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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2004. Understanding Racial and Ethnic Differences in Health in Late Life: A Research Agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11036.
×

Index

A

Access to health care, 3, 7, 36, 92, 93

see also Health insurance;

Patientcompliance;

Self-care practices;

Utilization of health care

early life disadvantage, 107

prejudice and discrimination, 77

research recommendations, 6, 102

Adolescents

multiracial self-identification, 10

National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 108

socioeconomic status and behavior risk factors, 35

African Americans, see Black persons

Age factors, see Life cycle factors

AIDS, see HIV

Alaska Natives, 1

behavioral risk factors, 62, 63, 68

health and disability, general, 20-21, 26, 29

health insurance, 95

historical perspectives, 12

mortality, 17, 26

prejudice and discrimination, 81

quality of health care, 97

racial/ethnic identification, 9, 10-11, 13, 14

research recommendations, 26, 28

reservation inhabitants, 13-14

risk factors, 28

socioeconomic status, 56-57

Alcohol use and abuse, 32, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66

prejudice and discrimination, 78

Alternative and complementary medicine, 112

research recommendations, 6, 114

Alzheimer’s disease and dementia, 20, 23

genetics and, 50

psychosocial factors, 72

stress on spouse, 83

American Indians, 1

see also Alaska Natives

behavioral risk factors, 62, 63, 68, 118

causes of death, 18, 19

health and disability, general, 20-21, 26, 29

health insurance, 95

health promotion, 113

hospitalization, 13-14

mortality, 13, 16, 17, 18, 26

prejudice and discrimination, 12, 81

quality of health care, 96, 97

racial/ethnic identification, 9, 10, 11, 13-14

research recommendations, 26, 28

reservation inhabitants, 13-14, 29

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2004. Understanding Racial and Ethnic Differences in Health in Late Life: A Research Agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11036.
×

risk factors, 28, 62, 63, 68, 118

socioeconomic status, 56-57

targeted interventions, 118

Asians/Pacific Islanders, 2

behavioral risk factors, 3, 62, 63, 65

causes of death, 18, 19-20

diabetes, 19-20

disease prevalence, 23-24

early life disadvantage, 105

educational status, 57

health and disability, general, 20-21, 23-24, 26

health insurance, 92, 93

health promotion, 113

mortality, 13, 16-20 (passim), 27, 65, 105

quality of health care, 96, 99

racial/ethnic identification, 9, 10, 11, 13

religious beliefs, 74

socioeconomic status, 56, 57

stress, 83, 84

Attitudes and beliefs

see also Prejudice and discrimination;

Stress

personal resources, 73

provider stereotyping, 3, 99-101, 102, 103

providers, distrust of, 102

self-esteem, 78, 106

self-rated health status, 21, 34

self-reported risk behaviors, 61, 63, 65

B

Behavioral risk factors, 8, 32-33, 34, 61-69, 111-121

see also Alcohol use and abuse;

Diet andnutrition;

Individual behavior;

Life cycle factors;

Obesity;

Physical exercise;

Psychosocial factors;

Smoking;

Stress;

Violence

Alaska Natives, 62, 63, 68

American Indians, 62, 63, 68, 118

Asians, 3, 62, 63, 65

blacks, 3, 62, 63, 65, 66, 68, 74, 116

educational status and income, 61

health promotion, 4, 5, 111-121

Hispanics, 3, 61, 63, 65

religious influences, 9, 33, 35, 39, 50, 71-75 (passim)

research recommendations, 4, 5, 67-69

self-reported, 61, 63, 65

sexual, 66-67

sociocultural factors, 62, 64, 66, 68, 69, 115-121

socioeconomic status and, 35, 58, 62-64, 65, 66, 68

substance abuse, 66

whites, 62, 63, 65-66, 68, 116

Beliefs, see Attitudes and beliefs

Biopsychosocial factors, see Psychosocial factors

Black persons, 1, 2, 29

Alzheimer’s disease, 20, 23

behavioral risk factors, 3, 62, 63, 65, 66, 68, 74, 116

cancer, 22, 98, 101

cardiovascular disease, 18, 19, 20, 21-22, 52, 64, 87-88, 96, 98

causes of death, 2, 18-20 (passim)

