Index
A
AAAS. See American Association for the Advancement of Science
Ability to Do Quantitative Thinking (ITED-Q), 107–108
Accuracy, of content analyses, 78–79
Achieved curriculum, 38
Achievement, importance of social class to, 110
Advanced mathematics at the research level, 13
Advanced Placement (AP) courses, 52
exams in, 49
Alternative experimental approaches, 64
agent-based models, 64
dynamical systems, 64
game theory, 64
large-scale simulations, 64
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 69–70, 89
Project 2061, 74
American Mathematical Association of Two-Year Colleges, 123
An Incremental Development, 21
Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA), 127–128, 157, 166
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), 127, 166
Anchor items, 106
ANCOVA. See Analysis of Covariance
ANOVA. See Analysis of variance
AP. See Advanced Placement courses
ARC Implementation Center study, 100, 105
Assessment of existing studies, 2–3
comparative studies, 2–4
final report, 5
synthesis studies, 3
Assignment. See Random assignment
Attrition, indications of, 51
Authors’ backgrounds
in case studies, 32
in comparative studies, 32
in content analysis, 32
qualifications of, 43
single vs. teams of, 55
by study type, 32
in synthesis studies, 32
Automaticity, associated with mastery of standard algorithms, 160
B
Balance, in content analyses, 83–85
Balanced assessment, of outcome measures, 116
“Between” comparisons, 157
Bias
evaluator, 138
randomization to avoid, 63
reducing, 110
Bonferroni method, 111
C
Calculators, allowing during test taking, 53–54
Case studies, 28, 30, 60, 167–180.
See also Comparative studies;
Content analyses;
Synthesis studies
authors’ backgrounds in, 32
comments on, 178–180
criteria for inclusion, 168–169
differential impact on different student populations, 172–175
in establishing curricular effectiveness, 8–9
findings, 171
interactions among curricula and common practices, beliefs, and understandings, 176–177
patterns in findings, 172
professional development, 177–178
school location, by study type, 33
the studies, 169
time management, 178
Case studies methodology, 60, 170–171
backing claims by evidence and argument, 170
defining the case, 170
“minimally methodologically adequate” studies, 97, 101–103, 115, 118–119, 136–137, 150, 155, 164
replicability of design, 170–171
revealing mechanisms at play during implementation of a curriculum, 171
triangulation of evidence from multiple sources, 60
Catalytic programs, 53
Claims, backing with evidence and argument, 170
Clarity of objectives, of content analyses, 77–78
Classroom observations, 114
Classroom teachers. See Teachers
CMP. See Connected Mathematics Project
Commercial publishers. See Publishers
Commercially published (non-NSF-funded) curricula, 15, 20–22, 97, 99–100, 105, 120, 142–143, 145, 149, 152–153, 156, 158–159, 162–164, 168, 198
for elementary school, 21, 29, 169
and the filters, studies of, 142
major textbook publishers, 20–21
market studies not useful in evaluating curricular effectiveness, 28
for middle school, 21, 29, 169
secrecy with which market share data are held, 20
Community factors, 44
Comparative analyses, 7–8
appropriate statistical tests, 7
constraints as to generalizability of study, 7
disaggregated data, 7, 158, 200
in establishing curricular effectiveness, 7–8
extent of implementation fidelity, 7
outcome measures that can be disaggregated, 7
random assignment, 7
Comparative curricula, for content analyses, selection of, 74–75
Comparative research designs, 58–59
Comparative studies, 2–4, 28, 30, 57–58, 96–166
assessment of, 2–4
authors’ backgrounds in, 32
“between” comparisons, 157
comparability of samples, 3
conclusions from, 164–166
defining, 97
description of comparative studies database on critical decision points, 104–164
an evolving methodology, 96
implementation fidelity, 3
“minimally methodologically adequate,” 97, 101–103, 115, 118–119, 136–137, 150, 155, 164
multiple outcome measures, 3, 5
professional development activity, 3
results disaggregated by content strands or by performance by student subgroups, 3
school location, by study type, 33
“within” comparisons, 157
Comparative studies database, description on critical decision points, 104–164
Comparativeness, 132
Comprehensiveness
