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A
Adhesives
manufacturing problems, 69-70
research needs on, 166
U.S. competitiveness in, 71
uses, 69, 76
Adipic acid from microbial fermentation of glucose, 26
Agriculture
biologically derived pesticides, 23
opportunities for chemical engineers in, 17, 22-23
pollution from, 108
product markets, 18
veterinary pharmaceuticals, 23
Air pollution
indoor, 126
modeling, 14, 125, 126, 142
monitoring, 125-126
reduction strategies, 113-117
Aircraft
ceramic applications in, 65-66
composites applications, 62, 64, 71, 76
American Chemical Society, recommended role of, 184
American Institute of Chemical Engineers
Center for Chemical Process Safety, 175, 178
continuing education program, 77
promotion of cross-disciplinary cooperation, 34
recommended role of, 183-184
Antibiotics, penicillin, 10, 11-12
Antibodies, 20, 22, 27
Antigens, 19, 22
Antihemophilic factors, 22
Artificial organs, tissues, and fluids
aqueous and vitreous humors, 20
chemical engineering contributions to development of,
10, 19-20
future targets, 19-20
heart program, 10
hybridization, 19
kidney program, 19
pancreas, 20, 169
performance forecasts, 31
skin for burn patients, 20
"smart membrane" device, 20
surface and interracial phenomena in, 155
synovial fluids ~n joints, 20
see also Prostheses
Ash from combustion processes, 98, 115, 116-117, 156
Automobiles
composites applications, 64, 71
electric vehicle technology, 95
emissions, 108
polymer applications, 14
Biochemical processes in humans, measurement of, 31
Biochemical synthesis
opportunities for chemical engineers in, 23-24
see also Cell/tissue culture
Bioengineering
curricula, 32
faculty needs, 33
funding for research, 26, 32-33, 180
instrumentation and facility needs, 33-34
manpower needs, 34
surface and interracial phenomena in, 2, 17, 27-28, 155
Biological systems, complex
engineering analysis of, 2, 30-31
interactions, modeling, 2, 17, 26-27
Biomedicine
clinical implants and biomedical devices, 27, 31
contributions of chemical engineers to, 19-20
diagnostics, 18-20, 169
educational/training needs for engineers, 32-33, 176
international competition in, 17, 25-26
membrane technology applications, 20, 168-169
opportunities for chemical engineers in, 2, 17, 18-31
product market, 18
research recommendations, 27, 30-31
therapeutics, 19, 21-23, 30-31, 154, 163
see also Artificial organs, tissues, and fluids; Prostheses
Bioprocessing
batch, 20, 28-29
continuous, 2, 29
high-fructose corn syrup, 24-25
monitoring and control, 2, 29; see also Sensors
of monoclonal antibodies, 20
205
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proteins, 29-31
research recommendations, 2, 17, 26-31
scale-up, 29, 31
separation technologies, 2, 29-31
see also Cell/tissue culture; Fermentation processes
Bioreactors
analytical instrumentation, developmental processes, 30
animal cell growth in, 27, 28
for biomass energy production, 97
contamination prevention, 28
design, 2, 14, 21, 27, 28
feedback control systems, 14
hollow-fiber, 20
for manufacturing processes, 28-29
for pharmaceutical production, 21
properties measured by sensors in, 30
for waste treatment, 123
see also Cell/tissue culture
Biotechnology
benefits of research, 18
foreign accomplishments in, 25-26
funding for research, 18, 33, 181-183, 188, 193, 194
international competition in, 17, 25-26
markets for products, 18, 24
opportunities for chemical engineers in, 17, 18-25
research recommendations, 26-31
see also Clones/cloning; Recombinant DNA technology
Bureau of Mines
funding from, 104, 196
recommended role, 183
Butanol from microbial fermentation of glucose, 26
Catalysis/catalysts
activity and specificity, 157
automobile exhaust emission control, 157
biological, 123
characterization of structure, 158-159, 171
enzyme role in, 24
fuel production, 154
modeling microstructure and surface characteristics,
158
nonnoble metals, 158
olefin polymerization, 157
particle surface as, 124
performance determinants, 154, 156
petroleum cracking, 157-159
photosensitive, 102
platinum-based reforming, 157
potential, 157-158
removal problems, 157
research opportunities, 157-160
scale of research, 14
shape-selective, 158-159
silica-alumina, 158
solar energy applications, 102
surface chemistry, 159-160
three-dimensional structures, 160
~'
zeolites, 89, 156, 157-159, 171
Ziegler-Natta, 157
Cell/tissue culture
animal, 27, 28
bioreactors, 2, 29-30
constraints on, 23-24, 30
facility costs, 33
interferon production, 29
plant, 23, 28
recovery of products from, 30
research recommendations, 2, 29-30
surface and interracial phenomena in, 155
tissue plasminogen activator, 21
Cellular processes, modeling of, 26-27
Cement and concrete, 156, 167
Ceramics, advanced
applications, 65-66, 71, 166
chemical additives in processing, 67-68
chemical synthesis and processing, 2, 56, 74, 165, 166
colloidal phenomena in processing, 163
composites, 68-69, 71
conventional ceramics contrasted with, 65
crack initiation and propagation in, 65, 68, 166
cutting tools, 65
economic impacts, 65
functions, 66
interconnection substrates from, 48
international competition in, 71
market forecasts, 65
materials for, 74
membrane applications, 168
microstructural control, 65-66, 166
nonoxide, 73
opportunities for chemical engineers in, 66-69
potential importance, 71
powder processing, 74
properties, 66, 166
research needs on, 74
sol-gel processing, 49, 56, 66-67, 163
superconducting properties, 49, 56
transformation toughening, 68
zirconia, 68
Chemical effluents
ambient monitoring, 128-129
aquatic and soil behavior, 126-128
