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Chechnya from Conflict to Stability:
Problems of Posiconffict Reconstruction*
Held November 27-28, 2000, the conference was organized by the Institute
of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences in coopera-
tion with the Fund for Humanitarian Assistance to the Chechen Republic and
with supportfrom the Milan Concern. Participating in the conference were about
100 scholars, policy specialists, and representatives of various government de-
partments and agencies and of the mass media. More than half of the participants
and speakers were representatives of Chechen society, which makes the conference
particularly significant. The following main statements and recommendations
were made at the conference.
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. The problems involved in restoring the Chechen Republic as an
economic, sociocultural, and political self-governing society-territory in
the federal Russian state are enormous in scope. Persistent efforts are
needed, including on the part of scholars, in order to resolve the conflict
and facilitate reconstruction. The following are essential elements in build-
ing a knowledge base: (a) monitoring of the situation in the Chechen
Republic and other associated problems; (b) an increase in resources for
research related to conflict and postwar reconstruction; and (c) coordina-
*Tishkov, V. A., ed. 2000. Recommendations made at the Scientific-Practical Conference,
Moscow, November 27-28, 2000. Translated by Kelly Robbins.
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190
APPENDIX B
lion of expert efforts and recommendations made, as well as the timely
presentation of these recommendations to government agencies and the
public. Support should be given to the proposal to create a scholarly
expert council on problems of conflict resolution and reconstruction in
the Chechen Republic, which could operate under the auspices of the
Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS). It is also recommended that a North
Caucasus Division of the Ethnic Monitoring and Conflict Early Warning
Network be created to analyze the situation with regard to interethnic
relations and conflicts.
2. Coordination is needed with regard to the efforts of organs of state
power and administration: presidential structures, the government and
legislative organs of the Russian Federation and of the Provisional Ad-
ministration of the Chechen Republic, other regional authorities, and the
representative of the president of the Russian Federation in the Southern
Federal District. The efforts of the Russian government minister respon-
sible for the problems of the Chechen Republic should be used to facilitate
this coordination and to provide for more active cooperation with public
organizations interested in peace and stability in the Chechen Republic.
3. More public monitoring is needed concerning measures to restore
the economic and societal life and to provide other assistance to the
Chechen Republic. A monthly informational bulletin should be created
by the government of the Russian Federation to publicize the course of
financing and execution of reconstruction work, the situation in the re-
public, and other issues. As for state television and radio broadcasting,
special informational programs are needed, including programs aimed at
the population of the Chechen Republic. These programs should be pro-
duced with the involvement of the Provisional Administration of the
Chechen Republic and public organizations, including those representing
Chechen society outside Chechnya. It is essential that an effective and
professional television broadcasting system be created in the Chechen
Republic.
4. Given the great role of the mass media in society and the broad
international resonance of the events in Chechnya, special attention must
be paid to (a) the ideological aspects of the struggle against armed sepa-
ratism; (b) support for peace-oriented and loyal elements of the Chechen
population; (c) the lessening of anti-Chechen sentiments in Russian soci-
ety; (d) neutralization of foreign propaganda hostile to Russia; and (e)
provision of objective information to international public opinion on the
situation in the Chechen Republic.
5. From politics, economics, and ecology to medicine and psychology,
the restoration of the Chechen Republic can only be a matter for the
common efforts of all of Russian society to solve the problems of recon-
struction. The key question is the readiness and mobilization of the
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APPENDIX B
191
Chechens themselves to rebuild a peaceful life. The president of the Rus-
sian Federation should address the people of the country, including the
population of Chechnya, regarding issues of settling the conflict and elimi-
nating its consequences. A declaration must be made on the intention of
the state and of Russian society to do everything to overcome the conse-
quences of the conflict and restore normal life in Chechnya. The federal
authorities must guarantee the residents of Chechnya that there will be no
return to the rule of bandits in the republic and that the process of restor-
ing legitimate order is irreversible.
