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Health and Safety Needs of Older Workers
Index
A
Absenteeism, 188–189.
See also Lost workdays
Accommodation, workplace, 9, 16, 176–177
concept of disability and, 16, 214–215
cost, 216
current implementation, 216, 226
effectiveness, 216–217, 226
goals, 175, 216
hierarchy of controls concept, 175–176
legal basis, 159–163, 215
public policy conceptualization, 215
reasonable, 215
relief of obligation to provide, 161–163, 164–165
research needs, 225, 226
See also Job design/redesign
Administrative support occupations, 50, 147
Age Discrimination in Employment Act, 156, 157, 158, 224, 225
Age-related changes, 2–3, 95
acute stress response and, 101
assessment considerations, 100–101
bone anatomy and function, 104–105
cognitive functioning, 113–115
conceptual models, 97–100
future trends, 99–100
hearing loss, 103, 179–180
homeostasis concept of, 98
immune function, 106
implications for work performance, 2, 116–118
individual differences, 99
life course perspective, 18–19, 96
metabolic functions, 105–106
mitigation of cognitive decrements, 118–120, 187
musculoskeletal system, 102
positive changes, 95, 118
productivity, 187–188
psychological, 112–113, 116
pulmonary function, 103–104
respiratory capacity, 181
scope of workplace interventions for, 8–9
skin conditions, 105
stress response, 108
thermoregulation, 106–107
visual function, 102–103, 177–178
Agriculture, 17, 180
injury and illness patterns, 146
older worker employment, 49, 51, 52
Alcohol use, 3–4
assessment, 213
controlled drinking, 112
extent of problems related to, 111–112
See also Substance abuse
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Americans with Disabilities Act, 158–164, 172, 176, 215
effectiveness, 224, 225
Anthropometric data, 181
Arthritis, 181
Assessment
age-related changes, 100–101
cardiovascular health screening, 205–206
depression, 110
disease screening in health promotion programs, 205
in employee assistance programs, 207
on-the-job blood pressure monitoring, 140
substance abuse, 213
Auto service industry, 49, 50
Automobile operation, 118, 178–179, 189–190
Autonomy and job control, 139, 144
job demands-control model, 142, 145
in lean production, 68
life course, 92
as protective factor, 66, 142, 185
trends, 63–66
B
Baby boom generation, 1, 13, 20–21, 26, 27
Back pain/strain, 54–55, 84, 126, 127, 136
Biomechanical exposure, 6
depression and, 109
high-risk jobs, 146
research needs, 11, 223–224
Blood pressure. See Hypertension
Blue-collar workers, 140–141
employment exit rate patterns, 43
Bone, 104–105, 131–132
Bureau of Labor Statistics, recommendations for, 10, 11, 221, 222, 227
Business cycle effects, 37, 46
C
Cardiovascular disease, 186
conditions of work and, 66, 138–139, 140–142, 143–144
cost of, 138
health promotion intervention, 205–206
incidence trends, 141–142
mortality, 141
Caregiving roles, 93
employee assistance program assistance, 210–211
training for, 202
Caregiving stress
socioeconomic context and, 93
stress, work-related and, 210
Carpal tunnel syndrome, 184
Cellular manufacturing, 5, 67
Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, 127–128n2
Chemical exposure, 11, 223–224, 229–230
Chronic fatigue syndrome, 111
Cognitive functioning
age-related changes, 113–115
increased experience and expertise, 118–120, 187
mitigation of age-related decrements in, 118–120, 187
perceived control and, 142
training effectiveness, 191
warning recognition, 182–183
work stress effects, 142
See also Mental health
Cohort effects, 20–21, 81
Collective bargaining, 151–152
Communications industry, 49
Comorbidity, 99
research needs, 99
Computer use, 178
Conditions of work, 91–92
collective bargaining, 151–152
gender differences, 84
health effects of, 136–145, 198–199
hours worked, 5, 62–63, 136–137, 140
monitoring, 71–72
psychosocial stress, 63–67, 142–143, 184–185
research needs, 137, 222
work organization systems, 61–62, 67–72, 139
See also Job design/redesign;
Stress, work-related
Contract workers, 16, 136
labor market trends, 57–60
Control. See Autonomy and job control
Current Population Survey, 227
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D
Demographics
current age distribution, 1, 13, 27
ethnic minorities, 87–88
labor force participation trends, 32–37
life expectancy trends, 26–27
older worker distribution by industry, 47–49
past trends, 27–31
projected trends, 32
recommendations for research, 226–227
See also Population aging
Department of Labor, 11, 230
Depression
occupational injury and, 109
prevalence, 108–109
related costs, 109
research challenges, 110
in retirement, 109–110
as stress response, 109
workplace issues, 3, 195–196
Diet, 202–204
Disability. See Impairments/disabilities, workers with
Disability insurance, 8, 166, 172.