atmospheric behavior, 125-126
multimedia approach to managing, 129
see also Hazardous wastes
Chemical engineering history
contributions to technological needs, 1, 10, 11-12, 19-
20
emerging and enduring characteristics, 13
engineering science movement, 12
first university program, 11
future directions, 12-15
paradigms, traditional, 11-12
Chemical engineering opportunities
agriculture, 17, 22-23
biochemical synthesis, 23-24
biomedicine, 19-22
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biotechnology, 2, 17, 18-31
catalysis, 157-160
ceramics, 56, 65-69, 166-167
colloidal science, 163
composites, 64-65, 68-70
deposition processes, 56-57
electrochemistry, 160-161
environmental protection, 13, 24-25, 59
fluid interfaces, 163
health, 17, 19-22
liquids, complex, 69-70
membrane technology, 167-168
natural resource recovery, 25
polymer science, 55-56, 63-65
process interactions, 52-53
purification processes, 54
reactor engineering and design, 53-54
surfactants, 163-164
thin films, 56-57
Chemical engineering research
biological interactions, 26-27
biological surfaces and interfaces, 27-28
bioprocessing, 28-30
complex biological systems, 30-31
core areas, 1
federal role, 178-183
fire hazards, 118
high-priority areas, 1-7
industry role, 177-178
industry/university collaboration, 34, 59, 174, 177
instrumentation and facilities, 33-34, 77, 173-174, 177
interdisciplinary cooperation, 4, 14-15, 22, 31, 32-33,
34, 38, 64, 76, 77, 100, 103-104, 118, 156, 179-180
macroscale, 14
mesoscale, 14
microscale, 14
natural resource recovery, 80-81, 99, 100
needs, 1-6, 31-34, 59
small-group, 179
U.S. competitiveness in, 38
Chemical industry
accidents, 13, 107, 108-109, 113, 126, 131
cooperative research within, 178
costs of accidents, 108
expenditures for safety, 109
fires and explosions, 118-119, 131
new areas of application, 175
process safety research, 178
regulation costs, 109
safety record, 108-109
Chemical manufacturing processes
batch, 20, 28-29, 149
challenges in, 52-59
computer-assisted, 135-152
contamination prevention in, 54
continuous, 2, 29, 45, 54, 147
control, see Process control
current, 38-49
deposition of thin films, see Deposition processes for
thin films
'\ a. ~
4~....
design, 75-76, 112-113, 144-146
engineering science movement, 12
environmental protection, 59, 112-113
information management, 151
for integrated circuits, 14
integration of, see Process integration
for interconnection materials and devices, 46-48
for light wave media and devices, 42-45
for microcircuits, 40-42
for monoclonal antibodies, 20
for packaging materials for electronic devices, 39, 46-
48
for photovoltaics, 49
for polymeric materials, 55-56, 74-75
reactor engineering and design, 53-54; see also
Bioreactors
for recording media, 45-47
retrofitting, 145
safety in, 59
sensors, 149-151
for superconductors, 49
types of operations, 11
ultrapurification, 54
unit operations concept, 11-12, 14, 46, 51
see also Bioprocessing; Materials synthesis and
processing
Chemical processing industries
diversity, 176
employment, 10-11, 13
share of total manufacturing, 10
shipment values, 10
standard industrial classification codes, 201-204
U.S. competitiveness, 3-4, 11, 13, 177
value added by manufacture, 10-11
Chemicals
acceptable risks, 107-108
binding properties, 131
commodity, 13, 18, 26
environmental impacts of, 5, 106, 107-111, 142
hazards associated with, 130
life cycle in environment, 106
markets for, 18
microbial fermentation routes to, 26
public opinion on hazards from, 107
regulation of, 108
specialty, 13, 18, 149
toxicity measurements, 130-131
see also Chemical effluents; Petrochemicals
Citric acid from microbial fermentation of glucose, 26
Clones/cloning
from microbial cells, 28
from plant or animal cells, 28
of plants, 23
protein production by, 30
tissue plasminogen activator, 21
Coal
acetic anhydride from, 86, 90-91
combustion, 116-118
consumption, 116
co-processing with heavy crude oil, 89
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2~)8
environmental constraints on use, 116
liquefaction, 88, 89, 99
mineral content, 116
power generation, 109
pyrolysis, in situ, 87-88
reserves, 86, 116
solids handling, 99
Coal gasification
environmental impacts, 87
in situ, 87
integrated gasification combined cycle, 88, 90
processes, 25, 86-88, 99
research needs, 99
see also Synfuels
Coatings
corrosion-resistant, 154
hermetic, 50, 57
magnetic tape, 46-47, 57, 156
optical, for window glass, 154
optical fiber, 45, 50, 55, 57
polymer resist, 41-44
research needs on, 166
solution, 39
ultrapure glass fiber, 39
see also Thin films
Colloids/colloidal phenomena
in ceramics processing, 163
microscopic examination of, 169-170
spectroscopic examination of, 171
Combustion
ash formation, 98, 115, 116-117, 156
coal, 116-118
complexity of, 113
dioxin formation, 121
efficiencies, improvement in, 161
environmental impacts of, 109-110, 113-119
fires and explosions, 118-119, 142
fluidized-bed, 117, 118
free-radical concentrations, 121-122
offuels, 109-110, 115
hazardous waste incineration, 120-122, 126, 129, 142
of hydrocarbons, 113-114, 121
in situ, for oil recovery, 83, 85-86
interracial phenomena in, 156
mathematical modeling of, 14, 142
of methane, 113
monitoring of hazardous effluents, 121
of municipal wastes, 91-92
nitrogen oxide formation from, 114
pollution control strategies, 116
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formation, 115, 121,
125, 126
pyrolysis, 120
recovery of metals from fly ash, 98
soot formation, 113, 114-116, 121, 156
staged, 115
sulfur oxide formation, 117
Competition, see International competition; U.S.
