Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 1607
-->
INDEX
AALS, see Association of American Library Schools
Abbreviations
of periodical titles, uniform for abstracts, 487
standard, in indexing-abstracting system, 456
variation of, in abstracts, 400
Abstracting, 317;
see also Indexing
aid in retrieval, 523
astronomy, 1527
bilingualism for, 1506
Board of International Council of Scientific Unions, 1503
centralization of, in USSR, 513
chemistry, 1527, 1533
condensation, amount of, 525
coverage related to costs, 528
definition, 449
distribution of information in cooperative program, 505
documentation, cooperation and coordination with, 497, 501, 503
duplication of, in survey, 416
economy in, 529
elimination of, in direct search, 976
function of, 523
history in Russia, 511
indexing, combined with, 449
instructions to authors in research organization, 1185
international cooperation, 1503
by international institute, 1524, 1531, 1533
lack of, for geophysics, 1527
medicine, 1527
metallurgy, duplication in field of, 396
of original papers, 89
periodicals added to list in international project, 483
periodicals discovered in international cooperation, 483
physics, 1504, 1527
from proof copies, 485
publishing lag, 327, 523
qualitative efficiency of metallurgical, 398
relation to literature search, 326
selection in, 1056
subject slanting, 407, 524, 525
Abstracting services
duplication of effort, 451
responsibilities of, 1422
for storage-retrieval, 1418
Abstract journals, 590
centralization, need for, 512
literature search in, 351
for retrieval, 170
used by Cables and Insulating Materials Research Institute, 645
Abstracts;
see also Indexes
advantages of uniformity, 486
by authors, 450
characteristics of, 409
classification difficulties, 450
coverage, 330, 527, 1524
ideas, difficulty with, 89
improvements suggested for literature and reference services, 66
indexing of, 453, 890, 895
as information source, 169, 196
informative, 450
metallurgical, 393, 394
method of presentation, 404
number of, in English language, 590
from page proof of journals, 1422
publication of, 1422
publication lag, 1524
quality, 331, 334
relative importance of, 52
reproduction of, 1422
required in searching, 58
specialized, high costs of, 1538
subject indexes, 332
to supplement storage and retrieval, 89
technologists’ use of, 251
types, 526
types of service, 317
use of, 150, 524
use of, in forest science, 273
in VINITI publications, 518
OCR for page 1608
-->
Abstracts Journal
reprints of individual sections, 515
of USSR, 513
Access, 70, 1301
apparatus, 1309
duplication cause, 64
lack of, to publications, 1524
of library, 55
random, in storage, 1366
of reference services, 55
Accessions
book list of, criticism of, 1421
data as measure of work load, 739
ACS, see American Chemical Society
ADI, see American Documentation Institute
Advances, see Reviews
Aerodynamics
classification schedules in retrieval tests, 797
experiment in retrieval, 771
failures in tests of retrieval on, 775
index form in experiment, 772
output in retrieval tests, 779
questions in retrieval tests, 781
relevance of documents retrieved, 778
tests for retrieval on, 774
times studies in retrieval tests, 778
Aeronautical engineering
bibliography of studies of literature, 40
Aeronautics
experiment in indexing, 688
Age
of periodicals, 144
Agencies
responsibilities for biological information, 1418
Agriculture
bibliography of studies of literature, 40
comprehensive information service of Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, 571
ALA, see American Library Association
Algebraic representation
of codes, 1313
Alkyl groups
in Haystaq system, 1153
All-Union Institute for Scientific and Technical Information (VINITI), 511, 1525
abstracts in publications of, 518
annotation in publications of, 519
bibliographical descriptions in publications of, 519
laboratories of, 520
publication of selective information, 515
Ambiguity
problem reduced in direct search, 981
property of language, 977
structural, 1042
American Chemical Society (ACS), 1464
random sample of chemists, 102
American Documentation Institute (ADI), 1431, 1464
American Institute of Physics
translations of Russian journals, 1511
American Library Association (ALA), 1463
standards of librarianship, 1461
standards of training, 1469
American Meteorological Society
bibliographic cost project, 381
American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE), 1464
American Statistical Association, 1365
Amfis, 843, 846
Analysis
forms of, in retrieval, 856
AND operations, 1353
Answers
wrong, see False drops
Anthelmintic catalogue, 430
Archaeology
abstract ornament, 893
artifacts, 895
coding experiment for, 892
iconographical monuments, 898
Argentina
facilities for training in documentation, 1459
ASEE, see American Society for Engineering Education
Asia
documentation in, 589
Aslib, 1431
Conference, 1499
evaluation of retrieval systems, 687
and Library Association (London), 1499
training courses, 1486
training of special librarians and information officers, 1499
Aspect
synonymous terms, 743
OCR for page 1609
-->
Association of American Library Schools (AALS), 1463
Association of Assistant Librarians, 1500
Association of German Electrical Engineers (VDE), 498
Association of Special Libraries and Information Bureaux, see Aslib
Astronomy
abstracting of, 1527
Atomic energy
requirements for information, 181
Atomic Energy Research Establishment, 164
analysis of subject catalogue, 377
Attention
areas of, 201, 217, 219
Australia
facilities for training in documentation, 1459
Author catalogue, 430
Authors’ summaries;
see also Abstracts
in abstracting of physics, 1509
Automatic dictionary;
see also Dictionaries
classification table for Russian adjectives, 961
purposes, 952
Russian word list, alphabetized, 963
treatment of inflected forms, 955
Automatic microfilm information system, see Amfis
Automatic translation, see Machine translation
Aviation
coordination of documentation, 499
Battelle Memorial Institute
on-the-job training, 1466
Batten;
see also Peek-a-boo
apparatus, 742
chronology as characteristic, 742
description, 741
system of documentation, 740
Belgium
facilities for training in documentation, 1452
Bell Telephone Laboratories
proposed information handling system, 1181
Bibliographical descriptions
in publications of VINITI, 519
Bibliographical search,
in Czechoslovakian research organization, 617
