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OCR for page 339
Index
A
Advanced Research Projects Agency
Network, 242
Agglomeration economies
city formation through, 12- 13., 85, 95
96
definition, 95, 99
early European, 78-79
growth of, 80
industry location under, 85-86, 90-91,
93
model of, 90-92, 93-94
size of, 15
Agricultural sector
irrigation technologies, 261, 263, 267-
268
pollution contribution, 283, 290
production function, 102- 107
responses to climate change, 268
urban growth relative to, 13, 101-102,
103-107, 110
water conservation, 259, 267-268
water supply shortages for irrigation,
261, 263, 267
Air traffic
control, 16, 223, 224, 226, 230-232
forecasts, 10, 16, 154-156, 157, 181,
229, 231
339
saturation point, 153
Air transport
air taxi/commuter operations, 229-231
commercial fleet, 179
components, 178
continental, 159
Darwinian behavior applied to, 153-154
deficiencies, 10
demand, 16, 155
deregulation, 230
dynamics, modeling of, 1 5 2- 1 5 9
energy sources, 203
forecasts, 7, 148, 157, 203, 208, 229
global intercity, 148
growth pulses, 176-180, 199, 208, 222
indicators, 152-153
infrastructure components, 187, 195; see
also Airports
introduction, 190
landside problems, 16, 222-232
life cycle, 183
logistic growth function (S-curves), 176-
180, 199
productivity, 179-180
saturation levels, 153-154, 177, 178,
180-183, 209
shuttles, 15, 148
speeds, 147, 148
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340
travel delays, 222-223, 232
volume, 176- 178
Aircraft
Airbus, 181, 340
B-747, 156, 159, 180-181, 183
classification, 154
commercial in service, number, 155
Concorde, 155, 181
DC-2, 183
DC-3, 176, 179-180, 182-183
DC-9, 159
DC-10, 181
design projections, 180-181, 183
development time constants, 183
engines, 156-158, 175, 182-183, 210
fleet, 155, 179, 229
hypersonic, 16, 15, 148, 158-159, 162,
181, 199, 210
L-1011, 181
Mach 8 Jumbo 1000, 16, 148, 156, 158
MD11, 181
performance of, 154, 157-158, 176,
179-182, 209-210
routes, 196-197
size of, 16, 180-181, 226
supersonic, 16, 181, 183, 199, 210
weight and speed differences, 224
Airports
arrivals and departures, 224-228
capacity, 226, 228
as central places, 16
Charlotte-Douglas, 229
configurations, 226-227
congestion, 16, 222-232
construction, 223
Dallas-Ft. Worth, 227
Denver, 229
Hartsfield (Atlanta), 224-225, 228
Logan International (Boston3, 228
Minneapolis, 229
Newark International, 227
noise abatement, 229
O'Hare (Chicago), 39, 55, 227-228
operations, 227-228
San Francisco, 229
siting considerations, 5, 9, 158
St. Louis, 229
traffic, 224-225
American National Standards Institute, 239
INDEX
Amsterdam
air traffic, 158
historical urbanization, 77, 83
Anaheim, new housing units, 142
Antwerp, historical urbanization, 77
Arizona? water conservation measures, 268
AT&T, 239, 243-244, 246
Atlanta
amenities, quality of, 42-43
characteristics, 37, 42-43, 45, 52-53
Hartsfield Airport traffic, 224-225
health care services, 45, 53
revenue per capita, 37, 52
snowflake diagrams, 42-45
Atlantic Coast ports and urban development,
74, 109-110
Austin
data resources for studies, 24
efficiency of land use, 24
energy consumption, 11, 32, 34
evolutionary path, 24-35
expenditures (public), 37
growth in area, 24-25
infrastructural attributes, 11, 24-35
population density, 24-25
population growth, 25-26
postal receipts, 34
restaurants, 11, 27-28, 30-31
service orientation, 11, 32
street miles, 24-27
telephone service, 33
vehicle burden, 28-29
water consumption, 11, 18, 31, 33
Automobiles
challenge to railroad, 184
decentralizing effects of, 80
electric, 37-38
fleet in use, 187
growth pulses, 149- 150, 184
as infrastructure load indicators, 26-27
introduction of, 163, 184, 190
parallels to railroad development, 193
parking inadequacies, 10
projected use, 16, 209
saturation in growth, 16, 150, 186
speeds, mean, 147
substitution for horses, 184- 186, 192
surfaced roads correlated with growth,
187
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INDEX
Baltimore
B
new housing units, 138-139
row houses, 5
water system, 265-266
Banks
automatic teller machines, 235, 238
as indicators of city characteristics? 33-
34
Belgium
Borinage, urbanization, 79
motorway construction, 165
Bell System, 250-251
Bicycle paths, 38
Birmingham, population growth, 80
BITNET, 242
Boston
agglomeration economies along Route
28, 80
colonial, 109
new housing construction, 132
railroads, 190
sewer system, 281, 295
urban growth, 109, 110
Brasilia, 23
Bridges
Brooklyn, 2, 325
concrete, 322
construction and repair, 304, 305
covered, 322
design of, 321-322, 327
deterioration of, 295
development of, 321-322
Eads, 322
elimination of, 324
Golden Gate, 2, 322
High, 320
history, 320-322
iron, 322
London, 321
longevity of, 320-322, 329
masonry, 321-322
Milwaukee, 305
Pennsylvania management system, 311
Ponte Adolphe, 322
Pont de la Concorde, 321
repair of, 295, 305
replacement, 322
St. Petersburg-Fort Myers, 327
341
steel, 322
stone arch, 321-322
Sunshine Skyway, 304
suspension, 327
Tacoma Narrows, 325
timber, 322
Brooklyn, sewerage system, 2
Buffalo, new central city housing units, 133
C
California, water supply, 268, 269
Canada, water control, 262, 269, 275
Canals
Blackstone, 190
Chesapeake and Ohio, 190
decline, 195, 207-208
Erie, 2, 190
growth of, 195, 208
for interbasin water transfers, 269
mileage of, 195-196, 209
new uses, 6
Panama, 1
railway displacement of, 190, 194-195
Richmond Falls, 195