See also Workers’ compensation
Discrimination, 7–8
against immigrant workers, 60
health outcomes, 90, 91
legal protections against, 15, 154–163
manifestations of, 90
minority worker experience, 89, 91
multiple forms of, 90
political economy perspective, 90–91
research needs, 89
worker concerns, 90
E
Earned income tax credit, 170
Education system, 21
Educational attainment
disability effects and, 165
employment exit rate patterns and, 43
employment trends, 81
job security and, 81–82
minority elderly, 88
morbidity/mortality and, 77–78
Educational services industry
older worker employment, 48, 49
projected employment trends, 49, 50
Elder care, 93, 202, 210–211
Electromagnetic field exposure, 109
Employee assistance programs, 10, 207–214, 225–226, 227–228
Employee Retirement Income Security Act, 169, 171–172
Employment-at-will doctrine, 150–151
Employment exit rate patterns
service economy, 43
socioeconomic context and, 43, 46
Employment rate, 37, 53
exit rate trends, 37–43
international comparison, 83
in nonstandard forms of employment, 57–60
projected trends, 49–50, 52
variation by industry, 41–43, 47–50
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 157, 161
Ergonomic design, 183–184, 226
Executive/administrative/managerial occupations, 50, 51
Exercise, 204
Exposures in workplace
bone disorders related to, 104
gender differences, 84
hearing loss related to, 103, 180
high-risk jobs, 146
immune response, 106
intracohort differences in work experience, 22–23
legal standards for worker protection, 154–156
life course perspective, 18–19, 96
mental functioning outcomes, 121–122
outcome determinants, 96–97
outcomes, 123–128
pulmonary problems related to, 103–104
research needs, 10, 11, 222, 223–224, 229
risk for minorities, 90
skin health and, 105
vulnerabilities of older workers, 15–16, 96–100
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F
Falls, 104, 181, 189.
See also Occupational illness or injury
Families and couples
retirement planning, 21
role stress in, 92–93
Family and Medical Leave Act, 164, 224, 225
Farming/forestry/fishing occupations, 51, 52, 147, 180.
See also Agriculture;
Forestry/fishing/trapping
Fatalities. See Mortality
Fatigue, 181
Fertility, 1, 13, 26
Financial services industry
employment exit rate patterns, 43
older worker employment, 48
Forestry/fishing/trapping
injury and illness patterns, 146
older worker employment, 49
projected employment trends, 49
See also Farming/forestry/fishing occupations
G
Gender
distribution by industry, 48, 49
distribution by occupation, 50–52
employment exit rate trends, 37–40
future of work, 86–87
hazardous exposure risk, 84
hours worked, 62, 63
income differences, 85
intracohort differences in work experience, 22
labor force participation trends, 32, 35–37, 46, 83, 84–85
life expectancy patterns, 27
older worker employment rate, 53
physical capacity, 181
population aging patterns, 1, 27, 30–31
projected employment trends, 50, 83
research needs, 87
social gradient and morbidity/mortality, 77
in work–health relationship, 83–87
workplace issues, 4
See also Women
General duty clause, 155
H
Health and Retirement Study, 10, 46, 53, 219, 220, 221
Health care industry, 70–71, 110, 136, 186
injury and illness patterns, 146
Health insurance, 8
access and participation, 8, 55, 57, 170–171, 172–173
post-retirement coverage, 170–173
private, 173
regulation, 171–172
social security system benefits, 39
sources, 172–173
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, 172
Health promotion, 9
cardiovascular intervention, 205–206
caregiver training, 202
challenges to implementation, 202
current program implementation, 199, 200–201
dietary and nutritional interventions, 202–203
disease screening, 205
effectiveness, 200, 225, 227–228
in employee benefit structure, 199
exercise programs, 204
goals, 199
obstacles to research, 200–201
rationale, 201–202
research needs, 225, 227–228
targets, 199, 200, 202
therapy management, 204, 228
work environment and, 198–199
Hearing loss
aging-related, 103, 179
causes, 180
job design to accommodate, 179–181
prevention, 180
High-performance work organizations, 5, 67, 69
High-risk jobs, 6, 146–147, 205–206
Hiring practices
antidiscrimination law, 156–157
disadvantages of older workers, 15
employment-at-will doctrine, 150–151