Bibliographic services;
see also Bibliographies
cost analysis, 381
Bibliographies
bound book form, 1221
classification of lists, 595
cost analysis, 381
costs, 383, 385, 507
determination of number, for documentation, 503
effect on cost of variation in quality, 382
example of, with Tabledex, 1232
on forest science, 274
as information source, 196
research service at French Center of Documentation, 609
scattering references (Bradford law), 1315
Tabledex method for, 1221
Bilingualism
of abstracting journal, 1506
Binary system
disadvantage of, 1036, 1218
Biochemistry
information handling, 1202
journals covered in survey, 241
Biological Abstracts, 1422
Biological sciences;
see also Biology
basal metabolism study, 578
bibliography of studies of literature, 36
breadth of field, 585
data correlation with chemical data, 711
financing information center, 1425
interpretive review, 581
national information center, 1424
publications consulted for preparation of reviews, 574
research review, subject matter of, 573
responsibilities of national information center, 1423
responsibility for information storage-retrieval, 1417
reviews, 571
reviews, complexity of subject matter of, 574
reviews of concept, 581
statistical review, 578
storage-retrieval center, obstacles to comprehensive, 1427
waste in reviews, 576
Biology;
see also Biological sciences
breadth of application, 1417
financing comprehensive system for, 1417
OCR for page 1610
-->
needs for storage and retrieval, 86
peripheral fields, 430
peripheral publications in documentation of, 429
range of disciplines, 1417
responsibilities for scientific information, 1417
Biophysics
information handling, 1202
Birkhoff, G., 1354, 1364
Bits
in dictionary of terms, 752, 756
optimum number per document, 746
Blank sorts, 1064
Book accessions list
criticism of, 142
Books
on forest science, 269
purchases by individuals, 143
relative importance of, 52
as source of information, 196
Boole, G., 1354
Boolean algebra, 1331
Boolean lattice, 1336
of descriptors, 1338
of document sets, 1337
Botany;
see also Biological sciences
notation for, 1212
Bradford law
scattering references, 1315
Brazil
facilities for training in documentation, 1460
British Empire Scientific Conference, 3
Building
international cooperation in abstracting, 491, 493
Bulletin Analytique
in international abstracting service, 1513
Bulletins
criticisms of, 142
Bureau of Applied Social Research, 199
sample interview schedule, 223
Burma
documentation, 594
CA, see Chemical Abstracts
Cables
information on, in Czechoslovakian research organization, 615
Cables and Insulating Materials Research Institute
dissemination of information in, 613
periodicals and journals used by, 645
Cambridge Language Research Unit, 918
program of mechanical translation, 933
Canada
facilities for training in documentation, 1461, 1469
Canadian Library Association (CLA), 1463
Cap and cup
lattice operation, 1335
preserved by transformation T2, 1342
Carbon
coding to indicate specific-generic relationship, 1130
in VS3 index of codes, 1134
Carbon chain
in VS3 index of codes, 1134
Carburettors
characteristics, scheme of, 1079
coding scheme, 1081
limits of field in novelty search, 1079
perforations to indicate interrelationship of characteristics, 1085
punched card for novelty search, 1084
search of patent literature, 1071
Cardinal product, 1332, 1334
of descriptors, 1338
Cardiovascular Literature Project, 449
Cards, 743
in Batten system, 742
costs of bibliographic, 507
disadvantage of edge-punched, 736
in documentation system, 741
field-punched, capacities of, 745
hand-punched and machine-punched in documentation, 509
losses, as disadvantage in uniterm system, 744
as method of presentation of abstracts, 404
reproduction with Comac, 1253
Card translator, 847
Case Institute of Technology
additional analyses planned, 115
forms used for study on dissemination, 118
study of dissemination of knowledge, 97
Cataloguing
in document control, 738
international, 1531
subject, 1385
OCR for page 1611
-->
Categories
descriptors in indexing system, 861
relations within, in indexing, 861
in subject analysis, 858
CDS, see Centre de la Sidérurgie
Centre National d’Etudes des Télécommunications (CNET), 611
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 594, 605
coding of archaeological documents, 892
Centre de la Sidérurgie (CDS), 611
Cerebral processes, 1044
Chain indexing, 879
Chains, 1129;
see also Chemistry
coding of, 1122
in VS3 index of codes, 1133
Characters
alphabetical, properties of, 1314
communitivity of, 1363
defined, 1332
with hierarchy, 1343
polynomials of, 1354
Chartered librarians, 1496
Chemical Abstracts (CA)
in international abstracting service, 1513
on-the-job training, 1466
as source of information, 169
Chemical Abstracts Service, 1466
Chemical-Biological Coordination Center, 711, 1423
Chemical compounds;
see also Chemistry
encoding and decoding systems, 712
grouping of, 1122
Haystaq system for, 1143
need for information on, 1202
notation for, 1212
problems of indexing, 1207
structural formulas, genus-species relationships, 1146
in VS3 index of codes, 1137
Chemical data
correlation with biological data, 711
Chemical engineering
bibliography of studies of literature, 41
Chemical structures
computer for recopying, 727
encoding, 714, 715
limitations of machine documentation system, 729
printed electronically, 711
searching and printing flow diagrams, 725
topological principle in recording, 712
Chemistry
abstracting of, 1527, 1533
bibliography of studies of literature, 36
codes for storage, disadvantages of, 714
coding formulas in patents, 1075
coding rings, 1121
deficiencies in reviews, 547
documentation center for, 550
equipment cost for input and searching, 682
grouping of codes for data, 671
Haystaq system for, 1143
indexing, 856
international cooperation in abstracting, 1512
journals covered in survey, 242
laboratory and library chemists, relative positions of, 551
machine documentation of, 713
Matrex system used in Patent Office, 676
most-read reviews, 547
organic compound disclosures, 1117
in Patent Office experiment, 680
questionnaire on reviews, 551
reviews, suggested improvements in, 553
skeletal formula in VS3, 1138
storage and retrieval, Patent Office system of, 673
structural formulas, genus-specific relationships, 1146
type of journal to publish reviews, 555
variable scope search system for organic compounds, 1117
