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The 2000 Census: Counting Under Adversity
Index to Chapters 1–10
A
Accuracy and Coverage Evaluation (A.C.E.), 5, 6–9, 85, 86, 92, 158, 174–209, 227–234 (passim)
See also E-sample;
Poststratification and poststrata;
P-sample
adjustments based on, 6–7, 28–29, 174–184
apportionment, 92, 170
blacks, 6, 181, 227–229, 233, 255, 259
block clusters, 171, 172, 173–174, 187, 192, 203, 204–205, 277
Census Day and, 9, 221, 346
clerical review, 172, 180, 190, 192, 202, 204
correlation bias, 6, 186, 233, 246–247, 257, 259, 266, 344, 346
demographic analysis, 8, 9, 11, 30, 176–177, 181–183, 184, 185, 186, 227–229, 235–240, 260, 277, 330–331, 344–345
design, operations, and adjustment, 171–267
dual-systems estimation (DSE), 158, 159–163, 170, 174, 176, 177, 187–194 (passim), 199–201, 205, 206, 208, 235, 246, 257
duplicate enumeration, 5–8 (passim), 23, 29, 86, 123, 155, 163, 176–182 (passim), 186, 188, 190, 200, 201, 208, 240–241, 343
enumerator errors, 121–123
evaluation research on, 12, 24, 27, 30, 326–327, 330–337 (passim), 350–351
Executive Steering Committee for A.C.E. Policy (ESCAP), 174–175, 176–177, 326–327
gross error, 9, 29–30, 141, 163, 188, 203, 243–244, 252–253, 261, 262, 263, 265, 346
group quarters, 9, 155, 171, 189–190, 200, 201, 240, 252, 265, 346
interviewing procedures, 9, 200, 263, 265, 266, 346
legislation, 8–9
long-form-sample data, imputation, 270, 283, 286, 329, 347
management, organizational structure, 326–330 (passim), 350–351
Master Address File (MAF), 140, 141, 161, 172, 189, 235–236, 277
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matching, 7, 8, 13, 24, 145, 159, 172, 173, 180, 181, 182, 189, 192, 198–199, 202–204, 205, 208, 228, 246, 263, 264, 265, 279, 346
NRC panel mandate, 1, 16
NRC panel recommendations, 261–267, 326–337 (passim), 343–346, 350–352
overcount, 6–7, 8–9, 158, 176, 179–180, 185, 246, 249
Person Duplication Studies, 179, 180, 200, 208, 211, 214-217, 333, 351
population estimates, general, 28–29, 158–159, 171–184, 185–187, 227–229, 244–245, 344
Post-Enumeration Survey (PES), 7, 157, 162, 163, 171–174, 176, 178, 187–205 (passim), 208, 209, 212, 227–229, 245–247, 252–253, 260, 343, 345
redistricting, 92, 174–175, 177, 178–179
sex-related data, 8, 183, 229, 255, 283
small areas, 6, 259–260
subnational areas, 6–7, 30, 249, 259
targeted extended search (TES), 173–174, 177, 179, 187, 190, 196, 204–206, 208
time factors, 30, 178, 186, 187, 188, 266
undercount, 6–7, 8–9, 29, 158, 162, 176, 178–179, 180–182, 185, 187, 188, 189, 206, 208, 230–231, 237, 246, 249, 252, 255–257, 260–261, 343, 345
weighting, 171, 187, 194–195, 204–205
A.C.E. Revision II, 5, 6, 7, 158, 174, 185–187, 209–235, 243, 244–245, 253, 258–261
See also Poststratification and poststrata
block clusters, 212
clerical review, 215–216
correlation bias, 209, 211, 223–226, 228, 232, 233, 234, 246–247, 250, 254, 257
demographic analysis, 224–233, 244, 253–254, 258–259
duplicate enumeration, 216, 241
gross error, 261
matching, 210, 212, 215, 220–221, 226–228, 230, 246
missing data, 221–223
Native Americans, 222–223, 224, 227–229
NRC panel recommendations, 261, 264, 344
overcount, 158, 209–217, 249–251, 258
population estimates, general, 226–235, 244–245, 254, 259
Post-Enumeration Survey (PES) and, 226–231, 246, 247
P-sample, 209, 218–221, 223–224
sex-related data, 224, 225–226, 228, 246, 248, 255
subnational areas, 223, 243–244, 245, 249, 250–251
time factors, 266–267
undercounts, 158, 185, 209, 217–226, 230–231, 247–248, 249–251, 253–256, 258
Address Control File (ACF), 72–73, 78
Address List Improvement Act, 79
Address lists, general
See also Address Control File;
Delivery Sequence File;
Master Address File
global positioning system (GPS), 263
1990 census, 72, 159, 166–167
2000 census, 77–78, 134–151
2010 census, 263
Addresses, general
See also Address lists;
Block clusters;
Census blocks;
Geocoding
duplicate enumeration, 21, 86, 92
group quarters/special places, 137
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noncity-style address, 73, 79, 135, 137
Administrative records, 78, 87, 134, 164–165, 215–216
See also Vital statistics
census data and local planning, 58
census data and vital statistics, 59
county-level, 131
group quarters, 154–155, 156, 297, 342
long-form-sample data quality assurance, 269, 297
Medicare records, 164
taxes, 78
Advertising and outreach, 3, 26–27, 109–112, 332
See also Telephone follow-up
Be Counted, 104, 105, 275–276
Internet, 99, 100, 104, 112, 275
mail response rate and, 3, 107–112
1990 census, 72, 73, 76, 108
privacy concerns addressed, 110–111
private sector uses of census data, 59
television advertising, 107, 109
2000 census, 82, 88, 92, 97, 104, 107–114
Advisory Committee of Professional Associations, 87
African Americans, see Black persons
Age characteristics, 8, 55, 58, 63, 75, 85, 164, 170–171, 229, 255, 321
See also Children;
Elderly persons
complete-count data, 9–10, 34
duplicate enumeration, 241–243
long-form-sample data, imputation, 274, 281, 287
mail return rates, 101, 123
minority youth, 81
nonresponse follow-up, 123
population estimates, 55, 58, 229, 239
Aggregation of data, 9, 164, 348
geographic, 35, 252
NRC panel methodology, 17
poststratum groups, 204
Alaskan Natives, see Native Americans
American Community Survey (ACS), 134
long-form sample and, 11, 94–95, 134, 300, 348, 349
NRC panel recommendations, 3, 95, 150, 300–301, 333–334, 339–340, 341–342, 348, 349
small-area data, 3, 95, 340
American Indians, see Native Americans
Americans with Disabilities Act, 64
Apportionment, 17, 33, 36–43, 78, 87, 103, 170
A.C.E., 92, 170
black persons, apportionment/redistricting, 43, 47, 52, 54
constitutional mandate, 1, 15, 36, 38, 43
coverage error, 37
deadlines, 36, 103, 170
historical perspectives, 37, 38–39, 42
immigrants, 36, 37–38
overseas residents, U.S. citizens, 38–39, 40
sampling/statistical adjustment, 40–43, 90–91
Supreme Court rulings, 28, 37–43, 90–92, 170
taxes and, 305
uncounted persons imputations, federal court decisions, 40–43
urban/rural, 37
Asians, 174, 227, 239, 241, 307, 311, 314
A.C.E. Revision II, 223, 224, 227–231
long-form-sample data, quality measures, 278
marketing study to assess response, 109