cerebrovascular disease, 22, 96

diabetes, 22, 96, 101, 118

disease prevalence, specific conditions, 22-23

early life disadvantage, 105, 106

educational status, 57

health and disability, general, 20-21, 22-23, 29

health insurance, 92-94, 95

health promotion, 113, 116, 119

historical perspectives, 12, 29

hospitalization, 96, 97-98, 99

income, 29

prejudice and discrimination, 77, 80, 81, 87-88, 99, 100

quality of health care, 95-102 (passim)

racial/ethnic identification, 9, 10, 11

religious beliefs, 74

research recommendations, 25, 27, 68, 102, 120

risk factors, general, 28

self-care, 101

slavery, 12

smoking, 3, 63, 65, 116

socioeconomic status, 56, 57, 83-84, 92-94, 95, 101-102, 119, 120

stress, 83-84, 85, 87

C

Cancer

behavioral risk factors, 61

blacks, 22, 98, 101

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2004. Understanding Racial and Ethnic Differences in Health in Late Life: A Research Agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11036.
×

cause of death, 18, 19

educational status, 55

prevalence by sex, 24

prevalence by sex and race, 22

quality of health care, 96, 98

women, 24, 96, 101, 113

Cardiovascular disease, 34, 109

Asians, 52

behavioral risk factors, 61, 64

black persons, 18, 19, 20, 21-22, 52, 64, 87-88, 96, 98

cause of death, 18, 19, 20, 84

educational status, 55

genetics and, 52, 87

Hispanics, 52, 96

prejudice and discrimination, 78, 79, 87-88

psychosocial factors, 3, 71, 72, 74, 84, 86, 87-88, 90

quality of health care, 96, 98

religious influences, 71, 74

stress and, 3, 84, 87-88

whites, 52, 64

Causes of death, 2, 18-20, 84

see also Mortality

Census data

multiracial self-identification, 10

population size, by race, 11

Cerebrovascular disease

blacks, 22, 96

cause of death, 18, 19

educational status, 55

quality of health care, 96

whites, 18, 22, 23

Cognitive functioning, 15, 23

see also Alzheimer’s disease and dementia;

Mental health and illness

alcohol consumption, 66

Hispanics, 23

research recommendations, 26-27

Cohort analysis, 3, 20, 21

allostatic load, 88

committee recommendations, 4, 6, 27, 108-109, 110

genetics and environment, 53

health promotion, 112, 114

life cycle research, 108-109, 110

prejudice and discrimination, 78, 80-81

selection processes, 40-41

Commonwealth Minority Health Survey, 83

Complementary medicine, see Alternative and complementary medicine

Cultural factors, see Sociocultural factors;

specific racial/ethnic groups

D

Definitional issues

allostatic load, 88

behavioral risk factors, 65

physiological reactivity, 87, 88

racial and ethnic groups, 9-11, 13-14, 27, 39-40

disease prevalence statistics, 24

genetics, 46-49, 53

mortality rates, 15

racial/ethnic identification, 9, 10, 14, 39-40, 76

racism, prejudice, and discrimination, 76, 79

research priorities, 33

stress, 82

Diabetes, 34

behavioral risk factors, 64

blacks, 22, 96, 101, 118

cause of death, 18, 19

educational status, 55

health promotion, 112

Hispanics, 2, 18, 19, 23, 96, 118

prevalence by sex and race, 22

quality of health care, 96

research recommendations, 26

self-care, 101

targeted interventions, 118

Diet and nutrition, 32, 64, 121

see also Obesity

genetics and, 49

Disabilities and disabled persons, 14-15, 20-21

see also Diseases and disorders

personal resources, 73

Discrimination, see Prejudice and discrimination

Diseases and disorders, general, 7, 21-25, 32, 34

see also Behavioral risk factors;