6. It must be stated that self-determination of the Chechen people will
be ensured, including statehood status for the Chechen Republic and a
high level of independence with regard to internal governance. Demon-
stratively trampling Chechen self-determination is unnecessary. The resi-
dents of Chechnya must have the confidence that their sovereignty will be
preserved and that the foundations of civil governance and just order will
be restored in accordance with the expression of popular will within the
framework of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and taking into
account the cultural and religious traditions of the population.
7. It is necessary to carry through to its conclusion the process of
forming governmental structures in the Chechen Republic, with particu-
lar emphasis on establishing trust and cooperation between military and
civilian structures during the special regime period and under the Provi-
sional Administration. In the aim of involving the maximum number of
residents in the reconstruction process, it is essential to recreate,
strengthen, and protect organs of local self-government. To this end, elec-
tions to local organs of self-government should be conducted on the basis
of federal legislation. The elected local authorities will be able to counter
the armed fighters and will be an important partner for military and
civilian organs of power at the federal and republic levels.
8. Organs of power at the local (village) level should be given the
right to regulate basic life subsistence matters and to disburse budgetary
and social payments in direct subordination to republic-level organs of
power, bypassing region (raion)-level administrations. Local authorities
that are elected, protected, and provided with resources are the founda-
tion for the process of rebuilding civil governance in the republic.
9. At the current stage, leaders at the region (radon) level must be
appointed with consensus from the leaders of local organs of self-govern-
ment, and they must have the functional responsibilities and authority to
ensure the proper work of regional units of law enforcement structures,
healthcare, and infrastructure.
10. The task of reconstruction must be formulated as a task of rebuild-
ing the social and economic infrastructure. For this purpose, efforts and
resources must be focused not only on the state economy, but also on
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92
APPENDIX B
support for and development of private economic initiative. Nonstate
economic entities on the territory of the Chechen Republic should be
exempt from the payment of budgetary taxes and fees during the recon-
struction period.
11. A special issue is that of measures to change the public climate
after the harsh and difficult war. Positive peace is possible, not just the
end of war. The country needs to see to the health and life prospects of not
only the federal soldiers who served in military actions and their families,
but also those in Chechen cities and villages who are today fooled by
primitive sermonizing, who have lost their loved ones and homes, who
are wounded or sick. The pacified participants in the civil war can find
common tasks and interests, from education and work to sports and cul-
tural activities and a joint association that could deal with the needs of
survivors of wartime trauma.
12. The population must provide an example of reconciliation by
snowing sympathy and providing concrete assistance. Many Russian
families have good, usable items, extra books and textbooks, as well as
money, all of which are needed by those who have suffered from the war
in Chechnya. A Russia-wide campaign to assist Chechnya is urgently
needed. It is impossible to remain on the sidelines and continue making
mutual accusations or seeking those to blame for the war. The Chechens
are waiting for reconciliation, as is the rest of Russia.
13. Active work with children is essential. Chechen children and teen-
agers need kind care and equal treatment with regard to schools in Mos-
cow or other Russian cities. Material and psychological aid is needed by
Chechen children and teenagers both in Chechnya and outside its bor-
ders. This is a question of equipping schools; providing medical-psycho-
logical help, clothing, and food; facilitating enrollment in military train-
ing schools; and so forth.
14. Joint civil initiatives are needed on the part of Chechen, North
Caucasian, and Russia-wide social forces and institutions, which would
include people of various professions and ages (doctors, social and cul-
tural workers, agronomists, engineers, scientists, and scholars). Without
such efforts, it will be impossible to solve the problems of rebuilding the
republic solely through the efforts of soldiers and policemen along with
the traumatized and socially disoriented local residents.
15. Social therapy is needed to return various categories of the popu-
lation to peaceful labor and peaceful life. Besides the lost lives and de-
struction, the most difficult result of the war and of the period of govern-
ment by Dudaev and Maskhadov is the demodernization of Chechen
society along with the destruction of institutions of social control. Such a
situation did not exist in Chechnya before 1991, when the adult popula-
tion worked honestly and lived by the same laws and rules as the entire
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APPENDIX B
193
country. Chechnya maintained certain customs, its own culture and lan-
guage, as did other peoples of Russia, but in their behavior, Chechens
were no different from other citizens. The image of "other" (hostile or
romanticized) was created in the years of conflict. This image is a creation
of the war and must be destroyed.