competitiveness
Composites
adhesion between fiber and matrix, 68, 72
INDEX
aircraft applications, 62, 64, 71, 76
anisotropic, 64
aramid fibers in, 65
attachment to other materials, 3, 76
automotive applications, 64. 71
bicontinuous, 71-72
carbon fiber, 70
ceramic, 68-69, 71
crack inhibition in, 68
curing, 75, 76
design problems, 76
fiberglass, 64
flaw detection and repair, 76
interfaces, role in synthesis, 72
international competition in, 70-71
isotropic, 64
laminates, 64, 156
liquids, 69-74; see also Liquids, complex
lubricants, 69, 74
manufacturing methods, 68-69
mechanical strength, 64, 72
molecular design concepts, 71-72
opportunities for chemical engineers in, 64-65, 68-70
poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers, 70
polymeric, 62, 64-65, 70-72, 75, 156
properties, 68, 69
silicon carbide whiskers, 68-69
third-generation fibers in, 70
three-dimensional, 71-72
trussworks, 64, 71
two-dimensional reinforcement, 64
see also Coatings
Computer-aided design and manufacturing
availability, 137-138
development of, 76
education and training, 136, 140
hydrodynamic systems, 140
for new processes, 143-146
petroleum production, 141-142
polymer processing, 140-141
in process operations and control, 146-149
programs, 143
recommended research, 5-6
for retrofitting of processes, 145
see also Models/modeling; Supercomputers
Council for Chemical Research, recommended role of,
184
Cytomegalovirus, ELISA test for, 20
D
Department of Defense
funding from, 194-195
recommended research role, 183
Department of Energy
funding from, 192-193
recommended research role, 181, 182
Deposition processes for thin films
chemical vapor, 39, 43-45, 49, 50, 52, 74, 162
in magnetic media production, 52
in microcircuit manufacture, 2, 39, 41
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INDEX
monitoring, 162-163
in optical fiber manufacturing, 43-45
in photovoltaics manufacturing, 39, 54
physical vapor, 39
plasma vapor, 39, 44, 162
thermal, 162
undesirable phenomena, 57
U.S. competitiveness, 50
vertical axial, 43
Drugs, see Pharmaceuticals
Education/training
E
access to computers, 152
bioengineering, 32-33, 176
in computer applications, 136, 138, 140, 152
curriculum, core, 12, 15, 77, 175
electronics, 176
environmental concerns in process design, 132-133
faculty needs, 33, 176-177
flexibility in science electives, 176
graduate, 32-33, 77
industry role, 176
joint appointments with biological and medical
faculties, 33
life sciences, 18, 20, 31-32
materials phenomena and processing, 77, 176
process design and safety, 175
recommendations, 6, 132-133, 175-177
sabbaticals for industrial researchers, 77
separations courses, 175
size and composition of academic departments, 6, 176-
177
surface and interracial phenomena, 176
undergraduate, 32, 175
workshops, 77
Electrochemical processes
characteristics, 160
charge transfer, 160
electrode performance determinants, 154, 156
energy conversion and storage, 95, 102
microstructure influences, 161
modeling of, 161
molecular dynamics, 160-161
research challenges, 95
Electron-beam processing
lithography, 50
silicon-on-insulator structures, 50
Electronic materials and devices
chemical engineering aspects of, 39, 40
commercial life cycle, 38
energy to manufacture, 38
fabrication, 162
integration of manufacturing processes, 2
transistor, 38, 40
value, 38
see also Integrated circuits; Microcircuits;
Semiconductors
Electronics industry
209
chemical engineers' role in, 37, 59
employment of chemical engineers in, 59
evolution, 38, 40
small-firm role in generating new processes/equipment,
59
Electrorefining
recovery of spent nuclear fuel, 93
research needs, 93-94
Employment of chemical engineers
biochemical and biomedical engineers, demand for, 34
electronics industry, 59
oil industry, 10, 11
statistics, by industry, 10
Energy crisis, 11, 80
Energy industries
chemical engineering contributions to, 80
importance, 3-4, 80
research needs, 4, 13
shipment values, 80
Energy research
nuclear energy, 95
trends, 80
Energy resources processing
separations processes, 100
solids, 99-100
technical problems, 80
see also specific energy resources
Energy sources
batteries, 95, 102
electrochemical energy conversion and storage, 95, 102,
161
electrolysis cells, 95
foreign, U.S. dependence on, 80-81
fuel cells, 95, 161
geothermal, 96
municipal solid wastes, 91-92
plant biomass, 96-97
solar, 95-96, 102
technologies for exploiting, 81-97
see also Coal; Fuels; Nuclear energy; Oil
Environmental impacts and issues
acid rain, 5, 107, 110, 125, 129
accidents at chemical plants, 13, 107, 108-109
automotive emissions, 108, 109
bioaccumulation of chemicals, 107
coal conversion to liquid and gaseous fuels, 87-88
chlorofluorocarbons, 108
combustion processes, 14, 109-110, 113-119, 156
energy utilization, 107, 108
greenhouse effect, 108
human activities, 107
mathematical modeling of, 142
ore recovery processes, 100
pesticides, 108
polymer processing, 63
semiconductor industry wastes, 59
see also Hazardous wastes
Environmental protection
cost considerations, 112
in electronics industry, 59
engineering employment needs, 34
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~ ant/ .~/
opportunities for chemical engineers in, 13, 24-25, 59,
105, 106, 132-133
recommended research, 4-5
regulations and statutes, 108-110, 123, 125
see also Pollution control technologies
Environmental Protection Agency, recommended role,
183
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, 20
Enzymes
artificial, 165
in high-fructose corn syrup production, 24-25
isomerase, 24-25
lifetime determinants, 25
mercuric reductase, 123
protease, 29
separation from complex mixtures, 25
tissue plasminogen activator, 21
uses in synthetic chemistry, 24
waste treatment applications, 24
Epitaxy
molecular beam, 43, 50
in optoelectronics manufacturing, 43
solid-phase, 50
vapor-phase, 43
Etching
anisotropic, 163
of microcircuits, 39, 41, 57
of optoelectronics, 43
in photolithography, 44
of photovoltaics, 39
plasma, 39, 55, 58, 162
process monitoring, 162-163
rates, 58
reactive ion, 43
selectivity, 58
of semiconductors, 163
of silicon, 58
wet chemical, 39
Ethanol
from microbial fermentation of glucose, 26
Europe
biotechnology research in, 25-26
composites technology, 71
see also specific countries
~ .