of content analyses, 78
of outcome measures, 9
Conceptions of mathematics, studies of, 102
Connected Mathematics Project (CMP), 19, 74, 78, 88–89, 99–100, 118–119, 121–122, 133, 172, 175, 177
Connoisseurial assessments, 197
Conservative test scores, 124
Contemporary Mathematics in Context (Core-Plus) (CPMP), 20, 80–81, 88, 100, 107, 123, 129, 175, 177–178
Content, compatible with all students’ abilities, 65
disciplinary perspectives, 6
in establishing curricular effectiveness, 6–7
learner-oriented perspectives, 7
resource-oriented perspectives, 7
teacher-oriented perspectives, 7
Content analysis, 28, 30, 41–43, 65–95
authors’ backgrounds in, 32
as connoisseurial assessment, 197
dimensions of content analyses, 71–95
the discipline, the learner, and the teacher as dimensions of, 77
inclusion of content and/or pedagogy, 75–76
increasing sophistication of, 95
literature review, 68–71
needing definition, 24
participation in content analyses, 72–74
selection of standards or comparative curricula, 74–75
Content strands, 149–153
Control groups, using comparative curricula with, 166
“Controlled” experiments, 62
Core Content for Assessment, 71
Core-Plus. See Contemporary Mathematics in Context (CPMP)
“Corruptibility of indicators,” 51
CPMP. See Contemporary Mathematics in Context (Core-Plus)
Criteria for inclusion, of case studies, 168–169
Critical decision points in comparative studies, 104–164
alternative hypotheses on effectiveness, 137–139
analysis by test type, 148
choosing statistical tests, 127–132, 199
commercial materials studies and the filters, 142
content strand, 149–153
defining the unit of analysis, 112–114, 128–130, 147
equity analysis, 153–158
experimental or quasi-experimental design, 75, 104–108, 165, 199
filtering studies to increase rigor, 139–142, 199
impact of generalizability on probabilities, 146–147
impact of identification of curricular
program on probabilities, 143–145
impact of treatment fidelity on probabilities, 143, 147
impact of units of analysis on probabilities, 140, 146, 165
using the wrong unit, 138
implementation components, 114–127
interactions among content and equity, by grade band, 159–164
NSF studies and the filters, 141–142
random assignment studies not using, 108–112
results and limitations to generalizability resulting from design constraints, 132–134, 140
results of filtering on evaluations of NSF-supported curricula, 142
summary of results by student achievement among program types, 134–137
Cultural factors, 44
Curricula
alignment with systemic factors, 125
ambiguity in use of term, 38
defining, 38–39
in educational practice, 1
guidelines for implementation, 4
Curricula under review, 19–22
commercially published non-NSF-funded curricula, 15, 20–22, 97, 99–100, 105, 120, 142–143, 145, 149, 152–153, 156, 158–159, 162–164, 168, 198
curricula programs supported by the NSF, 19–20, 97, 99–100, 105, 120, 142–144, 146, 149, 151–153, 156, 158–159, 162–164, 171, 180, 198, 202
“hybrid” between NSF-supported and commercially generated curricular programs, 22
Curricular approaches, 37
“college preparation approach,” 37
“modeling and applications approach,” 37
“skills-based, practice-oriented approach,” 37
Curricular effectiveness
alternative hypotheses on, 137–139
complexity and urgency of establishing, 10
defining, 36–37
difficulty determining, 3
efficacy, 37
establishing, 4–9
framework for establishing, 37–38
weaker findings about, 8
Curricular options
decisions that involve multiple groups of decision makers, 96
value of diverse, 9
D
Dahl, Terri, 46
Data gathering, 22–24
Decision makers, 1
expressed needs or preferences of, 43
providing information to, 18
Design principles, guidelines for, 4
Design replicability, 170–171
Dimension One of content analyses, 77–86
accuracy, 78–79
balance, 83–85
clarity of objectives, 77–78
comprehensiveness, 78
mathematical inquiry and mathematical reasoning, 79–82
organization, 82–83
Dimension Three of content analyses, 92–93
pedagogy, 92
professional development, 92
resources, 92–93
Dimension Two of content analyses, 86–91
assessment, 90–91
student engagement, 86–88
timeliness and support for diversity, 88–90
Disaggregating data from comparative analyses, 7, 158, 200
in common content strands, 50, 147
by performance levels, 7, 158, 200