saturation levels, 195
sewage discharge to, 282
Suez, 1
Capital cities
economic, 72
European, 75-79
growth and development, 12, 72, 76-77,
79-80, 82
infrastructure development in, 12, 82
political, 12, 72, 77, 79-80, 98
provincial, 76
public expenditures for infrastructure
improvements, 12, 83
regional, 76
size changes in, 75, 77
Cars, see Automobiles
Central city
household income levels, 119
housing construction, new, 130- 143
housing values, 119
rents, 119, 129
see also Inner city
Central place systems
airports as, 16
barriers to exchange in, 74
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342
financial resources, 82-83
governance patterns, 82
growth and development of, 75-76, 77-
79, 99-100, 101
hierarchy in, 72, 73, 77, 81, 99, 100
improvements, financing of, 82-83
infrastructure diffusion in, 82
medieval Leicester as, 72
predicting changes in, 100
sets of settlements as, 72
size determinants, 99, 146
spatial distributions in, 73-74
towns as, 72
trade in, 75
Cesspools, 279, 280
Chandigarth, 23
Chicago
airports, 39, 55, 227-228
amenities, quality of, 42-43
characteristics, 35, 37, 42-45, 54-55
health care services, 39, 55
hotel rooms, 35, 54
households and housing units, 54, 115-
117
housing values, 120-122, 124
population density, 35, 42, 54
rent levels, 120-122, 124
road development, 55, 324-325
sewer system, 37, 55, 325
snowflake diagrams, 424-425
tall buildings, 35, 54
television stations, 39, 55
theaters, 35, 55
Tunnel and Reservoir Plan (TARP), 18,
282, 291
urban growth, 110, 112
worker use of public transportation, 37
China
canal and dike maintenance, 1-2
coal dependency of, 167
roads, 323
Cincinnati
Cities
INDEX
Atlantic coastal, 76; see also Ports
business orientation indicators, 30-31, 33
capitals, see Capital cities
cathedral, 2
central portion, see Central city
characterization, dynamic, 11, 29-70,
71-72
circular domed, 37-38
classification by infrastructure, 23
climatological differences, 31
compact, 22-23, 37-38
comparison of, 35-46; see also Cluster
analysis
computerized, experimental, 17, 252-253
data resources for studies, 11, 23-24,
52-67, 75
decentralized, 38-39, 100
definition, 1, 12, 71, 95
economic base, 98-99
economic determinism in formation of,
12-13, 95-96
economic health determinants, 14, 113
European, 75; see also specific cities
evolutionary paths, 24-35, 42, 45, 46,
71-83, 85, 95-96
fires and firefighting, 6
future shape of, 100, 148
geographical differences, 31
growth and change dynamics, 12, 72,
75-80, 82, 98-100, 110
growth indicators, 29
historical chance in formation of, 12, 85,
95-96
characteristics, 39, 44-45, 56-57
health care services, 45, 57
income per capita, 39, 56
new housing units, 136
snowflake diagrams, 44-45
telecommunications infrastructure, 45
administrative centers, 72
industrial, 80
infrastructure growth and development
and, 12, 82, 108-144
inner, see Inner city
interactions, modeling of, 71; see also
Central place systems; Network
systems
Italian Renaissance, 2
limits, definition, 12
linkages between, 12, 72; see also
Network systems
medieval, 2, 12, 72-74, 75
municipal government financing, 82-83
population/building achievement
relationship, 2
ports, 75, 77, 109-110
post-Roman, 75
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INDEX
power consumption discriminators, 32
quality of life in, 7
returns to scale, 13, 101-102
service orientation indicators, 27-30, 45
size determinants, 15, 71, 75, 77, 99
100, 147
snowflake diagrams of growth and
development, 42-45
spatial distributions, 12, 15, 73-75, 85,
96, 252
telecommunications effects on
configuration, 252
trading, 82-83; see also Network
systems
transient population indicators, 34
transportation innovations affecting, 110
111
water supplies and distribution, 264,
266-267
see also Urban growth/development; and
specific cities
Clean Water Act amendment of 1987, 285
Cleveland
new housing units, 134-135
urban growth, 110
Climate change, impact on water systems,
260-265, 268
Cluster analysis to compare cities
snowflake diagrams, 42-45
variables used in, 39, 40, 42, 52-67
see also Factor analysis
Coal
consumption, 166, 200
demand, 166-167, 168
geographic distribution of use, 167
market share, 166-167, 201-202, 204
molten-iron coal burning, 167
infrastructure, 166
slurry pipeline, 270
substitution, 192, 201-202
transport of, 190, 200, 203-204, 209
urbanization near deposits, 79, 110, 111
Colorado River, 268
Columbus, new housing units, 134
Communications
and computing, 233-256; see also
Telematics
linkages between urban systems, 82,
146-147
social considerations, 7
343
see also Telecommunications
Competition
construction industry, 299
energy source, 164, 166-170
Fisher-Pry transforms, 150, 152, 173
174, 212, 215-216
for intercity passengers, 156-157, 198
199
Malthusian modeling of, 149- 150, 160,
162, 172-173
multiple, 151-152, 174
between network systems, 73
one-to-one, 150-151, 173
Volterra-Lotka equations for, 149, 172
Computers
adaptation to telematics applications, 235
building operation with, 304
communication standards and protocols,
238-240, 244-245
compatibility between, 234, 239
distributed processing, 235, 238
knowledge-based expert systems, 308-
309
manufacturing applications, 254-255
monitoring of infrastructure condition,
304
parallel processing, 238
personal, 238
remote intrusion with, 243, 246
standardization, need for, 238
wastewater systems automation, 304