16. It is necessary to restore not only the systems that support people's
life needs, but also the very foundations of societal life. The main empha-
sis must be placed on men and women of middle age. One should not
idealize the role of teip [clan] structures (largely mythical) and religious
figures (largely self-styled) in restoring the social order.
17. In addition to rebuilding authority and order, the main difficulty
lies in overcoming the postwar apathy among the population towards
rebuilding the seemingly irreparable ruins. Postconflict apathy is a wide-
spread syndrome. It is overcome by means of initial rewarded successes.
It is for this reason that Grozny must be rebuilt, since, just as everywhere
else, the urban life of Chechnya is the basis for the life of modern society.
18. The citizens of Chechnya must be given renewed confidence that
it is they, and not outside forces, who must and can resolve their own
problems. To this end, the weakened society must be protected against
outside manipulators. Foreign ideologues, including Chechen emigrants,
will continue the war against the "empire" and for the "freedom of
Chechnya." Authoritative Chechen leaders (political figures, scientists and
scholars, businessmen, cultural figures, and others) are obligated to unite
in working to establish peaceful life in the Chechen Republic. Such a
unified association must stand as a representative of Chechen society on
the international arena as well.
19. In restoring the educational system, the basic emphasis must be
placed on pre-school and elementary education. In institutions of higher
education, departments not requiring a high level of technical equipment
should be restored, and courses should be established and widely offered
for those who in recent years have been deprived of the opportunity to
receive a normal education. After preparatory courses, most young people
should be sent to other regions of the country to obtain their secondary
and higher education. This will make it possible to remove employment
pressures and reduce the base of potential fighters. Education has the
same significance for formation of a nonviolent population as the pres-
ence of a middle class of property owners.
20. Strict rules regarding treatment of the population must be af-
firmed in the army and other federal military and civilian structures oper-
ating in Chechnya. A "dry law" is necessary for armed forces personnel
during the period of their service in Chechnya (in Bosnia, Russian peace-
keepers are able to observe the ban on alcohol use). Humane relations and
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APPENDIX B
international legal norms must be observed with regard to all categories
of the noncombatant population.
21. Convincing and energetic judicial investigations must be pursued
with regard to persons guilty of serious crimes. Information needs to be
provided regarding the course of investigations of terrorist acts and crimes
against the civilian population, the filing of charges against terrorists, or
the start of criminal trials.
22. Measures of moral action are needed for Russian politicians, jour-
nalists, and public activists who are openly calling for the restoration of
Chechen independence. These appeals represent appeals for the continu-
ation of bloodshed. They are of an amoral character with respect to the
majority of the population of Chechnya and they have a destructive im-
pact on the army. Debates in the mass media must be refocused toward
discussion of problems of postwar reconstruction and postwar trauma.
23. Wide-scale measures are needed in the international arena to de-
fend the actions of the Russian government and to explain the situation in
Chechnya. As yet, Russian diplomats and scholars have not played a
great role; they are either absent from many international structures or
take a passive position. Information for the outside world must be pre-
pared in foreign languages, and the activities of the foreign media on this
issue must be followed.
24. More coverage should be given to the life and activities of
Chechens in Chechnya and outside its borders as part of the Russian
community. Representation of them as noble savage people should be
halted, showing instead how Chechens are building their lives and fight-
ing against bandits. Special attention is merited for coverage of the entre-
preneurial activities of Chechens, which are both successful and useful
for the country. Support for this sort of business should also be provided
by the authorities at various levels.
Chechnya is a fundamental problem of nationwide significance. It is a
test of the new Russia's ability to correct its own tragic mistakes and
respond to external threats. If we pass this test, peace will come to the
Chechen Republic, and this means to all of Russia as well.
