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Understanding Racial and Ethnic Differences in Health in Late Life: A Research Agenda
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Understanding Racial and Ethnic Differences in Health in Late Life: A Research Agenda
Index
A
Access to health care, 3, 7, 36, 92, 93
see also Health insurance;
Patientcompliance;
Self-care practices;
Utilization of health care
early life disadvantage, 107
prejudice and discrimination, 77
research recommendations, 6, 102
Adolescents
multiracial self-identification, 10
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 108
socioeconomic status and behavior risk factors, 35
African Americans, see Black persons
Age factors, see Life cycle factors
AIDS, see HIV
Alaska Natives, 1
behavioral risk factors, 62, 63, 68
health and disability, general, 20-21, 26, 29
health insurance, 95
historical perspectives, 12
mortality, 17, 26
prejudice and discrimination, 81
quality of health care, 97
racial/ethnic identification, 9, 10-11, 13, 14
research recommendations, 26, 28
reservation inhabitants, 13-14
risk factors, 28
socioeconomic status, 56-57
Alcohol use and abuse, 32, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66
prejudice and discrimination, 78
Alternative and complementary medicine, 112
research recommendations, 6, 114
Alzheimer’s disease and dementia, 20, 23
genetics and, 50
psychosocial factors, 72
stress on spouse, 83
American Indians, 1
see also Alaska Natives
behavioral risk factors, 62, 63, 68, 118
causes of death, 18, 19
health and disability, general, 20-21, 26, 29
health insurance, 95
health promotion, 113
hospitalization, 13-14
mortality, 13, 16, 17, 18, 26
prejudice and discrimination, 12, 81
quality of health care, 96, 97
racial/ethnic identification, 9, 10, 11, 13-14
research recommendations, 26, 28
reservation inhabitants, 13-14, 29
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risk factors, 28, 62, 63, 68, 118
socioeconomic status, 56-57
targeted interventions, 118
Asians/Pacific Islanders, 2
behavioral risk factors, 3, 62, 63, 65
causes of death, 18, 19-20
diabetes, 19-20
disease prevalence, 23-24
early life disadvantage, 105
educational status, 57
health and disability, general, 20-21, 23-24, 26
health insurance, 92, 93
health promotion, 113
mortality, 13, 16-20 (passim), 27, 65, 105
quality of health care, 96, 99
racial/ethnic identification, 9, 10, 11, 13
religious beliefs, 74
socioeconomic status, 56, 57
stress, 83, 84
Attitudes and beliefs
see also Prejudice and discrimination;
Stress
personal resources, 73
provider stereotyping, 3, 99-101, 102, 103
providers, distrust of, 102
self-esteem, 78, 106
self-rated health status, 21, 34
self-reported risk behaviors, 61, 63, 65
B
Behavioral risk factors, 8, 32-33, 34, 61-69, 111-121
see also Alcohol use and abuse;
Diet andnutrition;
Individual behavior;
Life cycle factors;
Obesity;
Physical exercise;
Psychosocial factors;
Smoking;
Stress;
Violence
Alaska Natives, 62, 63, 68
American Indians, 62, 63, 68, 118
Asians, 3, 62, 63, 65
blacks, 3, 62, 63, 65, 66, 68, 74, 116
educational status and income, 61
health promotion, 4, 5, 111-121
Hispanics, 3, 61, 63, 65
religious influences, 9, 33, 35, 39, 50, 71-75 (passim)
research recommendations, 4, 5, 67-69
self-reported, 61, 63, 65
sexual, 66-67
sociocultural factors, 62, 64, 66, 68, 69, 115-121
socioeconomic status and, 35, 58, 62-64, 65, 66, 68
substance abuse, 66
whites, 62, 63, 65-66, 68, 116
Beliefs, see Attitudes and beliefs
Biopsychosocial factors, see Psychosocial factors
Black persons, 1, 2, 29
Alzheimer’s disease, 20, 23
behavioral risk factors, 3, 62, 63, 65, 66, 68, 74, 116
cancer, 22, 98, 101
cardiovascular disease, 18, 19, 20, 21-22, 52, 64, 87-88, 96, 98
causes of death, 2, 18-20 (passim)