Federal Republic of Germany
biotechnology institutes, 25
separation process applications, 25
Fermentation processes
batch, 29
beer, 29
continuous, very large, 26
enzyme culturing, 21, 24
glucose, commodity chemicals from, 26
immobilized-cell, 26
penicillin recovery, 12
problems, 24
Films
Langmuir-Blodgett, 163, 164
see also Thin films
Fires and explosions, 118-119, 142
Fluid flow and dynamics
in artificial organs, 19
of complex liquids, 69-70, 73-74, 140
in electrophoretic image displays, 164-165
in enhanced oil recovery, 83
of film coatings, 57
at interfaces, 163-166
modeling, 31, 141-142
optical techniques for study of, 166, 172
in pollutant transport, 126-127
in porous media, 141-142
in reactor engineering and design, 54
Freeze drying to stabilize penicillin solutions, 12
Fuel cells for transportation, 95, 161
Fuels
combustion, environmental impacts of, 109-110
conversion of methanol to gasoline, 89-90, 93, 158-159;
see also Synfuels
ethanol as a gasoline substitute, 96
gaseous and liquid, coal conversion to, 86-88
nuclear, chemical process steps, 93-94, 100-101
opportunities for chemical engineers in, 4
plant biomass sources, 96-97
reactor materials, 4, 102
U.S. supplies, 80
Funding
by academic-industrial consortia, 104, 179, 181
biochemical engineering research, 26, 32-33, 180
biotechnology/biomedicine research, 18, 33, 181-183,
188, 193, 194
Bureau of Mines, 104, 196-197
computer-assisted process and control engineering, 182,
191, 193
cross-disciplinary partnership awards, 33, 177, 179, 180,
182, 183
cross-disciplinary pioneer awards, 180, 182
current patterns, 185-186
Department of Defense, 194-195
Department of Energy, 104, 133, 192-193
electronic, photonic, and recording materials and
devices, 182
energy/natural resources processing, 104, 182, 183, 191,
192
Environmental Protection Agency, 133, 195-196
environmental research, 133, 182, 183, 191
equipment and facilities, 177, 179-181, 182
foreign, 26
hazardous waste management, 182, 191
IBM Fellows award, 180
from large research centers, 181
liquid fuels, 193
materials research, 182, 183, 188-191, 194-195
mechanisms, federal, 178-181
microstructure research, 174, 193
National Bureau of Standards, 196
National Institutes of Health, 133, 193-194
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National Science Foundation, 104, 133, 187-191
nuclear energy research, 95
process design, 182
process safety, 133, 182, 191
recommendations, 7, 104, 133, 178-181, 185-197
research excellence awards, 180, 182, 192
single investigator awards, 179
surface and interracial engineering, 182, 191-192, 193
tenure-track faculty positions, 180
Gamma globulin, 22
Genetic engineering, see Biotechnology; Clones/cloning
Germany, see Federal Republic of Germany
Glasses
halide and chalcogenide, 57
in optical fibers, 57
stress corrosion crack growth inhibitors, 57
Glycerol
from microbial fermentation of glucose, 26
Hazardous wastes
amount generated annually, 110
biodegradation, 122-123, 125
burial methods, 110-111
chemical engineering opportunities, 4-5, 105
containment problems, 111
detoxification, 120-124
from electronics industry, 59, 111
groundwater contamination, 111, 126-129, 142
heavy metal ions, 122-123, 124
improper disposal, 107, 111, 128-129
incineration of, 110, 120-122, 124, 126, 129, 142
land disposal, 5, 110, 111, 128-129, 142
management of, 48, 59, 110-111, 119-125
monitoring of sites, 125, 128-129
multimedia approach to, 129
National Priority List of toxic waste dumps, 111
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 115, 121, 125, 126
separation processes, 123-126, 156
site remediation, 124-125
spent nuclear fuel management and disposal, 93
from substrate formation for interconnection devices,
48
thermal destruction, 110, 120-122, 124
wet oxidation, 124
see also Waste management
Health
contributions of chemical engineers to, 19
opportunities for chemical engineers in, 17, 19-22
see also Artificial organs, tissues, and fluids;
Biomedicine; Pharmaceuticals; Prostheses
Heat transfer
in design of packaging, 39
in fermentation processes, 24
271
instruments for studying, 170
modeling, 39
in ocean thermal energy conversion, 95
in retorting of shale oil, 85-86, 87
in semiconductor materials preparation, 41-42
Hemodialysis and hemofiltration, 10, 19, 26
lIigh-fructose corn syrup, bioprocesses, 24-25
Hormones, human growth, action, 22
lIuman serum albumin, 22
Hydrocarbons, combustion of, 113-114
Hydrodynamic systems, mathematical modeling of, 140
Imaging devices, electrophoretic, 164-165
Implantation processes, U.S. competitiveness on, 50
In situ processing
coal, 87-88
combustion, 83, 85-87
environmental impacts, 98, 99
metals and minerals, 25, 97
oil shale, 99
petroleum, 83, 85-87, 98-99
problems, 98-99
research needs, 98
Information management for process engineering, 137,
151
Information technologies
hazardous wastes generated by, 59
international competition, 38
materials and devices, 37, 38, 40
product obsolescence, 52
world markets for storage and handling devices, 38
Injection molding, equipment design, 14
Instruments
cost and availability, 173
direct force measurement apparatus, 172
laser-doppler motion probes, 172
microelectrode probes, 172
for microstructure studies, 169-173
see also Microscopy; Microtomography; Spectroscopic
methods
Insulin, 19
Integrated circuits
complexity and capability, 40
etching processes, 58
manufacturing methods, 38, 58
materials, 41
microstructure characterization, 162
monolithic, 40
packaging, 58
plastic packaging, 48
scale of research, 14
thin films in, 2
very large scale, 155
see also Microcircuits
Interactions, see Biological systems, complex
Interconnection/packaging materials and devices
board composition, 47, 48, 52
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212
chemical manufacturing processes, 38, 39, 46-48, 57
IBM multilayer ceramic interconnection package, 48
international competition in, 52
for high-frequency data transmission, 57
materials, 39, 47, 48, 56
modeling applications in design of, 39, 58
plastics, 48
polymers in, 48, 55, 56
process design challenges, 48
substrate formation, 48, 56
