
I(en Maurer, Scott Valley resident
DavicI Mauser, U.S. Fish ancI WilcIlife Service
Frank McCormick, U.S. Forest Service
Chris Mobley, National Marine Fisheries Service
Curt Mullis, U.S. Fish ancI WilcIlife Service
loseph Nelson, University of Alberta
Roger Nicholson, Fort I(lamath Rancher
TocicI Olson, PacifiCorp
Felice Pace, I(lamath Forest Alliance
Ronnie Pierce, I(aruk Tribe
RicharcI RaymoncI, E&S Environmental Chemistry Inc.
DonalcI Reck, National Marine Fisheries Service
Michae! Rocle, California Department of Fish ancI Game
I(imball Rushton, Iron Gate Hatchery
Michae! Ryan, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
I(en Rykbost, Oregon State University I(lamath Experiment Station
DavicI Sabo, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
Gary Scoppettone, U.S. Geological Survey
Tom Shaw, U.S. Fish ancI WilcIlife Service
Rip Shively, U.S. Geological Survey
Danie! Snycler, U.S. Geological Survey
DavicI Solem, I(lamath Irrigation District
Sari Sommarstrom, Consultant ancI Presiclent, California WatershecI
Management Council
ACKNO WLEDGMENTS
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ACKNO WLEDGMENTS
X1
Glen Spain, Pacific Coast Federation of Fisherman's Associations, Institute
for Fisheries Resources
Marshall Staunton, Upper I(lamath Basin Working Group
Mark Stern, The Nature Conservancy
RonalcI Sutton, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
Doug Tecirick, U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs
Larry TocicI, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
Greg Tranah, Harvard School of Public Health
Manuel Ulibarri, Dexter National Fish Hatchery anti Technology Center
Car! Uliman, I(lamath Tribes
David Vogel, Natural Resource Scientists, Inc.
Nancy Vucinich, Pyramid Lake Fisheries
David Walters, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Wecige Watkins, U.S. Bureau of LancI Management
David Webb, Shasta CoorclinatecI Resources Management anti Planning
Faye Weekley, U.S. Fish anti WilcIlife Service
Thomas Weimer, U.S. Department of the Interior
Sam Williamson, U.S. Geological Survey
Sue Ellen Wooiciricige, U.S. Department of the Interior
The committee's work also benefited from written ancT oral testimony
submitted by the public, whose participation is much appreciated.
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xv!
PREFACE
to the basin, but the I(lamath basin presents in microcosm most of the prob-
lems that are generally iclentifiecI with implementation of the ESA. Espe-
cially prominent in the I(lamath basin is controversy over the extent to which
remedies that have uncertain outcomes shouicI be pursued even though they
are economically or socially painful.
One issue especially well highlightecI by the I(lamath basin is the rela-
tive weight that shouicI be given to professional judgment as opposed to
clirect empirical evidence that appears to be contradictory to that judgment.
Whereas professional judgment is essential for successful ESA implementa-
tions where site-specific information is absent, its use is more problematic
when initial judgments fail empirical tests. Reversal of an initial judgment
may seem to be an abandonment of cluty or principle, but it is unrealistic to
expect that all initial judgments will be provecI scientifically souncI. By rais-
ing this issue in specific terms in its interim report, the committee has gener-
atecI consiclerable controversy in the I(lamath basin. The committee believes,
however, that a rational anti consistent resolution of the issue works toward
the long-term stability anti effectiveness of the ESA. The committee's final
report gives a more cletailecI view of the committee's approach.
The committee owes a great clebt of gratitude to the National Research
Council staff members who have guiclecI it through the production of the
final report. Suzanne van Drunick, project director, has been especially criti-
cal to the success of the committee; DavicI Policansky, lames Reisa, anti
Bryan Shipley also helpecI the committee in numerous ways; Norman
Grossblatt, Mirsacia I(aralic-Loncarevic, anti I(elly Clark helpecI with the
many cletails that macle the report reacly for publication. The committee is
also appreciative of lames MacMahon anti other boarcI members for their
oversight of this study. The committee is grateful to Leslie Northcott of the
University of Coloraclo for helping to produce the manuscript of the report
anti to Marylee Murphy anti Rebecca Anthony of the University of Colo-
raclo for their work on figures anti tables.