cerebrovascular disease, 22, 96
diabetes, 22, 96, 101, 118
disease prevalence, specific conditions, 22-23
early life disadvantage, 105, 106
educational status, 57
health and disability, general, 20-21, 22-23, 29
health insurance, 92-94, 95
health promotion, 113, 116, 119
historical perspectives, 12, 29
hospitalization, 96, 97-98, 99
income, 29
prejudice and discrimination, 77, 80, 81, 87-88, 99, 100
quality of health care, 95-102 (passim)
racial/ethnic identification, 9, 10, 11
religious beliefs, 74
research recommendations, 25, 27, 68, 102, 120
risk factors, general, 28
self-care, 101
slavery, 12
smoking, 3, 63, 65, 116
socioeconomic status, 56, 57, 83-84, 92-94, 95, 101-102, 119, 120
stress, 83-84, 85, 87
C
Cancer
behavioral risk factors, 61
blacks, 22, 98, 101
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cause of death, 18, 19
educational status, 55
prevalence by sex, 24
prevalence by sex and race, 22
quality of health care, 96, 98
women, 24, 96, 101, 113
Cardiovascular disease, 34, 109
Asians, 52
behavioral risk factors, 61, 64
black persons, 18, 19, 20, 21-22, 52, 64, 87-88, 96, 98
cause of death, 18, 19, 20, 84
educational status, 55
genetics and, 52, 87
Hispanics, 52, 96
prejudice and discrimination, 78, 79, 87-88
psychosocial factors, 3, 71, 72, 74, 84, 86, 87-88, 90
quality of health care, 96, 98
religious influences, 71, 74
stress and, 3, 84, 87-88
whites, 52, 64
Causes of death, 2, 18-20, 84
see also Mortality
Census data
multiracial self-identification, 10
population size, by race, 11
Cerebrovascular disease
blacks, 22, 96
cause of death, 18, 19
educational status, 55
quality of health care, 96
whites, 18, 22, 23
Cognitive functioning, 15, 23
see also Alzheimer’s disease and dementia;
Mental health and illness
alcohol consumption, 66
Hispanics, 23
research recommendations, 26-27
Cohort analysis, 3, 20, 21
allostatic load, 88
committee recommendations, 4, 6, 27, 108-109, 110
genetics and environment, 53
health promotion, 112, 114
life cycle research, 108-109, 110
prejudice and discrimination, 78, 80-81
selection processes, 40-41
Commonwealth Minority Health Survey, 83
Complementary medicine, see Alternative and complementary medicine
Cultural factors, see Sociocultural factors;
specific racial/ethnic groups
D
Definitional issues
allostatic load, 88
behavioral risk factors, 65
physiological reactivity, 87, 88
racial and ethnic groups, 9-11, 13-14, 27, 39-40
disease prevalence statistics, 24
genetics, 46-49, 53
mortality rates, 15
racial/ethnic identification, 9, 10, 14, 39-40, 76
racism, prejudice, and discrimination, 76, 79
research priorities, 33
stress, 82
Diabetes, 34
behavioral risk factors, 64
blacks, 22, 96, 101, 118
cause of death, 18, 19
educational status, 55
health promotion, 112
Hispanics, 2, 18, 19, 23, 96, 118
prevalence by sex and race, 22
quality of health care, 96
research recommendations, 26
self-care, 101
targeted interventions, 118
Diet and nutrition, 32, 64, 121
see also Obesity
genetics and, 49
Disabilities and disabled persons, 14-15, 20-21
see also Diseases and disorders
personal resources, 73
Discrimination, see Prejudice and discrimination
Diseases and disorders, general, 7, 21-25, 32, 34
see also Behavioral risk factors;
Causes of death;
Disabilities and disabled persons;
Incidence and prevalence;
Risk factors;
specificdisease categories (e.g., Cardiovascular disease)
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Alaska Natives, 20-21, 26, 29
allostatic load, 88
American Indians, 20-21, 26, 29
Asians, 20-21, 23-24, 26
blacks, 20-21, 22-23, 29
early life disadvantage, 107
educational status, 55, 58
Hispanics, 20-22, 23, 25, 26, 31
religious influences, 71
genetic factors, 49
psychosocial factors, 86, 90
research recommendations, 4, 25, 26-27, 90
socioeconomic status, 55, 57
stress, 83