thin film deposition on, 57
transfer molding process, 48, 56
ultrahigh-speed modules, 48
U.S. competitiveness in, 48
world market, 38
Interfaces, see Surface and interracial engineering
Interferons
action, 22
production, 31
International competition
access to prototypes and, 50
biotechnology and biomedicine, 17, 25-26
ceramics, 71
composite materials, 70-71
fermentation processes, 26
interconnection and packaging, 52
light wave media and devices, 50
microcircuits, 49-50
photovoltaics, 50
polymers, 63, 70-71
product quality and performance factors, 13
recording media, 50-52
separations technology, 26
superconductors, 52
see also U.S. competitiveness
Ion microbeam technologies
Japanese competitiveness in, 50
in optoelectronics manufacturing, 43
Isomerization, xylene, 159
Japan
biotechnology research, 25
carbon fiber technology, 70
ceramics technology, 71
composites technology, 71
deposition and processing technologies for thin films,
50, 52
fermentation processes, 26
interconnection technologies, 52
kidney dialyzers, 26
laser applications, 50
lithography equipment, 50
magnetic media manufacturing, 50-52
microcircuit processing technology, 50
optical fiber manufacturing, 50
polymer research and development, 63, 70
separation research and development, 25-26
silicon-on-insulator structures, 50
superconductors, 52
technology transfer from U.S. to, 70
Kidneys
artificial, 19
function, 19
Korea
magnetic tape market, 50
polymer processing, 63
L
Landau-Lifshitz theory, 165
Light wave media and devices
applications, 42-43
chemical manufacturing processes for, 39, 42-45, 156
commercial life cycle, 38, 42-43
energy to manufacture, 38
future of, 43
international competition in, 50
local area networks, 55
microstructure control in, 156
packaging, 39
polymer applications in, 55
value, 38
world market, 38
see also Optical devices; Optical fibers
Liquid crystals, 71, 72
Liquids, complex
applications, 74
biocompatible polymer solutions, 20
composites, 69-74
design of, 70
interracial properties, 156
microstructured fluids, 14
modeling of, 74
molecular behavior, 14, 70, 72-73
ordered, fluid mechanics of, 74
particles or micelles in, 74
polymeric, 74
processing, 73-74
rheology, 74
scale of research, 14
suspensions, 14
Lithography
electron beam, 50
equipment, 50
high-resolution, 50
x-ray, 50
Little, Arthur, D., 11
Lubricants
components and performance characteristics, 69
dewaxing of, 158
interaction with surfaces, 156
U.S. competitiveness in, 71
Lymphokines, 22
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~x
Manufacturing processes, see Chemical manufacturing
processes
Mass spectrometry
microstructure characterization, 159
monitoring deposition/etching processes, 163
secondary ion, 159, 172
Mass transfer
in artificial organs, 19
in fermentation processes, 24
instruments for studying, 170
of plant cells from bioreactors, 28
reactor engineering and design considerations, 54
in semiconductor materials preparation, 41-42
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Biotechnology Process Center, 25
chemical engineering program, 11
development of freeze drying process, 12
Materials, advanced
aircraft applications, 62
for membranes, 167-168
nondestructive testing of, 76
for platelet storage, 19
process-related, needs, 102
see also Ceramics, advanced; Composites; Polymeric
materials/polymers
Materials research
chemical engineering frontiers in, 71-76
instrumentation and facility needs, 77
microscale structures and processes, 71-73
Materials synthesis and processing
combining, 3
complex liquids, 73-75
monitoring of, 75
powders, 74
Materials systems
chemical processing in fabrication, 3, 76
design, 75-76
detection and repair of flaws in, 76
Membranes
applications, 20, 167-169
cellular, 26-27
ceramics in, 168
design of, 168-169
energy and natural resource processing applications, 100
hollow-fiber, 123, 168-169
laminated polymer, 168
liquid-liquid extraction, 123
materials and research needs, 167-168
mimetic chemistry, 165
Monsanto's Prisms, 169
organic polymer, 100
separation processes, 19, 20, 25-26, 100, 123, 167
"smart," 20, 168-169
surfactant applications in processing of, 164
synthetic, 27
transport dynamics, 27, 31
Metals and minerals
2~3
depletion, 4, 24-25, 80, 98
reserves, 4, 80
U.S. dependence on foreign sources, 80, 97
Metals and minerals, recovery and processing
biological systems, 25
and construction costs, 103
from fly ash from power plant combustors, 98
high-concentration ore deposits, 97
hydrothermal deposits, 103
in situ processing, 4, 25, 97, 103
industrial waste streams, 25, 98, 123, 124
low-concentration ore deposits, 97-98, 100, 102
research needs, 97
solids handling, 99-100
solvent extraction, 97, 103
steel making, 97, 103
sulfide deposits, 101
technologies, 25, 97-98
Methyl ethyl ketone from microbial fermentation of
glucose, 26
Micelles, 124, 163, 164
Microcircuits
chemical engineering contributions to, 39
chemical manufacturing processes, 39, 40-42, 50, 53,
56-57, 155, 162
component density, 40-41, 162
gallium arsenide, 41, 55
heat dissipation, 47
international competition in, 49-50
photolithographic processes, 41, 56
polymers in, 55, 74
process integration, 50
research frontiers, 162
silicon, 41-42
size limits, 54, 56, 57, 155
substrates, 40
theoretical research needs, 173-174
three-dimensional, 41-42
uses, 40, 149, 154
see also Integrated circuits; Semiconductors
Microscopy
scanning electron, 162, 170
scanning tunneling, 170, 172
transmission electron, 170
video-enhanced interference phase-contrast, 169-170
Microstructures/microstructured materials
characterization, 124, 162, 168-173; see also
Microscopy; Microtomography; Spectroscopic
methods
control in electronic, photonic, and recording materials
and devices, 155-156
microscopic examination, 169-170
microtomographic examination, 170-171
nature of, 154-155
organizational forms, 154
probes, 172-173
research needs and opportunities, 2-3, 156-174
scattering methods for examining, 171
supramolecular, 161
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2~4$
technological impacts of, 155-156
ultimate products from, 154