Attitudes and beliefs, see Public opinion
B
Baker v. Carr, 44–45
Balancing error, 162, 163, 177, 188, 189, 205, 252–253
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Basic data, see Complete count/complete-count items
Basic street address, 146
Be Counted, 104, 105, 275–276
Birth records, 8, 55, 58–60 (passim), 164, 165, 169, 180, 181, 183, 184, 196, 214, 225, 246, 254, 260
postcensal estimates, 6, 8, 28, 169, 182, 183–184, 185, 254–258
Black persons, 8, 75, 85, 164, 241, 246, 312, 313, 315, 316
A.C.E., 6, 181, 227–229, 233, 255, 259
A.C.E. Revision II, 222, 224–225, 227–233, 247, 255
apportionment/redistricting, 43, 47, 52, 54, 303
historical data measures, 303, 304–307, 311
long-form-sample data, quality measures, 273–275, 278, 292–293
mail return rates, 102, 123
marketing study to assess response, 109
nonresponse follow-up, 123
undercounting, 5, 43, 52, 157, 168, 181, 182, 238, 247
Block canvass, 86, 135, 141, 146, 147, 162, 166
Block clusters
A.C.E., 171, 172, 173–174, 187, 192, 203, 204–205, 277
A.C.E. Revision II, 212
Post-Enumeration Survey (PES), 141, 162, 166–167
Block data, 20, 21, 34, 80, 172, 204, 251, 267
poststrata, 64
redistricting, 53–55, 174–175, 267, 346–347
Blue line, 137, 329
C
Census Act (Title 13), 90–91, 149
Census Advisory Committee, 86–87
Census and Administrative Records Duplication Study, 215
Census blocks, 21, 204, 251, 267
See also Block clusters
poststrata, 248
traffic analysis zones, 64
Census Day
A.C.E., 9, 221, 346
block-level data release, 30
E-sample, 196, 200
movers, 122, 167, 172–173
nonresponse follow-up time limit, 84
operational modifications following, 104
public opinion before/after, 109
redistricting time limit, 36
Census Monitoring Board, 89
Census Plus, 85
Census-taker, see Enumerators
Census tracts, 253
banks, use of, 67
funding allocation, 65
geocoding errors, 141
imputations, 239, 242, 275, 282, 291, 292
long-form-sample data items, 34, 80, 291, 292
mail return rates, 102, 222
nonresponse follow-up, 83
Postal Service, use of, 67
redistricting, 53
Census 2000 Supplementary Survey (C2SS), 18, 24, 270, 272, 283, 286, 287, 295
Children
biennial population estimates, 55
grandchildren, 80, 81
school outreach program, 108
undercounts, 27, 75, 85, 123, 225–226, 253–255 (passim)
Clerical review, 118, 154
A.C.E., 172, 180, 190, 192, 202, 204
A.C.E. Revision II, 215–216
1990 census, 72, 74, 125, 126, 167
Clerical Review of Census Duplicates Study, 215
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Clinton Administration, 88, 90
Coding, 213
See also Geocoding, 19–20, 54–55, 66, 73
group quarters, 137, 152–153, 156, 342
workup/execution of 1990 census, 72, 74
Committee on Adjustment of Postcensal Estimates, 169
Committee on National Statistics (CNSTAT), 87, 333
Community Development Block Grants, 63
Commuting and commuters, 65, 66
Complete count/complete-count (basic data) items, 9–11, 34, 59, 127, 269
See also Apportionment;
Redistricting
consistency of responses, 277–279
historical perspectives, 60
imputation procedures, 131–132, 270, 273, 276, 281–283
missing data patterns, 276–279, 280
quality, general, 281–282, 293
Computer-assisted interviewing (CAI), 200, 270, 326
Computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI), 172, 270, 286
Computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI), 172, 189, 270, 286
Computer editing, 72, 74, 88, 125
Computer technology, other, 72, 75, 334
See also Data capture;
Matching;
Optical recognition
address files, general, 73, 75, 137-138, 147, 342
contracting out, 3, 115, 119–120, 125
imputation, 11, 74, 88, 92, 98, 125–134, 235, 271, 280
mapping, 66, 73, 75, 147, 342
matching, 167, 172, 180–182, 186, 202, 213, 214, 215, 218, 262, 335
Master Address File (MAF), 137–138
Post-Enumeration Survey (PES), error, 169
Confidentiality, see Privacy and confidentiality
Congress of the U.S., 2–3, 19, 60, 95, 327
See also Apportionment;
Fund allocation;
Legislation;
Redistricting
census deadlines, 9, 88, 89, 103
grandchildren, coverage of, 81
nonresponse follow-up issues, 83, 88–89
political parties, 2, 75, 86, 88–89, 92–93, 94
Content Reinterview Survey, 270, 288, 294
Continuation forms, 130
Contracting and contractors, 12–13, 115
data operations, 3, 115, 119–120, 125
Controlled studies, see Experimental studies
Correlation bias, 246
A.C.E., 6, 186, 233, 246–247, 257, 259, 266, 344, 346
A.C.E. Revision II, 209, 211, 223–226, 228, 232, 233, 234, 246–247, 250, 254, 257
Costs and cost-effectiveness
advertising and outreach, 108
computer imputation, 11, 133, 134
housing, data on, 272
Master Address File (MAF), 149
1990 census, 75, 76–77, 82–83
nonresponse follow-up, 3, 75, 82–84, 93, 99, 101, 133, 134, 340
NRC panel methodology, 17–18
per household costs, 2, 93, 108
2000 census, general, 22, 82–84, 85, 87, 97, 170, 339
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2010 census, NRC recommendations, 340
Counties, 5, 34, 61, 64, 318, 321
administrative records, 131
American Community Survey (ACS), 94
demographic analysis, 55
dress rehearsals, 89, 91
funding allocation, 63, 65
geocoding errors, 141
imputation, 131, 239, 276
Local Update of Census Addresses (LUCA), 142, 144, 145
overcount, 249–250
redistricting, 48–54 (passim)
undercount, 249–250
Court decisions
See also Supreme Court
follow-up operations (1990 census), 74
illegal immigrants, apportionment counts, 37–38
overseas residents, apportionment counts, 39, 40
Post-Enumeration Survey (PES), 166, 168–170
redistricting, 46, 47–51, 54
statistical methods, use in census, 90
uncounted people, apportionment imputations, 42–43
Coverage evaluation and improvement programs, 5, 11–12, 18, 158, 165
See also Dual-systems estimation;
Follow-up;
Nonresponse follow-up;
Post-Enumeration Survey
1990 census, 158, 166–170
2000 census, 84–87, 122, 123, 157–266
2010 census, 5, 8–9, 75, 87, 263
Current Population Survey (CPS), 24, 58, 165, 254, 295, 296, 310–311, 323, 334, 348, 351
D
Data capture, 72, 74, 97, 115–118, 332
See also Optical recognition
error rates, 118–119, 125
group quarters, 154
imputation and, 125
person record, 33, 35, 135, 276
Data-defined, 9–11, 34–35, 156
Data editing, 72, 125, 128, 132
Data Preparation Division, see National Processing Center