by race/ethnicity, 7, 158, 200
by socioeconomic status, 7, 158, 200
Disciplinary perspectives, in content analyses, 6, 77
District curriculum specialists, as decision makers, 1
Diverse curricular options, value of, 9
Diversity, support for in content analyses, 88–90
E
Educator independence, 61
Effect size, in statistical tests, 127–132, 199
Effectiveness. See Curricular effectiveness
Elementary school curricula, 19, 21, 29, 169
Everyday Mathematics, 19, 83, 100, 107, 174, 176, 181
Harcourt Math, 21
Investigations in Number, Data and Space, 19
Math K-5, 21
Eligibility, 111
EM. See Everyday Mathematics
Embedded assessment, 47
Enacted curriculum, 38
Engagement. See Student engagement
Equity analysis, of comparative studies, 153–158
Errors
mathematical, 79
Type I, 62
Establishing curricular effectiveness, 4–9
case studies, 8–9
comparative analyses, 7–8
content analyses, 6–7
Ethnographic evaluation, 60
Evaluation of curricular effectiveness, 11, 50, 54–64, 190
accumulation of knowledge and the meta-analysis, 61–64
articulation of program theory, 54–56
controversy surrounding, 204–205
cost-efficiency, 11
credibility, 11
educator independence, 61
ethnographic perspectives, 60
including representative samples, 155
informativeness, 11
selection of research design and methodology, 57–60
time elements, 61
validity, 11
Evaluator bias, 138
Everyday Mathematics (EM), 19, 83, 100, 107, 174, 176, 181
example of synthesis studies, 181
Existing studies, assessment of, 2–3
Expectations, standardizing, 156–157
Experimental approaches, 63
alternative, 64
randomization to avoid bias, 63
Experimental vs. quasi-experimental design, 75, 104–108, 165, 199
“Extended students’ thinking,” 176
Exxon Education Foundation, 182
F
Federally funded curricula, 4
Filtering studies
by critical decision points to increase rigor, 139–142, 199
results on evaluations of NSF-supported curricula, 142
Findings
in case studies, 171
inconclusive, 3
Fisher, R. A., 62
Formative assessment, 47
Framework for evaluating curricular effectiveness, 36–64
evaluation design, measurement, and evidence, 54–64
guidelines for future evaluations, 4
implementation components, 43–48
intervention strategies, 52–53
measures of student outcomes, 49–51
primary components, 40–51
program components, 40–43
secondary components, 52–54
systemic factors, 52
unanticipated influences, 53–54
G
Gagne-type hierarchical structure, 82
Game theory, 64
Gender, disaggregated data by, 7, 158, 200
Generalizability
associated with mastery of standard algorithms, 160
in comparative analyses, constraints on, 7
impact on probabilities, 146–147
limitations on, 132–134, 140, 200
results and limitations resulting from design constraints, 132–134, 140
of results to future circumstances, 56, 132
Generic controls, 58
Group work, 175
Guidelines for future evaluations, 4
curricular implementation, 4
outcomes of student learning over time, 4
program materials and design principles, 4
Gutstein, Eric, 24
H
Harcourt Brace, 23
Harcourt Math, 21
Hawthorne effect, 138
Heath Mathematics, 174
Hierarchical linear modeling, 128
Hierarchical structure, Gagne-type, 82
High school curricula, 20, 22, 29, 169
Contemporary Mathematics in Context (Core-Plus) (CPMP), 20, 80–81, 88, 100, 107, 123, 129, 175, 177–178
Integrated Mathematics, 22, 66, 87, 180
Interactive Mathematics Program, 20, 91, 100, 108
Larson Series, 22
MATH Connections, 20
Mathematics: Modeling Our World, 20, 86
Systemic Initiative for Montana Mathematics and Science, 20, 84, 177, 182
University of Chicago School Mathematics Project, 97–100, 105, 115, 120, 123–125, 130, 136–137, 142–143, 146–147, 164, 168, 198, 202
High school graduates, with adequate levels of mathematical knowledge, 13
High School Subject Tests—Geometry Form B, 124
Hirsch, Christian, 88
Home schooling, 43
“Hybrid” curricula, between NSF-supported and commercially generated curricular programs, 22
I
IAAT. See Iowa Algebraic Aptitude Test
Identification of curricular program, impact on probabilities, 143–145
Illinois Goal Assessment Program, 181
IMP. See Interactive Mathematics Program
Implementation components, 43–48, 114–127
appropriate assignment of students, 44
assessment, 47–48
ensuring adequate professional capacity, 44–46