see also Ceramics, advanced; Composites; Polymeric
materials/polymers
Microtomography
multinuclear magnetic resonance, 170-171
x-ray, 170
Models/modeling
accuracy in, 146-147
adsorption/reaction/particle-removal separation process,
124
air pollutant transport and chemical reactivity, 14, 125,
126, 142
biological interactions, 2, 26-27
catalyst microstructure and surface structure, 158
cellular, 26-27
chemical dynamics in electronic device manufacture, 2,
57-58
combustion systems, 14, 142
complex liquid structure-property relationships, 74
electrochemical processes, 161
environmental systems, 142
Escherichia coli, 27
fluid flow in porous media, 141-142
heat transfer in design of packaging, 39
hydrodynamic systems, 140
magnetic media manufacturing processes, 58
mathematical, of fundamental phenomena, 138-142
membrane transport phenomena, 168
microelectronics processing, 163
of molecular events in unit operations, 12
Navier-Stokes equations, 140
petroleum production, 14, 141-142
plasma processing, 58
polymer processing, 140-141
with supercomputers, 136, 173-174
thin film processing, 58
underground pollutant transport, 126-127
viscous fluid flows, 58
Monitoring
air pollution, 125-126
bioprocesses, 29
chemical spills/releases, 126
incinerator effluents, 121
instrumentation needs, 128-129
nondestructive probes, 128-129
personal exposure, 129, 132
remote sensing technology, 128
of toxic waste sites, 125
see also Spectroscopic methods
Monolayers, 164
National Bureau of Standards
funding from, 196
recommended role, 183
National Institutes of Health
funding from, 193-194
recommended role, 183
~A) ~\
National Science Foundation
Engineering Research Centers, 181
funding from, 104, 187-191
Materials Research Laboratories, 77
recommended role, 181-182
Natural resource recovery/processing
cost determinants, 80, 97
design and scale-up, 102-103
energy resources, 81-97
environmental constraints, 97
high-concentration raw materials, 97
in situ processing, 4, 25, 98-99
interracial phenomena in, 156
low-concentration raw materials, 97-98
media microstructure and surface properties, 156
metal/mineral resources, 25, 97-98
opportunities for chemical engineers in, 4, 24-25, 103
primary processes, 81
research frontiers, 98-104
secondary processes, 81
separation processes, 100-102
solids processing, 99-100
solvent extraction, 97
technical problems, 80
technologies for exploiting, 91-98
see also Energy sources; Metals and minerals; Oil;
Petroleum refineries/refining
Nitrogen oxides from combustion processes, 114
Nondestructive testing of advanced materials, 76
Nuclear energy
development efforts, 93
fast breeder reactors, 92, 93
fission, 92-94
fusion, 92, 94-95
Integral Fast Reactor, 93
light water reactors, 92
Nuclear fuel cycle, 93, 100-101
Oil
consumption, 116
co-processing of coal with, 89
problem constituents in, 89, 158
reserves, 4, 82, 84-86, 116
reservoir simulation, 140-141
shales, 84-86, 87, 89, 99, 100, 103, 156
synthetic base, 69
ultraheavy crudes, 82, 102
see also Lubricants; Petroleum refineries/refining
Oil industry, employment of chemical engineers in, 11
Oil recovery processes
chemical flooding, 83
enhanced, 4, 14, 81-84, 86, 125, 154, 156
hydrogen reaction, 102
in situ combustion, 4, 83, 85-87, 100
miscible flooding, 83
modeling, 141-142
primary, 81
secondary, 81-82
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7,>~:,,;/
from shales, 99, 100, 103
steam injection, 83, 84
supercritical extraction, 125
thermal, 82-85
see also Petroleum refineries/refining
Optical devices
flat-panel image displays, 164-165
see also Light wave media and devices
Optical fibers
characteristics, 43
coatings, 45, 50, 55, 57
connectors and splice hardware, S5
costs of manufacturing, 45, 55
data transmitting capacity, 42, 44
drawing processes, 57
glass, 44-45, 57
hermetic coatings, 50
high-strength, 50
international competition in, 50
manufacturing methods, 38, 40, 43-45, 57
low-cost components, 55-56
polarization-maintaining, 55
polymers in, 56, 57
Rayleigh scattering in, 44
sensor applications, 43, 55
thin film deposition on, 2, 57
ultrapurification of materials, 54-55
Organs, see Artificial organs, tissues, and fluids
Packaging materials for electronic devices, see
Interconnection/packaging materials and devices
Peptides
neuroactive, 22
regulatory, 22, 23
Pesticides
biologically derived, 23
Petrochemicals
biological routes to, 25
see also Oil
Petroleum refineries/refining
catalytic cracking, 156-159
design, 11, 103
flexicoking, 91
fluid-bed coking, 89
hydrocarbon separations, 100
hydrotreating processes, 89, 92
mathematical modeling of, 141-142
new raw materials for, 88-91
research challenges, 91, 103
scale-up, 103
Pharmaceuticals
bioprocessing techniques, 21
drug delivery modes, 21-23, 154, 155, 163, 167
markets for, 18
therapeutic targets of opportunity, 22
surface and interracial phenomena in, 155
veterinary, 23
Photolithographic processes
i. ,., ~
_ ~
chemical steps in, 44
Photonics
chemical engineering aspects of, 39
fabrication, 162
integration of manufacturing processes, 2
see also Light wave media and devices
Photovoltaics
chemical engineering contributions to, 39
chemical manufacturing processes, 38, 49, 53, 54
costs of manufacturing, 49
focus of research, 49, 53
gallium arsenide cells, 49
hydrogen clustering in, 171
international competition in, 2, 38, 52
polycrystalline module efficiency and reliability, 49
world markets, 38
Platelet storage, 19
Pollution control technologies
calcium sorbent addition, 117
in coal-fired generating plants, 109
electrostatic precipitators, 116, 124
emission reduction strategies for combustion products,
113-117
for fly ash, 116
incinerators, 120-122, 124
~0
through plant and process design, 112-113
separation of power plant emissions, 100
for soot, 116
for sulfur oxides, 117
see also Separation technologies/processes
Polymeric materials/polymers
acrylate, 55
aramid, 63, 65
automotive applications, 14
biocompatible, for human fluid replacements, 20
chemical engineering contributions to, 63
chemical synthesis and processing, 2, 55-56, 74-75, 156
composites, 64-65, 70, 69-71, 72, 74, 140, 156