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Officials and Specialists from the North Caucasus
Consulted in Rostov-on-Don
October 10-~1, 2000
PARTICIPANTS FROM THE SOUTHERN FEDERAL DISTRICT
Abdul-Gamid Kurbanovich Aliev, Director, Regional Center of
Ethnopolitical Investigations, Dagestan Scientific Center, Russian
Academy of Sciences; PhD (Philosophy)
Maya Artashesovna Asivatsaturova, Assistant Professor, Pyatigorsk
Branch of the North Caucasus Academy of Public Administration;
PhD (History)
Hasan Mukhtarovich Dumanov, Adviser to the President of Kabardin-
Balkar Republic on Connections with Sociopolitical Organizations
and Unities
Aleksandr Borisovich Dzadziev, Senior Researcher, Center of Social
and Humanitarian Investigations, Vladikavkaz Institute of
Management; Head of the North Ossetia Department of the
Assembly of the People of Russia, Vladikavkaz Institute of
Management
Petr Matsevich Ivanov, Chair, Presidium of the Kabardin-Balkar
Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Director,
Institute of Informatics and Problems of Regional Management
Marina Fedorovna Kurakeeva, Minister on the Affairs of Nationalities
of Karachaevo-Cherkessia
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APPENDIX B
Hussein Sagidovich Kushkhov, Representative of Ministry of
Nationalities, Kabardin-Balkar Republic
Ismail Bulachevich Munaev, Representative, Ministry on the Affairs of
Federation and Nationalities of the Russian Federation, Chechen
Republic
Tatiana Mikhailovna Polyakova, Dean of the Law Faculty, Adygeisky
State University; Ethnological Monitoring Network Expert
Ruslan Zakreivich Sagov, Representative of the Ministry on the Affairs
of Federation and Nationalities of the Russian Federation, Republic
of Ingushetia
Mikhail Valentinovich Savva, City Administration of the
Krasnodarsky Krai
Asiyat Mukhmedovna Shkhacheva, Representative of the Ministry on
Federations and Nationalities of the Russian Federation
Vitaly Victorovich Smirnov, Head of the Department of the Apparatus
of the President's Special Representative of the Russian Federation
in the Republic of North Ossetia and the Republic of Ingushetia,
Vladikavkaz
Alim Inzrelovich Tetuev, First Deputy Minister, Ministry of
Nationalities, Kabardin-Balkar Republic
PARTICIPANTS FROM THE ROSTOV REGION
Nikolai Stepanovich Avdulov, Director, Scientific Research Institute of
the Caucasus, North Caucasus Scientific Center of Higher Schools
Victor Vladimirovich Chernous, Head, Center of Political Forecasts
Igor Prokopievich Dobaev, Consultant, North Caucasus Academy of
Public Administration; PhD (Political Science)
Vladimir Georgievich Ignatov, Rector and Professor; North Caucasus
Academy for Public Administration
Victor Alekseevich Kharchenko, Representative of the Ministry on the
Affairs of Federation and Nationalities of the Russian Federation,
Rostov Oblast; Ethnological Monitoring Network Expert
Larissa Lvovna Khoperskaya, Adviser to the Representative of the
President in the Southern Federal District; Professor; PhD (Political
Science); Ethnological Monitoring Network Expert
Nikolai Pavlovich Kutyrev, Assistant Professor, North Caucasus
Academy of Public Administration; PhD (History)
Valentina Lavrentievna Marinova, Head, Department on National and
Public Relations
Aleksandr Vasilievich Ponedelkov, Vice Rector on Scientific Work and
Work with Regions; Professor; PhD (Political Science)
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APPENDIX B
Ivan Nikolaevich Sidorenko, Assistant Professor, North Caucasus
Academy of Public Administration
Aleksandr Mikhailovich Starostin, Chief Specialist on Science and
Work with the Regions, North Caucasus Academy of Public
Administration; Assistant Professor
Yury Grigorievich Volkov, Director, Institute for the Preparation and
Advancement of Qualification of Humanities and Social Science
Teachers of Rostov State University; Professor
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
north caucasus