identification of a set of outcome measures and forms of disaggregation, 120–127, 140
implementation fidelity, 114–118, 139
instructional quality and type, 47
“opportunity to learn,” 47, 124, 194
parental influence and special interest groups, 48
professional development, 118–119, 139
Implementation fidelity, 3
in comparative studies, 7, 114–118, 139
Implementation of a curriculum development of a community of practitioners for, 185–186
factors undercutting, 138
mechanisms at play during, 171
Indicators, “corruptibility of,” 51
Instructional quality and type, 47
“Integrated Mathematics Project,” 182
Intended curriculum, 38
Interactive Mathematics Program (IMP), 20, 91, 100, 108
International tests, 49
Third International Mathematics and Science Study, 49, 72, 92, 106, 108
Investigations in Number, Data and Space, 19
Iowa Algebraic Aptitude Test (IAAT), 132
Iowa Test of Basic Skills (ITBS), 49, 116, 158
Iowa Tests of Education Development, 107
ITBS. See Iowa Test of Basic Skills
ITED-Q. See Ability to Do Quantitative Thinking
J
Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation, 109, 193
K
Kentucky Middle Grades Mathematics Teacher Network, 71
L
Large-scale assessments, 49, 121
Large-scale simulations, 64
Larson Series, 22
Lehrer, Richard, 43
Literature of content analysis, 68–71
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 69–70, 74, 89
Core Content for Assessment, 71
Kentucky Middle Grades Mathematics Teacher Network, 71
Mathematically Correct website, 70–71
Middle School Mathematics Comparisons for Singapore Mathematics, Connected Mathematics Program, and Mathematics in Context, 71, 85
Robinson and Robinson, 70
U.S. Department of Education, 68–69
Longitudinal evaluation, 58, 106–107, 195
of individual student learning, 48, 50
M
“Major content strands,” defining, 149
“Major portion,” defining, 39
MANOVA. See Multiple Analysis of Variance
Market share data, held in secrecy, 20
Market studies, not useful in evaluating curricular effectiveness, 28
Matched comparison groups, 59
MATH Connections, 20
Math K-5, 21
“Mathematical empowerment,” rhetoric of, 175
Mathematical inquiry and mathematical reasoning, in content analyses, 79–82
Mathematical Science Education Board, 14
Mathematical sciences
careers in, 163
intensive careers in technology fields, 13
Mathematical scientists, 192
Mathematically Correct website, 70–71
reviews on, 90
Mathematics: Modeling Our World (MMOW), 20, 86
Mathematics educators, 192
Mathematics in Context (MiC), 20, 74, 78, 89, 182
example of synthesis studies, 182–183
Mathematics teaching, in U.S., extreme limits of, 47
MathScape, 20
MathThematics (STEM), 20
McCallum, William, 24, 43, 73, 76
McGraw-Hill, 21
Measures of student outcomes, 49–51
international tests, 49
large-scale assessments, 49, 121
national standardized tests, 49
Meta-analysis, accumulation of knowledge and, 61–64
Methodology
call for increasing rigor, 8
in case studies, 170–171
standardizing, 156–157
MiC. See Mathematics in Context
Middle school curricula, 19–20, 21, 29, 169
An Incremental Development, 21
Applications and Connections, 21
Connected Mathematics Project, 19, 74, 78, 88–89, 99–100, 118–119, 121–122, 133, 172, 175, 177
Mathematics in Context, 20, 74, 78, 89, 182
MathScape, 20
MathThematics (STEM), 20
Middle School Mathematics Through Applications Project, 20
Middle School Mathematics Comparisons for Singapore Mathematics, Connected Mathematics Program, and Mathematics in Context, 71, 85
Middle School Mathematics Through Applications Project (MMAP), 20
“Minimally methodologically adequate” studies, 97, 101–103, 115, 118–119, 136–137, 150, 155, 164
MMAP. See Middle School Mathematics Through Applications Project
MMOW. See Mathematics: Modeling Our World
Multiple Analysis of Variance (MANOVA), 127–128, 157, 166
Multiple methodologies, 8, 37, 50, 191
Multiple outcome measures, 3, 5
Multiple regressions, 128
N
NAEP. See National Assessment of Educational Progress (Nation’s Report Card)
National Assessment of Educational Progress (Nation’s Report Card) (NAEP), 13, 49, 106–108
National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), 45, 202
National Commission on Teaching and America’s Future, 46
National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), 8, 69, 181
Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics, 69