see also Data processing; Information
services/technologies
Concrete
fiber inclusion in, 301
lifetime, 320
nondestructive testing of, 304-305
polymer impregnated, 302
roller-compacted, 302-303
superplasticizers, 301
Conservation of water, 10, 259, 266-268,
271-272
Constantinople, dams, 317
Construction of infrastructure
circular city, costs, 38
concrete technology, 301-303
CONSAES system, 309
government funding for, 296-297
housing, 124, 128-130, 133-143
inflation and, 296-297
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344
innovations for, 109, 294-310
international competition in, 19, 299-300
management control, 294, 308-310
materials technology, 300-302
monitoring and sensing technologies,
302, 304
nondestructive testing, 304-305
nonunion, 299
pavement innovations, 305
productivity, 19, 297-298
robotics in, 306-308
subways, 163
technological progress, 294-310
tunneling innovations, 305-306
waves, 163
Consulting Committee for International
Telephone and Telegraph, 240, 247
Corridors
Bosnywash, 15, 22, 148
housing along, 117, 118
San Diego-San Francisco, 15
Shinkansen, 148
Costs
of air travel delays, 222-223
electric power plants, 314, 316
of infrastructure, 108-109, 328
of modems, 235
of public works facilities, 295
of repairing infrastructure, 295
of telematics components, 235, 238, 244,
245
of water systems, 259-260, 255-266,
295
see also Agglomeration economies;
Economies of scale
D
Dallas
Dams
INDEX
airport operations, 227
new housing units, 140-141
abandonment of, 320
Alicante, 318, 325
Bonneville, 319
Bouzey, 318
Constantinople, 317
conversion to wildlife refuge, 320
Davy Crockett, 320
design of, 327
dismantling, 320
early, 317-318
Espada, 318
failures, 318-319, 325, 327
functions of, 317
Furens, 318
Grand Coulee, 319
Grand Teton, 325
Great Falls, 319
Habra, 318
Hales Bar, 320
history, 317-319
Hoover, 319
Jones Falls, 318
Kebar, 318
Lake Mangla, 320
Lake Meade, 320
Lake of Homs, 317
longevity of, 317-320, 325
Merida, 317
Nickajack, 320
Norris, 320
Ponte Alto, 318
Puentes, 318
retirement of, 319-320
San Mateo, 318-319
siltation, 320
siting of, 319
Teton, 317, 319
Walter Bouldin, 319
Whinhill, 318
Willow Creek, 302
Data bases for infrastructure management,
309-310
Data processing, distributed, 235, 238
Data switching facilities, 236-237, 239,
244-245
Data transmission facilities, 235-236, 240
Defense work, settlement growth around,
100
Delaware River basin, 268
Demographic trends
historical urbanization and, 75-76
infrastructure planning and, 7
see also Population density; Population
growth
Denver, water supply, 268
Deterioration of infrastructure
age and, 4-5, 295
bridges, 295
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INDEX
causes, 6
evidence of, 295
forecasting, 4
housing, 4-5
inner city, 114
rates, 6
sewer systems, 295
studies/research, 6
treatment strategies, 6
of water systems, 265
see also Longevity of infrastructure
Detroit
households and housing units, 115- 117
urban growth, 110
Developing countries
energy sources, 200
technology gap, 252
Digital Equipment Corporation, 245
E
Economic determinism and industrial
location, 92-96
Economic exchange, urban systems and, 72-
75
Economic growth, Kondratief cycles, 157,
159
Economic model of urban growth, 13, 98-
107
Economies of agglomeration, see
Agglomeration economies
Economies of scale, 13, 99, 101-102, 328
Electric power plants
age distribution, 314-315
construction vs. renovation, 316
costs, 314
economies of scale, 328
efficiency, 316
fossil fuel, 264, 316, 317; see also Coal;
Oil
generation capacity, 314-315, 317
hydroelectric, 200, 201, 316, 317, 319
licensing constraints, 4
longevity of, 313-317, 328, 329-330
renovation, 316
siting of, 316-317, 329-330
see also Nuclear power-plants
Electronic Industry Association, 239
Electronics industry
spatial distributions, 86, 88
345
sp~n-offs, 88
see also Silicon Valley
Employment, service sector, 111, 233
Energy
consumption, 164, 166, 199-201, 264
fusion, 162
innovation waves in, 162
market shares, 151 - 152, 164, 166, 202
203, 204
mechanical water power, 200, 201
primary sources, 199-207
substitution, 152, 167, 192, 201-203,
209
transport systems, 164, 190, 200, 203
207, 209
use determinants, 200, 264
zero emissions source, 167
see also specific types of energy
resources
Engines
aircraft, 156-158, 175, 182-183, 210
hydrogen-fueled, 183
internal combustion, 80, 109; see also
Automobiles
lifetime, 327
methane-fueled, 183
pulses in improvements, 182-183
saturation levels for, 182
train, 190, 192-193
England
historical urbanization, 75, 77, 79
see also United Kingdom
Environmental Protection Agency, 284
Essen, 75
Ethernet, 239, 242
Europe
automobile introduction, 184
historical patterns of urbanization, 75-80
motorways construction, 163-164, 165
population growth, 75-81
see also specific countries and cities
F
Factor analysis
matrix of correlation coefficients, 68-70
principal-component approach, 40-42
see also Cluster analysis
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA),
222-223, 229-232
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346
Federal Communications Commission
(FCC), 239, 245-246
Federal funding
for air traffic control, 223, 231-232
for wastewater treatment, 284-285
for water systems, 272
Federal Highway Act, 322
Federal Highway Administration, 295
Federal Republic of Germany
motorway construction, 165
telecommunications demonstration
project, 253