HIV-positive workers, 159
Homeostasis, 98
Hours worked
gender differences, 62, 63
international comparison, 62
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patterns for older workers, 62–63
risk of injury and, 136–137, 140
trends, 62–63
work week length, 5
Housework, 86–87, 92–93
Human factors design, 186
Hypertension, 138, 139–140, 141, 143, 185–186, 205–206
I
Illegal workers. See Undocumented workers
Immigration, 60
Immune function, 106
Impairments/disabilities, workers with
antidiscrimination and accommodation law, 158–164
chronic illness, 162
conceptual model of, 214–215
current status, 53, 54–55
defined, 16, 158–159, 162–163, 215
demographic trends, 36
income replacement programs, 165–173
life expectancy, 99
public policy approach, 215
return-to-work programs, 9–10, 163–165
types of workplace interventions, 9
unemployment risk, 82
See also Accommodation, workplace;
Occupational illness or injury
Income
gender differences, 85
health linkages, 61
intracohort differences in work experience, 22–23
life course patterns, 188
morbidity/mortality and, 76–77, 78, 79
racial/ethnic differences, 89
societal distribution, 60
trends, 5, 56, 60
Income replacement programs
adequacy, 167
earned income tax credit, 170
health insurance coverage, 170–173
private pension programs, 169–170
rationale, 165
Social Security Disability Insurance, 166
Social Security Old Age program, 168–169
Supplemental Security Income, 167–168
types of, 165–166
workers’ compensation programs, 166–167
Independent contractors, 8
labor market trends, 57–60
Industry type
employment exit rate patterns, 41–43
high-risk jobs, 146
injury and illness distribution, 124–127
mortality patterns, 127–128
older worker distribution, 47–50
projected employment patterns, 49–50
See also specific industry
Insurance. See Disability insurance;
Health insurance;
Workers’ compensation
Interventions, workplace
Americans with Disabilities Act requirements, 176
blood pressure monitoring, 140
conceptual basis, 175–176
effectiveness, 12, 224–227
employee assistance programs, 207–214, 225–226, 227–228
goals, 174–175
hierarchy of controls approach, 175–176, 177
research needs, 10, 11–12, 224–227
scope of, 8–10, 24–25, 177
worker education, 174
See also Accommodation, workplace;
Health promotion;
Job design/redesign;
Training interventions
J
Job design/redesign, 8, 177
to accommodate hearing loss, 179–181
to accommodate physical changes, 181–182
to accommodate vision decrements, 177–179
anthropometric data for, 181
case studies, 182
effectiveness, 185–186, 225
ergonomic, 183–184
psychological factors, 184–185
research needs, 225
warning systems, 182–183
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L
Labor force
business cycle effects, 37, 46
exit rate trends, 37–43
future supply challenges, 23
gender distribution, 32, 35–37, 46, 62, 83, 84–85
measurement, 32
nonstandard forms of employment, 57–60
participation trends, 32–36, 83
pension arrangements as factor in participation, 83
population aging patterns, 1, 13, 83
racial/ethnic distribution, 89–90
recent economic trends and, 56–61
research needs, 46–47
structure of work organizations, 61–62
trade union membership, 60
Lean production, 5, 67, 68–69, 137
Leaves of absence, 164–165
Legally mandated interventions. See Regulation
Life course perspective
cohort effects in, 20–21
conceptual basis, 96
focus of research, 19
intracohort differences in, 18, 20, 22–23
limitations of, 19–20
social relationship effects in, 20, 21–22
traditional model of work life, 17
Life expectancy, 1, 13, 26–27
of adults with disability, 99
Liver, 105–106
Lost workdays, 124, 126
distribution by industry and occupation, 126, 131
distribution by worker characteristics, 131, 188–189, 217–218
duration of injury-related absence, 131–132, 134–135, 217–218
trends, 6
See also Absenteeism
M
Manufacturing sector, 3
injury and illness patterns, 6, 125–126, 146
older worker employment, 48
trends, 5, 57
work organization systems, 67–70
Matthew effect, 22
Medicaid, 172
Medicare, 172
Membership assistance programs, 207
Mental health
age-related changes, 112–113, 116
aging effects on job performance, 116–118
benefits of multiple social roles, 93–94
complications of psychosocial dysfunction, 98
effects of work on, 120–122, 138, 139, 142–143, 195–196