whites, 21-22, 25, 29
Drug abuse, see Substance abuse
E
Economic factors, 7
see also Employment;
Health insurance;
Income;
Socioeconomic factors
access to health care, 92
incentives and disincentives, 115
selection processes, 42
Educational attainment, 4, 30, 33, 35, 55-57, 58
multiracial self-identification, 10
prejudice and discrimination, 76
research recommendations, 27, 60
self-care practices, 58
Employment, 3, 33, 40, 42, 54, 59
immigrants, 68
occupational hazards, 50, 82, 83, 91
prejudice and discrimination, 76, 77
stress, 83, 91
Environmental contaminants and degradation, 7, 34, 53, 59, 67, 92
behavioral risk factors, 64
early life disadvantage, 107
prejudice and discrimination, 34, 76
targeted interventions, 118
Exercise, see Physical exercise
G
Gender factors
alcohol consumption, 66
Alzheimer’s disease, 20
behavioral risk factors, 65
cancer, 24, 96, 101, 113
cardiovascular disease, 21-22
educational attainment, 57
health and disability, general, 21
health promotion, 96, 101, 113
income, 55-56
socioeconomic status, 55-56
specific diseases, prevalence by sex and race, 21-22
Genetic factors, 33, 34, 35, 46-53
alcohol consumption, 66
committee charge/methodology, 8
environment-gene interactions, 35
selection processes, 39
sociocultural factors and, 47, 50
utilization of health care and, 49-50
Geographic factors
quality of health care, 3, 5, 98-99
research recommendations, 5, 102, 103
H
Handicapped persons, see Disabilities and disabled persons
Health care, 92-103
see also Access to health care;
Health care professionals;
Health insurance;
Patient compliance;
Quality of health care;
Treatment issues;
Utilization of health care
self-care practices, 33, 34, 36, 58, 101-102
Health care professionals
provider stereotyping, 3, 99-101, 102, 103
providers, distrust of, 102
research recommendations, 6, 102, 103
Health insurance, 92-95, 97, 102
Medicaid, 94, 96, 97
Medicare, 93-97 (passim), 101, 119
Health promotion, 4, 5, 111-121
cohort analysis, 112, 114
gender factors, 96, 101, 113
research recommendations, 5, 114-115, 120-121
targeted interventions, 117-118, 121
Heart disease, see Cardiovascular disease
Hispanics, 2
behavioral risk factors, 3, 62, 63, 65, 68-69
causes of death, 18, 19
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diabetes, 2, 18, 19, 23, 96, 118
disease prevalence, 21-22, 23, 25
early life disadvantage, 105
educational status, 57
health and disability, general, 20-22, 23, 25, 26, 31
health insurance, 92-94
health promotion, 113, 119
income, 29, 31
mortality, 2, 3, 13, 14, 16-19, 25, 27, 43, 65, 105
quality of health care, 95-97, 98, 99, 101, 102
racial/ethnic identification, 9, 10-11, 13
research recommendations, 25, 26, 68-69, 102
respiratory diseases, 23, 96
selection processes, 39-40, 41-42, 43
self-care, 101
socioeconomic status, 56, 57, 119
stress, 85
targeted interventions, 118
Historical perspectives, 11-12, 28-29, 119
early health disadvantage, 105
prejudice and discrimination, 11-13, 77, 80, 84
social and economic policy, 119-120
HIV
cause of death, 20
self-care, 101
Homicide, 20
Hospitals and hospitalization, 96-98, 99, 102-103
American Indians, 13-14
blacks, 96, 97-98, 99
I
Immigrants, 2-3
see also Hispanics
behavioral risk factors, 66
historical perspectives, 12-13
mortality, 26, 43
prejudice and discrimination, 78, 81
racial/ethnic identification, 10, 11
regulatory measures, 119
research recommendations, 26
selection processes, 39-40, 41, 42
slavery, 12
stress, 84
whites, 12
Immunologic factors
behavioral risk factors, 64
early life disadvantage, 108
genetics and, 52
psychosocial factors, 86, 88-89
Incidence and prevalence, 5
see also Mortality
cancer, 22, 24
gender factors, 21-22
Hispanics, 21-22, 23, 25
mental illness, 20, 23, 24-25
respiratory diseases, sex and race, 22, 23