Fireproofing robot, 306-307
Fisher-Pry model, 150, 152, 212, 214, 219
Forecasting/forecasts
air traffic, 10, 154-156, 157, 181, 229
air transport, 7, 148, 157, 208, 209-210
aircraft design, 180- 181, 183
construction schedules, 309
energy market shares, 16, 203
future of cities, 100
health consequences of pollution, 287
288
industry locational patterns, 88-89Households
Malthusian cases in, 149-150, 160, 162,
172-173
Polya process in, 88-89
product demand, 100
urban systems configurations, 13, 96,118
100
see also Models/modeling
France
dams, 318
historical urbanization, 77
motorway construction, 165
nuclear power plants, 317
see also Paris
Fuelwood, 199-200, 202, 204, 205, 209
Funding, see Federal funding
G
Garden Grove, new housing units, 142
Care d'Orsay, France, 6
Gas, see Methane; Natural gas
German Industry Location School, 85
Germany, see. Federal Republic of Germany
Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act, 232
Greenhouse effect, impact on water systems,
18, 260-262
INDEX
Groundwater pollution, 258, 262-265
GTE Corp., 242
H
Hamburg, historical urbanization, 75, 82
Harbors, new uses, 6
Hazardous waste
dealing with, 9, 10, 306, 330-331
disposal sites, 262
groundwater contamination by, 262-263
pretreatment of, 288-289
Hinterlands, 72
colonial struggle for, 110
growth in von Thunen system, 101
Historical chance, and industrial location,
92-96
Hospitals, as indicators of city
characteristics, 33-34
Hotels and motels
city comparisons, 35
as indicators of transient population, 34-
35
central city and metropolitan area
comparisons, 115-116
ethnic/minority, 117, 118-119, 125
life-cycle stage and spatial segregation,
socioeconomic status and spatial
segregation, 117-118
water conservation, 259
Housing units
capacity of a circular city, 37
central city and metropolitan area
comparisons, 115- 116
construction, 119, 129, 133-143
life cycle, 120
preservation, rehabilitation, and
renovation of, 120, 130
quality, low-income, 4-5
Housing values
central city and metropolitan area
comparisons, 119-131
in Chicago, 120-122, 124
elements of, 120
in Los Angeles, 123- 125
market indicators, 30-31
in New York City, 125-128
population movement and, 115
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INDEX
social status of neighborhoods and, 117,
119-128
Houston
characteristics, 39, 58-59
employment, 39, 58
income per capita, 39, 58
new housing units, 140- 141
perimeter size, 39, 58
public schools, 39, 58
service industry financing, 114
snowflake diagrams, 43-44
Hydroelectric power, 200, 201, 316, 317,
319
Hydrogen, 162, 170, 183, 210
IBM Corp., 239, 242
Immigration
inner city population growth through,
117, 125
see also Migration
Industry
siting of, 77, 79, 80, 85-96, 99, 100;
see also Agglomeration economies
spin-offs, 88-89, 93
wastewater, 288-289
water recycling, 259, 267
see also specific industries
Inflation
in construction industry, 296-297
rent controls and, 128
Information services/technologies
access to, 251-252, 254
ancient, 146-147
construction management, 308-310
employment, 233
infrastructure, 113
Japanese innovations in, 251-253
organizational effects of, 254
urban development role of, 80, 82, 146-
147
see also Communications; Postal
services; Telecommunications
infrastructure; Telematics
Infrastructure elements
age/value relationship, 4
behavior and, 7
capital intensity of, 265, 312
centralization, 329-330
347
construction, see Construction of
infrastructure
cost of, 108, 328
decentralization of, 329
design considerations, 5, 9
deterioration, see Deterioration of
infrastructure
functions, see Infrastructure functions/
services; and specific functions
human factors and, 7, 8
importance, 2
innovations, 9
interactions of subsystems, 9
labor force distributions, 8
life-cycle approach to, 5, 120, 151-152
load indicators, 24-35
longevity of, see Longevity of
infrastructure
maintenance and repair, 4, 6, 8, 295,
305
medieval, 2
objectives, 7
permanence, 19
private investment in, 108
public investment in, 82-83, 108, 296
public vs. private ownership and control,
3
quality of, 7-8, 45
research and development, see Research
and development
resilience, 5-6
resource allocation, 8
saturation, 159
siting, see Siting of infrastructure
time studies of, 45
types, 1; see also specific elements
urban, 98, 108-115
utilidor, 9
vulnerabilities, 5-6
walls as, 2
see also specific elements
Infrastructure functions/services
access to, 3, 8
adequacy, 10
in central place systems, 75
competitian/dependency among, 9, 13
demand for, 98-99
efficiency, 7, 10
expenditures for, 8
housing expansion strains on, 129, 131
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348
individualization of, 8
labor force distributions, 8
level of effort exerted for, 8
private investment in, 108
public investment in, 82-83, 113-114
public vs. private ownership and control,
3, 10, 14
quality of, 7-8
resource allocation, 8, 113-114
usage patterns, 8
valuation, 7-8
see also Information services; Service
industries; and other specific services
Infrastructure growth/development
achievements/lanclmarks, historical, 2-3
6
city development and, 80-83, 108
construction considerations, 5, 29-30,
129, 294-310
cost distribution, 3, 129
data resources for studies, 11, 23
demand determinants, 98, 114, 117
design considerations, 5, 9, 20
forecasting, 5, 15
indicators of, 29-30
innovations for, 9
local-scale, 108-109, 114-115
motives for, 2, 71