employment and self-concept, 79, 109–110
job design to enhance, 184–185
preretirement planning and, 212–213
research needs, 223
retirement and, 109–110
scope of work-related issues, 3, 107
sleep problems, 110–111
unemployment and, 82
work status and, 79–81
See also Cognitive functioning;
Stress, work-related
Metabolic function, 105–106
Mine Safety and Health Act (1977), 154, 164
Mining industry, 43, 49, 146
Minorities
course of work life, 18
discrimination effects, 91
educational attainment patterns, 88
health issues of older workers, 87–89
immigrant workers, 60
intracohort differences in work experience, 22
population aging patterns, 1, 27, 87–88
research needs, 89–90
See also Race/ethnicity
Modular manufacturing, 5, 67, 69–70
Mortality, 6, 189
epidemiology, 127–128, 135–136, 147
seasonal patterns, 106
social gradient and, 75–76, 77–78, 141
unemployment and, 82
Motor functions, 54
Musculoskeletal disorders
age-related changes, 102, 181
causes, 195
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cost, 127
definition, 127
epidemiology, 127, 132–134
gender differences, 84, 195
high-risk jobs, 146
job design to accommodate, 181–182
job design to prevent, 183–184
training to prevent, 196–198
work conditions as risk factor for, 137–138, 145
workplace regulation to minimize, 155–156
See also Back pain/strain;
Bone
N
National Center for Health Statistics, 11, 229–230
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 229–230
National Health Interview Survey, 229
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
recommendations for, 10, 11, 221, 222, 223, 229–230
work conditions monitoring, 71, 72
Night shift work, 195
Nonstandard workers, 16, 57–60, 136
Nursing profession, 70.
See also Health care industry
Nutrition, 202–204
O
Occupation types
employment exit rate patterns and, 43
high-risk jobs, 6, 146–147
injury and illness distribution, 126–127
morbidity/mortality distribution, 75–76, 78, 79–82
older worker distribution, 47, 50–52
sex segregation, 84
sleep problems and, 110
trends, 52, 57, 81
See also Industry type;
specific occupation
Occupational illness or injury
age-mediated outcomes, 134–136
age-related patterns, 6, 131–134
age-related risk, 95, 134
conceptualizations of health and disability, 16
current prevalence, 54–55
data sources, 7, 123, 132
depression related to, 109
duration of work absence due to, 131–132, 135, 217–218
early work experiences as cause of, 15–16, 96–97
economic burden, 5, 147–148, 217, 229
epidemiology, 123–131, 147
gender differences, 84
high-risk jobs, 6, 146–147, 205–206
job characteristics and, 6–7
job strain effects, 66, 67
job transfer to prevent, 164
life course perspective, 18–19
outcome factors, 217–218
research needs, 10, 11, 221–222
risk for newer employees, 182, 189
trends, 5–6, 131
underreporting of, 10, 128–131, 221, 222–223
See also Impairments/disabilities, workers with, falls
Occupational Information Network (O*NET) database, 3, 11, 228–229
Occupational Safety and Health Act (1970), 15, 154–156, 175–176, 225
Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 221, 227
Office environment, 179
Older Workers Benefit Protection Act (1990), 156
O*NET. See Occupational Information Network database
Organization of work. See Work organization systems
Outplacement, 214
P
Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 10, 220, 221
Part-time work, 84–85
Patient-focused care, 67, 70–71
Pension plans, 21
coverage trends, 57, 169
defined-benefit plans, 169–170
defined-contribution plans, 169
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pension arrangements as factor in labor force participation, 83
regulation, 169
retirement trends, 32–33, 34
Personal services employment, 49, 50
Pesticide exposure, 109
Pharmacotherapy, 203, 204, 213
Physical health
accommodating age-related changes, 181–182
age-related changes, 2
current status of older workers, 53, 54–55
data sources, 53
fitness training, 196–198
gender differences in work–health relationship, 83–87
income and, 61
life course perspective, 18–19
occupational injury patterns, 6
social gradient and, 74–79
socioeconomic linkages, 73–74, 94
unemployment and, 82–83
work-related factors in, 74–75, 78, 79–82, 195–196
See also Occupational illness or injury;
specific disorder
Piece-work, 69
Political economy theory, 90–91
Population aging
