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Appendix G
Trealy on the Non-Profileration
of Nuclear Weapons
363
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Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
Signed at Washington, London, and Moscow July 1, 1968
Ratification advised by U.S. Senate March 13, 1969
Ratified by U.S President November 24, 1969
U.S. ratification deposited at Washington, London, and Moscow March 5, 1970
Proclaimed by U.S. President March 5, 1970
Entered into force March 5, 1970
The States concluding this Treaty, hereinafter referred to as the 'Parties to the
Treaty",
Considering the devastation that would be visited upon all mankind by a nuclearwar
and the consequent need to make every effort to avert the danger of such a war and to
take measures to safeguard the security of peoples,
Believing that the proliferation of nuclear weapons would seriously enhance the
danger of nuclear war,
In conformity with resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly calling for
the conclusion of an agreement on the prevention of wider dissemination of nuclear
weapons,
Undertaking to cooperate in facilitating the application of International Atomic
Energy Agency safeguards on peaceful nuclear activities,
Expressing their support for research, development and other efforts to further the
application, within the framework of the International Atomic Energy Agency
safeguards system, of the principle of safeguarding effectively the flow of source and
special fissionable materials by use of instruments and other techniques at certain
strategic points,
Affirming the principle that the benefits of peaceful applications of nuclear tech-
nology, including any technological by-products which may be derived by nuclear-
weapon States from the development of nuclear explosive devices, should be available
for peaceful purposes to all Parties of the Treaty, whether nuclear-weapon or
non-nuclear weapon States,
Convinced that, in furtherance of this principle, all Parties to the Treaty are entitled to
participate in the fullest possible exchange of scientific information for, and to con-
tribute alone or in cooperation with other States to, the further development of the
applications of atomic energy for peaceful purposes,
Declaring their intention to achieve at the earliest possible date the cessation of the
nuclear arms race and to undertake effective measures in the direction of nuclear
disarmament.
Urging the cooperation of all States in the attainment of this objective,
Recalling the determination expressed by the Parties to the 1963 Treaty banning
nuclear weapon tests in the atmosphere, in outer space and under water in its Preamble
to seek to achieve the discontinuance of all test explosions of nuclear weapons for all
time and to continue negotiations to this end,
Desiring to further the easing of international tension and the strengthening of trust
between States in order to facilitate the cessation of the manufacture of nuclear
weapons, the liquidation of all their existing stockpiles, and the elimination from
national arsenals of nuclear weapons and the means of their delivery pursuant to a
treaty on general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international
control,
364
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NON-PROLIFERATION TREATY
365
Recalling that, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, States must
refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the
territorial integrity or political independence of any State, or in any other manner
inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations, and that the establishment and
maintenance of international peace and security are to be promoted with the least
diversion for armaments of the world's human and economic resources,
Have agreed as follows:
Article I
Each nuclear-weapon State Party to the Treaty undertakes not to transfer to any
recipient whatsoever nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices or control
over such weapons or explosive devices directly, or indirectly; and not in any way to
assist, encourage, or induce any non-nuclear-weapon State to manufacture or
otherwise acquire nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices, or control over
such weapons or explosive devices.
Article 11
Each non-nuclear-weapon State Party to the Treaty undertakes not to receive the
transfer from any transferor whatsoever of n uclear weapons or other nuclear explosive
devices or of control over such weapons or explosive devices directly, or indirectly; not
to manufacture or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive
devices; and not to seek or receive any assistance in the manufacture of nuclear
weapons or other nuclear explosive devices.
Article 111
1. Each non-nuclear-weapon State Party to the Treaty undertakes to accept safe-
guards, as set forth in an agreement to be negotiated and concluded with the Inter-
national Atomic Energy Agency in accordance with the Statute of the International
Atomic Energy Agency and the Agency's safeguards system, for the exclusive purpose
of verification of the fulfillment of its obligations assumed under this Treaty with a view
to preventing diversion of nuclear energy from peaceful uses to nuclear weapons or
other nuclear explosive devices. Procedures for the safeguards required by this article
shall be followed with respect to source or special fissionable material whether,it is
being produced, processed or used in any principal nuclear facility or is outside any
such facility. The safeguards required by this article shall be applied to all source or
special fissionable material in all peaceful nuclear activities within the territory of such
State, under its jurisdiction, or carried out under its control anywhere.
2. Each State Party to the Treaty undertakes not to provide: (a) source or special
fissionable material, or (b) equipment or material especially designed or prepared for
the processing, use or production of special fissionable material, to any non-nuclear-
weapon State for peaceful purposes, unless the source or special fissionable material
shall be subject to the safeguards required by this article.
3. The safeguards required by this article shall be implemented in a manner
designed to comply with article IV of this Treaty, and to avoid hampering the economic
or technological development of the Parties or international cooperation in the field of
peaceful nuclear activities, including the international exchange of nuclear material
and equipment for the processing, use or production of nuclear material for peaceful
purposes in accordance with the provisions of this article and the principle of
safeguarding set forth in the Preamble of the Treaty.
4. Non-nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty shall conclude agreements with
the International Atomic Energy Agency to meet the requirements of this article either
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APPENDIX G
individually or together with other States in accordance with the Statute of the Inter-
national Atomic Energy Agency. Negotiation of such agreements shall commence
within 180 days from the original entry into force of this Treaty. For States depositing
their instruments of ratification or accession after the 180-day period, negotiation of
such agreements shall commence not later than the date of such deposit. Such
agreements shall enter into force not later than eighteen months after the date of
initiation of negotiations.