national-scale, 108-111; see also
Metropolises/metropolitan areas
patterns, 3-4, 13, 117; see also Industry;
Siting of infrastructure
political influences on, 9-10
population migration and, 114-115
siting considerations, 5, 331; see also
Siting of infrastructure
technological choices and, 13
see also specific elements and services
Inner city
infrastructure deterioration, 114
land acquisition, 131
new housing construction in, 138, 140,
143
redevelopment, 130- 131
socioeconomic status, 117
Innovations
adoption of, 13, 83
bursts of, 9, 15
in construction, 294-310
definition. 160
INDEX
diffusion of, 17, 82, 251
in energy, 162
in infrastructure, 9, 15
and invention, 159-162
Malthusian populations of, 160, 162
in railroads, 191-192
rates, 160
substitution models, 212-218
in telecommunications, 256
in telematics, 243-244, 245, 246
in transportation, 9, 109-110
and urban infrastructure construction, 9,
109-111
by urban populations, 82
3, waves, 15, 160-162
Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers, 239
International Coalition for Land and Water
Stewardship, 275
International Standards Organization, 240
International Telecommunications Union,
240
Invention
definition, 159- 160
waves, 160
see also Innovations
Iron ore, 110, 111
Irrigation and water systems, 261, 263, 267
268
Islamabad, 23
Israel, water recycling, 259
Italy
historical urbanization, 74, 77
motorway construction, 165
Japan
experimental cities, 17, 252-253
Maglev train, 15, 148, 157, 159, 170
robotics research, 306
telecommunication infrastructure, 251-
253, 254
K
Kansas City, new housing units, 136-137
Kondratief cycles
air transport projections, 156-157, 159
innovation waves in, 162, 170
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INDEX
L
Labor
construction industry, 298, 299
merit shop, 299
and returns to scale, 101
Labor demand
computerization and, 255
primary and secondary industries,
decline, 111
value-added determinants of, 99
and urbanization, 111
Land prices, 80, 115; see also Real estate
Land use
distance from city and, 101
efficiency in cities, indicators of, 24
planning for wastewater and sewage
systems, 282-283
and returns to scale, 101
LANs, see Local area networks
Leicester, medieval, central place theory
applied to, 12, 72-73
Liquefied natural gas (LNG), 170, 207
Liverpool, historical urbanization, 83
Local area networks (LANs), 239, 241-242
Location, see Siting
London
air traffic, 158
historical urbanization, 77, 80
underground transportation, 163
Longevity of infrastructure
of bridges, 320-322, 329
of dams, 317-320
determinants, 4-5, 19, 312-313
of electric power plants, 313-317, 328,
329-330
ethical issues, 313, 328-329
of roads, 323-325, 328
strategies for prolonging, 6
telecommunications, 4, 256
see also l:)eterioration of infrastructure
Lorraine, industrial growth, 79
Los Angeles
airports, 39, 61
characteristics, 37, 38-39, 43-45, 60-61
freeway miles, 37, 61
health care services, 38-39, 61
households and housing units, 60, 115-
117
housing values, 123-125
349
radio stations, 39, 61
rent levels, 123-125
snowflake diagrams, 43-45
television stations, 39, 61
urban growth, 112
Low Countries, historical urbanization, 74,
77
Lufthansa Airlines, 153- 154
M
Madrid
historical urbanization, 77
political basis for growth, 98
public expenditures for improvements, 83
Maglev train, 15, 148, 157, 159, 170
Mail, see Postal systems
Management
decentralization of, 82
information systems in construction,
308-309
Manchester, population growth, 80
Manufacturing, flexible, 254-255
Market economy
city growth and development in, 98-101
forces operating in, 101
Market shares
of coal, 166-167, 201-202, 204
of construction of infrastructure, 300-301
Darwinian competition for, 164, 166- 170
of natural gas, 169, 203
of oil, 167-168
of primary energy resources, 164, 166,
202-203, 204
of transportation modes, 151 - 152, 156-
157, 196-199
Maryland. wastewater program, 289
Mass transit
in a domed circular city, 37
underground, 162- 163
Materials technology, construction-related
innovations, 300-302
Mechanical water power, 200, 201
Megalopolises
Bosnywash, 15, 35
definition, 22
growth and decline of, 13, 80
transport in, 15
Methane, 183, 203, 205, 210
Methanol, synthesis, 167
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350
Metropolises/metropolitan areas
attraction of, 80
classification, 23
definition, 22
design, 23
dissimilarities, 112
growth, 100, 111-113
households and housing units in, 115-
119
infrastructure development in, 109-111
similarities among, 112
social geography of, 117-119
urban planning for, 112
see also Urban growth
Mexico City, 13
Miami
characteristics, 37, 39, 44-45, 62-63
energy consumption, 37, 63
health care services, 45, 63
new housing units, 138
public schools, 39, 62
snowflake diagrams, 44-45
Migration
city decline through, 114
city growth and development through,
75, 115
toward continental borders, 159
infrastructure demand and, 114-115, 283
real estate prices and, 115
telematics and, 283
transportation innovations and, 109, 110,
114-115
water supply and, 264
see also Immigration
Milan, historical urbanization, 83
Milwaukee, new housing units, 134-135
Mining, settlement growth around, 79, 100,
110, 111
Missouri River, 269
Models/modeling
agglomeration economies, 90-92, 93-94
air transport dynamics, 152-159
of city interactions, 71-75
competition, one-to-one, 150-151
computer-to-computer communications.
