National Academies Press: OpenBook

Meeting the Energy Needs of Future Warriors (2004)

Chapter: Front Matter

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Meeting the Energy Needs of Future Warriors. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11065.
×

Meeting the Energy Needs of FUTURE WARRIORS

Committee on Soldier Power/Energy Systems

Board on Army Science and Technology

Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C. www.nap.edu

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Meeting the Energy Needs of Future Warriors. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11065.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This study was supported by Contract/Grant No. DAAD19-03-C-0046, between the National Academy of Sciences and the Department of the Army. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations that provided support for the project.

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Meeting the Energy Needs of Future Warriors. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11065.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.

www.national-academies.org

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Meeting the Energy Needs of Future Warriors. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11065.
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COMMITTEE ON SOLDIER POWER/ENERGY SYSTEMS

PATRICK F. FLYNN, NAE, Chair,

Cummins Engine Company, Inc. (retired), Columbus, Indiana

MILLARD F. ROSE, Vice Chair,

Radiance Technologies, Huntsville, Alabama

ROBERT W. BRODERSEN, NAE,

University of California at Berkeley

ELTON J. CAIRNS,

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California

HUK YUK CHEH,

Duracell, Bethel, Connecticut

WALTER L. DAVIS,

Motorola Corporation, Schaumburg, Illinois

ROBERT H. DENNARD, NAE,

Thomas J. Watson Research Center, IBM, Yorktown Heights, New York

PAUL E. FUNK, U.S. Army (retired),

University of Texas at Austin

ROBERT J. NOWAK, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (retired),

Silver Spring, Maryland

JEFFREY A. SCHMIDT,

Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corporation, Boulder, Colorado

DANIEL P. SIEWIOREK, NAE,

Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh

KAREN SWIDER LYONS,

Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C.

ENOCH WANG,

Central Intelligence Agency, McLean, Virginia

DONALD P. WHALEN, U.S. Army (retired),

Cypress International, Arlington, Virginia

Board on Army Science and Technology Committee Advisor

ALAN H. EPSTEIN, NAE,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge

Staff

BRUCE A. BRAUN, Director,

Board on Army Science and Technology

ROBERT J. LOVE, Study Director

DANIEL E.J. TALMAGE, JR., Research Associate

TOMEKA N. GILBERT, Senior Program Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Meeting the Energy Needs of Future Warriors. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11065.
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BOARD ON ARMY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

JOHN E. MILLER, Chair,

Oracle Corporation, Reston, Virginia

GEORGE T. SINGLEY III, Vice Chair,

Hicks and Associates, Inc., McLean, Virginia

DAWN A. BONNELL,

University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia

NORVAL L. BROOME,

MITRE Corporation (retired), Suffolk, Virginia

ROBERT L. CATTOI,

Rockwell International (retired), Dallas

DARRELL W. COLLIER, Private Consultant,

Leander, Texas

ALAN H. EPSTEIN,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge

ROBERT R. EVERETT,

MITRE Corporation (retired), New Seabury, Massachusetts

PATRICK F. FLYNN,

Cummins Engine Company, Inc. (retired), Columbus, Indiana

WILLIAM R. GRAHAM,

National Security Research, Inc., Arlington, Virginia

HENRY J. HATCH, (Army Chief of Engineers, retired)

Oakton, Virginia

EDWARD J. HAUG,

University of Iowa, Iowa City

MIRIAM E. JOHN,

California Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore

DONALD R. KEITH,

Cypress International (retired), Alexandria, Virginia

CLARENCE W. KITCHENS,

Hicks and Associates, Inc., McLean, Virginia

ROGER A. KRONE,

Boeing Integrated Defense Systems, Philadelphia

JOHN W. LYONS, U.S. Army Research Laboratory (retired),

Ellicott City, Maryland

JOHN H. MOXLEY,

Korn/Ferry International, Los Angeles

MALCOLM R. O’NEILL,

Lockheed Martin Corporation, Bethesda, Maryland

EDWARD K. REEDY,

Georgia Tech Research Institute (retired), Atlanta

DENNIS J. REIMER,

National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism, Oklahoma City

WALTER D. SINCOSKIE,

Telcordia Technologies, Inc., Morristown, New Jersey

WILLIAM R. SWARTOUT,

Institute for Creative Technologies, Marina del Rey, California

EDWIN L. THOMAS,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge

BARRY M. TROST,

Stanford University, Stanford, California

JOSEPH J. VERVIER,

ENSCO, Inc., Melbourne, Florida

Staff

BRUCE A. BRAUN, Director

WILLIAM E. CAMPBELL, Administrative Officer

CHRIS JONES, Financial Associate

DEANNA P. SPARGER, Administrative Associate

DANIEL E.J. TALMAGE, JR., Research Associate

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Meeting the Energy Needs of Future Warriors. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11065.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Meeting the Energy Needs of Future Warriors. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11065.
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Preface

The Army’s future force will continue to be based on highly capable dismounted soldiers. The success of these future warriors will depend on enhanced situational awareness, that is, detailed knowledge of the location and capabilities of both friendly and enemy forces, and on improved access to lethal weapons, including those that might be called upon from supporting forces. To enable the transition to such a future force, the soldiers’ uniforms, weapons systems, sensors, and communication capabilities are all going through a period of revolutionary development. Perhaps the most critical of these new developments are power supply systems to allow the new electronics-based equipment to function effectively for missions up to 72 hours in length.