Causes of death;

Disabilities and disabled persons;

Incidence and prevalence;

Risk factors;

specificdisease categories (e.g., Cardiovascular disease)

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2004. Understanding Racial and Ethnic Differences in Health in Late Life: A Research Agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11036.
×

Alaska Natives, 20-21, 26, 29

allostatic load, 88

American Indians, 20-21, 26, 29

Asians, 20-21, 23-24, 26

blacks, 20-21, 22-23, 29

early life disadvantage, 107

educational status, 55, 58

Hispanics, 20-22, 23, 25, 26, 31

religious influences, 71

genetic factors, 49

psychosocial factors, 86, 90

research recommendations, 4, 25, 26-27, 90

socioeconomic status, 55, 57

stress, 83

whites, 21-22, 25, 29

Drug abuse, see Substance abuse

E

Economic factors, 7

see also Employment;

Health insurance;

Income;

Socioeconomic factors

access to health care, 92

incentives and disincentives, 115

selection processes, 42

Educational attainment, 4, 30, 33, 35, 55-57, 58

multiracial self-identification, 10

prejudice and discrimination, 76

research recommendations, 27, 60

self-care practices, 58

Employment, 3, 33, 40, 42, 54, 59

immigrants, 68

occupational hazards, 50, 82, 83, 91

prejudice and discrimination, 76, 77

stress, 83, 91

Environmental contaminants and degradation, 7, 34, 53, 59, 67, 92

behavioral risk factors, 64

early life disadvantage, 107

prejudice and discrimination, 34, 76

targeted interventions, 118

Exercise, see Physical exercise

G

Gender factors

alcohol consumption, 66

Alzheimer’s disease, 20

behavioral risk factors, 65

cancer, 24, 96, 101, 113

cardiovascular disease, 21-22

educational attainment, 57

health and disability, general, 21

health promotion, 96, 101, 113

income, 55-56

socioeconomic status, 55-56

specific diseases, prevalence by sex and race, 21-22

Genetic factors, 33, 34, 35, 46-53

alcohol consumption, 66

committee charge/methodology, 8

environment-gene interactions, 35

selection processes, 39

sociocultural factors and, 47, 50

utilization of health care and, 49-50

Geographic factors

quality of health care, 3, 5, 98-99

research recommendations, 5, 102, 103

H

Handicapped persons, see Disabilities and disabled persons

Health care, 92-103

see also Access to health care;

Health care professionals;

Health insurance;

Patient compliance;

Quality of health care;

Treatment issues;

Utilization of health care

self-care practices, 33, 34, 36, 58, 101-102

Health care professionals

provider stereotyping, 3, 99-101, 102, 103

providers, distrust of, 102

research recommendations, 6, 102, 103

Health insurance, 92-95, 97, 102

Medicaid, 94, 96, 97

Medicare, 93-97 (passim), 101, 119

Health promotion, 4, 5, 111-121

cohort analysis, 112, 114

gender factors, 96, 101, 113

research recommendations, 5, 114-115, 120-121

targeted interventions, 117-118, 121

Heart disease, see Cardiovascular disease

Hispanics, 2

behavioral risk factors, 3, 62, 63, 65, 68-69

causes of death, 18, 19

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2004. Understanding Racial and Ethnic Differences in Health in Late Life: A Research Agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11036.
×