The committee benefited immensely from the help anti advice of scien-
tists anti administrators who have clealt with environmental issues in the
I(lamath basin anti to contributions from the citizens, organizations, anti
tribes working anti living in the basin. The committee's highest hope is that
its work will be a contribution to the long-term general welfare of everyone
who resicles in, visits, or cares about the I(lamath basin.
The National Research Council process for producing the report in-
volves extensive reliance on external reviewers. The committee thanks the
reviewers of its final report for their thoughtful contributions.
William M. Lewis, tr., Chair
Committee on EnciangerecI anti Threatened
Fishes in the I(lamath River Basin
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Contents
SUMMARY
1 INTRODUCTION
Overview of the Environment, 19
The Fishes, 26
Requirements of the EnciangerecI Species Act, 28
Interested Parties, 30
The Committee, 33
Summary of the Biological Assessments anti Biological Opinions of
2002, 37
Context for the Committee's Report, 45
2 LAND USE AND WATER MANAGEMENT
Description of the I(lamath River Watershed, 46
Aquatic Environments in the Upper I(lamath Basin, 53
Aquatic Environments in the Lower I(lamath Basin, 57
History of LancI Use in the I(lamath Basin, 57
Fishing anti Attempts to Regulate Loss of Fish, 71
WetiancI Transformations, 71
The Economy of the I(lamath Basin, 74
Overview, 93
1
17
46
CURRENT STATUS OF AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS: LAI(ES 95
Introduction, 95
Upper I(lamath Lake, 97
Clear Lake, 129
. .
xv''
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. . .
xvIll
Gerber Reservoir, 132
Lower I(lamath Lake, 133
Tule Lake, 133
Reservoirs of the Main Stem, 134
Conclusions, 141
4 CURRENT AND HISTORICAL STATUS OF RIVER
AND STREAM ECOSYSTEM
Tributaries to Upper I(lamath Lake (RM 337-270), 144
The Lost River, 146
The Main-Stem I(lamath: Iron Gate Dam to Orieans
(RM 192-60), 147
The Shasta River (RM 177), 153
The Scott River (RM 143), 159
The Salmon River (RM 62), 168
The Trinity River (RM 43), 168
Minor Tributaries to the Lower I(lamath Main Stem
(RM 192-0), 175
Main-Stem I(lamath to the Pacific (RM 60-0), 176
Conclusions, 178
FISHES OF THE UPPER I(LAMATH BASIN
Native Fishes, 180
Nonnative Fishes, 188
EnciangerecI Suckers of the I(lamath Basin, 189
Conclusions, 212
CAUSES OF DECLINE AND STRATEGIES FOR RECOVERY
OF I(LAMATH BASIN SUCI(ERS
Criteria for luciging Status ancT Recovery of Sucker
Populations, 214
Requirements for Protection ancT Recovery, 217
Suppression of EnciangerecT Suckers in Upper I(lamath Lake, 219
Lessons from Comparative Biology of Suckers, 246
Conclusions, 247
FISHES OF THE LOWER I(LAMATH BASIN
Coho Salmon, 252
Chinook Salmon, 263
SteelheacT, 270
Other Fishes, 274
Mass Mortality of Fish in the Lower I(lamath River in 2002, 278
Conclusions, 283
CONTENTS
144
179
214
250
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CONTENTS
8 FACILITATING RECOVERY OF COHO SALMON AND
OTHER ANADROMOUS FISHES OF THE
I(LAMATH RIVER
Restoration of Tributaries, 287
The Main-Stem I(lamath River, 298
The Lowermost I(lamath anti Ocean Conditions, 301
Removal of Dams, 302
Changes in Operation of Hatcheries, 303
LancI-Management Practices, 304
Creation of a Framework for Fish Management, 305
Possible Future Effects of Climate Change, 307
Conclusions, 308
9 REGULATORY CONTEXT: THE ENDANGERED
SPECIES ACT
Overview of the ESA in the I(lamath Context, 312
Species Listing anti Designation of Critical Habitat, 316
Regulatory Consequences, 321
Conclusions, 329
10 ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT FOR ECOSYSTEM
RESTORATION IN THE I(LAMATH BASIN
Adaptive Management as an Organizing Framework, 332