Death records, 8, 55, 58, 59, 164, 169
postcensal estimates, 6, 8, 28, 169, 182, 183–184, 185, 254–258
Delivery Sequence File (DSF), 3–4, 21, 78, 79, 83, 135
Demographic data and analysis, 1–2, 8, 9, 31, 75, 85, 164–165, 269, 273–281
See also Age characteristics;
Elderly persons;
Immigrants and immigration;
Long-form sample;
Population groups;
Post-Enumeration Survey;
Race/ethnicity;
Sex-related characterization;
Socioeconomic data and analysis;
Vital statistics
A.C.E., 8, 9, 11, 30, 176–177, 181–183, 184, 185, 186, 227–229, 235–240, 260, 277, 330–331, 344–345
A.C.E. Revision II, 224–233, 244, 253–254, 258–259
aggregation of data, 9, 35, 52, 164, 204, 348
educational attainment, 65, 66, 68
evaluation research, 11–12, 24, 27, 30, 326–327, 330–337 (passim), 350–351
historical perspectives, 164–165, 303
mail response rate, 101–103, 114, 123
marital status, 60, 80, 284, 287, 292, 312, 313, 316
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migration flows, 59, 68, 69, 164, 181, 344–345
nonresponse follow-up, 114, 123
NRC panel recommendations, 266, 267, 330–331, 344–347 (passim)
population estimates, 55
small areas, 55, 59
uses of, 36, 55
Department of Housing and Urban Development, 64
Department of Transportation, 64
Disabled persons, 63, 65, 66
Disaster planning, 65, 66
Domain, race/ethnicity
definition, see Table E.3 in text
Dress rehearsals, 3, 4, 88–91, 94, 339
duplicate enumeration, 82
funding for, 88–89
multiple mailings, 107
optical data capture, 118
Dual-systems estimation (DSE), 1, 24, 42, 85, 86, 87, 158, 246, 257
A.C.E., 158, 159–163, 170, 174, 176, 177, 187–194 (passim), 199–201, 205, 206, 208, 235, 246, 257
A.C.E. Revision II, 209, 218, 221–224, 246, 257
duplicate enumeration, 42, 176
geographic variations, general, 162–163
imputation, 160, 161, 167–168
Master Address File (MAF) and, 140, 161
matching, 79, 85, 159, 160–163, 170
weighting, 160, 205
Duplicate enumeration, 4–8 (passim), 19, 20, 23, 27–28, 42, 55, 74, 114, 121, 127
See also Matching
A.C.E., 5–8 (passim), 23, 29, 86, 123, 155, 163, 176–182 (passim), 186, 188, 190, 200, 201, 208, 240–241, 343
A.C.E. Revision II, 216, 241
ad hoc unduplication, 104
addresses, 21, 86, 92
age factors, 241–243
data capture, 75
dress rehearsal, 82
dual-systems estimation, 42, 176
group quarters, 190, 200, 201, 234
individual blocks, 54
Master Address File (MAF), 4, 21, 82, 92, 104, 105, 137, 138, 141, 145, 146, 147, 161, 192, 240
Person Duplication Studies, 179, 180, 200, 208, 211, 214–217, 333, 351
unduplication, 7, 104, 105, 141, 145, 146, 147, 154, 156, 176, 192, 235–236
E
Economic factors, see Costs and cost-effectiveness;
Fund allocation;
Income data;
Private sector;
Socioeconomic data and analysis
Education, see Public education
Educational attainment, 65, 66, 68
Elderly persons
demographic analysis, 164
long-form-sample data uses, 62, 68
mail return rate, 102
Medicaid reimbursements, census data use, 62
Medicare records, 164
Elementary and Secondary Education Act, 62–63
Employment discrimination, 61, 64
Employment of enumerators
follow-up, 1990 census, 73–74, 76
follow-up, 2000 census, 83
hiring, 27, 76
outreach specialists, 107
recruitment, 3, 64, 88, 97–98, 109, 120–124, 340
wages, 83, 121
Employment status, 66
federal employees overseas, apportionment counts, 38–39
long-form, 11, 348, 349
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Enumerators
See also Employment of enumerators;
Interviewing procedures
A.C.E. and errors, 121–123
advertising to support efforts, 107
effectiveness, 99
errors on questionnaires, 21, 119, 121–122
follow-up, 1990 census, 73–74, 76, 132, 134
follow-up, 2000 census, 120–121, 132, 134, 172
funding allocation, 120
group quarters, 154–155
mail response vs use of, 122–124
movers, treatment of, 172–173
nonresponse follow-up, errors by, 21, 119, 121–122
reinterviewing practices, 22
time factors, 120–123
wages, 121
Environmental risks, 69
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 64
Erroneous enumeration, 19–20, 42, 54, 76, 121–123, 130, 136
See also Correlation bias;
Duplicate enumeration;
Omissions;
Overcount;
Undercount
A.C.E., 6, 7, 9, 29, 123, 145–146, 159, 160, 163, 178–180, 182, 188, 198, 200, 202, 203, 208, 211–213, 217, 221, 244, 248, 252–253, 256, 259, 262, 265, 344, 345–346
A.C.E. Revision II, 7, 158, 209, 223, 226, 241, 259, 262, 343, 344
dual-system estimation (DSE), 42, 159, 188
group quarters, 154, 155, 252
Master Address File (MAF), 20–21, 27, 28, 137, 144, 145–146, 148
Post-Enumeration Survey (PES), 178, 188, 198–199, 203, 208, 211–212, 226, 241, 252–253
Errors and error analysis, 5–6, 17, 19–21, 26, 29, 54, 55, 59, 243–261
See also Correlation bias;
Duplicate enumeration;
Gross error;
Imputation;
Matching;
Missing data;
Overcount;
Undercount;
Weighting and variance estimation
address, 105
balancing error, 162, 163, 177, 188, 189, 205, 252–253
data capture rates, 118–119, 125
defined, 19–20
enumerator vs mail-back forms, 121–123
geocoding errors, 19–20, 54–55, 66, 173–174, 216, 251–252, 257–258, 263
net coverage error, 9, 20, 29, 42, 74, 77, 123, 243–244, 247–248, 346
omissions, 6, 8, 9, 20, 23, 29, 42, 54, 137, 141, 146, 155, 158, 179, 182–183, 188, 209, 217–226, 344
optical recognition vs key from image, 118
E-sample, 85, 159, 160, 162, 166, 167, 173–174, 176, 179, 180, 187, 192–206 (passim), 209, 212, 221, 223, 227, 232, 233, 234–235, 246–247, 253, 256, 257–258, 264, 319, 320, 333, 352
global positioning system (GPS), 263
long-form-sample data quality measures, 270, 277–279, 286–287
Person Duplication Studies, 179, 180, 200, 208, 211, 214–217, 333, 351
Ethnicity, see Race/ethnicity
Evaluation Follow-up Study (EFU), 180, 208, 209–214, 216, 218, 221–222, 240–241, 246, 256
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Executive Steering Committee for A.C.E. Policy (ESCAP), 174–175, 176–177, 326–327
Experimental studies, 18, 25, 75, 332, 336–337, 351
administrative records use, 78
mailing package, 81–82
questionnaire design, 81–82, 270
race/ethnicity classification, 323, 324
F
Federal employees
overseas, apportionment counts, 38–39
Federal government
See also Court decisions;
Legislation;
Supreme Court;
specific departments and agencies
long-form additional data, agency uses, 61–65