240, 245
economic, 98-107
Fisher-Pry transforms, 150, 152, 173-
174, 212, 215-216
of industry locational patterns, 87-91
INDEX
logistic growth function, 151, 175- 180,
185-188, 195-199, 210-218
Malthusian population, 149- 150, 160,
162, 172-173
management control strategies, 308-309
Polya process in, 88-89
substitution of technologies, 150, 152,
173-174, 212-218
transportation system development, 147,
152-159, 176-180, 199, 210-218
of urban growth, 72-75, 98-107
Monitoring and sensing technologies, 302,
304
Motels, see Hotels and motels
N
Naples, historical urbanization, 77
National Airspace Plan, 223
National Environmental Policy Act, 269
Natural gas
consumption, 200-201
earliest commercial use, 205
extraction, 170
market share, 16, 169, 202-203, 205
oil-refining applications, 168
pipelines, 16, 159, 160, 169-170, 205-
206
product life cycle, 169
resources, 170
saturation levels, 206
transport of, 159, 160, 169-170, 204-
207, 209
see also Methane
Netherlands
motorway construction, 165
see also Amsterdam
Network systems, 82-83
barriers to exchange in, 74
competition between, 73
core-periphery logic in, 73
financial resources, 83
governance patterns, 82
growth dynamics, 77, 79
hierarchy in, 73, 82
industrial urbanization and, 79
medieval, 77
spatial distributions, 73-74
trade linkages in, 72-75, 77
New Orleans, new housing units, 140
OCR for page 351
INDEX
New York City
characteristics, 35, 37, 44-45, 64-65
colonial, 109
economic independence during colonial
period, 109
energy consumption, 35, 65
expenditures (public), 37, 45, 64
freeway miles, 37, 65
hotel rooms, 35, 64
households and housing units, 64, 115
117
housing values and rent levels, 124,
125-128
population density, 35, 37, 64
rent levels, 125-128
revenue per capita, 37, 64
snowflake diagrams, 44-45
tall buildings, 35, 45, 64
telecommunications infrastructure, 45
theaters, 35, 65
transportation infrastructure, 45, 65, 109,
163
urban growth, 109, 110, 111- 112
water and sewer lines, 37, 65, 295
water perimeter, 37, 64
water supply, 268
worker use of public transportation, 37
Newark, new central city housing units,
132
Nippon Telephone and Telegraph, 246
Noise, airport, 229
North Dakota, water diversion project, 269
Nuclear energy
demand, 168
fuel costs, 314, 316
growth of, 162, 170, 201
impediments to, 10
innovations, 162, 170
market share, 203
saturation, 159, 161, 170
substitution, 203
Nuclear power plants
efficiency, 316
lifetime, 327, 328
oldest, 314
reactor design, 13, 314, 327, 328
siting, 162, 316-317
waste disposal, 262
worldwide, 161
Nuclear-hydrogen energy system, 162
351
o
Ogallala aquifer, 262, 267
Oil
city growth around, 111
consumption, 168, 200-201
demand, 168-169
gasoline distributors, locational patterns,
95
growth pulses, 206
infrastructure, 168
market share, 167-169, 202-206
pipelines, 204-208, 209
product life cycle, 152, 167
resources, 168
saturation levels, 205, 206
transport of, 155, 168, 203-207; see also
Pipelines
Oklahoma, water supply, 268, 269
Ontario, California, new housing units, 143
Open systems interconnection (OSI), 240,
245
p
Palermo, population growth, 80
Paris
air traffic, 158
historical urbanization, 77, 80
public expenditures for improvements, 83
Parking problems, 10
Parks and recreation areas
in a circular city, 38
Pennsylvania
bridge management system, 310
bridges in need of repair, 295
Petroleum, see Oil
Philadelphia
colonial, 109
economic independence during colonial
period, 109
households and housing units, 115- 117
water supply system, 2
urban growth, 109, 110
Pipelines
coal slurry, 270
construction innovations, 305-306
first, 205
growth, 205-206, 208
hydrogen, 170
market shares of transport, 204
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352
mileage of, 160, 204, 206-207
natural gas, 16, 159, 160, 169-170,
205-207, 209
oil, 204-208, 209
saturation levels in growth, 206
Pittsburgh
new housing units, 133
urban growth, 111
Political centralization and urbanization, 77,
79-80, 82-83
Political issues
airport congestion, 223
bypass facilities for telecommunications,
245-246
water supply, 261-262, 263-265, 268-
270
Pollution, see Water pollution
Polya process, 88-89
Population density
of a circular city, 37
cities compared, 35
in city evolution studies, 24
Population growth
European, 75-78
Malthusian model applied to, 149
rural relative to urban in von Thunen
economy, 101-102
and sewerage system planning, 283
and urban development, 75-77, 99
Population movement
indicators of, 34
infrastructure for, 146- 174
modeling of, 149-152, 172-174
speed, 147
see also Migration; Transportation
systems
Populations
Ports
size and building achievements,
relationship, 2
transient, indicators of, 34
Atlantic coastal, 74, 109- 110
cost of refurbishing, 295
inland, 110, 295
Postal systems
as empire size determinants, 146
Power plants, see Electric power plants
Predictions, see Forecasting; Models/
modeling
Prior appropriation doctrine, 272
INDEX
Prisons and jails, cost of refurbishing, 295
Private sector
control of infrastructure, 3
demand for infrastructure, 98
funding source for local infrastructure,
108
Productivity in construction industry, 297-
298
Proportions-to-probabilities function, 93-94
Protocols for data communication, 238-240
Public sector
control of infrastructure, 3
cost of public works facilities, 295
demand for infrastructure, 98
funding for construction, 296
funding for local infrastructure, 108
funding for service infrastructure, 114
R
Race/ethnicity and geographical variation in
housing, 118-119
Railroad tracks, new uses, 6
Railroads/railways
Baltimore and Ohio, 190
Boston and Worcester, 190
challenge from automobiles, 184
Charleston and Hamburg, 190
competition for canals, 190, 195
decline, 190, 191, 199, 208
early, 110, 164, 190
energy sources, 192, 202
growth pulses, 190-191, 193
and industrial urbanization, 79, 110
innovation in, 109, 191- 193