diabetes, 2, 18, 19, 23, 96, 118

disease prevalence, 21-22, 23, 25

early life disadvantage, 105

educational status, 57

health and disability, general, 20-22, 23, 25, 26, 31

health insurance, 92-94

health promotion, 113, 119

income, 29, 31

mortality, 2, 3, 13, 14, 16-19, 25, 27, 43, 65, 105

quality of health care, 95-97, 98, 99, 101, 102

racial/ethnic identification, 9, 10-11, 13

research recommendations, 25, 26, 68-69, 102

respiratory diseases, 23, 96

selection processes, 39-40, 41-42, 43

self-care, 101

socioeconomic status, 56, 57, 119

stress, 85

targeted interventions, 118

Historical perspectives, 11-12, 28-29, 119

early health disadvantage, 105

prejudice and discrimination, 11-13, 77, 80, 84

social and economic policy, 119-120

HIV

cause of death, 20

self-care, 101

Homicide, 20

Hospitals and hospitalization, 96-98, 99, 102-103

American Indians, 13-14

blacks, 96, 97-98, 99

I

Immigrants, 2-3

see also Hispanics

behavioral risk factors, 66

historical perspectives, 12-13

mortality, 26, 43

prejudice and discrimination, 78, 81

racial/ethnic identification, 10, 11

regulatory measures, 119

research recommendations, 26

selection processes, 39-40, 41, 42

slavery, 12

stress, 84

whites, 12

Immunologic factors

behavioral risk factors, 64

early life disadvantage, 108

genetics and, 52

psychosocial factors, 86, 88-89

Incidence and prevalence, 5

see also Mortality

cancer, 22, 24

gender factors, 21-22

Hispanics, 21-22, 23, 25

mental illness, 20, 23, 24-25

respiratory diseases, sex and race, 22, 23

Income, 28, 29, 30, 33, 35, 57-58

see also Socioeconomic status

gender factors, 55-56

research recommendations, 59

Indian Health Service, 95

Indians, see American Indians

Individual behavior, 28-29, 33, 111-114

see also Behavioral risk factors;

Educational attainment;

Psychosocial factors

racial/ethnic identification, 9, 10

socioeconomic status, 58

Insurance, see Health insurance

Interdisciplinary studies, 1, 4, 32, 33, 86

causal processes, 37

committee charge/methodology, 8

Interventions, see Health promotion;

Treatment issues

L

Latinos, see Hispanics

Life cycle factors, 4, 7, 36, 104-110

see also Adolescents

alcohol consumption, 66

behavioral risk factors, 62, 66

cohort analysis, 108-109, 110

early health disadvantage, 17, 104-108, 109

health promotion, 114

mortality rates, age-adjusted, 2, 15, 16, 17, 34, 105

prejudice and discrimination, 6, 80-81

research recommendations, 4, 5, 59, 108-110

selection processes, 40-41

self-rated health status, 21

sexual behavior, 67

socioeconomic status, 55, 56, 59, 60

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2004. Understanding Racial and Ethnic Differences in Health in Late Life: A Research Agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11036.
×

stress, 82

targeted interventions, 118, 121

violence, 106, 107

Life expectancy, 29, 34

blacks, 1, 15

Hispanics, 16

whites, 15

Lifestyle risk factors, see Behavioral risk factors;

Health promotion

Longitudinal studies, 20, 21, 108-109

see also Cohort analysis

caregiver stress, 83

committee recommendations, 4, 6

prejudice and discrimination, 78

psychosocial factors, 70-71

social policy, 120

socioeconomic status, 56

M

Macarthur Successful Aging Cohort study, 110

Medicaid, 94, 96, 97

Medicare, 93-97 (passim), 101, 119

Men, see Gender factors

Mental health and illness, 72, 84-85

see also Alzheimer’s disease and dementia;

Psychosocial factors;

Stress;

Violence

disease prevalence statistics, 20, 23, 24-25

early life disadvantage, 106

educational status, 55

prejudice and discrimination, 77

research recommendations, 26-27

sexual behavior, 67

Metabolic syndrome, 89

Methodology, see Research methodology

Mortality, 14-20

see also Causes of death;