Article IV
1. Nothing in this Treaty shall be interpreted as affecting the inalienable right of all
the Parties to the Treaty to develop research, production and use of nuclear energy for
peaceful purposes without discrimination and in conformity with articles I and 11 of this
Treaty.
2. All the Parties to the Treaty undertake to facilitate, and have the right to participate
in, the fullest possible exchange of equipment, materials and scientific and
technological information for the peaceful uses of nuclearenergy. Parties totheTreaty
in a position to do so shall also cooperate in contributing alone or together with other
States or international organizations to the further development of the applications of
nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, especially in the territories of non-nuclear-
weapon States Party to the Treaty, with due consideration for the needs of the
developing areas of the world.
Article V
Each party to the Treaty undertakes to take appropriate measures to ensure that, in
accordance with this Treaty, under appropriate international observation and through
appropriate international procedures, potential benefits from any peaceful appli-
cations of nuclear explosions will be made available to non-nuclear-weapon States
Party to the Treaty on a nondiscriminatory basis and that the charge to such Parties for
the explosive devices used will be as low as possible and exclude any charge for
research and development. Non-nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty shall be
able to obtain such benefits, pursuant to a special international agreement or
agreements, through an appropriate international body with adequate representation
of non-nuclear-weapon States. Negotiations on this subject shall commence as soon
as possible after the Treaty enters into force. Non-nuclear-weapon States Party to the
Treaty so desiring may also obtain such benefits pursuant to bilateral agreements.
Article Vl
Each of the Parties to the Treaty undertakes to pursue negotiations in good faith on
effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to
nuclear disarmament, and on a treaty on general and complete disarmament under
strict and effective international control.
Article Vl1
Nothing in this Treaty affects the right of any group of States to conclude regional
treaties in order to assure the total absence of nuclear weapons in their respective
territories.
Article Vl11
1. Any Party to the Treaty may propose amendments to this Treaty. The text of any
proposed amendment shall be submitted to the Depositary Governments which shall
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NON-PROLIFERATION TREATY
367
circulate it to all Parties to the Treaty. Thereupon, if requested to do so by one-third or
more of the Parties to the Treaty, the Depositary Governments shall convene a
conference, to which they shall invite all the Parties to the Treaty, to consider such an
amendment.
2. Any amendment to this Treaty must be approved by a majority of the votes of all
the Parties to the Treaty, including the votes of all nuclear-weapon States Party to the
Treaty and all other Parties which, on the date the amendment is circulated, are
members of the Board of Governors of the International Atomic Energy Agency. The
amendment shall enter into force for each Party that deposits its instrument of
ratification of the amendment upon the deposit of such instruments of ratification by a
majority of all the Parties, including the instruments of ratification of all nuclear-
weapon States Party to the Treaty and all other Parties which, on the date the
amendment is circulated, are members of the Board of Governors of the International
Atomic Energy Agency. Thereafter, it shall enter into force for any other Party upon the
deposit of its instrument of ratification of the amendment.
3. Five years after the entry into force of this Treaty, a conference of Parties to the
Treaty shall be held in Geneva, Switzerland, in order to review the operation of this
Treaty with a view to assuring that the purposes of the Preamble and the provisions of
the Treaty are being realized. At intervals of five years thereafter, a majority of the
Parties to the Treaty may obtain, by submitting a proposal to this effect to the
Depositary Governments, the convening of further conferences with the same
objective of reviewing the operation of the Treaty.
Article IX
1. This Treaty shall be open to all States for signature. Any State which does not sign
the Treaty before its entry into force in accordance with paragraph 3 of this article may
accede to it at any time.
2. This Treaty shall be subject to ratification by signatory States. Instruments of
ratification and instruments of accession shall be deposited with the Governments of
the United States of America, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, which are hereby designated the
Depositary Governments.
3. This Treaty shall enter into force after its ratification by the States, the
Governments of which are designated Depositaries of the Treaty, and forty other
States signatory to this Treaty and the deposit of their instruments of ratification. For
the purposes of this Treaty, a nuclear-weapon State is one which has manufactured
and exploded a nuclear weapon or other nuclear explosive device prior to January 1,
1967.
4. For States whose instruments of ratification or accession are deposited
subsequent to the entry into force of this Treaty, it shall enter into force on the date of
the deposit of their instruments of ratification or accession.
5. The Depositary Governments shall promptly inform all signatory and acceding
States of the date of each signature, the date of deposit of each instrument of
ratification or of accession, the date of the entry i nto force of this Treaty, and the date of
receipt of any requests for convening a conference or other notices.
6. This Treaty shall be registered by the Depositary Governments pursuant to article
102 of the Charter of the United Nations.
Article X
1. Each Party shall in exercising its national sovereignty have the right to withdraw
from the Treaty if it decides that extraordinary events, related to the subject matter of
this Treaty, have jeopardized the supreme interests of its country. It shall give notice of
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APPENDIX G
such withdrawal to all other Parties to the Treaty and to the United Nations Security
Council three months in advance. Such notice shall include a statement of the
extraordinary events it regards as having jeopardized its supreme interests.
2. Twenty-five years after the entry into force of the Treaty, a conference shall be
convened to decide whether the Treaty shall continue in force indefinitely, or shall be
extended for an additional fixed period or periods. This decision shall be taken by a
majority of the Parties to the Treaty.
Article Xl
This Treaty, the English, Russian, French, Spanish and Chinese texts of which are
equally authentic, shall be deposited in the archives of the Depositary Governments.
Duly certified copies of this Treaty shall be transmitted by the Depositary Governments
to the Governments of the signatory and acceding States.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
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