links with other transport systems, 190
market share, 196, 199
migration stimulation by, 110
mileage of track, 190-191, 204, 206,
208
parallels to automobile development, 193
passenger cars, 193
projected growth, 162- 163
Providence and Worcester, 190
recreational uses, 191
saturation in growth of, 190-191
substitution of energy sources for, 192-
194
track gauge, 13
and urban growth, 79, 110
OCR for page 353
INDEX
see also Mass transit; Trains
Real estate
capital gains on, 114, 115, 129
suburban, 114
value, see Housing value
Recycling of water, 259, 267
Red River, 269
Rent control laws, 128, 129
Rent levels
central city compared to suburban, 119-
120, 129
in Chicago, 120- 122, 124
inflation and, 128
in Los Angeles, 123- 125
in New York City, 125-128
Research and development on infrastructure
experimentation, 10
materials, 11
needs, 10, 20, 328
operations, 10-11
on wastewater management, 10, 285-
286
Reservoirs
Oahe, 270
state control of, 270
Tenkiller Ferry, 268
Restaurant density
as indicators of service orientation of a
city, 27-29
Returns to scale, see Economies of scale
Riverside, California, new housing units,
143
Road transport
deficiencies, 10
traffic congestion, 10
Roads
automobile fleet expansion relative to
growth of, 187
in a circular domed city, 38
cost of refurbishing, 295
history of, 323-326
longevity of, 4, 323-325, 328
maintenance, 323
mileage of, 159, 187-189, 199
motorways, 163-164, 165
pavement, 163- 164, 301, 305
quality of, 325
refurbishing, costs of, 295
Roman, 323
rural, 187
353
saturation in growth of, 159, 163-164,
187-188, 197
substitution for unsurfaced roads, 187-
189
surfaced, 163-164, 187-189, 193, 196,
199, 208, 305, 325
turnpikes, 194-195, 200
Roanoke, Virginia, time studies, 45
Robotics in construction, 306-308
Rotterdam, port development, 75
Ruhr, urban growth, 79
S
Sacramento, new housing units, 142
Sailing vessels, and infrastructure
development, 109
San Antonio, restaurant density, 28-29
San Bernardino, new housing units, 143
Santa Ana, new housing units, 142
Santa Clara County, California, see Silicon
Valley
Scandinavia, historical urbanization, 77
Seattle
airports, 39, 67
characteristics, 37, 39, 66-67
employment, 39, 66
radio stations, 39, 67
snowflake diagrams, 44-45
water perimeter, 37, 66
water supply system, 309-310
Service industries
in Austin, 29-30
decentralization of, 82
employment and urbanization, 79, 111
exploitative activities, 114
financing of, 113-114
forces driving, 114
substitution for production industries, 103
see also Information services
Settlements
central place concept, 72
hierarchy of, 72
linkages between, 72-73
see also Cities; Towns
Sewage systems, see Wastewater and sewage
systems
Silicon Valley
locational determinants, 12, 80, 86, 91
Siting of infrastructure
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354
airports, 5, 9, 158
considerations in, 5, 331
of dams, 319
determinant forces in, 86, 90-91
of electric power plants, 316-317, 329
330
of hazardous and nuclear waste disposal,
262
historical change in, 85-89, 91-95, 99
of industry, 79, 85-96; see also
Agglomeration economies
of nuclear power plants, 162, 316-317
selectional advantage in, 91
waste disposal facilities, 262
Snowflake diagrams, 42-46
Social issues
access to information services/
technologies, 251-252
housing and social status, 117-120
in telematics, 242-244, 246
Solar energy, 203, 314
South Dakota, water sales, 270
Spain
dams, 317-318
historical urbanization, 77, 83
St. Louis
new housing units, 136-137
urban growth, 110, 111
Steamboats, 110-111, 202
Steelmaking
locational determinants, 95
and rail network growth, 110
urbanization and, 79
Suburbs
growth, 114, 117, 119
new housing construction, 130, 131
real estate values, 114, 119, 128-129
Subways, see Mass transit
Sweden, water recycling, 259
System Network Architecture (IBM), 239
T
Tax collection, medieval gate taxes, 2
Technological innovation, see Innovation
Telecommunications infrastructure
data switching facilities, 236-237, 239,
244-245
data transmission facilities, 235-236,
240, 245
INDEX
deregulation, 251
digital transmission hierarchy, 235-236
distributive effects on human settlements
and organizations, 17, 251-255
in Germany, 253
innovation, 17, 249, 251, 256
interconnection standards and protocols
for, 238-240, 244-245
in Japan, 17, 252-253, 254
longevity, 6, 17, 244, 246, 256
maintenance and repair, 244, 251
manufacturing applications, 254-255
market-driven competition, 17, 249-251,
256
modems, 235
substitutions in, 255
telephone, 235-237, 239, 241, 245,
250-251
Third World technology gap, 252
value-added services, 249, 250
voice signal transmission, 235-236, 239
volume of services, 17, 255
Telegraph system, growth of, 15, 149, 151
Telematics
applications, 16, 233-234
central control of interoffice switching,
245, 247
cost of components, 244-245
data switching, 236-237, 239, 244-245
data transmission, 235-236, 240, 245
decentralizing effects on population, 283
distributed processing, 235, 238
facilities, 235-237, 239-240, 245-246
foreign development of, 246
improvements needed in, 234, 239
infrastructure components, 11, 234-240,
244-246
innovation in, 17, 243-244, 245-246
integrated services digital network, 247
interaction of computing and
communications in, 234
interconnection standards and protocols
for, 239-240, 244
local area networks, 239, 241-242
satellite communications, 245
social issues raised by, 17, 234, 243-
244, 246
System Network Architecture, 239
systems arrangements, 240-242
terminals, 237-238, 245
OCR for page 355
INDEX
Trains
topologies and data flows, 240-242
TELENET, 242
Tennessee Valley Authority, 319-320
Towns
boom, 110
castle, 76
central place concept, 72, 75
growth and decline, 76-77
market, 75-76
medieval, 76-77
Mediterranean, 76
see also Cities; Settlements
Trade
linkages between settlements, 72-73
urban growth and, 75
diesel locomotives, 192