Life expectancy

age-adjusted, 2, 15, 16, 17, 34, 105

Alaska Natives, 17, 26

alcohol consumption, 66

allostatic load, 88

American Indians, 13, 16, 17, 18, 26

Asians, 13, 16-20 (passim), 27, 65, 105

blacks, 2, 3, 13-20 (passim), 25, 27, 41, 105

early life disadvantage, 17, 105, 106, 107

educational status, 55

Hispanics, 2, 3, 13, 14, 16-19, 25, 27, 43, 65, 105

infant, 17, 105

racial self-identification and, 13

research recommendations, 4, 5, 25-26, 27, 37, 90

psychosocial factors, 71, 90

selection processes, 40-41, 43

socioeconomic status, 55

stress, 83, 84

vital statistics, 37

whites, 2, 3, 13-20 (passim), 25, 27, 41, 65

Multidisciplinary studies, see Interdisciplinary studies

N

National Health Interview Survey, 20, 21

National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 108

Native Americans, see Alaska Natives;

American Indians

Neoplasms, see Cancer

Neurological factors

see also Alzheimer’s disease and dementia;

Cerebrovascular disease;

Psychosocial factors;

Stress

early life disadvantage, 106

neurovisceral factors, 71, 89-90

research recommendations, 27

Nontraditional medicine, see Alternative and complementary medicine

Nutrition, see Diet and nutrition;

Obesity

O

Obesity, 61, 62, 63, 65-66, 121

immigrants, 66

socioeconomic status, 4

Office of Management and Budget, 10

P

Panel studies, see Cohort analysis

Patient compliance, 3, 33, 36, 102, 103

see also Access to health care;

Utilization of health care

Physical exercise, 3, 32, 63

educational status, 66

socioeconomic status, 4

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2004. Understanding Racial and Ethnic Differences in Health in Late Life: A Research Agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11036.
×

Policy issues, 28-31, 102, 115-121

see also Health promotion;

Quality of health care;

Research recommendations

genetics and, 47

historical perspectives, 119-120

research recommendations, 4, 6, 120-121

Population size

projections, 2, 11

racial group breakdowns, table, 11

Poverty, see Income;

Socioeconomic factors

Prejudice and discrimination, 3, 28-29, 34, 35-36, 76-81, 83

blacks, 77, 80, 81, 87-88, 99, 100

cardiovascular disease, 78, 79, 87-88

cohort studies, 78, 80-81

committee charge/methodology, 9

defined, 76, 79

employment, 76, 77

environmental contaminants and degradation, 34, 76

historical perspectives, 11-13, 77, 80, 84

lifetime impacts, 6, 80-81

minorities other than blacks, 6, 12, 81

provider stereotyping, 3, 99-101, 102, 103

providers, distrust of, 102

quality of health care, 3, 77, 99-101, 102, 103

research recommendations, 4, 5, 6, 33, 79-81, 91

stress, 77-79, 83, 84

targeted interventions, 117-118, 121

Prevalence, see Incidence and prevalence

Psychosocial factors, 28, 34, 36, 70-75, 84-85, 86-91

see also Attitudes and beliefs;

Behavioral risk factors;

Individual behavior;

Mental health and illness;

Prejudice and discrimination;

Sociocultural factors;

Stress

cardiovascular disease, 3, 71, 72, 74, 84, 86, 87-88, 90

immune system, 86, 88-89

metabolic syndrome, 89

physiological reactivity, 87, 88, 90

racial/ethnic identification, 9, 10, 13

religious influences, 9, 33, 35, 39, 50, 71-75 (passim)

research recommendations, 5, 6, 33, 74-75, 90-91

treatment, general, 72, 74-75

Q

Quality of health care, 3, 36, 92, 95-103

see also Health promotion;

Patient compliance

cancer, 96, 98

cardiovascular disease, 96, 98

cerebrovascular disease, 96

geographic variation, 3, 5, 98-99

health insurance coverage and, 92

prejudice and discrimination, 3, 77, 99-101, 102, 103

R

Racism, see Prejudice and discrimination

Reciprocal causation, 35, 38-39, 41-42, 44, 54-56, 60

Religious influences, 9, 33, 35, 39, 50, 71-75 (passim)

Research methodology, 1-2, 23, 26, 36-39

see also Cohort analysis;

Definitional issues;

Interdisciplinary studies;

