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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2004. Effects of Degraded Agent and Munitions Anomalies on Chemical Stockpile Disposal Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10910.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2004. Effects of Degraded Agent and Munitions Anomalies on Chemical Stockpile Disposal Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10910.
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Page 51
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2004. Effects of Degraded Agent and Munitions Anomalies on Chemical Stockpile Disposal Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10910.
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Page 52

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References Bizzigotti, G., D. Cleaves, R. Cutler, and D. Ligon. 1998. Risks Associated with Chemical Reactions in HD Filled Ton Containers, May. Falls Church, Va.: Mitretek. Denison, M.K., C.J. Montgomery, A.F. Sarofim, M.J. Bockelie, A.G. Webster, and R.J. Mellon. 2002. Advanced Computational Modeling of Military Incinerators. Presentation to the 22nd International Conference on Incineration and Thermal Treatment Technologies (IT3), New Or- leans. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization. EG&G. 2002. Tooele Chemical Disposal Facility (TOCDF) End of Cam- paign Report M55 GB Rockets, July 1. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization. Evans, M. 1999. Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program Update. Briefing by M. Evans, Program Manager for Chemical Demilitariazation, to the Com- mittee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stockpile Dis- posal Program, Anniston, Ala., March 18. GAO (General Accounting Office). 1994. Chemical Weapons: Stability of the U.S. Stockpile. Washington, D.C.: General Accounting Office. Kaplan, S., and B.J. Garrick.1981. On the quantitative definition of risk. Risk Analysis 1(1): 11-27. Munro, N.B., K.R. Ambrose, and A.P. Watson.1994. Toxicity of the organo- phosphate chemical warfare agents GA, GB, and VX: Implications for public protection. Environmental Health Perspectives 102(1): 18-38. Munro, N.B., S.S. Talmage, G.D. Griffin, L.C. Waters, A.P. Watson, J.F. King, and V. Hauschild. 1999. The sources, fate, and toxicity of chemical warfare agent degradation products. Environmental Health Perspectives 107(12): 933-974. Novad, J. 2003. ACWA: Status of PCAPP and BGCAPP. Briefing by Joe Novad, Program Director, Program Manager Assembled Chemical Weap- ons Alternatives, to the Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program, Edgewood, Md., June 26. NRC (National Research Council). 1984. Disposal of Chemical Munitions and Agents. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. NRC.1993. Alternative Technologies for the Destruction of Chemical Agents and Munitions. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. NRC. 1994a. Recommendations for the Disposal of Chemical Agents and Munitions. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. 50 NRC. 1994b. Evaluation of the Johnston Atoll Chemical Agency Disposal System, Operational Verification Testing: Part II. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. NRC.1997. Review of Acute Human-Toxicity Estimates for Selected Chemi- cal-Warfare Agents. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. NRC. 2001a. Occupational Health and Workplace Monitoring at Chemical Agent Disposal Facilities. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. NRC. 2001b. A Modified Baseline Incineration Process for Mustard Projec- tiles at Pueblo Chemical Depot. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. NRC. 2002. Evaluation of Chemical Events at Army Chemical Agent Dis- posal Facilities. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. NRC.2003. Assessment of Processing Gelled GB M55 Rockets at Anniston. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. OTA (U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment). 1992. Disposal of Chemical Weapons: An Analysis of Alternatives to Incineration. Wash- ington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Rohrbaugh, D.K., and Yu-Chu Yang. 1997. Liquid chromatography/ electrospray mass spectrometry of mustard-related sulfonium ions. Jour- nal of Mass Spectrometry 32(11): 1247-1252. SAIC (Science Applications International Corporation). 1996. Umatilla Chemical Agent Disposal Facility Phase 1 Quantitative Risk Assessment, September. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization. SAIC. 1997a. Anniston Chemical Agent Disposal Facility Phase 1 Quantita- tive Risk Assessment, Revision 1, May. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization. SAIC. 1997b. Blue Grass Chemical Agent Disposal Facility Phase 1 Quanti- tative Risk Assessment, January. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Pro- gram Manager for Chemical Demilitarization. SAIC.1997c. Pine Bluff Chemical Agent Disposal Facility Phase 1 Quantita- tive Risk Assessment, March. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization. SAIC. 2002. Statistical Analysis of the Leakage History for Anniston M55 GB Rocket Lot 1033-45-181, April. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Pro- gram Manager for Chemical Demilitarization. Steinfeld, J.I., J.S. Francisco, and W.L. Hase. 1999. Chemical Kinetics and Dynamics, 2nd Ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