causes, 1, 13, 26
disability/impairment trends, 36
employment trends, 32–37, 49–50, 83
implications for public pension system, 34–35
near-term retirement patterns, 26
See also Demographics
Poverty
demographic trends, 33–34
labor participation patterns and, 33–34
race/ethnicity and risk of, 88–89
Presbycusis, 103
Private household services industry, 52, 147
Production/craft/repair occupations, 50–51, 147
Productivity, 187–189
Professional specialty occupations, 50, 51, 52
Protective services employment, 52, 147
Public opinion and knowledge
about older workers, 14–15
cohort effects, 20–21
course of work life, 17
of retirement options, 20–21
Public policy
conceptual model of disability, 215
conceptual model of occupational life course, 17
incentives to hire older workers, 15
issues for older workers, 7–8, 13–14, 23–24
labor market exit protections, 165–173
research needs, 11–12, 14, 224–226
retirement issues, 24, 34–35
See also Regulation
Public sector employment, 49, 154
Pulmonary function, 103–104
Q
Quality circles, 68
Quality of Employment Survey, 71, 230
R
Race/ethnicity, 4
demographic trends in disability/impairment, 36
discrimination effects, 89, 91
educational attainment patterns, 88
employment exit rate patterns, 43
hazardous exposure risk and, 90
income differences, 89
intracohort differences in work experience, 22
population aging patterns, 1, 27, 87–88
poverty risk and, 85, 88–89
social gradient and morbidity/mortality, 77
See also Minorities
Radiation exposure, 146
Reengineering, 5, 67
Regulation, 149–150
antidiscrimination laws, 154–163
collective bargaining rights, 151–152
conceptualization of private sector employment relationships, 150–151
effectiveness, 8, 150, 156, 157, 158, 163, 224
enforcement, 153, 155
excluded workers and work settings, 8, 16–17, 152–153
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health insurance, 171–172
jurisdictional variation, 8, 16, 152–153
legal definition of “older,” 15
private pension plans, 169
public policy issues, 7–8
to reduce job stress, 186
research needs, 224–225
safety and health laws, 154–156
trends, 57
See also Age Discrimination in
Employment Act;
Americans with
Disabilities Act;
Employee
Retirement Income Security Act;
Family and Medical Leave Act;
General duty clause;
Health insurance;
Income replacement
programs;
Medicaid;
Medicare;
Mine Safety and Health Act;
Social Security Systems;
Workers’ compensation
Research needs, 1–2, 14
comorbidity, 99
conditions of work and health outcomes, 137, 141–142, 222–223
cost of occupational illness and injury, 229
data systems, 10–11, 219–223, 227
educational and training interventions, 198
effectiveness of interventions, 10, 224–227
exposures in workplace, 10, 11, 222, 223–224
gender differences, 87
health–work experiences of minorities, 89–90
labor participation trends, 46–47
occupational illness or injury assessments, 7, 221–222
recommendations, 10–12, 219–230
return-to-work studies, 9–10
Respiratory capacity, 181
Retail sector employment, 48
Retirement, 8
antidiscrimination laws, 156
conceptual models, 17
counseling in employee assistance programs, 209, 212–213
determinants of subsequent health, 78–79
gender differences, 85, 86
health insurance coverage after, 170–173
incentives/disincentives, 168, 169–170, 171, 172, 173
labor force participation trends, 32–35, 46–47
mandatory, 156
mental health complications in, 109–110
near-term demographic trends, 26
public beliefs and knowledge of options, 20–21
public policy issues, 24, 34–35, 46
research needs, 219
social context, 21–22
Social Security program, 168–169
stock market investment and, 169
transition to, 17, 24
trends in individual resources for, 32–34
typical age, 32–34, 86
Retirement History Survey, 219
Return-to-work programs, 9–10, 163–164, 217–218, 225
Road signs, 178–179
S
Sales occupations, 50
Satisfaction. See Work satisfaction
Screening, 205
Self-employment, 8, 17, 37, 53
occupational injury risk, 136
See also Independent contractors
Seniority systems, 151, 152
Service economy, 3, 56
current labor market, 57
employment exit rate patterns, 43
older worker employment, 49, 51, 52
projected employment trends, 50, 57
worker mental health and, 107
Skills for work
physical demands, 54, 55
trends, 5, 57, 81
Skin, 105
Sleep problems, 110–111