Income, 28, 29, 30, 33, 35, 57-58
see also Socioeconomic status
gender factors, 55-56
research recommendations, 59
Indian Health Service, 95
Indians, see American Indians
Individual behavior, 28-29, 33, 111-114
see also Behavioral risk factors;
Educational attainment;
Psychosocial factors
racial/ethnic identification, 9, 10
socioeconomic status, 58
Insurance, see Health insurance
Interdisciplinary studies, 1, 4, 32, 33, 86
causal processes, 37
committee charge/methodology, 8
Interventions, see Health promotion;
Treatment issues
L
Latinos, see Hispanics
Life cycle factors, 4, 7, 36, 104-110
see also Adolescents
alcohol consumption, 66
behavioral risk factors, 62, 66
cohort analysis, 108-109, 110
early health disadvantage, 17, 104-108, 109
health promotion, 114
mortality rates, age-adjusted, 2, 15, 16, 17, 34, 105
prejudice and discrimination, 6, 80-81
research recommendations, 4, 5, 59, 108-110
selection processes, 40-41
self-rated health status, 21
sexual behavior, 67
socioeconomic status, 55, 56, 59, 60
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stress, 82
targeted interventions, 118, 121
violence, 106, 107
Life expectancy, 29, 34
blacks, 1, 15
Hispanics, 16
whites, 15
Lifestyle risk factors, see Behavioral risk factors;
Health promotion
Longitudinal studies, 20, 21, 108-109
see also Cohort analysis
caregiver stress, 83
committee recommendations, 4, 6
prejudice and discrimination, 78
psychosocial factors, 70-71
social policy, 120
socioeconomic status, 56
M
Macarthur Successful Aging Cohort study, 110
Medicaid, 94, 96, 97
Medicare, 93-97 (passim), 101, 119
Men, see Gender factors
Mental health and illness, 72, 84-85
see also Alzheimer’s disease and dementia;
Psychosocial factors;
Stress;
Violence
disease prevalence statistics, 20, 23, 24-25
early life disadvantage, 106
educational status, 55
prejudice and discrimination, 77
research recommendations, 26-27
sexual behavior, 67
Metabolic syndrome, 89
Methodology, see Research methodology
Mortality, 14-20
see also Causes of death;
Life expectancy
age-adjusted, 2, 15, 16, 17, 34, 105
Alaska Natives, 17, 26
alcohol consumption, 66
allostatic load, 88
American Indians, 13, 16, 17, 18, 26
Asians, 13, 16-20 (passim), 27, 65, 105
blacks, 2, 3, 13-20 (passim), 25, 27, 41, 105
early life disadvantage, 17, 105, 106, 107
educational status, 55
Hispanics, 2, 3, 13, 14, 16-19, 25, 27, 43, 65, 105
infant, 17, 105
racial self-identification and, 13
research recommendations, 4, 5, 25-26, 27, 37, 90
psychosocial factors, 71, 90
selection processes, 40-41, 43
socioeconomic status, 55
stress, 83, 84
vital statistics, 37
whites, 2, 3, 13-20 (passim), 25, 27, 41, 65
Multidisciplinary studies, see Interdisciplinary studies
N
National Health Interview Survey, 20, 21
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 108
Native Americans, see Alaska Natives;
American Indians
Neoplasms, see Cancer
Neurological factors
see also Alzheimer’s disease and dementia;
Cerebrovascular disease;
Psychosocial factors;
Stress
early life disadvantage, 106
neurovisceral factors, 71, 89-90
research recommendations, 27
Nontraditional medicine, see Alternative and complementary medicine
Nutrition, see Diet and nutrition;
Obesity
O
Obesity, 61, 62, 63, 65-66, 121
immigrants, 66
socioeconomic status, 4
Office of Management and Budget, 10
P
Panel studies, see Cohort analysis
Patient compliance, 3, 33, 36, 102, 103
see also Access to health care;
Utilization of health care
Physical exercise, 3, 32, 63
educational status, 66
socioeconomic status, 4
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Policy issues, 28-31, 102, 115-121
see also Health promotion;
Quality of health care;
Research recommendations
genetics and, 47
historical perspectives, 119-120
research recommendations, 4, 6, 120-121
Population size
projections, 2, 11