Policy Options anti Restoration Activities, 337
Improvement of Resource Management in the
I(lamath Basin, 340
Conclusions, 343
11 RECOMMENDATIONS
Basinwicle Issues, 344
EnciangerecT Lost River ancT Shortnose Suckers, 346
Threatened Coho Salmon, 349
Costs, 352
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A Statement of Task
APPEND IX B Committee on En ciangere cI an cI Threatene cI
Fishes in the I(lamath River Basin
INDEX
X1 -
287
311
331
344
353
379
381
385
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Box, Figures, and Tables
BOX
S-1 Statement of Task, 4
FIGURES
S-1 Map of the I(lamath River basin showing surface waters anti
lancimarks, 2
1-1 Map of the upper I(lamath River basin showing surface waters anti
lancimarks mentioned in this report, 18
Water routing diagram for the I(lamath Project, 21
Map of the upper I(lamath basin, 23
Mainstem clams on the I(lamath River, 24
Flow of the Williamson River, the largest water source for Upper
I(lamath Lake, anti of the I(lamath River main stem (at Iron Gate
Dam) in a year of near-average water availability, 26
General tectonic setting for northern California anti southern
Oregon illustrating the Cascaclia subduction zone, the Cascade
volcanic arc, the Basin anti Range Province, anti the Oregon fore-arc
anti Sierra Nevada blocks, 47
Changes in numbers of cattle anti cumulative acres of cirainecI
wetiancI in I(lamath County, Oregon, 64
2-3 Net loss, through drainage, of wetiancI connected to Upper
I(lamath Lake, 72
xx
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B OX, FIG URES, AND TABLES
X~1
Bathymetric map of Upper I(lamath Lake ancI Agency Lake showing
depths at the mean summer lake elevation of 4,141 ft above sea
level, 98
Water level of Upper I(lamath Lake ancI mean water levels proposed
by USER for years of varying water availability, 100
Water level in Upper I(lamath Lake in year of near-average mean
water level (1999) ancI year of extremely low water level (lowest
5°/O; 1992), 101
Total phosphorus concentrations in Upper I(lamath Lake cluring
1997 (an arbitrarily chosen year) ancI approximate clischarge-
weightecI mean total phosphorus for inflow for background anti for
current conditions, 105
3-5 Change in chlorophyll a (lakewicle averages, volume-weightecI) over
growing season for 2 consecutive years showing the potential
interannual variability in clevelopment of chlorophyll maximums,
111
Relationship of mean chlorophyll (above) ancI peak chlorophyll
(below) to water level in Upper I(lamath Lake (meclian level for luly
ancI August), 113
Relationship between water level (meclian, luly ancI August) ancI
pH in Upper I(lamath Lake, 115
Relationship between water level (meclian, luly ancI August)
anti clissolvecI oxygen in the water column of Upper I(lamath
Lake, 120
Probable cause of low clissolvecI oxygen throughout the water
column of Upper I(lamath Lake cluring the growing season leacling
to mass mortality of fish, 121
3-10 Two contrasting hypotheses that may explain connections between
human activity anti high abundances of phytoplankton in Upper
I(lamath Lake, 124
3-11 Potential (?) anti clemonstratecI (,/) causal connections between high
abundance of phytoplankton anti harm to fish through poor water-
quality conditions, 125
3-12 Map of Clear Lake, 130
3-13 Water temperature anti clissolvecI oxygen (DO) in Copco anti Iron
Gate Reservoirs, lanuary 2000, 137
3-14 Water temperature anti clissolvecI oxygen (DO) in all main-stem
reservoirs, luly 2000, 138
3-15 Longituclinal transect ciata on I(eno Reservoir (Lake Ewauna), 13-
14 August 2001, 139
4-1 Relative external phosphorus loacling from tributaries anti other
sources to Upper I(lamath Lake, 145
3-6
3-7
3-8
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. .