Chemists
allocation of time, 104, 106
industrial, use of reviews, 650
random sample of American Chemical Society and National Science Foundation, 102
reviews, importance of, to, 545
in study of dissemination, 102
time spent by, in communication, 301
Chile
facilities for training in documentation, 1460
Citation index, 462, 824
Civil engineering
bibliography of studies of literature, 40
CLA, see Canadian Library Association
OCR for page 1612
-->
Classification, 819, 1260, 1294;
see also Codes
choice of, for aerodynamics, 772
difficulties, 91
facet analysis, 827, 858
general and special, 878
in Haystaq system, 1161, 1162
hierarchic, 1300, 1305
Library of Congress, 1343
multiple criterion, 1298
of Patent Office, 1343, 1346, 1352
of patents, special, 1074
with peek-a-boo, 771
for physics abstracting, 1512
principles in Batten system, 742
requirements for construction of system, 868
schedules for faceted, 884
schedules in retrieval tests on aerodynamics, 797
by single criterion, 1297
special problems, 875
by subject headings, 1301
subordination problem in technological information, 1295
Classification Research Group, 867, 868, 878, 883
Class inclusion
subordination problem in information classification, 1295
Clippings
for physics abstracting, 1510
CNET, see Centre National d’ Etudes des Telecommunications
CNLA, see Council of National Library Associations
CNRS, see Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
Codes;
see also Classification
algebraic representation of, 1313
binary, 848, 851
conventional grouping for chemical data, 671, 678
designations and symbols, 837
disadvantages of, for chemistry, 714
inverted grouping for chemical data, 671, 678
number used in aerodynamics tests of retrieval, 777
for storage and retrieval, 1313
Coding, 1043, 1292;
see also Codes
analysis of, by Taylor system, 1320
carburettors, 1081
chemical formulas in patents, 1075
in descriptive documentation of Patent Office, 1100
of energy path in machine disclosures, 1108
exact pattern, 1125
of geometrical shapes, 889
hierarchical in patent search, 1094
letter, empirical check of, 914
by location, 838
in metallurgical abstracting, 402
nonrandom superimposed, 905
random superimposed, 903
representations, 889
requirements, 839
retrieval, abstract theory of, 1365
of sequences, 1113
set-subset, 1125
simplicity, 840
superimposed, 903
superposition, 1366, 1367
Coincidence, 1301
Collating, 1248, 1301
Comac system, 1245
example in uniterm system, 743
Colleges
facilities for training in documentation, 1441
responsibilities for information techniques, 1431
Colombia
facilities for training in documentation, 1460
Colon classification, 859, 867, 869, 881;
see also Classification
of Ranganathan, 1343, 1350
Comac, 1245
advantages, 1252
collating, 1248
searching, 1246
Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux
comprehensive information service of, 571
use of abstracts, 524
Communication, see also Dissemination;
Retrieval;
Storage
accidental, 205, 206
analogy of retrieval systems, 1366
answers to specific questions, 208, 212
Arabic, 1029
Aramaic, 1029
aspects of information perception, 304
OCR for page 1613
-->
behavior of scientists in relation to, 206, 219, 222
channels of, 201, 202, 208, 1027
context, 1037
cooperation of mathematicians and linguists needed for problems of, 1034–1036
documentary, 1011
Esperanto, 1031
formal and informal, 200
forms of, 1047
global, 1027
Interlingua, 1030
interlingual, 1027, 1045
Latin, 1029
meanings, 1037, 1041, 1042, 1044
mechanics of, 1028
mechanisms, unplanned, 203
medium of, 1029
microscopic problems, 1039
person-to-person, 196, 199, 209, 212, 219, 301, 306, 1187
planned and unplanned, 199
post-Hellenistic Greek, 1029
problem of creative acts of imagination, 1042
schematic of idealized channel, 1366
of scientific concepts by semantic matrices, 1001
selective variation, 1040
single form of, 1029
so-called international, 1027
so-called universal, 1029
square of, 1010
supralinguistic, 1028, 1032, 1045
theory, 1033
time spent by chemists, 301
transformations of, 1040
unplanned, 205
versus dissemination, 87
Communication research
sociological, 200
Communication system, 201, 206
functions of, 201
Communitivity
of characters, 1363
Compendia, 652
international, 1531
Computers
accuracy of retrieval, 705
arranged to provide preparation of announcement lists, 1198
compactness of system for retrieval, 708
convenience of retrieval, 699, 706
disadvantages of, 1208, 1218
evaluation of systems for retrieval, 705
intermediate-sized, for retrieval, 700
recopying function for reports, 727
special purpose, arranged to retrieve, 1192, 1196
speed of retrieval, 706
use of, with Tabledex, 1223
Concept
synonymous terms, 743
Conference papers
unpublished, 475
Conferences
organized by international center, 1518
Contents
use of table of, to cut time lag, 600
Continuous multiple access collator, see Comac
Contract provisions
for cooperation in information services, 1437
Control technology
coordination of documentation, 498
Conversation, see Communication, person-to-person
Cooperation
limits of international, 1523
Coordination, 1301
desirability of, 1523
of documentation methods, 502
false, 1307, 1310
false, in uniterm system, 744
of reviews, advantage of, 556
Coordinatization
in retrieval, 1377
Copyright
provided for in international agreements, 1439
Cordonnier-Batten system;
see Peek-a-boo
Correspondence courses
of Association of Assistant Librarians, 1500
for training in information work, 1500
Costs;
see also Savings
of access apparatus, 1311
of bibliographic cards, 507, 508
of bibliographies and bibliographic services, 381, 383
OCR for page 1614
-->
of bibliographies by size, 385
cooperation and coordination of documentation and abstracting, 507
disadvantage of computers for information retrieval, 1208
effect of quality of bibliographies and bibliographic services, 382
of equipment for input and searching chemical data, 682
of Haystaq, 1159, 1170, 1177
of indexing, 1311
related to coverage in abstracting, 528
relation to benefits in documentation, 805
of retrieval, 687, 709
of search, 1311
of specialized abstracts, 1538
storage and retrieval of information, 1293
of uniterm system, 1302
Council of National Library Associations (CNLA), 1464
Coverage
of indexes and abstracts, 330
need for centralization in abstract journals, 512
Crerar Library