Principles and Standards for School Mathematics 2000, 71, 197
revised standards written by, 74
standards written by, 12, 52, 98
National decline, blaming curricula for, 188
National policy makers
as decision makers, 1
need for sound evaluation of curricular developments, 11
National Research Council (NRC), 1, 19, 112, 167, 186
National Science Foundation (NSF), 1, 3, 168, 187
Implementation Centers, 23
Request for Proposals, 55, 153, 160–161
National Science Foundation (NSF)-supported mathematics curriculum materials, 7–8, 12, 19–20, 66, 97, 99–100, 105, 120, 142–144, 146, 149, 151–153, 156, 158–159, 162–164, 171, 180, 198, 202
design specifications shared by, 7–8
for elementary school, 19, 29, 169
and the filters, 141–142
for middle school, 19–20, 29, 169
results of filtering on evaluations of, 142
reviews available on, 203
written primarily by university faculty, 25, 28
National standardized tests, 49, 162, 177
AP exams, 49
Iowa Test of Basic Skills, 49
National Assessment of Educational Progress, 49
not sensitive to curricular approaches, 138, 148
SAT, 49
NCES. See National Center for Education Statistics
NCTM. See National Council of Teachers of Mathematics
No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, 14, 164, 196
NRC. See National Research Council
NSF. See National Science Foundation
O
Open-ended tasks, measures of, 50
“Opportunity to learn,” 47, 124, 194
Organization, of content analyses, 82–83
Orleans-Hanna Algebraic Prognosis Test, 124
Ortiz-Franco, Luis, 24
Outcome measures, 165–166, 259
careful attention to, 126
and forms of disaggregation, 120–127, 140
inadequate, 138
that can be disaggregated in comparative analyses, 7
Outcomes of student learning over time, 4
changes in, 138
P
Parents
as decision makers, 1
expressing their needs or preferences, 43
fears concerning change, 138
influence of, 48
Participation, in content analyses, 72–74
Patterns of results
in case studies, 172
inferences to be drawn from, 15
separating issues of method from, 7
Pearson, 21
Pedagogy, in content analyses, 92
Performance levels, disaggregated data by, 7, 158, 200
Performance monitoring, 43
of students at all levels of achievement, 51, 194
Pilot sites, 140
Preliminary Scholastic Assessment Test (PSAT), 162, 182
Prior knowledge, 139
measuring from school databases, 50
Problem-based mathematics, 175
Problem sets, 56n
Process evaluation, 43
Process variables, 44
Professional capacity, ensuring adequate, 44–46
Professional development activity, 3
in case studies, 177–178
in comparative studies, 118–119, 139
in content analyses, 92
different types of, 46
Program monitoring, 43
Program theory, articulation of, 54–56
PSAT. See Preliminary Scholastic Assessment Test
Public discourse, 175
Publishers
need for sound evaluation of curricular developments, 11
pressures on, 52
Q
“Quasi-experiments,” 58–59
generic controls, 58
longitudinal studies, 58
matched comparison groups, 59
statistically equated control, 58
R
Race/ethnicity, disaggregated data by, 7, 158, 200
Random assignment, 108
to avoid bias, 63
in comparative analyses, 7
studies not using, 108–112
Randomized experiments, 62
Randomized field trials, 59
Recommendations, 9–10, 185–205
at district and local levels, 10
to federal and state agencies and publishers, 9–10, 201–205
framework and key definitions, 189–190
regarding quality of the evaluations, 188–189
scientifically establishing curricular effectiveness, 191–193
Recommended practices for evaluators, 6, 193–201
case studies, 200–201
comparative studies, 198–200
content analyses, 197–198
curricular validity of measures, 6, 9, 49, 122, 126, 195
documentation of implementation, 6
implementation components, 165, 194
multiple student outcome measures, 6
outcome measures, 194–197
representativeness, 6
Reed Elsevier, 21
Reform Practices, 116–117
“Reform school” evaluation, 111
Reliability, of treatment administration, 108
Remedial mathematics activities, 13
Replicability of design, 170–171
Reporting the data, varied methods of, 50
Research design and methodology, 57–60
case studies, 60
comparative designs, 58–59
comparative studies, 57–58
content analyses, 57
Resource-oriented perspectives, in content analyses, 7, 44, 92–93
Results, disaggregated by content strands or by performance by student subgroups, 3