electric locomotives, 192
high-speed, 176
innovations affecting urban infrastructure, United Kingdom
109
long-haul, 109
Maglev, 15, 148, 157, 159, 170
steam locomotives, 192- 193, 202
see also Mass transit; Railroads/railways
Tramways, 190
Transport systems, 176- 199
in a circular domed city, 37
communication association with, 14,
146-147
comparisons of, 194, 196-199
competition/dependency mix in, 9, 13
14, 195
Darwinian behavior applied to, 149-154,
157, 172-174
demand for, 16, 155
energy source development and, 162
evolution of, 15-16, 176-199
forecasting of, 15-16, 148-152, 157,
159-164
growth pulses, 149- 150, 184, 195, 197,
208
importance in network systems, 75
innovations in, 9, 109, 162-163, 175
intercity passenger traffic competition,
156-157, 198-199
intermodal connections, 16
life cycles, 183, 197
logistic growth function, 151, 175-180,
185-188, 195-199, 210-218
355
mass, see Mass transit
modeling of, 152-159, 176-180, 199,
210-218
performance measures, 198
saturation levels, 16, 150, 153-154, 177,
178, 180-183, 186, 195, 197-198
stability, 171
substitution of different modes' 14, 150-
151, 156-157, 184-189, 192, 197-
199, 202, 208-209
time constants, 196- 197
underground, 162- 163
urban growth classified by, 13-14, 22,
109-111
worker use of, 37
see also specific types of transportation
Turnpikes, 194- 195
U
motorway construction, 165
see also England; London
Urban development/growth
on agricultural land, 268
auto-air-amenity epoch, 13, 111, 112
characterization by transportation modes,
13, 22, 109-111
city evolution, 24-35, 42, 45, 46, 71-83
distributive effects of, 76-77
economic forces in, 13, 98- 103
European, 75-80
historical patterns, 75-80, 111 - 113
human problems arising from, 22
industrial production and, 77-78
information role in, 80
iron horse epoch, 13, 110, 112
market demand and, 100
modeling, 13, 72-75, 98-107
patterns, 22, 71
population growth and, 101-102
rates, 22, 76
sail-wagon epoch, 13, 109
steel-rail epoch, 13, 110- 111, 112
trade and, 75
water supply and, 261, 264-265, 268,
271, 272
see also Central place systems; Network
systems; von Thunen system
Urban hierarchy, 72, 73, 77, 81, 99, 100,
110, 111, 147-148, 252
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356
Urban planning
compact city approach, 22-23, 37-38
between epochs, 14
for metropolitan areas, 14, 112-113
problems of scale Al, 23
for wastewater and sewage systems,
280-281, 282-283
Urban regions, North American
major, identification of, 35-36; see also
Meg alopoli se s
population distribution, 37
Urban systems, see Central place systems;
Cities; Network systems
V
Venice
as a network system, 73, 82
population growth, 80
Volterra-Lotka equations, 172- 174
von Thunen system, 101-107
W
Washington, D.C.
new housing units, 138-139
political basis for growth, 98
water supply, 261, 266
Waste disposal/management
experimentation in, 10
industrial wastes, pretreatment, 288-289
innovations, 9
planning needs, 18, 290-292
see also Hazardous waste
Wastewater/sewage systems and treatment
strategies
biological treatment, 284-285, 286, 290
cesspools, 279, 280
characterization of industrial wastes, 289
Chicago Tunnel and Reservoir Plan, 18,
282, 291
collection system, 279-283
combined sewer, 280-282
components, 278-279
computerization, 304
construction of facilities, 297
costs, 281
efficiency of, 292
federal funding for, 284-285
functions of, 278
INDEX
improvements needed in, 291-292
industrial wastewater pretreatment, 288
289
land acquisition for, 282
overflows, 280, 281, 283, 290, 291
physical and chemical processes, 285
286
planning needs, 18, 290-292
policy, 280
pollution from, 281, 287
pretreatment of industrial wastewaters,
288-289
quality standards, 8, 284, 286-288, 290
receiving water body, 283-290
research and development, 10, 285-286
service charges, 284-285
size determinants, 280, 282, 292
sludge management, 289-290
storage tanks for overflows, 18, 281
282, 291
technology available for, 286
Water distribution infrastructure
ancient, 1-2, 18
costs of refurbishing, 295
data base on, 309
deterioration, 18, 258, 259, 265
efficiency, 271
improvement and replacement, 258, 259-
260, 265-267
management changes needed, 265-267,
270-275
pricing of water, 259-261, 265-266,
270, 271, 295
Water pollution
control planning, 279, 282, 290-291
cost of control, 295
groundwater, 258, 262-265
implications for water infrastructure, 18,
263
nonpoint sources, 283, 290
risk assessments for, 287-288
from sewer overflow, 280, 281, 283,
290, 291
Streeter-Phelps dissolved oxygen level,
288
urban hygiene program, 282
Water Pollution Control Act, 262, 284, 286,
289, 290
Water Resources Council, 275
Water supply and distribution
OCR for page 357
INDEX
aquifer mining, 258, 262, 271
climate change impacts on, 18, 260-265,
268
commercial value, 269-270
conservation of, 10, 259, 266-268, 271-
272
contamination, see Water pollution
control of, 269-270
environmental concerns, 259, 269
equity issues, 18, 271, 292
forecasts, 18
Garrison diversion project, 269
interbasin transfers, 10, 258, 261-262,
264, 268-270, 275
irrigation, 261, 263, 267-268, 275
legal protection of, 272-275
markets, 270-269
as motivation for infrastructure
development, 2
policy, 265, 270-275
political considerations, 10, 263-264,
274-275
357
prices, 265-266, 271
prior appropriation doctrine, 272-273
public trust doctrine and, 273-274
quality standards, 7-8, 262, 263, 284,
286-288, 290
rationing, 266
recycling for agricultural or industrial
use, 259, 267
rights, 268, 270-271, 272-273
riparian system, 272-273
river basin sources, 261
saltwater contamination of, 258, 261,
262-263
solutions to problems, 259
urban development and, 261, 264-265,
268, 271, 272
Weather, and airport operations, 226-227
Wood, 192, 202; see also Fuelwood
X
Xerox, Ethernet standard, 239
Representative terms from entire chapter:
historical urbanization