literature surveys, preparation of, 1465
Cross references
in thesaurus, 925
Crystallography
International Union of Crystallography, 611
Custom duties
abolition of, for exchange of scientific information, 1520
Czechoslovakia
facilities for training in documentation, 1451
Data tables
for instruments, 91
DDC, see Dewey Decimal Classification
Denmark
facilities for training in documentation, 1448
study of literature and reference needs, 42
Department of Scientific and Industrial Research of the United Kingdom, 246, 311
survey of use of technical literature, 246
Descriptors, 1301;
see also Keywords;
Uniterm
cardinal product of, 1338
choice of, for Haystaq, 1148,1149
defined for Haystaq, 1145, 1176
definition, 743
discrimination between subjects, 863
in Haystaq system, 1145, 1148–1150, 1152, 1176
in indexing system, 861
kinds of, in indexing for retrieval, 861
ordering of, for Haystaq, 1150, 1152
problems of hierarchical, 862
of VS3, 1120
Design
of systems, 818
Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC), 867, 883, 1346
Diaries
methods of scientists to secure information from, 169
notes on use of cards, 178
number of items, 170
relation to reading time, 149
as survey method, 175
use of, 147
Dictionaries
entries, 953, 954
of information requirements, 1182
for instruments, 91
stem entries, 960
storage on magnetic tape or punched cards, 955
of terms, need for and limitations, 747
of terms, required for punched-card system, 749
of terms, uniterms in, 752
of USSR, 515
Disclosures
machine, 1106
method, as sequence of states of material, 1104
in patent literature, 1098
technical, analysis by flow diagram, 1107
of technical documents, 1099
Discourse
analysis of mathematical theory of, 1037
Discovery
versus recall, 1063
Discrimination
criteria of, 863
in subject analysis, 863
Dissemination;
see also Communication
consumption as phase of, 98
OCR for page 1615
-->
distribution as phase of, 98
forms used by Case Institute for study, 118
phases, 97
through reprints, 92
study by Case Institute of Technology, 97
versus communication, 87
Documentation, 1027;
see also Documents
accession data as measure of work load, 739
advantage of centralization, 556
analysis of, in professional field, 502
Batten system, 740
better organization in international agencies, 593
bibliographical research service at French center, 609
bibliographies, determination of number of, 503
bulletins published by centers, 602
cataloguing in, 738
center for chemical information, 550
center in France, 605
centralization of, 556
concept of systems, 1047
cooperation with abstracting, 497
cooperation among organizations, 506
coordination and cooperation with abstracting in Europe, 497, 501
cost-benefit relationship, 805
coverage in French center, 606
definition of systems, 1050
descriptive, 1097
difficulties with manipulative systems, 1063
distribution of information in cooperative program, 505
elements in problem, 1365
environmental factors of, 805
facilities for training in, 1467
facilities for training outside North America and Europe, 1458
French center, 594
input to system, 1055
international center, 1543
Italian center, 594
language problem, 589
limitations of system for chemical structures, 729
manipulation time of system, 1065
manual systems, 743
national centers, 593, 595
national centers associated with Unesco, 594
organization of cooperative program with abstracting, 503
output of system, 1061
patterns of responsibility for training, 1468
practice versus theory, 808
prediction in design of systems, 1054
problems of improvement of systems, 805
publications, determination of number of, 502
publications of French center, 607
savings through cooperation, 507, 508
in South Asia, 589
speed and coverage, 589
standardization, 509.
stimulus of United Nations, 1436
structure of systems, 1050
as tool of literature search, 631
training for, see Training
translation service at Center of Documentation in France, 610
use of hand-punched and machine-punched cards, 509
use of microfilm at French center, 610
variables in systems of, 804
Documentation organizations
determination of number, 503
Document control
division in categories, 735
Document control center
heterogeneity of material, 732
Documents;
see also Documentation
acquisition and preservation of, 1365
archaeological, 889
evolution of control, 731
increase in, 1517
lower postal rates for exchange of scientific, 1520
requests for, 1365
retrieval, 1365
subsets of collection of, 1331
types of facts drawn from, 1518
Drop-outs, 1373, 1378
derivation of percentage, 1379
Duplication
caused by lack of information, 63
cooperation among organizations to prevent, 506
Dyestuffs
card index for patents, 1074
OCR for page 1616
-->
Dyson system
for indexing chemical compounds, 1207
Economic sciences
coordinated documentation, 500
Economic studies
definition, 614
Economy
in recording with efficient coding, 839
Education, see Training
Egypt
documentation, 594
Electrical engineering
bibliography of studies of literature, 39
coordinated documentation, 497
Electrical engineers
Association of German Electrical Engineers, 498
Electrical industry
journals listed in survey, 264
survey of literature uses, 245
Encoding
elimination of, in direct search, 976
Energetics, 1034
Engineering
comments on value of literature, 328
evaluation of abstracting and indexing for special projects, 321
topics in literature search analysis, 337
Epilegmata, 1038
Equivalence
in answers, 1162, 1164, 1165
Equivalence table
in Haystaq system, 1153
Esperanto, 1031, 1044
Esso Research and Engineering Company, 1524
Europe
Belgium’s facilities for training in documentation, 1452
centers for distribution of information, 542
coordination and cooperation of abstracting and documentation, 501
Czechoslovakia’s facilities for training in documentation, 1451
Denmark’s facilities for training in documentation, 1448
France’s facilities for training in documentation, 1450
Germany’s facilities for training in documentation, 1453
Hungary’s facilities for training in documentation, 1451
Italy’s facilities for training in documentation, 1455
Netherlands’ facilities for training in documentation, 1447
Norway’s facilities for training in documentation, 1449
Poland’s facilities for training in documentation, 1454
Spain’s facilities for training in documentation, 1457
Sweden’s facilities for training in documentation, 1449