in drug delivery systems, 22, 23
elastomeric, 57
electrically active, 39
epoxy-Novolac prepolymers, 56
fibers, high-strength, 63
glassy, 57, 74
high-strength/high-modulus, 70
in information storage and handling devices, 55
interaction with monolayers and micelles, 164
interconnection substrate applications, 48, 58
international competition in, 70-71
Kevlar At, 63
low-molecular-weight, 69
in membranes, 100, 168
methacrylate, 55
microstructure, surfaces, and interfaces, 156
multicomponent blends, 75
molecular design, 75
opportunities for chemical engineers in, 63-65, 75
optoelectronic applications, 43, 45, 55, 56, 156
photoresists, 41-43, 55, 58, 74-75, 162
polybenzothiazole, 63
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polyethylene, 63
polyimides, 56
polypropylene, 63
pour point depressants, 69
property determinants, 140-141
recording applications, 55, 56
redox, layered structures of, 169
research needs on, 55
resource recovery applications, 83
rod- and coil-type, 156
solids dispersants, 69
spinning fibers from anisotropic phases, 63
thermally stable, 56
thermosetting epoxy, 64
toxic emissions from burning of, 118
viscosity modifiers, 69, 83, 156
Polymerization processes
batch, 149
emulsion, 165
fluid flow during extrusion, 140
free radical influences on, 72
mathematical modeling of, 75, 140-141
polyethylene, 63
processing of complex liquids during, 73
reactive extrusion, 73
reactive injection molding, 73
solvent-polymer interactions, 74
for thin films and membranes, 164
UNIPOL method, 63
Powders, processing of, 74
Power generation
coal-fired, 109-110
from combustion of solid wastes, 92
environmental impacts of fuel combustion for, 109-110
geothermal, 96
see also Energy sources; Nuclear energy
Process control
adaptive, 148-149
batch process engineering, 149
bioprocessing operations, 29
computer-assisted, 137, 146-149
in high-fructose corn syrup production, 25
integration of process design with, 147-148
internal model control, 148
interpretation of information, 146-147
materials manufacturing, 75
measurements for, 146
monitoring of, 2, 29, 75
non-steady-state, 113, 147
problem-solving strategies, 148-149
process transients, management of, 113
robust, 148-149
scale of research on, 14
sensors for, 149-151
Process design
blurring of product design and, 14
computer-assisted, 131, 136-139, 143-145, 147-148
contamination prevention, 54
education, 175
environmental protection and safety considerations, 2,
112-113, 131-132, 137
goals, 142
integration with process control, 147-148
materials manufacturing, 75
research opportunities, 145-146
research recommendations, 5, 54, 75, 112
retrofitting, 145
scale-up, 29, 31, 102-103, 139
stages, 143-144, 145
tree graphs, 112-113, 131
twenty-first century, 138-139
Process integration
importance, 52-53
in magnetic tape manufacturing, 50-51
for microcircuit manufacture, 50, 53
research needs, 2, 52-53
for semiconductor manufacturing, 53
Process safety
cost considerations, 112
education, 175
in electronics industry, 59
fire prevention, 118
reactor materials and, 54
research challenges and recommendations, 5, 105, 132-
133, 178
Professional societies
cooperation and communications among, 34
recommended role of, 183-184
Prostheses
electrochemical signal transduction systems for, 20
see also Artificial organs, tissues, and fluids
Proteins
bioprocessing of, 29-31
interferon production, 29
Purification processes
for antibiotic preparation, 11-12
in high-fructose corn syrup production, 25
for optical fiber grade SiCl4, 55
for pharmaceutical production, 21
for proteins, 30-31
see also Ultrapurification
Reactor design and engineering
for electronic, photonic, and recording materials and
devices, 53-54, 57-58
for pharmaceutical production, 21
see also Bioreactors
Recombinant DNA technology
pharmaceutical production through, 21
waste management applications, 122-123
see also Clones/cloning
Recording and storage media
chemical engineering aspects of, 38~0, 45-46
coating processes, 57, 156
commercial life cycle, 38
compact disks, 45, 52
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INDEX
E-beam, 39
energy to manufacture, 38
ferrite cores, 40
formats, 45
integration of manufacturing processes, 2
international competition in, 50-51, 57
magnetic, 39, 40, 46-47, 50-52, 54, 58, 156, 162
manufacturing methods, 38-40, 45-47, 50-51, 57, 58
materials, 45, 51
mathematical modeling of manufacturing processes, 58
microstructure characterization, 162
microstructure control in, 156
optical, 39, 40, 45-46, 52, 156
polymers in, 55, 56, 58, 156
read-only optical disks, 45, 52
read-wr~te optical disks, 46, 52
recording density dete~-~inants, 46, 162
surface and interracial phenomena in fabrication of, 162
ultrapurification, 54
value, 38
world market, 38
see also Thin films
Risk assessment
construction materials, 118
exposure assessment, 129, 132
hazard identification and assessment, 129, 130-132
standard for, 107-108
Risk management, 132
Rubber, synthetic, 11
Safety, chemical industry, 108-109
Selective ion transport across membranes, 27
Self-assembling structures, 164
Semiconductors
amorphous, 171
chemical manufacturing processes, 40, 41, 57, 59
Group III-V compound, 43
hazardous wastes from, 59
integrated processing, 53
in optoelectronic devices, 43
ultrapurification of materials, 54
world market, 38
Sensors
arrays, 150, 151
biological, 150, 155, 167, 168
computerized, 136
future developments, 136, 149-151
membranes in, 167
noninvasive on-line, for bioprocessing, 2, 29-30, 154
optical fiber, 43, 55, 150
process, 2, 14, 29-30, 136, 137, 149-151
protein-specific, 154
research recommendations, 151
solid-state, 149-150
Separation technologies/processes
adsorption/reaction/particle removal sequence, 123-124
bioproducts, 2, 29-31
~7
chromatographic, 29
cyclone separators, 117
distillation of azeotropic mixtures, 168
economics, 100, 101
education/training on, 175
energy consumption by, 100, 102
energy/natural resources, 100-102
enzymes and amino acids from complex mixtures, 25
equipment improvement, 14
examples according to property differences, 101
fixed-bed adsorption, 100
