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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Review of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Smallpox Vaccination Program Implementation: Letter Report #5. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10875.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Review of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Smallpox Vaccination Program Implementation: Letter Report #5. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10875.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Review of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Smallpox Vaccination Program Implementation: Letter Report #5. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10875.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Review of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Smallpox Vaccination Program Implementation: Letter Report #5. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10875.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Review of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Smallpox Vaccination Program Implementation: Letter Report #5. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10875.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Review of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Smallpox Vaccination Program Implementation: Letter Report #5. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10875.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Review of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Smallpox Vaccination Program Implementation: Letter Report #5. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10875.
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Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Review of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Smallpox Vaccination Program Implementation: Letter Report #5. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10875.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Review of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Smallpox Vaccination Program Implementation: Letter Report #5. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10875.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Review of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Smallpox Vaccination Program Implementation: Letter Report #5. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10875.
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Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

Review of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Smallpox Vaccination Program Implementation Letter Report # 5 Committee on Smallpox Vaccination Program Implementation Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE OF THE NABONAl ACADEMIES

INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE · 500 Fifth Street,NW · Washington,DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. Support for this project was provided by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The views presented in this report are those of the Institute of Medicine Committee on Smallpox Vaccination Program Implementation and are not necessarily those of the funding agencies. Additional copies of this report are available in limited quantities from the Committee on Smallpox Vaccination Program Implementation; Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention; Institute of Medicine; 500 Fifth Street, NW; Washington, DC 20001. The full text ofthis report is available online at http://www.nap.edu. For more information about the Institute of Medicine, visit the IOM home page at: www.iom.edu. Copyright 2003 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. The serpent has been a symbol of long life, healing, and knowledge among almost all cultures and religions since the beginning of recorded history. The serpent adopted as a logotype by the Institute of Medicine is a relief carving from ancient Greece, now held by the Staatliche Museen in Berlin.

'-'Kim is chat c7~ot`,91~; 17'c' Bust Hopi?' Allis is '~t c'`~r~1~; ,~e Bust do. " Cl<~ctl3e INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES Shaping the Future for Health

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identity issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. www.national-academies.org

COMMITTEE ON SMALLPOX VACCINATION PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION BRIAN STROM, M.D., M.P.H., (Chair), George S. Pepper Professor of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Professor of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Professor of Medicine and Professor of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine KRISTINE GEBBIE, Dr.P.H., R.N., (Vice Chairg, Elizabeth Standish Gill Associate Professor and Director of Center for Health Policy, Columbia University School of Nursing ROBERT WALLACE, M.D., M.Sc., (Vice Chairs, Professor of Epidemiology and Irene Ensminger Professorship in Cancer Research, University of Iowa E. RUSSELL ALEXANDER, M.D., Professor Emeritus of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington RONALD BAYER, Ph.D., Professor of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University R. ALTA CHARD, J.D., Associate Dean for Research and Faculty Development, University of Wisconsin Law School and Professor of Law and Bioethics, University of Wisconsin Law School and Medical School THOMAS COATES, Ph.D., Professor, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles PENELOPE DENNEHY, M.D., Associate Director of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Hasbro Children's Hospital and Professor of Pediatrics, Brown Medical School VINCENT FULGINITI, M.D., M.S., Professor Emeritus of Pediatrics, Sciences Center Jniversity of Arizona Health JAY HARPER, M.B.A., M.D., M.P.H., Clinical Assistant Professor of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School Public Health COLEEN KIVLAHAN, M.D., M.S.P.H., Medical Director, Ambulatory Primary Care, Fanuts Health Center, Bureau of Health Services, Cook County, IL JEFFREY LEVINE, M.A., Vice President/Group Manager, Ketchum Washington KENNETH MCINTOSH, M.D., Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School and Professor of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health ELIZABETH MURANE, R.N., M.S., Public Health Nurse and Retired Director of Public Health Nursing for Shasta County, CA PETER ROSEN, M.D., Attending Emergency Medical Physician, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital (Boston, MA) WILLIAM WESTON, M.D., Professor of Dermatology and Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine ROBERT WOOLSON, Ph.D., Professor of Biometry and Epidemiology, Medical University of South Carolina Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Board Liaison GEORGE ISHAM, M.D., Medical Director and Chief Health Officer, HealthPartners, Inc. (Minneapolis, MN) Consultant WILLIAM H. FOEGE, M.D., M.P.H., Presidential Distinguished Professor, Department of International Health, Emory University and Health Advisor, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation v