Switzerland’s facilities for training in documentation, 1455
training facilities for documentation, 1444
United Kingdom’s facilities for training in documentation, 1445
USSR’s facilities for training in documentation, 1456
Expansibility
of Haystaq system, 1159
Facet analysis, 827, 858, 867, 1260
Facets
dependent, 875
distributed, 873
P, M, E, S, T sequence, 871
principle of decreasing concreteness, 871
Ranganathan sequence, 871
sequence within, 870
False drops
in Haystaq system, 1159, 1169, 1170
Filmorex, 850
use in test, 1209
Financing
comprehensive storage-retrieval of biological information, 1417, 1424
information services, 1435
international institute for information, 1530
Finland
study of literature and reference needs, 42
Flexibility
of Haystaq system, 1145
Flexowriter
use in information handling system, 1210
Food Machinery and Chemical Company, 1524
OCR for page 1617
-->
Food technology
bibliography of studies of literature, 41
faceted classification for, 876
Foreign literature
as source of information, 169
Forest science
abstracts of literature, 273
American, European, and Asian literature, 269
bibliographies on, 271, 274
books on, 269
classification of literature, 273
duplication of effort through lack of information, 271
information in irregularly published serials, 270
journals on, 269
libraries for, 274
relation to photogrammetry, 271
unpublished information, 270
Forest scientists
minimum reliance on literature, 268
use of literature and reference services, 267
Forrestal Research Center, 321
items on loan, 324
journals and indexes in analysis, 336
topics in literature search analysis, 337
France
aims of Center of Documentation, 606
bibliographical research service at Center of Documentation, 609
CNRS, see Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
facilities for training in documentation, 1450
Library of Center of Documentation, 607
publications of Center of Documentation, 607
translation service at Center of Documentation, 610
use of microfilm at Center of Documentation, 610
Frequencies
of letters, 906–914
Fungus catalogue, 429
Generic questions, 1054, 1066
Genus-species relationships
self-defining system, 1149, 1152, 1153, 1155, 1156
among simultaneous questions, 1165
in structural formulas, 1146
Geology
bibliography of studies of literature, 36
Geophysics
lack of abstracting, 1527
Germany
facilities for training in documentation, 1453
patents of, treatment in research organization, 641
Glossodynamics, 1044
Government
responsibilities for scientific information, 1430
Grammar
in mechanical translation, 919
in searching, 977
“universal,” 1045
Gray Herbarium Card Index, 429
Great Britain
training for scientific information work, 1495
treatment of patents in research organization, 641
Groups
size of, effect on time allocation, 113
Handbook of Biological Data, 1423
Handbooks
definition of, 457
Tabledex for coordinate indexing of, 1229
Harvard Automatic Dictionary, 951
Haystaq;
see also Literature search
characteristics and aims, 1143–1145
classification, 1161, 1162
cost, 1159, 1170, 1177
description, 1148
effectiveness of system, 1159, 1169
equivalence table, 1153
evaluation of literature search system, 1169
expansibility of system, 1159
false drops, 1159, 1169, 1170
flexibility of system, 1145
functional groups, 1148–1150, 1156, 1159
genus-species relationships, 1146, 1149, 1152, 1153, 1155, 1156, 1165
machines for, 1167, 1168, 1177
magnitude of system, 1143, 1144, 1159, 1160
noise in system, 1160, 1169, 1170
OCR for page 1628
-->
centers for, 541
centralized system of USSR, 511
criticisms of, 142
exchange of, by VINITI, 516
of the French Center of Documentation, 607
kinds of abstracts for, 526
media, 61
national listings, 598
nonperiodical, for physics, 1512
numbers by affiliations, 60
peripheral, in documentation of biology, 429
primary, responsibility for biology information, 1420
relative importance of, 52
reviews, 546, 553
secondary, 90;
see also Abstracts;
Bibliographies;
Indexes
for training in documentation, 1441
Punched card, 749
collating system, see Comac
indication of interrelations by perforations, 1094
limitations of, 1218
for patent novelty search, 1084
subdivision in novelty search, 1086
not suitable for notations of large systems, 1208
used in VS3, 1142
Punched tape
use of in information handling system, 1209
Punctuation, 1043
Purdue University Thermophysical Properties Research Center, see Thermophysical Properties Research Center
Questionnaire
review literature and the chemist, 551
sample, for research workers on use of scientific and technical information, 74
for survey of United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority Research and Development Branch, 156
for study of uses of literature, 20
Questions
in aerodynamics retrieval tests, 775
discovery versus recall, 1063
distribution of, in Linde system, 766
distribution into types, 766
frequency of, in retrieval, 763
generic, 1054, 1066
generic-specific relationships in VS3, 1119
meaning of, 768
simultaneous, genus-species relationships, 1165
types, 1256
types, in Haystaq, 1171
Quick reference services, 56
use of, 46
Radix numeration
binary, 1316
Reading
limiting scope, 80
random, 81
systematic, 81
time spent, 48
time for, at work, 137
variations in rates of speed, 304
Read out
device, as integral part of Peek-a-boo system, 745
Recall
versus discovery, 1063
Recruitment
source of, of information officers, 1495
Redundancy, 748
Reference questions
analysis of, 181
concepts contained in, 184
References
Bradford law of scattering, 1315
Reference services
accessibility, 55
bibliography of studies of, 20
use by forest scientists, 267
Reference works, see Books
Refiling
elimination of, with Comac, 1253
Registration
of information officers, 1500
Relevance, 1559
limits in retrieval system, 1277
versus contents, 1406
Reliability
of information, 91
Reports
to supplement storage and retrieval, 87
value of, 555
OCR for page 1629
-->
Reports list
criticism of, 142
as source of information, 169
Representation
algebraic, of storage and retrieval languages, 1313
of structures, 1331
Representations
coding of, 889
coding by abstract design, 890
definition, 889
iconographical compositions, coding of, 891
three-dimensional constructions, coding of, 890
Research
on natural languages, 1263
reports of, relative importance of, 52, 555
reviews of, 572, 577
time available for, 99
Research and development