Longitudinal studies

behavioral risk factors, 65

causal processes, 1, 36-39, 48-49

committee study charge/methodology, 2, 7-9, 10-11

early life disadvantage, 107

experimental and quasi-experimental designs, 38, 50-51, 78-79, 110, 115-116

genetics, 46-52

historical perspectives, 1

prejudice and discrimination, 77-81

psychosocial factors, general, 72, 86-87

reciprocal causation, 35, 38-39, 41-42, 44, 54-56, 60

selection processes, 4, 5, 38-45, 54-56, 60

socioeconomic status, 59-60

vital statistics, 37

Research recommendations, 4-6, 30-31

access to health care, 6, 102

Alaska Natives, 26, 28

American Indians, 26, 28

behavioral risk factors, 4, 5, 67-69

blacks, 25, 27, 68, 102, 120

cognitive functioning, 26-27

cohort studies, 4, 6, 27, 108-109, 110

committee charge/methodology, 2, 8

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2004. Understanding Racial and Ethnic Differences in Health in Late Life: A Research Agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11036.
×

definitional issues, 33

educational attainment, 27, 60

environmental factors, 53

health care professionals, 6, 102, 103

health promotion, 114-115

Hispanics, 25, 26, 68-69, 102

genetics, 53

geographic factors, 5, 102, 103

life course research, 4, 5, 59, 108-110

mortality, 4, 5, 25-26, 27, 37, 90

nature of ethnic and racial differences, 25-29

neurology, 27

policy issues, 4, 6, 120-121

prejudice and discrimination, 4, 5, 6, 33, 79-81, 91

psychosocial factors, 5, 6, 33, 74-75, 90-91

quality of health care, 102-103

risk factors, general, 4, 5, 25, 26-28

selection processes, 44-45

sociocultural influences, 27, 68, 69

socioeconomic status, 4, 5, 59-60, 119

stress, 5, 6, 85

utilization of health care, 6, 102, 114

vital statistics, 37

whites, 25, 68, 102

Respiratory disease

cause of death, 18, 19

educational status, 55

Hispanics, 23, 96

prevalence by sex and race, 22, 23

quality of health care, 96

Risk factors

see also Behavioral risk factors;

Genetic factors;

Life cycle factors;

Psychosocial factors;

Stress

American Indians, 28, 62, 63, 68, 118

research recommendations, 4, 5, 25, 26-28

stress, impacts on other risk factors, 83

S

Selection processes, 4, 5, 38, 39-45

reciprocal causation, 35, 38-39, 41-42, 44, 54-56, 60

Self-care practices, 33, 34, 36, 101-102

educational status, 58

Self-esteem, 78, 106

Self-rated health status, 21, 34

behavioral risk factors, 61, 63, 65

socioeconomic status, 55-56

Sex-related difference, see Gender factors

Sexual behavior, 66-67

Smoking, 3, 32, 61, 62, 63, 64, 113, 116-117

blacks, 3, 63, 65, 116

immigrants, 66

prejudice and discrimination, 78

socioeconomic factors, 3, 62-63, 65

Sociocultural factors, 7, 28-29, 32-34, 43, 70-75

see also Immigrants;

Policy issues;

Prejudice and discrimination;

Psychosocial factors

adaptive health behaviors, 33, 35

alcohol use, 62

alternative and complementary medicine, 6, 112, 114

behavioral risk factors, 62, 64, 66, 68, 69, 115-121

committee charge/methodology, 8

early life disadvantage, 107

genetics and, 47, 50

health and disability, general, 20

health promotion, 113-121

Indian reservations, 13-14, 29

prejudice and discrimination, 77

racial/ethnic identification, 9, 10, 14, 39-40, 76

religious influences, 9, 33, 35, 39, 50, 71-75 (passim)

research recommendations, 27, 68, 69

selection processes, 39

self-care, 58, 101

sexually transmitted diseases, 67

Socioeconomic status, 3, 8, 29-35 (passim), 54-60, 119-121

see also Educational attainment;