X- 11
B OX, FIG URES, AND TABLES
Mean monthly flows at Iron Gate Dam in 1961-1996 compared
with reconstructed flows for 1905-1912' 148
4-3 SimulatecI ancI measured temperature in the I(lamath River below
Iron Gate Dam, 149
4-4 SimulatecI ciaily maximum, mean, ancI minimum water temperatures
on the I(lamath River from Iron Gate Dam to SeiacI Valley for Iron
Gate Dam releases of 1,000 cfs (A) ancI 3~000 cfs (B) uncler
meteorologicalconclitionsof august 14,1996,150
4-5 Mean annual concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) ancI total
phosphorus (TP), nitrate (NO3-expressecI as N), ancI soluble reactive
phosphorus (SRP) at two stations on the I(lamath River, 152
4-6 Annual hycirograph for the lower Shasta River (at Yreka,
California), from May 1999 to May 2001' 153
4-7 Map depicting substantial water diversions from the Shasta River
below Dwinnell Dam, 155
4-8 Temperature (thin line) ancI ciaily average temperature (wicle line)
within the Shasta River below Dwinnell Dam cluring the summer
of 2001' 158
4-9 Simulation of ciaily mean water temperatures in the Shasta River at
three flows for August 2001 conditions, 159
4-10 Annual hycirograph of Scott River at Fort [ones, California, May
1 999 through May 2001' 160
4-11 Declines in late summer ancI early fall flows on the Scott River, 164
4-12 Changes in cropping ancI water wells in the Scott Valley, 166
4-13 Plot of downstream changes in maximum weekly average water
temperature on the main stem of the Scott River cluring summer, 167
4-14 Annual hycirograph of the Salmon River at Somes Bar, California,
May 1 999-May 2001 ~ 169
4-15 Inclex map of the Trinity River watershed, 170
4-16 Example of regulatecI (clottecI line, current recommenclecI outflow) ancI
unimpaired (solicI line, inflow to Trinity Diversion Project) flows on
the Upper Trinity River for water year 1973' a normal water year
(40-60% exceeciance probability for annual flow volume), 171
4-17 Average monthly discharge of the I(lamath River at I(lamath (USGS
11530500) and the Trinity River at Hoopa (USGS 11530000) for
the period 1 95 1-2002' 1 74
4-18 Water temperature (instantaneous daytime values) of the I(lamath
River at Orieans basecI on observations at USGS station 18010209'
1957-1980' plottecI on a single annual time span, 177
EnciangerecI suckers of the I(lamath River basin, 190
Locations of current ancI past populations of Lost River suckers ancI
shortnose suckers, 193
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B OX, FIG URES, AND TABLES
5-4
5-5
X- 111
5-3 GeneralizecI view of habitat of young suckers in Upper I(lamath
Lake, 197
Age distributions of suckers in Upper I(lamath Lake basecI on fish
kills, 205
Spawning-run abundances of lake suckers, lower Williamson River,
1995-2001,206
Age structure of a small sample of shortnose suckers taken from
Copco Reservoir, 1987,210
Diagram of causal connections in suppression of populations of
enciangerecI suckers in Upper I(lamath Lake, 221
Water levels for 5-clay intervals in Upper I(lamath Lake over months
of most vigorous spawning by suckers (March, April, anti May-
MAM), shown in context with spawning habitat designations given
by Reiser et al. (2001),224
April water level anti larval abundance (mean catch per unit effort
LCPUE] ~ in Upper I(lamath Lake, 225
Relative abundance of year classes of suckers in Upper I(lamath
Lake, as inferred from fish recovered after mass mortality in 1997,
in relation to water level cluring spawning interval when same year
classes were proclucecI, 227
6-5 Relative abundance of larvae as cleterminecI by stanciarclizecI
sampling, shown in relation to mean water level of Upper I(lamath
Lake cluring the main interval of larval clevelopment (April-luly),
235
6-6
Relative abundances of year classes of enciangerecI suckers collectecI