foreign accomplishments, 25-26
hazardous wastes, 123-126, 156
hemodialysis/hemofiltration, 19
heterogeneous feeds, 100
high-temperature, 100-101
homogeneous mixtures, 100, 102
ion-exchange, 100
laser spectroscopy cell sorter, 173
liquid-liquid extractions, 100
membrane, 19, 20, 25-26, 100, 123, 156, 167-168
pollution control, 100, 156
reactor materials, needs, 4, 102
research needs, 2, 30, 98, 100-102
selectivity improvement, 54, 100, 156
steam from brine, 96
steam stripping, 124-125
supercritical extraction, 124-125
thermal Resorption, 124-125
zeolite applications, 100
see also Purification processes; Ultrapurification
Shell Development Company
contribution to penicillin production, 11-12
polypropylene manufacturing process, 63
Silicon
-on-insulator structures, 50
polycrystalline, chemical production steps, 43
ultrapure single-crystal, 39, 41
Solar power
advantages and disadvantages, 95
conversion costs, 95
materials problems, 102
photovoltaics efficiency, 49, 95
research challenges, 95-96
storage systems, 102
thermal energy conversion, 95, 102
Sol-gel processing
ceramic powder preparation by, 49, 66-67, 73
chemical steps in, 45, 67
double-alkaloid systems, 73
optical fiber manufacturing, 45, 57
preform manufacture, 67
problems in, 67
research needs on, 73
single-alkaloid systems, 73
Solids processing
costs, 99
crushing, grinding, and milling, 99
efficiency, 99
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i' ~ '.k
- - ~
equipment design and scale-up, 4, 99, 100, 143
interdisciplinary cooperation, 100
research needs, 99-100, 103
scale-up factors, 103
Soot from combustion processes, 114-116
Soviet Union, fission research, 95
Spectroscopic methods
Auger electron, 158, 162, 172
carbon-13 NMR, 168
catalyst characterization, 158, 159, 171
electron energy loss, 159, 171
electron spin resonance, 163
emission, 163
extended x-ray absorption fine structure, 159, 171
infrared, 159, 171
laser-induced fluorescence, 163
laser spectroscopy cell sorter, 173
low-energy electron diffraction, 158, 159, 171-172
for micelle studies, 164
for microstructure characterization, 158-159, 162, 171-
172
for monitoring deposition/etching processes, 163
neutron spin-echo, 164
nuclear magnetic resonance, 159, 171
photon correlation, 164
Raman, 159, 171
small-angle neutron scattering, 124, 164
solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, 159
structure-permeability probes, 168
ultraviolet photoelectron, 158, 172
x-ray photoelectron, 124, 158, 162, 168, 171, 172
Storage media, see Recording and storage media
Sulfur oxides from combustion processes, 117
Supercomputers
applications, 139-140, 143
artificial intelligence, 136-139
availability, 137-138, 152
Cray I class, 137
expert systems, 136, 137
hypercube architecture, 140-141
need for, 173-174
speed and capabilities, 136-138, 152
Superconductors
ceramics in, 49, 56
chemical manufacturing processes for, 49
cooling, 49
high-temperature, 2, 49, 52
international competition in, 52
materials, 49, 56
metal oxide, 56
uses, 49
see also Semiconductors
Surface and interracial engineering
biological, 2, 17, 27-28, 155
in catalytic and electrode reactions, 155, 159-160
in ceramics, 166-167
characterization techniques, 158-159
in colloidal systems, 163-164
in composites, 64, 72, 156
at, . _ .. - ,
~ 1'i~i~f~
in concrete and cement, 167
in film deposition, 58
fluid, 163, 166
in fuel cell technology, 161
importance, 154-156
lubricant interaction with, 156
in microcircuit processing, 162
multiple, structuring of, 155
in natural resources recovery, 156
properties and processes, 155
research needs and opportunities, 6, 72, 156-174
role in materials chemistry, 72
solvent/polymer, 55
in surfactants, 163
tissue-implant, 27
Surfactants
in cement and concrete, 167
detail and tri-tail, 164
in enhanced oil recovery, 154, 163
monolayer-forming, 164
multifunctional, 164
property control measures, 165
research opportunities, 163-164
resource recovery applications, 83-84
superplasticizers, 167
Synfuels
catalytic conversion to liquid fuels, 87
Fischer-Tropsch process, 87
methanol to gasoline, 89-90, 93, 158-159
natural gas to gasoline, 90
production process, 86-88, 90-91
uses, 25
Thin films
controlled permeability, 154
deposition processes, 2, 41, 50, 54, 56-58
on interconnection devices, 2, 57
low-temperature methods, 56
mathematical modeling of processes, 58
on optical fibers, 2, 57, 156
pharmaceutical applications, 154
on recording/storage media, 2, 46, 57, 70
organic, 41
property determinants, 58, 156
research needs on, 58
silicon dioxide, 41
surfactant applications in processing of, 164
U.S.-Japanese competition, 50
Tissue culture, see Cell/tissue culture
Tissue plasminogen activator, 21, 22
Tissues, see Artificial organs, tissues, and fluids;
Prostheses
Training, see Education/training
Transmission electron microscopy, 159
Transportation, environmental impacts of fuel combustion
for, 109-110
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L i4~/
of_
Ultrapurification
for cell culture processes, 21
for electronic, photonic, and recording materials and
devices, 2, 41, 54
of silicon for semiconductors, 41
Union Carbide, UNIPOL process, 63
United Kingdom
biotechnology institutes, 25
Unocal Corporation, 96
U.S. competitiveness
adhesives, 71
biotechnology, 25
ceramics, 71
chemical processing industries, 11, 13, 38, 50
composite manufacturing and processing technology, 71
interconnection and packaging, 52
liquid crystals, 71
lubricants, 71
microelectronics, 2, 48, 50
optical technologies, 2, 45, 50
photovoltaics, 2
polymers, 70-71
recording media, 2, 50-52
superconductors, 52
Uranium-235
scale-up of manufacturing process, 11
Vaccines, see Pharmaceuticals
Vesicles, 163
Waste management
biological treatment, 17, 24, 122-123, 125
multimedia approach, 5, 129
nuclear waste repositories, 94
regulation of, 110, 123
site remediation, 124-125
soil decontamination, 124-125
Superfund Program, 111
see also Hazardous wastes
Wastes
metal/mineral recovery from, 98
municipal solid, as an energy source, 91-92
Zeolites, 156
Representative terms from entire chapter:
manufacturing processes