management structure for census, 325–330
metropolitan statistical areas, funding allocations, 64–65
partnership agreements, 107
race/ethnicity, data on, 15, 304–311, 312, 322
Federal Transit Act, 64
Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computers (FOSDIC), 115–116
Follow-up
See also Nonresponse follow-up
cost and time, 3
coverage edit follow-up, 278
coverage improvement follow-up, 121–123
long-form, 10
1990 censuses, 72, 73–74, 75
Foreigners
See also Immigrants and immigration
Americans overseas, 38–39
temporary visitors, 21, 37
treatment of noncitizens, 37–38
Fund allocation
See also Costs and cost-effectiveness
American Community Survey (ACS), 95
based on census analysis, 1, 28, 33, 63–65, 179
for census, 3, 26, 76, 92, 93, 101, 104, 107, 264–265, 345
dress rehearsal, 88–89
enumerators, 120
local government, 28, 58, 61, 62–63
Master Address File (MAF), 135
state government, 28, 58, 61, 62, 63, 65
Further Study of Person Duplication (FSPD), 211, 214–220 (passim), 226, 241, 243, 244, 247, 256–257, 261–262
See also Person Duplication Studies
G
Gender, see Sex-related characterization
General Accounting Office, 71, 87, 88, 107, 115, 120, 124, 264–265
Geocoding, 19–20, 54–55, 66, 73, 105, 146, 204, 251, 342
errors, 19–20, 54–55, 66, 173–174, 216, 251–252, 257–258, 263
group quarters, 137, 152–153, 156, 342
special places, 137
targeted extended search (TES), 173–174, 177, 179, 187, 190, 196, 204–206, 208
TIGER, 73, 75, 147–150 (passim), 342
Geographic information system (GIS), 147
Geographic variations, 10, 20, 30, 33, 132, 231, 232, 248–252, 317, 345
See also Maps and mapping;
Rural areas;
Small areas;
Subnational areas;
Urban areas
dual-systems estimation, 162–163
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gross coverage error, 19–20, 179, 252–253
Master Address File (MAF), regional participation, 142, 143
questionnaire/mailing package design, 105–106
Glavin v. Clinton, 90
Global positioning system (GPS), 263
Gross error, 5–6, 19–20, 141, 179, 251, 252
A.C.E., 9, 29–30, 141, 163, 188, 203, 243–244, 252–253, 261, 262, 263, 265, 346
A.C.E. Revision II, 261
Master Address File (MAF), 4, 141–142
Post-Enumeration Survey (PES), 188, 203, 243–244, 252–253
Group quarters (GQ), 4–5, 33, 93, 98, 137, 151–156, 241, 242, 243, 252
A.C.E., 9, 155, 171, 189–190, 200, 201, 240, 252, 265, 346
address lists, 137, 156, 167, 343
administrative records, 154–155, 156, 297, 342
data capture, 154
definitional issues, 151, 152, 155–156, 520
duplicate enumeration, 190, 200, 201, 234
enumerator interviews, 154–155
geocoding, 137, 152–153, 156, 342
homeless shelters, 151–152
Individual Census Reports, 151
local government issues, 154
Local Update of Census Addresses (LUCA) Program, 137, 152
long-form-sample data, imputation, 155, 271, 297–301, 348–349
mail response, 153
Master Address File (MAF), 137, 147, 152, 156, 342
matching, 154
missing data, 28, 155, 342, 348–349
NRC panel methodology/conclusions, 18, 31, 155–156, 342–343, 346, 347–348
population estimates, general, 156, 342–343
Post-Enumeration Survey (PES), 151, 154, 155, 156, 171, 343
questionnaire design, 151, 154, 155, 156, 343
telephone follow-up, 154–155
usual residence elsewhere, 154
H
Handicapped persons, see Disabled persons
Hawaiian Natives, see Native Americans
Hispanics, 241, 312, 313, 314–315, 318, 319–321, 322–324, 349–350
A.C.E. Revision II, 222, 224–225, 227–233, 247
complete-count data, 34
historical perspectives on coverage, 307, 310–311
household surveys, 58
long-form-sample data quality measures, 34, 273–275, 278, 284, 293
mail return rates, 102, 123
marketing study to assess response, 109
nonresponse, 284
nonresponse follow-up, 123
population estimates, 55, 58, 181, 227–233, 238
private sector uses of census data, 59
questionnaire language, 117, 118
redistricting data files, 53–54
undercount, 157, 181, 182, 247
Historical perspectives
blacks, historical data measures, 303, 304–307, 311
census mandate, 1
census overview, 15–16
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comparison of decennial censuses, 18, 24–25, 27
congressional apportionment, 37, 38–39, 42
demographic analysis, 164–165, 303
long-form, additional data uses, 59–60, 68
mail response rates, 89, 97, 98, 100, 102–103, 104, 107
noncitizens, treatment of, 37–38, 305–306
overseas residents, apportionment counts, 38–39
racial/ethnic measurement, 303, 304–308
redistricting, 43–53
undercounted groups, 27, 42, 157
workup to 1990 census, 71–77, 166–170
workup to 2000 census, 2–3, 18, 71, 77–92
Home Investment Partnership Program, 63
Homeless persons, 21, 151–152
Hot-deck imputation, 128, 271
House of Representatives v. Department of Commerce, 90
Household relationship, 9–10, 59, 60, 132, 222, 223, 280, 283, 347
See also Children
Household size, 80–81, 222
See also Group quarters
imputation, 127–130
mail return rates, 102
questionnaire design, 105, 127–128, 236
Households, 24, 233
See also Current Population Survey;
Housing tenure;
Renters;
Whole-household/whole-person imputation
composition, 200, 202, 203, 276, 277
cost per surveyed, 2, 93, 108
long-form-sample data, imputation, 271
mail response/return rate, 100
matching, 202, 203
member characterization, 80–81
Housing tenure, 9–10, 102, 132, 170–171, 197, 222, 228, 229, 238–239
See also Renters
complete-count data, 34
long-form-sample data, imputation, 272, 273, 277–279, 283
Housing Unit Coverage Study, 141, 251–252
Housing units, 5, 76, 80, 105, 172, 189, 252
See also Address lists;
Addresses, general;
Group quarters;
Multiunit structures;
Special places
Hundred percent data, see Complete count/complete-count items
I
Immigrants and immigration, 8
See also Foreigners
congressional apportionment, 36, 37–38
congressional redistricting, 303
demographic analysis, 59, 164, 165, 181, 184, 254
historical perspectives, 305–307
illegal, 37–38, 59, 164, 165
net migration/immigration, 59, 164, 181, 344–345
postcensal estimates, 6, 8, 28, 169, 182, 183–184, 185, 254–258
students on visas, 21
treatment of noncitizens, 37–38, 164
Immigration and Nationality Act, 307
Immigration and Naturalization Service, 164
Imputation, 10–11, 12, 25, 42–43, 74
age, 274, 281, 287
apportionment, 40–43
census tracts, 239, 242, 275, 282, 291, 292