Tabledex for coordinating contracts, 1230
use of information and literature, 131
Researchers
in applied research, 81
in fundamental research, 81
need for information, 84
responsibility for biology information, 1419
Research funds
responsibilities for biology information, 1418
Research organization
information handling system, 1181
Responsibilities
for information storage-retrieval in biology, 1417
Retrieval;
see also Communications;
Storage
abstract theory, 1365
accuracy, 705
administrator’s veiwpoint, 701, 708
application of transformations to, 941
aspects of, 77
based on descriptors, 1336
of chemical structures, 724
Comac system, 1245
convenience, 706
coordinate, by Tabledex, 1222
costs, 534, 687
criteria of satisfactory system, 700
definition, 699, 1275
documentalist’s viewpoint, 701, 707
effective methods, 170
evaluation of systems, 687, 705
experiment in, on aerodynamics, 771
factors in system, 699
forms of analysis in, 856
in indexing-abstracting system, 458
indexing cost, 688
interlocking relations, 1277
intermediate-sized computers for, 700
lack of comprehensive means for, 1524
language symbols, used in, 1329
on large electronic computers, 699
in large research organization, 1188
limitations of formal logic in, 1354
limitations of, by machine, 1189
Linde system, 763
linguistic transformations for, 937
mathematical, of abstract system, 1369
mathematical model for, 1328
matrix (double entry table) representation, 1314
matrix theory of, 1370
maze structure, 1383
microfilm rapid selector, 1208
Moore’s algorithms for finding shortest path through maze structure, 1383
physical mechanisms of system, 1275
plan of system, 1329
power of, relation to hierarchical definition, 1309
problems of, 1524
questions, frequency of, 763
questions in tests, 692, 781
relevance of documents in aerodynamics tests, 778
semantics, 804
simplification of tensors, 1376
space used in mathematical models of, 1330, 1331
status of kernels, 944
structural analysis of system, 1275
subject analysis for, 855, 1275
symbols used, 764
systems of, 1368, 1385
systems in relation to people, 1557
Tabledex, 1221
tests in aerodynamics, 774
thesaurus approach, 934
two-stage versus one-stage, 1265
with uniterm system, 1303
OCR for page 1630
-->
user’s viewpoint, 701, 705
variations in information, 804
Reviews, 541, 649
advantage of coordination, 556
of All-Union Institute for Scientific and Technical Information, 515
annotation in, of VINITI, 519
articles and journals, 545
in biological sciences, 571
chemical, deficiencies in, 547
complexity of subject matter, 574
of concepts, 581
control of publication, 549
costs of publication, 546
creative, 584
facilities for work in preparation of, 585
faulty technique, 576
importance to chemist, 545
interpretive, 581
in Japan, 599
lag in publication, 546
list of journals in survey, 561
most read, 547
occasional, 572
periodical, 571
presentation of, 576
publications consulted for reviews, 574
quality of, 546
relative importance of, 52
research type, 572, 577
as source of information, 169
statistical, 578
suggested improvements for literature and reference services, 67, 553
tabulation of data of survey, 564
type of journal to publish, 555
use of, by industrial chemists, 650
usefulness of Advances, 553
value of, 575
waste in, 576
Rings;
see also Chemistry
coding of, 1121, 1126
in Haystaq system, 1153
in VS3, index of chains, 1135
Royal Aircraft Establishment
classification for aerodynamics, 771
Royal Society of London
Conference on Storage and Retrieval of Scientific Information, 77
Scientific Information Conference, 3, 1490
Rubber technology
bibliography of studies of literature, 41
Rubrics
generation rate, 736
Russia, see USSR
Russian;
see also USSR
difficulties of generating inflected forms, 956, 967
generation of paradigms and canonical stems, 966
split inflected forms, 968
Russian dictionary
assembled, 972
work sheet, 969
Russian Institute of Scientific Information
in international abstracting services, 1513
Russian literature
in physics, 1510
Savings;
see also Costs
through cooperation and coordination, 507
Scandinavian Council for Applied Research, 19
Scandinavian scientists
literature and reference needs, 42
Science information center
disadvantages, 1423
proposals for, 1423
Science Museum Library, 287
non-loanable periodicals, 293
titles borrowed, 294
Scientists
difficulties in keeping up with advances, 62
individual’s methods of storing information, 1537
methods of literature searching, 139
motivation of, to be informed, 222
needs of, 1255
personal indexes, 55, 140
publications, difficulties with, 62
requirements for information, 189
responsibilities for biology information, 1418
time expenditures of, 100
use of foreign language literature, 53
use of literature related to affiliation, 70
use of literature in relation to education, 70
SEAC, 1144, 1158, 1177
Search
abstracts required, 58
by association, 1163
OCR for page 1631
-->
blank sorts, 1064
carburettor project, 1071
character recognition by machines, 1160
chemical literature, 1143
of chemical structure, preparing question for, 722
in Comac system, 1246
comprehensive, 57
continuous scanning, 58
criteria for, 1159, 1160
critical survey, 58
direct, advantages of, 976
equivalence in answers, 1162, 1164, 1165
file, 1199
flexibility of system, 1145
generic, 1373
generic, of chemical compounds, 711
grammar, role of, 977
Haystaq, 1153
internal, 1558
in large research organization, 1188
machine, 1166–1168, 1177, 1191
methods in special, 629
novelty, mechanization of, 1071
outside the literature, 208
perforations to indicate interrelationship of characteristics, 1085
program for chemical structures, 723
system evaluation, 1169
time spent, 48
translation required, 58
variable scope system, 1117, 1130
Secondary publications, see Abstracts;
Bibliographies;
Indexes
Selection, 1368
in abstracting and indexing, 1056
conditions for, 827
of irrelevant information, 1065
by set inclusion, 1336
uniqueness of process, 1373
Semantic matrices, 997
application of principles, 1006
characteristics of, 1004
for communication of scientific concepts, 1001
conventions for, 1015
defined, 997
formal theory, 1003
Semantics
difficulties of, in documentation, 805
indeterminacy, 1310
modes of analysis, 856
problem of storage and retrieval, 804
problems in indexing, 855
Sequence
alphabetical, 874
coding of, 1113