racial group breakdowns, table, 11
Poverty, see Income;
Socioeconomic factors
Prejudice and discrimination, 3, 28-29, 34, 35-36, 76-81, 83
blacks, 77, 80, 81, 87-88, 99, 100
cardiovascular disease, 78, 79, 87-88
cohort studies, 78, 80-81
committee charge/methodology, 9
defined, 76, 79
employment, 76, 77
environmental contaminants and degradation, 34, 76
historical perspectives, 11-13, 77, 80, 84
lifetime impacts, 6, 80-81
minorities other than blacks, 6, 12, 81
provider stereotyping, 3, 99-101, 102, 103
providers, distrust of, 102
quality of health care, 3, 77, 99-101, 102, 103
research recommendations, 4, 5, 6, 33, 79-81, 91
stress, 77-79, 83, 84
targeted interventions, 117-118, 121
Prevalence, see Incidence and prevalence
Psychosocial factors, 28, 34, 36, 70-75, 84-85, 86-91
see also Attitudes and beliefs;
Behavioral risk factors;
Individual behavior;
Mental health and illness;
Prejudice and discrimination;
Sociocultural factors;
Stress
cardiovascular disease, 3, 71, 72, 74, 84, 86, 87-88, 90
immune system, 86, 88-89
metabolic syndrome, 89
physiological reactivity, 87, 88, 90
racial/ethnic identification, 9, 10, 13
religious influences, 9, 33, 35, 39, 50, 71-75 (passim)
research recommendations, 5, 6, 33, 74-75, 90-91
treatment, general, 72, 74-75
Q
Quality of health care, 3, 36, 92, 95-103
see also Health promotion;
Patient compliance
cancer, 96, 98
cardiovascular disease, 96, 98
cerebrovascular disease, 96
geographic variation, 3, 5, 98-99
health insurance coverage and, 92
prejudice and discrimination, 3, 77, 99-101, 102, 103
R
Racism, see Prejudice and discrimination
Reciprocal causation, 35, 38-39, 41-42, 44, 54-56, 60
Religious influences, 9, 33, 35, 39, 50, 71-75 (passim)
Research methodology, 1-2, 23, 26, 36-39
see also Cohort analysis;
Definitional issues;
Interdisciplinary studies;
Longitudinal studies
behavioral risk factors, 65
causal processes, 1, 36-39, 48-49
committee study charge/methodology, 2, 7-9, 10-11
early life disadvantage, 107
experimental and quasi-experimental designs, 38, 50-51, 78-79, 110, 115-116
genetics, 46-52
historical perspectives, 1
prejudice and discrimination, 77-81
psychosocial factors, general, 72, 86-87
reciprocal causation, 35, 38-39, 41-42, 44, 54-56, 60
selection processes, 4, 5, 38-45, 54-56, 60
socioeconomic status, 59-60
vital statistics, 37
Research recommendations, 4-6, 30-31
access to health care, 6, 102
Alaska Natives, 26, 28
American Indians, 26, 28
behavioral risk factors, 4, 5, 67-69
blacks, 25, 27, 68, 102, 120
cognitive functioning, 26-27
cohort studies, 4, 6, 27, 108-109, 110
committee charge/methodology, 2, 8
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definitional issues, 33
educational attainment, 27, 60
environmental factors, 53
health care professionals, 6, 102, 103
health promotion, 114-115
Hispanics, 25, 26, 68-69, 102
genetics, 53
geographic factors, 5, 102, 103
life course research, 4, 5, 59, 108-110
mortality, 4, 5, 25-26, 27, 37, 90
nature of ethnic and racial differences, 25-29
neurology, 27
policy issues, 4, 6, 120-121
prejudice and discrimination, 4, 5, 6, 33, 79-81, 91
psychosocial factors, 5, 6, 33, 74-75, 90-91
quality of health care, 102-103
risk factors, general, 4, 5, 25, 26-28
selection processes, 44-45
sociocultural influences, 27, 68, 69
socioeconomic status, 4, 5, 59-60, 119
stress, 5, 6, 85
utilization of health care, 6, 102, 114
vital statistics, 37
whites, 25, 68, 102
Respiratory disease
cause of death, 18, 19
educational status, 55
Hispanics, 23, 96
prevalence by sex and race, 22, 23
quality of health care, 96
Risk factors
see also Behavioral risk factors;
Genetic factors;
Life cycle factors;
Psychosocial factors;
Stress
American Indians, 28, 62, 63, 68, 118
research recommendations, 4, 5, 25, 26-28
stress, impacts on other risk factors, 83