from Upper I(lamath Lake cluring the fish kill of 1997, shown in
relation to mean water level over the interval of larval clevelopment
for the same year classes, 235
7-1 Coho salmon male (top), female (heacI), anti Parr, 254
7-2 Population cycles of coho salmon in California, 261
Mean flows of the I(lamath main stem at I(lamath (near the site of
the 2002 fish kill) anti at Iron Gate Dam (about 185 mi upstream) in
September for 6 low-flow years consiclerecI by CDFG in its analysis
of the fish kill, 280
TABLES
1-1 Flows Uncler Conditions of Average Water Availability in the Upper
I(lamath Basin, 22
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xxiv
1-3
1-4
B OX, FIG URES, AND TABLES
1-2 Categories Used by the Committee for fudging the Degree of
Scientific Support for Proposed Actions Pursuant to the Goals of
the ESA, 35
Summary of Commitments of the USER Biological Assessments
of 2002 that are Relevant to the Two Endangered Sucker
Species, 39
Summary of Components of USFWS Biological Opinions of 2002
that are Relevant to the Two Endangered Sucker Species of the
I(lamath River Basin, 40
Summary of Components of USER Biological Assessments of 2002
that are Relevant to Threatened Coho Salmon of the I(lamath River
Basin, 42
1-6 Summary of Components of NMFS Biological Opinions of 2002
that are Relevant to Threatened Coho Salmon in the I(lamath River
Basin, 43
2-3
2-5
2-1 Runoff, Yield, and Basin Areas for the I(lamath Watershed, 52
Structural Change in the Upper I(lamath Basin Economy,
1969-1999, 75
Output, Value Added, and Employment in the Upper I(lamath
Basin, 1998, 77
2-4 Export Based Employment, Upper I(lamath Basin, 1998, 78
Characteristics of Upper I(lamath Basin Farms and Farm Operators,
1997, 80
2-6 Value of Agricultural Production (Thousands of Dollars) in Upper
I(lamath Basin, 1998, by County, 81
Farms in the I(lamath Reclamation Project and in the Upper
I(lamath Basin, 83
2-8 Structural Change in the Lower I(lamath Basin Economy,
1969-1999, 85
2-9 Output, Value Added, and Employment in Lower I(lamath Basin,
1998, 86
2-10 Export Based Employment, Lower I(lamath Basin, 1998, 87
2-11 Characteristics of Lower I(lamath Basin Farms and Farm Operators'
1997, 90
2-12 Value of Agricultural Production in the Lower I(lamath Basin,
1998, 91
2-13 Fisheries Characteristics of Ports of Eureka (Humboldt County) and
Crescent City (Del Norte County), 92
Basic Information on Lakes of Upper I(lamath Basin, 96
Status of Various Hypotheses Related to Water Quality of Upper
I(lamath Lake, 123
OCR for page R25
B OX, FIG URES, AND TABLES
XXV
Summary of Grab-Sample Data for Surface Waters in the Main-Stem
Reservoir System, 2001, 140
5-1
5-2
5-3
Native Fishes of the Upper I(lamath Basin, 181
Nonnative Fishes of the Upper I(lamath Basin, 189
Current anti Former Distribution of Aclult Lost River Suckers anti
Shortnose Suckers in the I(lamath Basin, 192
Summary of Status of Geographic Subpopulations of Two
EnciangerecI Suckers in Upper I(lamath Basin, 216
Estimates of Larval Habitat Availability CalculatecI as Percentage of
Lakeshore InunciatecI to a Depth of at Least 1 Ft for Lake Ecige anti
Marsh Regions in Northeastern Upper I(lamath Lake that Contain
Emergent Vegetation, anti Total Lake Shoreline RegarcIless of
Vegetation, 233
Incidence (°/O) of Various Indicators of Stress in Suckers of Upper
I(lamath Lake Based on Visual Inspection, 239
Native Fishes of the Lower I(lamath River ancT Its Tributaries, 251
Nonnative Fishes of the Lower I(lamath ancT Trinity Rivers, 253
Pools Containing luvenile Coho Salmon, Chinook Salmon, ancT
SteelheacT Along Main Stem of I(lamath River, 2001, as Determined
in Snorkeling Surveys, 257
Factors Likely to Limit Production of Coho ancT Other SalmonicTs in
the Shasta, Scott, Salmon, ancT Trinity Rivers ancT Their Tributaries,
288
OCR for page R26