REFERENCES Studdert, W.T. 2002. Leak occurrences in the U.S. chemical weapons stock- pile. July 31 update of a briefing by William (Trooper) Studdert, Soldier and Biological Chemical Command, to the Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., February 8. Studdert, W.T. 2003. Leak occurrences in the Anniston chemical activity stockpile. Briefing by William (Trooper) Studdert, Soldier and Biological Chemical Command, to the Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program, Edgewood, Md., June 26. Thomas, T.2002a. Engineering Change Proposal (ECP) Process. Briefing by Tim Thomas, Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization, to the Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program, Salt Lake City, Utah, April 11. Thomas, T. 2002b. Stockpile Anomalies. Briefing by Tim Thomas, Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization, to the Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., February 8. U.S. Army. 1985. Independent Evaluation/Assessment of Rocket, 115 mm: Chemical Agent (GB or VX), M55. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Pro- gram Manager for Chemical Demilitarization. U.S. Army. 1986a. SUPLECAM: Accelerated Aging Testing Status Report, December 31. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization. U.S. Army.1986b. GB Decomposition. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: U.S. Army Armament Munitions Chemical Command. U.S. Army. 1988a. Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program Final Program- matic Environmental Impact Statement. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization. U.S. Army. 1988b. Studies in Support of SUPLECAM II: 1. Thermal De- composition of VX, May. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Chemical Research, Development and Engineering Center. U.S. Army. 1988c. Studies in Support of SUPLECAM II: 3. Influence of Acidic Impurities on GB Stability in Steel at 130 Degrees Celsius. Aber- deen Proving Ground, Md.: Program Manager for Chemical Demilitari- zation. U.S. Army. 1988d. M55 Assessment Program. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: U.S. Army Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center. U.S. Army. 1991. Assessment of the Safety Status and Integrity of the Stock- pile of Lethal Chemical Agents and Munitions. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization. U.S. Army. 1994. M55 Rocket Storage Life Evaluation, December. Aber- deen Proving Ground, Md.: Program Manager for Chemical Demilitari- zation. U.S. Army.1995a. Bulk Agent Stockpile Survey (BASS) Historical Report and Site Survey. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization. U.S. Army. 1995b. Unitary Chemical Stockpile Information, December 15. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Program Manager for Chemical Demili- tarization. U.S. Army. 1996a. Evaluation of Potential Hazards of Chemical Agent-Con- taminated M55 Rocket Explosive Components. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization. U.S. Army. 1996b. Memorandum for Ronald G. Lamoreaux Request for Support. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Program Manager for Chemi- cal Demilitarization. U.S. Army. 1997. Assessment of the Storage Monitoring Inspection Program for M55 GB Rockets. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization. 51 U.S. Army. 1998a. Inspection of Supplies and Equipment, Ammunition Sur- veillance Procedures (SB 742-1), June. Washington, D.C.: Headquarters, Department of the Army. U.S. Army. 1998b. The Change Management Process (to Accompany the Guide to Risk Management Policy and Activities). Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization. U.S. Army.1999a. Status of Analysis of VX in Caustic Hydrolysate. Briefing to the Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stock- pile Disposal Program, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., September 24. U.S. Army. l999b. Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System (JACADS) 4.2-Inch Mortar Round Campaign Report, October 25. Aber- deen Proving Ground, Md.: Program Manager for Chemical Demilitari- zation. U.S. Army. l999c. Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System (JACADS) HD Reject Campaign Report 4.2-inch M2A1 Mortar Round 105mm M60 HD, November 9. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Pro- gram Manager for Chemical Demilitarization. U.S. Army. 2000a. Evaluation of GB Effects on M28 Propellant. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization. U.S. Army. 2000b. Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System (JACADS) VX 155mm Projectile Campaign Report December 17, 1999, to March 10, 2000, April 28. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Pro- gram Manager for Chemical Demilitarization. U.S. Army. 2001a. Stockpile Tracking System Lot Book. Final Revision 2. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Program Manager for Chemical Demili- tarization. U.S. Army. 2001b. Army Regulation 50-6: Chemical Surety, June 26. Aber- deen Proving Ground, Md.: Program Manager for Chemical Demilitari- zation. U.S. Army. 2001c. Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System (JACADS) VX M23 Mine Campaign Report September 29, 2000, to November 29, 2000, January 23. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Pro- gram Manager for Chemical Demilitarization. U.S. Army. 2002a. Anniston Chemical Agent Disposal Facility Quantitative Risk Assessment, Contract DAAM01-96-D-0009, Report No. SAIC-00/ 2640, June. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization. U.S. Army. 2002b. Notes on "gelled GB." Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization. U.S. Army. 2002c. Assessment of the Stability of M55 Rockets in Storage. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Program Manager for Chemical Demili- tarization. Wagner, G.W., and Yu-Chu Yang. 1999. i3C CP-MAS NMR studies of S- alkyl- 1,4-dithianium salts: Conformational motion in the solid state. Jour- nal of Molecular Structure 479(1): 93-101. Wagner, G.W., L.R. Procell, R.J. O'Connor, S. Munavalli, C.L. Carnes, P.N. Kapoor, and K.J. Klabunde. 2001. Reactions of VX, GB, GD, and HD with nanosize A12O3: Formation of aluminophosphonates. Journal of the American Chemical Society 123(8): 1636-1644. Wojciechowski, P., and R. Goetz. 2002. NECDF Accelerated Neutralization Program. Briefing by Paul Wojciechowski and Rick Goetz to the Com- mittee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stockpile Dis- posal Program, Indianapolis, June 27. Yang, Y.C., L.L. Szafraniec, W.T. Beaudry, and D.K. Rohrbaugh. 1997. Characterization of HD heels and the degradation of HD in ton contain- ers. Pp. 353-360 in Proceedings of the 1996 Scientific Conference on Chemical and Biological Defense Research. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Engineering Research and Development Engineering Center.

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The U.S. Army is in the process of destroying its entire stock of chemical weapons. To help with stockpile disposal, the Army’s Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program (CSDP), in 1987, asked the National Research Council (NRC) for scientific and technical advice. This report is one in a series of such prepared by the NRC over the last 16 years in response to that request. It presents an examination of the effect of leaking munitions (leakers) and other anomalies in the stored stockpile on the operation of the chemical agent disposal facilities. The report presents a discussion of potential causes of these anomalies, leaker tracking and analysis issues, risk implications of anomalies, and recommendations for monitoring and containing these anomalies during the remaining life of the stockpile.

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