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Americans with Disabilities Act, 64
apportionment, constitutional mandate, 1, 15, 36, 38, 43
Census Act (Title 13), 90–91, 149
constitutional mandate, 1
Elementary and Secondary Education Act, 62–63
Federal Transit Act, 64
Immigration and Nationality Act, 307
National Origins Act, 307
overseas residents, apportionment counts, 38–39
P.L. 94–171, 53, 273
P.L. 105–18, 88–89
redistricting, 45, 46
Voting Rights Act, 43, 47, 49–53, 61–62, 303
Workforce Investment Act Program and Youth Activities, 63
List/enumerate areas, 130, 239–240, 283, 285, 287, 331
Living Situation Survey, 81
Local area information, 33
See also Counties;
Rural areas;
Urban areas
characterization of areas, census data uses, 33, 58, 115
mail return rate, 94, 103
nonresponse follow-up, 124
Local census office
See also Employment of enumerators;
Enumerators
1990 census, 74, 76
2000 census, 107, 120–121, 124
Local government, general
census coverage, cooperation of, 99, 107, 153
census data, use of, 4
census outreach efforts, 107
Delivery Sequence File, 21
fund allocation, 28, 58, 61, 62–63
group quarters, 154
long-form additional data uses, 61, 62, 65–66
Master Address File (MAF), 4, 78, 79, 142, 143
planning agencies, 58, 64, 65
special places, address review, 137
Local Update of Census Addresses (LUCA) Program, 4, 16, 79, 135–137, 140, 142–150, 329, 342
group quarters, 137, 152
Long form
continuation forms, 130
design/analysis (1990 census), 71, 73, 74
design/analysis (2000 census), 80–81, 82, 105, 119, 130
mail response/return rates, 100, 101, 102, 106
optical data capture, 116–117
privacy/confidentiality concerns, 112
Long-form data defined, see Data-defined
Long-form sample, 1–2, 9–11, 18, 19, 23, 31, 260, 269–301
additional data, uses of, 59–69, 269–270, 296–297
administrative records and, 269, 297
American Community Survey (ACS) and, 11, 94–95, 134, 300, 348, 349
blacks, quality measures, 273–275, 278, 292–293
census tracts, 34, 80, 291, 292
commuting and commuters, data on, 65, 66
consistency measures, 10, 11, 23, 119, 125, 128, 134, 272, 277–279, 288–290, 294, 295–296, 347–348
disabled persons, 63, 65, 66
educational attainment, 65, 66, 68
elderly persons, 62, 68
employment status, 11, 348, 349
Hispanics, 34, 273–275, 278, 284, 293
historical data uses, 59–60, 68
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imputation, 10, 23, 74, 125–134, 270, 271, 274, 281, 283, 286, 287, 329, 347–349
income data, 2, 10, 60, 119, 269, 282, 284, 285, 286
language factors, uses of data, 61–62, 65, 66
local government uses, 61, 62, 65–66
metropolitan statistical areas, 64–65
missing data, 10, 27–28, 74, 125–134, 155, 276–277, 280–281, 286–288, 294–295, 297, 299, 341, 347, 348
Native Americans, 278, 279
1990 census, 74, 273, 285
nonresponse and, 260, 272–273, 275, 284, 286, 288, 294
NRC panel recommendations, 95, 296, 300–301, 347–349
private sector uses, 60, 66–67
Public Use Microdata Samples, 11, 33
redistricting, 61
sex differences, 62, 272, 273, 274, 283
small-area data, 60–61, 68, 95
state government uses, 61, 62, 65–66
Summary Files, 11, 33
tabulations of, 34–35
taxation and, 60, 284, 285, 287, 294
weighting and variance estimation, 273, 281, 291–294
white persons, data quality measures, 278, 293
M
Mail response rate, 17–18
advertising and outreach, 3, 107–112
age factors, 101, 123
blacks, 102, 123
census tracts, 102, 222
defined, 100
demographic analysis, 101–103, 114, 123
enumerators vs, 122–124
evaluation of effectiveness, general, 26–27, 104, 105, 108–114
group quarters, 153
historical patterns, 89, 97, 98, 100, 102–103, 104, 107
long form, 100, 101, 102, 106
marketing studies, 108–112
Master Address File (MAF), 109
matching, 109–111
1990 census, 75–76, 80, 81, 100, 101, 105, 108
population estimates, 59
privacy concerns, 110–112
regression analysis, 102, 109–110, 112
socioeconomic status, 114
targeted second questionnaire, 4, 82, 107
2000 census, 78, 81–82, 85–86, 98, 99, 100, 101, 104–113 (passim), 279, 286
Mail return rate, 16, 25, 76–77, 80, 98, 99, 100–103, 105–106, 108, 111–112
age factors, 101, 123
census tracts, 102, 222
defined, 100
elderly persons, 102
long form, 100, 101, 102, 106
racial/ethnic groups, 102, 109, 114, 123
Mailing package
design, 1990 census, 71, 73
design, 2000 census, 81, 97, 113
evaluation of effectiveness, general, 26–27
Mailings, other
See also Address lists, general;
Postal Service
multiple mailings, 106–107, 113–114
1990 census, 73
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2000 census, 98, 275
2010 census, 340
Management factors, see Organization and management factors
Maps and mapping, 55, 66, 75
computer applications, 66, 73, 75, 147, 342
geographic information system (GIS), 147
TIGER, 73, 75, 147, 342
Marital status, 60, 80, 284, 287, 292, 312, 313, 316
Master Address File (MAF), 98
A.C.E., 140, 141, 161, 172, 189, 235–236, 277
computer technology, general, 137–138
cost/funding, 135, 149
counties, 142, 144, 145
development of, 78–79, 86, 92, 98, 134–151
dual-systems estimation, 140, 161
duplicate addresses, 27, 104, 137–140, 141
duplicate enumeration, 4, 21, 82, 92, 104, 105, 137, 138, 141, 145, 146, 147, 161, 192, 240
erroneous addresses, 20–21, 27, 28, 137, 144, 145–146, 148
evaluation research, 12, 350–351
geocoding errors, 137, 141
gross error, 4, 141–142
group quarters, 137, 147, 152, 156, 342
local government, general, 4, 78, 79, 142, 143
Local Update of Census Addresses (LUCA) Program, 4, 16, 79, 135–137, 140, 142–150, 329, 342
mail response rate, 109
multiunit structures, 21, 140, 342
nonresponse follow-up, 137, 139
NRC panel recommendations, 3–4, 138, 150–151, 328, 330, 333, 335, 341–342, 350–351
NRC panel study mandate, 16
population estimates, 142, 143
privacy and confidentiality, 79, 144, 149–150
rural areas, 20–21, 78–79
state government, 4, 342
TIGER and, 147, 148, 149, 150
time requirements for development, 79
undercount, 141
urban areas, 78–79
weighting and variance estimation, 140
Master Trace Sample, 12, 114, 333, 351
Matching
A.C.E., 7, 8, 13, 24, 145, 159, 172, 173, 180, 181, 182, 189, 192, 198–199, 202–204, 205, 208, 228, 246, 263, 264, 265, 279, 346
A.C.E. Revision II, 210, 212, 215, 220–221, 226–228, 230, 246
