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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2004. Assessment of the Army Plan for the Pine Bluff Non-Stockpile Facility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10930.
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Page 65
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2004. Assessment of the Army Plan for the Pine Bluff Non-Stockpile Facility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10930.
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Page 66

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65 References APC&EC (Arkansas Pollution Control & Ecology Commission). 2002. Regulation 23, Hazardous Waste Management. Available online at <http://www.sosweb.state.ar.us/elections/elections_pdfs/register/ aug_2002/014.09.02-003.pdf>. Accessed August 7, 2003. Bradbury, J.A., K.M. Branch, J.H. Heerwagen, and E.B. Liebow. 1994. Community Viewpoints of the Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program. Washington, D.C.: Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories. Cash, D., K. Raghuveer, and M. Simmons. 2001. Independent Safety and Environmental Performance Evaluation of the MMD-1 Test, MTR 2001-42, August. McLean, Va.: Mitretek Systems. CEQ (Council on Environmental Quality). 1997. Considering Cumulative Effects Under the National Environmental Policy Act, January. Avail- able online at <http://ceq.eh.doe.gov/nepa/ccenepa/sec1.pdf>. Accessed July 17, 2003. DeBrosse, J. 2003. Nerve agent disposal plan upsets residents. Dayton Daily News, May 4. A1. DEA (Defense Environment Alert). 2003. Army announces contract to treat non-stockpile secondary waste. Defense Environment Alert 11(16): 18. DEQ (Utah Department of Environmental Quality). 1999. Dugway RCRA RD&D MMD-1 Permit, May 14. Available online at <http://www.deq .state.ut.us/EQSHW/CDS/MMDPermit.htm#Table%20of%20 Con- tents>. Accessed November 13, 2003. DoD (Department of Defense). 2003. U.S. Chemical Weapons Destruction Extension Requested, Press Release No. 650-03, September 3, 2003. Available online at <http://www.dod.mil/releases/2003/nr20030903- 0426.html>. Accessed November 18, 2003. Durst, H.D., E.W. Sarver, H.W. Yurow, W.T. Beaudry, P.A. D’Eramo, D.M. Jackson, H. Salem, J.B. Samuel, L.L. Szafraniec, F.P. Ward, and J.R. Ward. 1988. Support for the Delisting of Decontaminated Chemi- cal Surety Materials as Listed Hazardous Waste from Specific Sources (State), MD02 in COMAR 10.15.02.16-1. Report CRDEC-TR-009. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: U.S. Army Armament Munitions Chemical Command. Federal Register. 2002. Record of Decision (ROD) for the Final Program- matic Impact Statement (PEIS) on transportable treatment systems for non-stockpile chemical warfare materiel. Federal Register 67(123): 43091. GAO (General Accounting Office). 1997. Chemical Weapons and Mate- riel: Key Factors Affecting Disposal Costs and Schedule, March. Wash- ington, D.C.: General Accounting Office. NRC (National Research Council). 1994. Recommendations for the Dis- posal of Chemical Agents and Munitions. Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program. Wash- ington, D.C.: National Academy Press. NRC. 1999. Review of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Dis- posal Program: Disposal of Chemical Agent Identification Sets. Wash- ington, D.C.: National Academy Press. NRC. 2000a. Integrated Design of Alternative Technologies for Bulk-Only Chemical Agent Disposal Facilities. Washington, D.C.: National Acad- emy Press. NRC. 2000b. A Review of the Army’s Public Affairs Efforts in Support of the Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program: Letter Report. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. NRC. 2001a. Evaluation of Alternative Technologies for Disposal of Liq- uid Wastes from the Explosive Destruction System. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. NRC. 2001b. Review and Evaluation of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program: Disposal of Neutralent Wastes. Washing- ton, D.C.: National Academy Press. NRC. 2001c. Occupational Health and Workplace Monitoring at Chemical Agent Disposal Facilities. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. NRC. 2002a. Systems and Technologies for the Treatment of Non-Stock- pile Chemical Warfare Materiel. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. NRC. 2002b. Evaluation of Chemical Events at Army Chemical Agent Dis- posal Facilities. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. Perrow, C. 1999. Normal Accidents: Living with High-Risk Technologies; with a new afterword and a postscript on the Y2K problem. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Petrov, S.V., V.I. Kholstov, V.P. Zoubrilin, and N.W. Zavialova. 1998. Practical actions of Russia on preparations for destruction of stockpiled Lewisite and ‘Mustard.’ Pp. 79-90 in Arsenic and Old Mustard: Chemi- cal Problems in the Destruction of Old Arsenical and ‘Mustard’ Muni- tions, NATO ASI Series 1. Disarmament Technologies, Vol. 19, Pro- ceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Chemical Problems Associated with Old Arsenical and ‘Mustard’ Munitions, Lódz, Poland, March 17-19. J.F. Bunnett and M. Mikolacjzyk, eds. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Pine Bluff Commercial. 2000. June 6, 2000. Opinion: Nonstockpiles: They don’t need to be moved, much less to the Arsenal. P. 6. Reder, S. 1996. Synthetic Estimates of Adult Literacy Proficiency. Avail- able online at <http://www.casas.org/lit/litcode>. Accessed October 8, 2003. Rosenblatt, D.H., M.J. Small, T.A. Kimmell, and A.W. Anderson. 1996. Background Chemistry for Chemical Warfare Agents and Decontami- nation Processes in Support of Delisting Waste Streams at the U.S. Army Dugway Proving Ground, Utah, ANL/EAD/TM-56, April. Available online at <http://www.osti.gov/dublincore/gpo/servlets/purl/258187- MSmUmh/webviewable/258187.pdf Accessed July 31>. Accessed July 31, 2003.