Study Staff KATHLEEN STRATTON, Ph.D., Study Director ALINA BACIU, M.P.H., Program Officer ANDREA PERNACK, M.P.H., Program Officer NICOLE AMADO, M.P.H., Research Associate AMBER CLOSE, Senior Project Assistant ROSE MARIE MARTINEZ, Sc.l)., Director, Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention V1

REVIEWERS This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC's Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report: Mary Gilchrist, Ph.D., D(ABMM), University of Iowa Peter Jensen, M.D., VA Medical Center (San Francisco, CA) John Lumpkin, M.D., M.P.H., Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Nicole Lurie, M.D., M.S.P.H., The RAND Corporation Scott Ratzan, M.D., M.P.A., Johnson & Johnson Helen Smits, M.D., Eduardo Mondlane University Tener Goodwin Veenema, Ph.D., M.P.H., M.S., University of Rochester Robert Weinstein, M.D., John Stroger Hospital of Cook County (IL) Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Ronald Estabrook, Ph.D., University of Texas Southwestern. Appointed by the National Research Council and Institute of Medicine, he was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution vat . .

PREFACE l 1 The Institute of Medicine (IOM) Committee on Smallpox Vaccination Program Implementation was convened in October 2002 to provide timely advice to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in its implementation of the national smallpox vaccination program. The committee's work differs in two respects from that of typical IOM committees. First, the evidence base used is somewhat different, because the committee is commenting on an ongoing government program as it evolves. The evidence reviewed by the committee is sometimes qualitative. The bulk of the evidence for the series of reports includes CDC presentations to the committee and reports on program status, articles about the program in Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, CDC media telebriefing transcripts, national and local media coverage of the smallpox vaccination program, the policy statements and issue briefs of public health and health care organizations, and to a lesser extent the experiences, opinions, and perspectives of public health and health care leaders and workers expressed in presentations to or informal discussions with the committee. Second, most of the committee's products are brief, frequent "letter reports" addressed to CDC Director Dr. Julie Gerberding. Letter reports offer an abbreviated version of the extensive background and documentation provided in more sizable IOM reports, and often focus on one or a few topics of immediate importance to a program's unfolding or to next steps in the program Although they differ from typical IOM reports in size and nature, letter reports undergo the standard process of external peer review, conducted by reviewers anonymous to the committee until report is released, and monitored by the National Research Council. The present letter report is fifth in a series. For the purpose of brevity, some background information about the program is generally not repeated in every report; only a reading of the entire report series would provide a complete overview of the committee's work to date. For ease of reference, every report includes a table of contents, a listing of key messages, and a summary of all recommendations made in the report. All the committee's reports to CDC are available for download at: www.iom.edu/smallpox. . · . V111

TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 Description of the Public Health Preparedness Project Committee Tasks 3 GENERAL PARAMETERS OF FOUR SCENARIOS TO ASSESS SMALLPOX READINESS INDICATORS ................... Utility of Smallpox Scenarios Learning from Real-Life Experiences and Hypothetical Scenarios Purpose, Development, and Use of Four Smallpox "Scenarios " Description of Smallpox "Scenarios" Used to Assess Readiness Indicators Scenario I Scenario 2 Scenario 3 Scenario 4 Caveats to Consider in Proposed "Scenarios" 6 Applicability of Scenarios to Specific Local Circumstances 7 Little Variability in Types of Planning Activities across Scenarios Applicability of Scenarios to Decision-Making and Management Structure of a Smallpox Response COMMENTS ABOUT THE DRAFT READINESS INDICATORS Continuous Quality Improvement ........................................................................... Purpose of the Indicators ............................. A Dual Purpose in Developing Indicators Distinct Indicators Neededfor Federal, State, and Local Jurisdictions ....................... A Framework for Readiness Indicators Elements Not Reflected in the Readiness Indicators ...................................................... Collaboration and Communication 1- Collaboration and Communication among Federal Agencies with Health Responsibilities ............................... Training and Education ............................ Issues Related to Surge Capacity ............................................................................... Selected Gaps and Needs of Public Health Preparedness Identified by Stakeholders .... Panelist Comments about Training and Education ............................................... 15 16 16 .......... 18 18 1X

Panelist Comments about Resources (e.g., human, equipment and supplies, communication) ........................................................................... Panelist Comments about Surge Capacity ..................... Panelist Comments about Mental Health ....................... Panelist Comments about Populations with Special Needs CONCLUDING REMARKS REFERENCES ................ APPENDIX A: Draft Smallpox Indicators and Suggested Criteria APPENDIX B: Summary of Recommendations ~ APPENDIX C: Essential Capabilities Needed for Preparedness... 18 19 ............... 19 .20 ........ 20 ...22 ...25 x

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