Small businesses, 17, 190
Smoking, 81
Social relationships
benefits of multiple social roles, 93–94
life course perspective, 20, 21–22
work status and health linkages, 81
Social Security System, 8
benefits for women, 85
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disability insurance, 166, 172
disincentives to early retirement, 168, 169
employment exit rate trends and, 38, 39, 43
flexible benefit designs in, 21
minority participation, 89
Old Age program, 168–169
pressures of population aging, 34, 35
recent reforms, 34–35, 39
retirement trends, 32–33, 34
Supplemental Security Income, 167–168
Social services employment, 50
Socioeconomic context
caregiving stress, 93
community support for older workers, 16
employment exit rate patterns and, 43, 46
gender differences in retirement
experience, 86
health linkages, 73–74, 94, 96–97, 140–142, 185
intracohort differences, 22–23, 74
job strain, 66
mortality patterns, 141
political economy theory of aging, 90–91
research needs, 220–221, 226–227
role of work-related factors in health, 79–82
social gradient and health, 74–79
trends in individual retirement resources, 32–34
work experiences and health of minority workers, 87, 88–89
workplace issues, 4–5
See also Income;
Poverty
Strength, 182
Stress, work-related, 3
acute response to, 101
age-mediated health outcomes related to, 143–145
aging and, 101, 108
caregiver stress and, 210
effects, 66, 67
job demands-control model, 142, 145
job design to reduce, 185–186
mental health outcomes, 107–108, 142–143
occupational injury risk and, 137, 139, 140–142
protective factors, 66, 68, 93–94
trends, 63–67
unpaid work roles and, 92–93
work organization systems and, 67–68
Substance abuse, 3, 111
employee assistance programs for, 207, 213
research needs, 112
See also Alcohol use
Suicide, 109
Supervisory style, 145
Supplemental Security Income, 167–168
Supplements, dietary, 203
Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, 123n1
T
Tax system, 21, 83
earned income tax credit, 170
Team concept work organizations, 5, 67
Telecommunications industry, 70
Temperature regulation, 106–107
Temporary employment, 136
labor market trends, 57–60
Textile/garment industry, 69–70
Total quality management, 5, 67
Trade unions, 60, 70, 151–152
Training interventions, 9, 174
amount of, 193–194
benefits of, 194–195
breadth of programs, 191
challenges in designing, 186
effectiveness, 189, 191, 197–198
to enhance caregiving skills, 202
to enhance safety, 189–190
health outcomes, 195–196
to improve physical fitness, 196–198
motivational barriers, 194
pacing, 192–193
productivity-focused, 187–189
rationale, 186, 187, 188
research needs, 198, 225
for small companies, 190
successful, 190
team training, 190–191
transfer effects, 191
types of, 192
Transportation and material moving occupations, 51, 52, 110, 118, 140, 178–179, 206
injury and illness patterns, 146, 147
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U
Undocumented workers, 16–17
Unemployment and job displacement
health linkages, 82
ill health as cause of, 82
mental health outcomes, 138, 184–185
occupational injuries related to, 136, 137
outplacement programs, 214
risk factors, 81–82
Unions. See Trade unions
Unpaid work, 92–94
Utilities industry
injury and illness patterns, 146
older worker employment, 49
V
Vision problems, 102–103, 159–160
disease-related, 178
job design/redesign to accommodate, 177–179
Volunteer work, 92
W
Warning systems, 182–183
White-collar workers, 43
Women
labor force participation, 4, 32, 35–37, 62
part-time workers, 84–85
population aging patterns, 1, 27, 30–31, 32
poverty risk, 85
retirement experience, 85, 86
retirement planning issues, 21–22
Social Security benefits, 85, 166
special challenges for older workers, 17
substance use among, 111, 112
unpaid work roles, 92–93
widows, 85–86
See also Gender
Work ability index, 144–145
Work capacity concept, 144–145
Work conditions. See Conditions of work
Work organization systems, 61–62, 67–72, 139
Work satisfaction, 7, 54, 185
work organization systems and, 69, 70
Work week length, 5
Workers’ compensation, 166–167
accommodation requirements and, 165
underreporting of injury and illness, 130
Wound healing, 105
OCR for page 302
Health and Safety Needs of Older Workers
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