Shaw rapid selector, see Microfilm rapid selector
Signals
in VS3, 1123
SLA, see Special Libraries Association
Social sciences
bibliography of studies of literature, 34
Societies
biological, responsibilities for information, 1421
professional, training for documentation, 1470
responsibilities for scientific information, 1430
Sorting, 1316
Sources of information
divisional libraries at Harwell, 165
evaluation of, 138
by experiment, 80
information office at Harwell, 164
proportionate uses, 169
in relation to fields of activity, 152
as revealed by diaries, 169
survey of methods used by scientists, 165
verbal versus literature, 47
South Africa;
see also Union of South Africa
Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), 1429
South America
Argentina’s facilities for training in documentation, 1459
Brazil’s facilities for training in documentation, 1460
Chile’s facilities for training in documentation, 1460
Colombia’s facilities for training in documentation, 1460
facilities for training in documentation, 1459
Peru’s facilities for training in documentation, 1460
Venezuela’s facilities for training in documentation, 1461
South Asia, see also Insdoc
OCR for page 1632
-->
documentation in, 589
postal delay of journals, 592
scientific publications, 598
Soviet;
see USSR
Space
used on mathematical models of retrieval, 1330, 1331
Spaces (alphabetical characters)
properties of, 1314
Space saving
in use of microfilm, 533
Spain
training facilities for documentation, 1457
Specialization
enforced, of scientists, 80
in human knowledge, 1028
problems of, 206
relation to classification of information, 206
Special Libraries Association (SLA), 1431, 1463, 1464
chapters of, 1488
Special library
training for work in, see Training
Specific and subspecific names
checklist, 430
Specifications
entries per document, 747
as experimental satellite file, 746
of patents, see Patent Office;
Patents
Standardization
importance of, in classification systems, 509
Standards
search for, 620
Statistical review;
see also Reviews
basal metabolism study, 578
Statistics
dependence of linguistics on, 1034
Stem entries, 960
Stieltjes
partial fraction form of vocabularies, 1324
Storage;
see also Retrieval
aspects of, 77
of chemical structures, 719
Comac system, 1245
in large research organization, 1188
problem of modern man, 1028
random access, 1366
relation to collation, 1249
semantics, 804
of texts, 945
variations in information, 804
variations in size, 804
Storage and retrieval systems
general theory, 1273
operational efficiency, 1286
problem created by technological information, 1294
structural criteria, 1285
Structural engineering
coordinated abstracting and documentation, 499
Structure
of documentation systems, 1050
Subject analysis
analytic relations, 859
facets, 859
modulants, 859
optimum level of discrimination, 863
Subject catalogue
maze attributes, 1385
relationship of completeness and effectiveness, 377
Subject headings
classification by, 1301
Subject indexing;
see also Indexing
overlap of interests, 327
prerequisites for quality, 334
problems of, 318
relation to abstracting, 318
Subjects
specific, in information retrieval system, 1276
Subject slanting, 524, 525
in papers with author abstracts, 413
Subject word
amount of information in letters, 910
cumulative letter frequencies, 911
frequencies, 906
redundancy of letters, 910, 912
Subscriptions
of Scandinavians, by groups, 50
to VINITI publications, 516
Substitute information
suggestion of, 1065
Super lattices, 1363
Sweden
facilities for training in documentation, 1449
OCR for page 1633
-->
Switzerland
facilities for training in documentation, 1455
Syllabus
of Library Association (London), 1497
for training information officers, 1491
Symbolic logic, 1035
Symbols, 1044;
see also Linguistics;
Notation
for coding, 837
combination of, 1044
language, used in retrieval, 1329
in retrieval, 764
supralinguistic, 1043
Symposia;
see also Meetings
organized by international center, 1518
Syntax, 1038
difficulties of, in communication, 1038
in mechanical translation, 919
translation of, 927
Systems
evaluation of, 820
Tabledex
advantages, 1222
applications of, 1229
article list, 1240
article numbers, 1227
coordinate indexing method, 1221
matrix, 1226
parts, 1223
tables, 1224, 1227, 1233, 1235, 1241
word list, 1241
word list example, 1233
word numbers, 1227
Taxonomy
elements of, in heterogeneous collection, 745
of materials, in information center, 737
original classification procedure, 1400
Taylor system, 1317, 1320
Technologists, 81
abstracts, use of, 251
amount of reading, 249
attention drawn to literature, 251
correlation of characteristics, 248
industrial, use of literature, 245
interview schedule for use of literature, 257
literature as source of ideas, 254
literature used by, 250
meetings as source of information, 251
responsibility for biology information, 1419
use of libraries, 255
Tensors, 1372
reduction, 1375
retrieval, simplification of, 1376
Term-associative index, 1392
Term-document index, see Peek-a-boo
Term entry systems, 1279
Text
direct search of, 975
Textbooks, see Books
Textile technology
bibliography of studies of literature, 41
Thematical plan
by departments, 191
to determine information requirements, 189
by individuals, 190
by subjects, 190
Thermophysical Properties Research Center, 351
operational procedure of analysis, 365
results of analysis, 365
Thermophysics
analysis of method of literature search, 351
Thesaurus
approach to retrieval, 934
technical 1060
use of, for translation of semantic meaning, 923
Time
allocation by activity, 106
allocation affected by group size, 113
allocation of, by chemists, 104
allocation of, for written and oral dissemination, 106
amount needed to keep up to date with literature, 220
decrease in search, with Comac, 1252
expenditure of, by scientists, 100
manipulation, in documentation systems, 1065
required for novelty patent search, 1095
Time lag
comparison of translation and postal delays, 593
microfilm to reduce, 596
postal delays, 591
reasons for, 591
OCR for page 1634
-->
Time studies
in retrieval tests on aerodynamics, 778
Town planning
bibliography of studies of literature, 41
Trade literature
in search activities, 632
Trade marks
coding, 901
Training
for documentation, 1441, 1544
for documentation by Aslib, 1486
in documentation, patterns of responsibility, 1468
in documentation, by professional societies, 1470