computer matching, 167, 172, 180–182, 186, 202, 213, 214, 215, 218, 262, 335
dual-systems estimation, 79, 85, 159, 160–163, 170
group quarters, 154
households, 202, 203
imputation and, 126, 131
long-form-sample data quality assurance, 260
mail response evaluation, 109–111
Matching Error Study, 203, 210
NRC panel recommendations, 263, 264, 265
optical recognition evaluation, 118
planning for 2010 census, 186
race/ethnicity, 204, 223, 224, 319, 320–321
redistricting, 46
targeted extended search (TES), 173–174, 177, 179, 187, 190, 196, 204–206, 208
urban areas, 204
Matching Error Study, 203, 210, 218, 246
Medicaid, 62
Medicare, 164
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Metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs), 64–65
Microdata, 12, 17, 33, 279, 336, 337, 352
migration flows, 69
Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS), 11, 33, 281, 296, 333, 348
uses of, 68, 69, 352
Military personnel overseas, apportionment counts, 38–39
Minor civil division (MCD), 34, 53, 55, 142, 144
Minority groups, see Race/ethnicity;
specific groups
Missing data, 342, 348–349
A.C.E. Revision II, 221–223
complete-count items, 276–279, 280
group quarters, 28, 155, 342, 348–349
long-form sample, 10, 27–28, 74, 125–134, 155, 276–279, 280–281, 286–288, 294–295, 297, 299, 341, 347, 348
poststratum, 195–197
Monitoring Board, see Census Monitoring Board
Mosbacher, Robert, 37
Movers, 201, 208, 213, 218, 220, 221, 234, 246, 247, 262, 264, 266, 343
P-sample, 172–173, 179, 187, 189, 190–191, 194–198 (passim), 201
Multiple response modes
Be Counted, 104, 105
Internet, 99, 100, 104
Multiunit structures
geocoding, 252
Master Address File (MAF), 21, 140, 342
number of, 99
Multivariate analysis, 25, 199
N
National Center for Health Statistics, 58
National Content Survey, 310–311, 323
National Opinion Research Center (NORC), 108–110, 111
National Origins Act, 307
National Processing Center, 72, 115
National Science Foundation, 65
Native Americans, 174, 238, 241, 308, 311, 314, 315, 320
A.C.E. Revision II, 222–223, 224, 227–229
long-form-sample quality measures, 278, 279
marketing study to assess response, 109
on reservations, 223, 224, 238
tribal governments, Delivery Sequence File (DSF), 21
tribal leaders, 99
Noncitizens, see Foreigners
Noncity-style address, 73, 79, 135, 137
Nonmovers, 173, 190, 191, 195, 196, 197, 198, 201, 219, 220, 221, 224, 232, 246
Nonresponse, 59, 340
See also Mail response rate;
Mail return rate
long-form-sample data, 260, 272–273, 275, 284, 286, 288, 294
Nonresponse follow-up (NRFU), 3, 82
age factors, 123
black persons, 123
census tracts, 83
congressional input, 83, 88–89
costs, 3, 75, 82–84, 93, 99, 101, 133, 134, 340
demographic analysis, 114, 123
enumerators, error caused by, 21, 119, 121–122
evaluation of effectiveness, general, 27
Hispanics, 123, 284
imputation vs, 59, 133, 340
Master Address File (MAF), 137, 139
multiple mailings, 106–107, 113–114, 275
redistricting, 83–84
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renters, 123
sampling for nonresponse follow-up (SNRFU), 84, 87, 88, 89–91, 92, 172–173
sex differences, 123
telephone, see Telephone follow-up
time limits, 84
1990 census, 76
2000 census, 99, 103–104, 113–114, 120–125, 133, 340
total (100 percent) follow-up, 92, 93
workup/implementation, 1990 census, 72, 75–76
workup/implementation, 2000 census, 82–84, 87, 88, 89–91, 92, 98, 99, 106–107, 120–124, 202, 340
workup/implementation, 2010 census, 340, 341
O
Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
long-form-sample data uses, 64–65
race/ethnicity coverage directive, 15, 304, 308–311, 312, 322
Omissions, 6, 8, 9, 20, 23, 29, 42, 54, 137, 141, 146, 155, 158, 179, 182–183, 188, 209, 344
dual-system estimation, 42
general, 20
Operational trials, 2, 26
See also Dress rehearsals
time requirements, 26
Optical recognition
1990 census, 74, 116
2000 census, 115–117, 118, 172
Organization and management factors, 325–330, 350–351
A.C.E., 326–330 (passim), 350–351
workup to 1990 census, 72
Outmover, see Movers
Outreach, see Advertising and outreach
Overcount, 5–6, 17, 29, 204
See also Duplicate enumeration;
Undercount
A.C.E., 6–7, 8–9, 158, 176, 179–180, 185, 246, 249
A.C.E. Revision II, 158, 209–217, 249–251, 258
adjustment policy, 6, 17, 18, 28, 176, 179–180
counties, 249–250
duplication, 7, 27–28, 42, 180
gross coverage error, 4, 19
net overcount, 127, 158, 176, 185, 249–251
P
Panel Survey of Income Dynamics, 68–69
Parolees and probationers, 74
Partnership agreements, 107–109
Person Duplication Studies, 179, 180, 200, 208, 211, 214–217, 333, 351
See also Further Study of Person Duplication
Person record, 33, 35, 135, 276
P.L. 94–171, 53, 273
P.L. 103–130,
see Address List Improvement Act
Planning, Research, and Evaluation Division (PRED), 326, 328
Political factors, 17, 26, 86, 88
See also Apportionment;
Redistricting
Census Advisory Committee, 86–87
comparison of decennial censuses, 24–25
Congress, political parties, 2, 75, 86, 88–89, 92–93, 94
stakeholders relations with Census Bureau, 11, 30, 31, 69, 71, 75, 77, 83, 86, 92, 95
Poor persons
long-form-sample data, 62, 63, 65, 68, 293–294, 295, 299
Medicaid allocations, 62
Workforce Investment Act Program and Youth Activities, 63
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Population estimates, general, 1
See also Accuracy and Coverage Evaluation;
Apportionment;
Overcount;
Post-Enumeration Survey;
Redistricting;
Undercount
age-related, 55, 58, 229, 239
demographic analysis, 55, 164–165, 181–183
group quarters, 156, 342–343
imputation, 132, 167–168, 270–276
Master Address File (MAF), 142, 143
NRC panel general evaluation, 28–29, 31
overseas residents, apportionment counts, 41
postcensal estimates, 6, 8, 28, 169, 182, 183–184, 185, 254–258
uses of, 55–59
Population groups, general, 30, 33
See also Demographic data and analysis;
Poststratification and poststrata;
Race/ethnicity
A.C.E., 9, 28, 159, 177–178, 179, 183–184
dual-systems estimation, 159
long-form additional data uses, 60
multivariate analysis, 25
questionnaire/mailing package design, 105–106
summary and microdata, 33
Postal Service (USPS)
census tracts, use of, 67
Delivery Sequence File (DSF), 3–4, 21, 78, 79, 83, 135
Post-Enumeration Survey (PES), 5, 8, 27, 75, 86, 91, 158, 159, 166–169
