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Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (2005)
Food and Nutrition Board (FNB)

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. "6 Sodium and Chloride." Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2005.

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Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate

TABLE 6-8 Sodium Content of Human Milk

References

Study

Stage of Lactationa

Sodium Concentration (g/L)b

Gross et al., 1980

18 women

1 mo pp

0.20

Picciano et al., 1981

26 women

1 mo pp

0.15

 

2 mo pp

0.12

3 mo pp

0.13

Keenan et al., 1982

14 women

3.5–6 wk pp

0.18

 

14 women

8.5–18 wk pp

0.11

12 women

20–32 wk pp

0.12

Lemons et al., 1982

7 women

1 mo pp

0.16

 

13 women

1.5 mo pp

0.20 (preterm)

9 women

> 2 mo pp

0.16 (preterm)

Dewey and Lonnerdal, 1983

20 women

1 mo pp

0.23

 

2 mo pp

0.26

3 mo pp

0.18

4 mo pp

0.18

5 mo pp

0.17

6 mo pp

0.13

Morriss et al., 1986

52 women

3 wk pp

0.17

 

5 mo pp

0.11

a pp = postpartum.

b Bold values also used in determining sodium concentration for months 7 through 12.

Sodium and Chloride AI Summary, Ages 0 Through 12 Months

AI for Sodium for Infants

0–6 months

0.12 g (5 mmol)/day of sodium

7–12 months

0.37 g (16 mmol)/day of sodium

AI for Chloride for Infants

0–6 months

0.18 g (5 mmol)/day of chloride

7–12 months

0.57 g (16 mmol)/day of chloride

Infant Formula

Current regulations for infant formulas are a minimum of 20 mg/100 kcal (≈ 0.14 g [5.9 mmol]/L for sodium content based on 676 kcal/L) to a maximum sodium content of 60 mg/100 kcal (0.40 g

Page
305
Front Matter (R1-R20)
Summary (1-20)
1 Introduction to Dietary Reference Intakes (21-36)
2 Overview and Methods (37-49)
3 A Model for the Development of Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (50-72)
4 Water (73-185)
5 Potassium (186-268)
6 Sodium and Chloride (269-423)
7 Sulfate (424-448)
8 Applications of Dietary Reference Intakes for Electrolytes and Water (449-464)
9 A Research Agenda (465-470)
Appendix A: Glossary and Acronyms (471-476)
Appendix B: Origin and Framework of the Development of Dietary Reference Intakes (477-484)
Appendix C: Predictions of Daily Water and Sodium Requirements (485-493)
Appendix D: U.S. Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994 (494-517)
Appendix E: U.S. Dietary Intake Data for Water and Weaning Foods from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals, 1994–1996, 1998 (518-526)
Appendix F: Canadian Dietary Intake Data for Adults from Ten Provinces, 1990–1997 (527-533)
Appendix G: U.S. Water Intake and Serum Osmolality Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994 (534-536)
Appendix H: U.S. Total Water Intake Data by Frequency of Leisure Time Activity from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994 (537-545)
Appendix I: Dose-Response Effects of Sodium Intake on Blood Pressure (546-557)
Appendix J: Serum Electrolyte Concentrations NHANES III, 1988-94 (558-563)
Appendix K: Options for Dealing with Uncertainties (564-568)
Appendix L: Acknowledgments (569-571)
Appendix M: Biographical Sketches of Panel Members (572-576)
Index (577-618)