Employment;

Income

behavioral risk factors, 35, 58, 62-64, 65, 66, 68

blacks, 56, 57, 83-84, 92-94, 95, 101-102, 119, 120

gender factors, 55-56

health promotion, 113, 114

Hispanics, 56, 57, 119

life cycle factors, 55, 56, 59, 60

Medicaid, 94, 96, 97

Medicare, 93

mortality rates, 16

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2004. Understanding Racial and Ethnic Differences in Health in Late Life: A Research Agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11036.
×

prejudice and discrimination, 36, 81

research recommendations, 4, 5, 59-60, 119

selection processes, 42

smoking, 3, 62-63, 65

stress, 83, 84

whites, 57, 65

Stress, 3, 36, 82-85

see also Prejudice and discrimination

allostatic load, 88

blacks, 83-84, 85, 87

cardiovascular disease, 3, 84, 87-88

caregivers, elderly, 83

defined, 82

genetics and, 52

immunologic response, 88-89

physiological reactivity, 87, 88, 90

prejudice and discrimination, 77-79, 83, 84

research recommendations, 5, 6, 85

socioeconomic status, 83, 84

targeted interventions, 118

whites, 82, 84

Substance abuse, 66

T

Tobacco use, see Smoking

Treatment issues, 92

see also Access to health care;

Alternative and complementary medicine;

Health care professionals;

Health insurance;

Health promotion;

Hospitals and hospitalization;

Patient compliance;

Utilization of health care

behavioral interventions, 111-114

genetics and, 52-53

health insurance coverage and, 92

psychosocial factors, 72, 74-75

U

Utilization of health care, 8, 33, 36, 62, 92, 93

see also Access to health care;

Patient compliance;

Self-care practices

disease prevalence statistics, 24

early life disadvantage, 107

genetics and, 49-50

providers, distrust of, 102

research recommendations, 6, 102, 114

socioeconomic status and, 36

V

Violence, 33, 83

black neighborhoods, 67

early life disadvantage, 106, 107

homicide, 20

Vital statistics, 37

W

White persons, 1, 2

Alzheimer’s disease and dementia, 20, 23

behavioral risk factors, 62, 63, 65-66, 68, 116

cardiovascular disease, 52, 64

causes of death, 2, 18-20

cerebrovascular disease, 18, 22, 23

diabetes, 22, 23

disease and conditions, general, 21-22, 25, 29

educational status, 57

health and disability, general, 20-21, 29

health insurance, 92-94, 95

historical perspectives, immigrants, 12

mortality, 2, 3, 13-20 (passim), 25, 27, 41, 65

quality of health care, 95, 97-98, 102

racial/ethnic identification, 9, 10, 11

religious beliefs, 74

research recommendations, 25, 68, 102

self-care, 101

socioeconomic status, 57, 65

stress, 82, 84

Women, see Gender factors

World Health Organization, 25

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2004. Understanding Racial and Ethnic Differences in Health in Late Life: A Research Agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11036.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2004. Understanding Racial and Ethnic Differences in Health in Late Life: A Research Agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11036.
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As the population of older Americans grows, it is becoming more racially and ethnically diverse. Differences in health by racial and ethnic status could be increasingly consequential for health policy and programs. Such differences are not simply a matter of education or ability to pay for health care. For instance, Asian Americans and Hispanics appear to be in better health, on a number of indicators, than White Americans, despite, on average, lower socioeconomic status. The reasons are complex, including possible roles for such factors as selective migration, risk behaviors, exposure to various stressors, patient attitudes, and geographic variation in health care.

This volume, produced by a multidisciplinary panel, considers such possible explanations for racial and ethnic health differentials within an integrated framework. It provides a concise summary of available research and lays out a research agenda to address the many uncertainties in current knowledge. It recommends, for instance, looking at health differentials across the life course and deciphering the links between factors presumably producing differentials and biopsychosocial mechanisms that lead to impaired health.

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