See also P-sample
A.C.E. and, 7, 157, 162, 163, 171–174, 176, 178, 187–205 (passim), 208, 209, 212, 227–229, 245–247, 252–253, 260, 343, 345
A.C.E. Revision II and, 226–231, 246, 247
block clusters, 141, 162, 166–167
court cases, 166, 168–170
gross error, 188, 203, 243–244, 252–253
group quarters, 151, 154, 155, 156, 171, 343
PES-A, 167
PES-B, 167, 172–173, 191, 246, 264
PES-C, 173, 191, 197, 246, 264
undercount, 75, 231, 249, 260–261, 345
Poststratification and poststrata, A.C.E./A.C.E. Revision II, 7, 9, 169, 174, 181, 189, 191, 206–208 (passim), 236, 247–248, 251, 258–259, 346
See also E-sample
definition (original 2000 A.C.E.), see Table E.3 in text
dual system estimation, 193, 205
missing characteristics, 195–197
NRC panel recommendations, 264, 266
P-sample, 159, 161, 162, 167–168, 173, 176, 177, 187, 197, 204, 236, 251
Primary selection algorithm (PSA), 240
Privacy and confidentiality, 12, 336, 352
advertising to allay fears, 110–112
contractors, use of, 12–13
evaluation of effectiveness, general, 26–27, 110–112
Local Update of Census Addresses (LUCA) Program, 144
Master Address File (MAF), 79, 144, 149–150
race/ethnicity, 311
Survey of Privacy Attitudes, 110–111
Private sector
See also Contracting and contractors
Address Control File, 72–73
Advisory Committee of Professional Associations, 87
Census Advisory Committee, 86–87
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census data uses, 58–59
long-form additional data uses, 60, 66–67
partnership agreements, 107
questionnaire design, 106
Process evaluations, 22–24, 30
after-the-fact, 22–23
Program for Address List Supplementation (PALS), 79
Proxies
enumerations, 23, 251, 264
interviews, 124, 195, 196
responses, 55, 84, 222, 223, 258, 291, 333
P-sample, 85, 140, 159–162, 166, 167, 168, 169, 172, 173, 176, 179, 187, 190–212 (passim), 218–226, 233, 245, 246–247, 253, 256, 257–258, 262, 263, 265, 319, 320, 333, 343, 346, 352
long-form-sample data, 270, 277–279, 281, 282, 283
movers, 172–173, 179, 187, 189, 190–191, 194–198 (passim), 201
Public education
See also Advertising and outreach census benefits, 15–16, 107, 109
school district allocations, 62–63
single-language minorities, 61–62
special education grants to states, 63
Public opinion, 15–16, 75, 107, 110–112
See also Advertising and outreach;
Political factors
Survey of Privacy Attitudes, 110–111, 112
Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS), 11, 33, 35, 67–68, 296, 333, 348
Q
Questionnaires
See also Optical recognition
address labeling (2000 census), 135
design, group quarters, 151, 154, 155, 156, 343
design, household size, 105, 127–128, 236
design (1990 census), 71, 73, 76, 312
design (2000 census), 78, 80–82, 85–86, 97, 105–107, 112, 113–114, 270, 312–316, 340
design (2010 census), 119–120, 265, 340
evaluation of effectiveness, general, 26–27, 85–86
race/ethnicity items, 312–313, 314–316, 349–350
response errors, 21, 118–119, 121–122
Spanish, 117, 118
targeted second questionnaire, 4, 82, 107
telephone assistance, 109, 115, 125–126, 134, 172
R
Race and Ethnicity Target Test (RAETT), 310, 311, 313, 323
Race/ethnicity, 170–171, 174, 303–324, 344–345
See also Foreigners;
Immigrants and immigration;
specific groups
advisory committees for minority groups, 86–87
complete-count data, 34, 273–275
consistency of data, 272, 277–279, 317–321, 324, 349
demographic analysis, general, 8, 75, 85, 164
discrimination based on, 52, 61, 64, 303
duplication/imputation, 241–243
household surveys, 58
imputation, 132, 241–243, 272, 273–275, 277–280, 283, 316–317, 318
long-form-sample data uses, 66
mail return rates, 102, 109, 114, 123
marketing study to assess response, 109
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matching, 204, 223, 224, 319, 320–321
multiple races reported, 24, 35, 312–313, 317–318, 320, 349
NRC panel mandate, 16, 18
NRC panel recommendations, 321–324, 349–350
Office of Management and Budget (OMB) directive, 15, 304, 308–311, 312, 322
population estimates, 55, 58, 59, 227–232
undercounts, 27, 75, 81, 84, 123
voting rights, redistricting, 47–54
Real-time process evaluation, 22–23
Reapportionment, see Apportionment
Redistricting, 1, 15, 17, 28, 33, 36–55
A.C.E., 92, 174–175, 177, 178–179
blacks, 43, 47, 52, 54
census tracts, 53
complete count data items, 34
coverage error, 37
long-form additional data uses, 61
nonresponse follow-up, 83–84
population size/districts by state, table, 56–57
racial/ethnic discrimination, 52, 303
small areas, 43–46 (passim)
2000 census, 87, 103, 267
Voting Rights Act, 43, 47, 49–53, 61–62, 303
Regression analysis, 332
mail response rate, 102, 109–110, 112
marketing study to assess response, 109–110, 111, 112
Renters, 2, 197, 204, 222
long-form-sample data, imputation, 272, 273, 277–279, 283
nonresponse follow-up, 123
undercounts, 27, 123, 238–239
Reservations, Native American, 223, 224, 238
tribal leaders, 99
Response rate, see Mail response rate;
Nonresponse follow-up
Return rate, see Mail return rate
Revision II, see A.C.E. Revision II
Reynolds v. Sims, 45
Rochester Institute of Technology Research Corporation, 117
Rural areas
Address Control File (ACF), 73
congressional apportionment, 37
Master Address File (MAF), 20–21, 78–79
S
Sample Census Edited File, 291
Sample data-defined, see Data-defined
Sensitivity analysis, 194, 199
Service-based enumeration (SBE), 151
Sex-related characterization, 317
A.C.E., 8, 183, 229, 255, 283
A.C.E. Revision II, 224, 225–226, 228, 246, 248, 255
complete-count data, 9–10, 34
demographic analysis, 8, 55, 75, 85, 164, 183, 224, 225–226, 246
duplicate enumeration, 241–243
household surveys, 58
long-form-sample data, imputation, 272, 273, 274, 283
long-form-sample data uses, 65
nonresponse follow-up, 123
population estimates, 55, 58, 170–171, 183, 225–226, 239
Short form
1960 census, 60
1990 census, 73
2000 census, 80, 82, 100, 101, 102, 105, 106, 118, 269, 274–275
2010 census, 3, 340
Short-form data-defined, see Data-defined
Small areas
See also Counties
A.C.E., 6, 259–260
American Community Survey (ACS), 3, 95, 340
demographic data uses, 55, 59
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group quarters, geocoding, 153
long-form additional data, 60–61, 68, 95