66 ASSESSMENT OF THE ARMY PLAN FOR THE PINE BLUFF NON-STOCKPILE FACILITY Science Council of Japan. 2002. Technological Risk Assessment and Risk Management for Destruction Technology for Abandoned Chemical Weapons, November 26. Tokyo, Japan: Science Council of Japan. U.S. Army. 1996. Survey and Analysis Report, 2nd edition, Draft, Decem- ber. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization. U.S. Army. 1998. Old Chemical Weapons Reference Guide, May. Aber- deen Proving Ground, Md.: Program Manager for Chemical Demilitari- zation. U.S. Army. 1999. Engineering and Design—Ordnance and Explosive Re- sponse, ER 1110-1-8153, May 14. Available online at <http:// www.usace.army.mil/inet/usace-docs/eng-regs/er1110-1-8153/>. Ac- cessed August 6, 2003. U.S. Army. 2000. Explosive Destruction System Phase 1, Interim Test Re- port, December 20. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Product Manager for Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel. U.S. Army. 2001a. Transportable Treatment Systems for Non-Stockpile Chemical Warfare Materiel, Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Product Manager for Non- Stockpile Chemical Materiel. U.S. Army. 2001b. Executive Summary—Dugway Proving Ground, Utah. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Product Manager for Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel. U. S. Army. 2001c. Rocky Mountain Arsenal M139 Bomblets Destruction Completion Report. Foster Wheeler Environmental Corporation. Revi- sion 0. July 10, 2001. U.S. Army. 2002a. Department of the Army Pamphlet 385-61: Toxic Chemical Agent Safety Standards, March 27. Washington, D.C.: Head- quarters, Department of the Army. U.S. Army. 2002b. Proposed Construction and Operation of the Pine Bluff Non-Stockpile Facility at Pine Bluff Arsenal, Arkansas, Environmental Assessment, December. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Product Man- ager for Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel. U.S. Army. 2002c. Final Submittal of the ACWA EDS Test Report: Sum- mary and Projectile Washout System, DAAM01-98-D-0005, May. Ab- erdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Program Manager for Assembled Chemi- cal Weapon Assessment. U.S. Army. 2002d. Process Design and Equipment Fabrication for the Pine Bluff Non-Stockpile Facility, Non-Stockpile Systems Contract II, Con- tract Number DAAA09-02-D-0006, Task 0001, Deliverable D055— Process Design Basis: Design Criteria, Revision 0, December 19. Ab- erdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Program Manager for Chemical Demili- tarization. U.S. Army. 2002e. Environmental Assessment Meeting for Pine Bluff Ar- senal, August 19 – Meeting Summary. Pine Bluff Arsenal, Ark.: Pine Bluff Arsenal Public Affairs Office. U.S. Army. 2002f. Form DD 1391: FY 2003 Military Construction Project Data: Pine Bluff Arsenal, Arkansas, Ammunition Demolition Shop Leve, January 25. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Product Manager Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel. U.S. Army. 2003a. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Hazardous Waste Permit Application for the Department for the Army Pine Bluff Non-Stockpile Facility, February. Pine Bluff, Ark.: Pine Bluff Arsenal Public Affairs Officer. U.S. Army. 2003b. 65% Submittal [Design Analysis], Non-Stockpile Fixed Facility, Volume 1, April. Pine Bluff Arsenal, Ark.: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Little Rock District. U.S. Army. 2003c. Munition Throughput Rate Study, Deliverable D055, Non-Stockpile Systems Contract II, Contract Number DAAA09-02-D- 0006, Task 0001, Process Design and Equipment Fabrication for the Pine Bluff Non-Stockpile Facility, June 20. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Product Manager Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel. U.S. Army. 2003d. Non-Stockpile Project Waste Disposal Services, July 25. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Product Manager Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel. U.S. Army. 2003e. U.S. Army awards waste treatment contract. Press re- lease. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Public Outreach and Informa- tion Office, Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Program. U.S. Army. 2003f. Proposed Deployment and Operation of an Explosive Destruction System at Pine Bluff Arsenal, Arkansas, Environmental Assessment, February. Prepared by Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization, Product Manager for Non-Stockpile Chemical Mate- riel. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Product Manager Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel. U.S. Army. 2003g. Non-Stockpile Project Waste Disposal Services, March 21. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Product Manager Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel. U.S. Army. 2003h. Finding of No Significant Environmental Impact (FONSI) for Proposed Construction and Operation of the Pine Bluff Non-Stockpile Facility (PBNSF), May 27. Pine Bluff, Ark.: Pine Bluff Arsenal Public Affairs Officer. U.S. Army. 2003i. Program Plan for Chemical Demilitarization, Non-Stock- pile Chemical Materiel Project, Outreach Guide for Pine Bluff Arsenal, March. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Product Manager Non-Stock- pile Chemical Materiel. U.S. Army. 2003j. Manager for Elimination of Chemical Weapons, Non- Stockpile Chemical Materiel Program, Outreach Guide for Pine Bluff Arsenal, Prepared for: National Research Council, June. Aberdeen Prov- ing Ground, Md.: Product Manager Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel. U.S. Army. 2003k. Minutes of Spring Valley Restoration Advisory Board Meeting, April 8. Available online at <http://www.nab.usace.army.mil/ projects/WashingtonDC/springvalley/RAB/april82003.htm>. Accessed July 15, 2003. U.S. Army. 2003m. Minutes of Spring Valley Restoration Advisory Board Meeting, June 10. Available online at <http://www.nab.usace.army.mil/ projects/WashingtonDC/springvalley/RAB/june102003.htm>. Ac- cessed July 17, 2003. U.S. Navy. 2001. Navy Napalm Removal Project. Available online at <http:/ /enviro.nfesc.navy.mil/erb/erb_a/support/cleanup_conf/2001conf/ 2001cd/c13napalm.ppt>. Accessed July 23, 2003. Verrill, D., and J. Salcedo. 2001. X300P90 Characterization Project, Pre- liminary Data Review, May 14. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Prod- uct Manager for Non-stockpile Chemical Materiel. Williams, C. 2003. Alternatives to incineration are safer. Available online at <http://www.cwwg.org/pbc03.28.03.html>. Accessed July 22, 2003. LAWS GOVERNING CHEMICAL DEMILITARIZATION Treaty Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpil- ing and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction (P.L. 105- 277) Statutes Chemical Safety Information, Site Security and Fuels Regulatory Relief Act, P.L. 106-40. Clean Air Act (CAA), 42 U.S.C. §7401 et seq. Clean Water Act (CWA), 33 U.S.C. §1251 et seq. Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act (EPCRTKA), 42 U.S.C. §11001 et seq. The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), 42 U.S.C. 4321-4347 et seq. Occupational Health and Safety Act (OSHA), 29 U.S.C. 1920.120 et seq. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), 42 U.S.C. §6901 et seq. Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA), 15 U.S.C. §2601 et seq.

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The U.S. Army is in the process of destroying its chemical weapons stockpile and related, non-stockpile chemical materiel. At the request of the Army, the National Research Council (NRC) has published a number of studies over the last 16 years providing scientific and technical advice on that disposal effort. For this study, the NRC was asked to assess the design of the facility at the Pine Bluff (Arkansas) Arsenal intended to dispose of a large amount of non-stockpile materiel, including 1250 recovered old chemical weapons.

This is the first of a series of studies directed at reviewing and assessing the Product Manager for Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel initiatives for destruction of this materiel. The report provides the results of the Pine Bluff assessment. It includes a description of the Pine Bluff facility; a discussion of worker and public safety; management issues; regulatory, permitting, and public involvement; and the role of alternative destruction technologies currently residing at the facility.

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