facilities for, in documentation, 1467
of information officer, 1489
in-service, in librarianship, 1470
on-the-job, 1441, 1466
patterns of, for documentation work, 1467
for scientific information work in Great Britain, 1495
Transformations
application to retrieval, 941
kernels, 940
linguistic, 938
machine application, 948
T2 with descriptors, 1338
used in mathematical models of retrieval, 1330
Translation, 1029, 1030, 1032, 1160;
see also Machine translation
cause of time lag in publication, 591
at Center of Documentation in France, 610
difficulties of, in communication, 1030
as factor in time lag, 592
idea by idea, 1043
of languages not commonly understood, 600
of material in “exotic” languages, 1524
required in searches, 58
of Russian journals by American Institute of Physics, 1511
of semantic meaning, 923
sentence by sentence, 1040
of syntax, 927
word for word, 1032, 1043
Transliteration
uniformity of, in abstracting, 487
Transmission
defects, 79
delay in, 79
historical account, 79
waste in, 79
UDC, 867, 881, 883
system for indexing, 688
thematical plan arrangement by, 190
Unesco;
see also United Nations
documentation agencies, 594
listing of South Asia publications, 598
stimulus to physics abstracting, 1508
suggestions for collection of scientific information, 599
training in documentation, contribution to, 1442
Unified author index, 464
Unified index, 461
advantages, 462
centralization of, 466
cost of preparation, 465
description, 463
publication of, 465
unabstracted articles, 466
Union of South Africa
facilities for training in documentation, 1458
United Kingdom
Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, 246, 311
Library Association (London), 1495
training facilities for documentation, 1445
United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell, 164
questionnaire used by, 156
survey of use of information and literature, 132
United Kingdom Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, see Department of Scientific and Industrial Research of the United Kingdom
United Kingdom Lending Library Unit, see Lending Library Unit
United Nations;
see also Unesco
organization of documentation in agencies of, 593
stimulus to documentation, 1436
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization, see Unesco
OCR for page 1635
-->
United States
facilities for training in documentation, 1461
patents, treatment of, in research organization, 640;
see also Patent Office
training for documentation, 1469
United States Department of Agriculture
biological, indexing in, 429
use of Shaw rapid selector, 1208
United States Patent Office, see Patent Office
Uniterm, 1301, 1332;
see also Descriptors; Keywords
advantages of, in indexing, 743, 744
approach in indexing, 688, 736
comparison with edge-punched system in test, 737
disadvantages of, 744, 1302
loss of cards, 744
simplicity of, 744
size of file, 744
synonymous terms, 743
Universal Decimal Classification, see UDC
Universities
responsibilities for information techniques, 1431
University of Michigan School of Natural Resources
literature system for forest science, 274
Unpublished conference papers, 475
Use of scientific information
data, 89
related to kind of work, 70
User relevance, 863
Users of information, 81
Uses of scientific information, theories and ideas, 89
USSR;
see also Russian
Abstracts Journal, 513
facilities for training in documentation, 1456
history of abstracting in, 511
history of periodicals in, 512
medical research information, 277
USSR Academy of Sciences
All-Union Institute for Scientific and Technical Information, 511
Mechanical Translation Research Group, see Mechanical Translation Research Group
Variable scope search systems, see VS3
VDE, see Association of German Electrical Engineers
Venezuela
facilities for training in documentation, 1461
Verbal sources
versus literature, 47
VINITI, see All-Union Institute for Scientific and Technical Information
Vocabularies
algebraic representation of, 1320
coincidence by nomenclature and notations, 1066
generation of hierarchies, 1322
partial fraction (Stieltjes’) form, 1324
repetitive, 1321, 1323
VS3
codes, 1119
coding sheet, 1139
descriptors, 1120
features of, 1118
index of codes, 1133
interfix, 1123
of Patent Office, 1117
for polymers, 1131
punched card used, 1142
signals, 1123
skeletal formula, 1138
substantive codes of, 1120
vocabulary of system, 1119
Welch Medical Library Indexing Project, 442
Willis
system of notation for botanical entries, 1212, 1214
Wiswesser
system of notation for chemical compounds, 1212
Word list
end alphabetized, 964
Words
distribution among major groups, 959
World Health Organization
cooperation in international abstracting service, 1520
Writers, 81
Zatocoding, 903
Zipf-Mandelbrot law
word rank and frequency, 1315
Zoological Record, 429
Zoology;
see also Biological sciences
grouping in medical and veterinary, 430
journals covered in survey, 243
OCR for page 1636
-->
This page intentionally left blank.
OCR for page 1637
-->
This page intentionally left blank.
OCR for page 1638
-->
A NOTE ON THE TYPOGRAPHY
The graceful and legible type face in which this book is composed is Monotype Bembo. The roman was adapted in 1929 from a fifteenth century model first used by the publisher, Aldus Manutius, for a pamphlet by a young Renaissance scholar, Pietro Bembo. The italic used here was developed some years after the roman appeared. It is based on designs used in Venice after 1524 by the writing-master Tagliente. Bembo is a popular face for literary work, particularly abroad, but it has not often been used for scientific material.
The text of this book has been composed with the expectation that electronic computers will be used in analyzing the material for storage and search. Indeed, results of one such experiment were shown among the exhibits during the Conference. The skilled reader may have noted unusually wide spacing between sentences. This results from use of double spaces after sentence stops to enable electronic computers easily to discriminate sentence endings from periods used in figures, abbreviations, and so forth.
The punched tapes from the monotype keyboard machines from which type for this book was cast have been preserved for other computer experiments. Arrangements to borrow the tapes may be made through the National Academy of Sciences.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
patent office