migration flows, 59, 69
postcensal estimates, 254
public use microdata sample, 33
race/ethnicity, 317
redistricting, 43–46 (passim)
Socioeconomic data and analysis, 1–2, 269
See also Income data;
Poor persons mail response rate, 114
Medicaid reimbursement, 62
small areas, 68–69
state uses, 65
Special places, 33, 152
See also Group quarters
address lists, 135, 137
Standards
process evaluation, 23
quality indicators, 23–24
race/ethnicity coverage, OMB directive, 15, 304, 308–311, 312, 322
redistricting, 46
State government
census coverage, cooperation of, 99, 107, 342
census data, use of, 4, 15–16, 28, 55, 58
fund allocation, 28, 58, 61, 62, 63, 65
long-form additional data uses, 61, 62, 65–66
Master Address File (MAF), 4, 342
planning, 65, 66
Students, 21
Subnational areas, 6, 19, 85, 248–252
See also Counties;
Local area information;
Rural areas;
Urban areas
A.C.E., 6–7, 30, 249, 259
A.C.E. Revision II, 223, 243–244, 245, 249, 250–251
National Center for Health Statistics, 58
Post-Enumeration Survey, 75, 243, 249
race/ethnicity, 313, 320, 321
Summary Files, 11, 34–35, 102, 217, 239, 274, 281, 296, 300, 332, 348, 349
Supplement on Race and Ethnicity to the Current Population Survey, 310, 311, 323
Supreme Court, 71
address lists, 149 (n.19)
census (2000), 71
congressional apportionment, 28, 37, 42–43, 90–92, 170
illegal immigrants, apportionment counts, 37–38
overseas residents, apportionment counts, 38–41
Post-Enumeration Survey (PES), 170
redistricting, 43, 44–45, 52
sampling-based methods prohibited, 28, 90–91
uncounted people, apportionment imputations, 42–43
Survey of Income and Population, 58
Survey of Privacy Attitudes, 110–111, 112
Synthetic errors, 164, 177, 186, 248, 251, 264
T
Targeted extended search (TES), 173–174, 177, 179, 187, 190, 196, 204–206, 208
Targeted second questionnaires, 4, 82, 107
Taxes
administrative records, 78
congressional apportionment and, 305
long-form-sample data, 60, 284, 285, 287, 294
Telephone follow-up
interactive voice response (IVR), 115
1990 census, 74, 125–126
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questionnaire assistance, 109, 115, 125–126, 134, 172
2000 census, 80, 104–105, 109, 125–126, 132, 134, 172, 275
Television advertising, 107, 109
Time factors
See also Historical perspectives
A.C.E., 30, 178, 186, 187, 188, 266
A.C.E. Revision II, 266–267
American Community Survey, 339–340
census block-level data analysis, 9
census design deadline, 3–4, 26
census implementation, general, 97, 339–340
congressional apportionment deadlines, 36, 103, 170
congressional redistricting deadlines, 9, 103, 178, 267
controlled timing and execution, 103–104
count changes, 35
data capture, 115–117
data processing, 126, 131
enumerators, 120–123
evaluation research, 11–12
Local Update of Census Addresses (LUCA) Program, 4, 16, 79, 135
Master Address File development, 79
nonresponse follow-up, 1990 census, 76
nonresponse follow-up, 2000 census, 99, 103–104, 113–114, 120–125, 133, 340
NRC general evaluation of 2000 census, 27, 103–104, 105
NRC panel methodology, 17–18
NRC panel recommendations, 95, 266–267, 339–340
operational trials, 2, 26
real-time process evaluation, 22, 337
timeliness, general,
1990 census, 83, 86
2000 census, 2, 3, 10, 11, 17–18, 27, 31, 86, 97–98, 105, 114, 115–120, 266–267, 339, 340
2010 census, 4, 12, 84, 266–267, 339–340
Titan Corporation, 119
Title 13, see Census Act
Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), 73, 75, 147–150 (passim), 342
Tracts, see Census tracts
Type of enumeration area
definition, see Box C.2 in text
U
Undercount, 5–6, 17, 29, 42–43, 78, 84
See also Overcount
A.C.E., 6–7, 8–9, 29, 158, 162, 176, 178–179, 180–182, 185, 187, 188, 189, 206, 208, 230–231, 237, 246, 249, 252, 255–257, 260–261, 343, 345
A.C.E. Revision II, 158, 185, 209, 217–226, 230–231, 247–248, 249–251, 253–256, 258
adjustment policy, 6, 17, 18, 28
children, 27, 75, 85, 123, 225–226, 253–255 (passim)
dual-systems estimation, 162
gross coverage error, 4, 19, 29, 178–179
net undercount, 5, 7, 8, 19, 20, 27, 29, 37, 42, 54, 58, 74, 77, 84, 127, 157, 158, 166, 168, 176, 179, 180–182, 185, 187, 188, 189, 230–231, 249–250, 252, 258, 343, 344, 345
1990 census, 5–6, 74, 75, 77, 157
political stakeholders, 29
population groups, 27, 123
Post-Enumeration Survey (PES), 75, 231, 249, 260–261, 345
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racial/ethnic groups, 3–4, 21, 78, 79, 83, 135
redistricting, 45
Unduplication, 7, 104, 105, 141, 145, 146, 147, 154, 156, 176, 192, 235–236
Update/leave areas, 73, 100, 137, 329, 331
Urban areas
Address Control File, 72–73
block canvass, 135
congressional apportionment, 37
long-form-sample data uses, 64–65, 68
matching, 204
metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs), 64–65
net overcount/undercount, 250
poverty, 68–69
redistricting, general, 46, 52, 55
Usual residence, 131, 154, 200, 243, 263, 345
Utah v. Evans, 40
V
Variance estimation, see Weighting and variance estimation
Vital statistics
birth records, 8, 55, 58–60 (passim), 164, 165, 169, 180, 181, 183, 184, 196, 214, 225, 246, 254, 260
children, biennial population estimates, 55
death records, 8, 55, 58, 59, 164, 169
demographic analysis and, 164, 181, 184
National Center for Health Statistics, 58
population estimates and, 55, 58, 59
postcensal estimates and, 6, 8, 28, 169, 182, 183–184, 185, 254–258
Voting Rights Act, 43, 47, 49–53, 61–62, 303
W
Weighting and variance estimation
A.C.E., 171, 187, 194–195, 204–205
A.C.E. Revision II, 221–222
dual-systems estimation, 160, 205
funding, population estimates for, 58
long form (1990 census), 74
long-form-sample data (2000 census), 273, 281, 291–294
Master Address File (MAF), 140
undercounts, 58
White persons, 174, 227–231, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 320
advertising campaign, awareness of, 110
duplicate enumeration, 239, 241
imputation, 127, 198–199, 293
long-form-sample data, quality measures, 278, 293
mail return rates, 102
undercount, 157, 247
Whole-household/whole-person imputation, 127–131, 177–178, 186, 192, 230, 235–240, 273, 275–276, 281, 291–292, 332, 341
Workforce Investment Act Adult Program and Youth Activities, 63
Representative terms from entire chapter:
master address