Reviewer’s expertise, 73
Reviews available, on curricula programs supported by the NSF, 203
Robinson, Eric, 81–82
S
Sample populations, 166
comparability of, 3
size of, 140
SAT, 49
preparation courses for, 52
Saxon materials, 98–100, 112, 143, 147, 164
pedagogical approach, 56, 82, 87, 112, 125
School boards, as decision makers, 1
School location, by study type, 33–34
rural area, 34
suburban area, 34
wealthy area, 137
School scheduling, importance to administrators, 109
Scientific method, limitations of, 64
Scientific Research in Education, 57, 186–187
Scientific validity, 4, 190, 193
Second International Mathematics Study (SIMS), 127
SES. See Socioeconomic status
Silver Burdett, 112
SIMMS. See Systemic Initiative for Montana Mathematics and Science
SIMS. See Second International Mathematics Study
Single authors, 55
Socioeconomic status (SES), 112, 139, 141, 175
disaggregated data by, 7, 158, 200
importance to achievement, 110
Sophistication of content analysis, increasing, 95
Special interest groups, 48
Standardized tests, 49
Standards, for content analyses, selection of, 74–75
State accountability systems, 49
State adoption boards
as decision makers, 1
expressed needs or preferences of, 43
Statistical significance, 127–132, 199
Statistical tests in comparative studies, 7, 127–132, 199
Analysis of Covariance, 127–128, 157, 166
Analysis of Variance, 127, 166
hierarchical linear modeling, 128
Multiple Analysis of Variance, 127–128, 157, 166
multiple regression, 128
Statistically equated control, 58
STEM. See MathThematics
Strong-implementing teachers, 116
Student achievement, summary of results among program types, 134–137
Student affect, studies of, 102
Student engagement, in content analyses, 86–88
Student-generated reasoning, 160
Student populations, differential impact on, 172–175
Students. See also Performance monitoring
appropriate assignment of, 44
top-performing, 138
variation in learning by, 48
Study characteristics, 25–30
for categories 1 through 4, 30–35
Study matrix, 24–25
Study types
comparative studies, 2–4
content analysis, 28, 30, 41–43, 65–95
synthesis studies, 28, 30, 180–184
Subtest scores, 195
Supplemental curricular materials, 138
Synthesis studies, 28, 30, 180–184
assessment of, 3
authors’ backgrounds in, 32
examples of, 181–183
Systemic Initiative for Montana Mathematics and Science (SIMMS) Integrated Mathematics: A Modeling Approach Using Technology, 20, 84, 161, 177, 182
T
Teacher data, by study type, 34–35
expressed needs or preferences of, 43
volunteer teachers, 35
in comparative studies, 119–120, 140
strong- vs. weak-implementing teachers, 116
Teacher feedback, 114
Teacher-oriented perspectives, in content analyses, 7
Teacher preference
importance to administrators, 109
self-selecting, 138
Teachers
as decision makers, 1
a dimension of content analysis, 77
Teaching techniques, new, 138
Teams of authors, 55
TerraNova, 176
Test taking, allowing calculators during, 53–54
Test type, analysis by, 148
Textbook publishers, 20–21
McGraw-Hill, 21
Pearson, 21
Reed Elsevier, 21
Vivendi, 21
Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), 49, 72, 92, 106, 108
Time elements, 61
Time management, 178
Timeliness, in content analyses, 88–90
TIMSS. See Third International Mathematics and Science Study
Traditional curricula, 106, 123
Traditional Practices, 116–117
Treatment fidelity, impact on probabilities, 143, 147
Trustworthiness, of implementation, 8–9, 56
Type I errors, 62
U
UCSMP. See University of Chicago School Mathematics Project
Units of analysis
defining, 112–114, 128–130, 147
impact on probabilities, 140, 146, 165
using the wrong unit, 138
University faculty, authoring curricular programs supported by the NSF, 25, 28
University of Chicago School Mathematics Project (UCSMP), 97–100, 105, 115, 120, 123–125, 130, 136–137, 142–143, 146–147, 164, 168, 198, 202
Integrated Mathematics, 22, 66, 87, 180
U.S. Department of Education, 68–69, 203
Panel on Exemplary Programs in Mathematics, 12
program reviews from, 83
V
Validity, curricular validity of measures, 6, 9, 49, 122, 126, 195
Vivendi, 21
Volunteer teachers, 35
W
Wang, Frank, 55
Weak-implementing teachers, 116
Wierenga, Timothy, 46
“Within” comparisons, 157
Workshops, defining effectiveness, 23–24