S
Selection processes, 4, 5, 38, 39-45
reciprocal causation, 35, 38-39, 41-42, 44, 54-56, 60
Self-care practices, 33, 34, 36, 101-102
educational status, 58
Self-esteem, 78, 106
Self-rated health status, 21, 34
behavioral risk factors, 61, 63, 65
socioeconomic status, 55-56
Sex-related difference, see Gender factors
Sexual behavior, 66-67
Smoking, 3, 32, 61, 62, 63, 64, 113, 116-117
blacks, 3, 63, 65, 116
immigrants, 66
prejudice and discrimination, 78
socioeconomic factors, 3, 62-63, 65
Sociocultural factors, 7, 28-29, 32-34, 43, 70-75
see also Immigrants;
Policy issues;
Prejudice and discrimination;
Psychosocial factors
adaptive health behaviors, 33, 35
alcohol use, 62
alternative and complementary medicine, 6, 112, 114
behavioral risk factors, 62, 64, 66, 68, 69, 115-121
committee charge/methodology, 8
early life disadvantage, 107
genetics and, 47, 50
health and disability, general, 20
health promotion, 113-121
Indian reservations, 13-14, 29
prejudice and discrimination, 77
racial/ethnic identification, 9, 10, 14, 39-40, 76
religious influences, 9, 33, 35, 39, 50, 71-75 (passim)
research recommendations, 27, 68, 69
selection processes, 39
self-care, 58, 101
sexually transmitted diseases, 67
Socioeconomic status, 3, 8, 29-35 (passim), 54-60, 119-121
see also Educational attainment;
Employment;
Income
behavioral risk factors, 35, 58, 62-64, 65, 66, 68
blacks, 56, 57, 83-84, 92-94, 95, 101-102, 119, 120
gender factors, 55-56
health promotion, 113, 114
Hispanics, 56, 57, 119
life cycle factors, 55, 56, 59, 60
Medicaid, 94, 96, 97
Medicare, 93
mortality rates, 16
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prejudice and discrimination, 36, 81
research recommendations, 4, 5, 59-60, 119
selection processes, 42
smoking, 3, 62-63, 65
stress, 83, 84
whites, 57, 65
Stress, 3, 36, 82-85
see also Prejudice and discrimination
allostatic load, 88
blacks, 83-84, 85, 87
cardiovascular disease, 3, 84, 87-88
caregivers, elderly, 83
defined, 82
genetics and, 52
immunologic response, 88-89
physiological reactivity, 87, 88, 90
prejudice and discrimination, 77-79, 83, 84
research recommendations, 5, 6, 85
socioeconomic status, 83, 84
targeted interventions, 118
whites, 82, 84
Substance abuse, 66
T
Tobacco use, see Smoking
Treatment issues, 92
see also Access to health care;
Alternative and complementary medicine;
Health care professionals;
Health insurance;
Health promotion;
Hospitals and hospitalization;
Patient compliance;
Utilization of health care
behavioral interventions, 111-114
genetics and, 52-53
health insurance coverage and, 92
psychosocial factors, 72, 74-75
U
Utilization of health care, 8, 33, 36, 62, 92, 93
see also Access to health care;
Patient compliance;
Self-care practices
disease prevalence statistics, 24
early life disadvantage, 107
genetics and, 49-50
providers, distrust of, 102
research recommendations, 6, 102, 114
socioeconomic status and, 36
V
Violence, 33, 83
black neighborhoods, 67
early life disadvantage, 106, 107
homicide, 20
Vital statistics, 37
W
White persons, 1, 2
Alzheimer’s disease and dementia, 20, 23
behavioral risk factors, 62, 63, 65-66, 68, 116
cardiovascular disease, 52, 64
causes of death, 2, 18-20
cerebrovascular disease, 18, 22, 23
diabetes, 22, 23
disease and conditions, general, 21-22, 25, 29
educational status, 57
health and disability, general, 20-21, 29
health insurance, 92-94, 95
historical perspectives, immigrants, 12
mortality, 2, 3, 13-20 (passim), 25, 27, 41, 65
quality of health care, 95, 97-98, 102
racial/ethnic identification, 9, 10, 11
religious beliefs, 74
research recommendations, 25, 68, 102
self-care, 101
socioeconomic status, 57, 65
stress, 82, 84
Women, see Gender factors
World Health Organization, 25
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