Ensuring adequate power for soldiers on the battlefield is by no means a simple problem; otherwise, the Army would not have asked the National Research Council (NRC) to do this study. It is a multidimensional challenge requiring multidimensional approaches, and the solutions involve a full consideration of power/energy systems, including the energy sources, energy sinks, and energy management.

Developers of the original Land Warrior suite of equipment grappled with shortcomings in power as well as the relative immaturity of computer and electronics technologies. Future soldiers, operating in concert as part of a light and mobile force, will depend heavily on networked applications for both situational awareness and access to supporting fires. As a consequence, power for communications-electronics will become the most critical component of warrior capabilities.

Each new capability brings with it a claim on existing weight and space to be borne by the dismounted soldier. For the soldier to function effectively, these weight and space assertions must be limited. Key to this management process will be controlling power demand and providing the power and energy systems that place minimal weight and space demands on the soldier.

With a vision of the Future Force warrior provided by the Army, as well as the results of previous studies on the subject, the NRC Committee on Soldier Power/Energy Systems was chartered by the Army to review the state of the art and recommend technologies that will support the rapid development of effective power source systems for soldier applications. The committee was also asked to review opportunities and technologies for reducing and managing power use. To accomplish this, the committee members necessarily represented a broad range of technical expertise, from computers, communications, low-power electronics, and multiple areas of energy sources, to military logistics, operations, and training. (See Appendix A for biographies of the committee members.)

I would like to express my personal appreciation to the committee members for their helpful and objective participation in reviewing the status of technologies and programs and in recommending directions for future activities. This report is the product of their efforts and consensus. I would also like to express the committee’s appreciation to the NRC staff for the large logistic and administrative effort that was required to complete the report.

Patrick F. Flynn

Chair, Committee on Soldier Power/Energy Systems

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Meeting the Energy Needs of Future Warriors. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11065.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Meeting the Energy Needs of Future Warriors. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11065.
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Acknowledgment of Reviewers

This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the Report Review Committee of the National Research Council (NRC). The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:

Henry W. Brandhorst, Auburn University,

Douglas M. Chapin, MPR Associates, Inc.,

Bruce S. Dunn, University of California at Los Angeles,

David E. Foster, University of Wisconsin,

Samuel Fuller, Analog Devices,

Gilbert Herrera, Sandia Laboratories,

Nguyen Minh, General Electric Hybrid Power Generation Systems,

Leon E. Salomon, U.S. Army (retired),

Clarence G. Thornton, Army Research Laboratory (retired), and

Robert Whalin, Jackson State University.

Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Alton D. Romig, Jr., Sandia National Laboratories, who was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Meeting the Energy Needs of Future Warriors. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11065.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Meeting the Energy Needs of Future Warriors. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11065.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Meeting the Energy Needs of Future Warriors. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11065.
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 Battlefield Logistics,

 

41

   

 Standardization,

 

41

   

 Operational Considerations,

 

41

   

 Acquisition Planning,

 

43

   

 Near-Term Considerations,

 

43

   

 Long-Term Considerations,

 

44

5

 

PROGRESS

 

46

   

 Objective Force Warrior-Advanced Technology Demonstration,

 

46

   

 Comparison of OFW Concepts with Land Warrior,

 

46

   

 Land Warrior Power Improvements,

 

48

   

 Application of Energy Efficient Technologies to the OFW-ATD Program,

 

48

   

 Committee Observations on Initial OFW-ATD Concepts,

 

48

   

 Commercial Trends,

 

50

   

 Continuation of Moore’s Law,

 

50

   

 Low-Power Electronics Technology,

 

50

   

 Changes in Commercial Development Trends,

 

51

   

 Trends in Commercial Cell Phone Development,

 

51

   

 Energy Efficiency of Integrated Circuits,

 

52

   

 Findings,

 

54

   

 Constraints on Reducing Power,

 

54

   

 Technology Time Horizon,

 

54

   

 Life-Cycle Costs,

 

55

   

 Soldier Communications,

 

55

   

 Design Approaches,

 

55

   

 Incentives for Reducing Power,

 

55

6

 

FUTURE WARRIOR DESIGN CONCEPTS

 

56

   

 Low-Power Soldier System,

 

56

   

 2-W Average with 5-W Peak,

 

56

   

 System-Level Approach,

 

57

   

 Power Management and Distribution,

 

58

   

 Distributed vs. Centralized,

 

58

   

 Power Management Design Approaches,

 

59

   

 Impact of Soldier Interaction on Energy Consumption,

 

62

   

 Interface Design Example,

 

63

   

 Design Guidelines for Wearability,

 

64

   

 Findings,

 

65

7

 

RECOMMENDATIONS

 

66

   

 Power Source Technologies,

 

66

   

 Battery and Fuel-Cell Development,

 

66

   

 Small Engines,

 

67

   

 Hybrid Power Systems,

 

67

   

 Technologies for Target Regimes,

 

67

   

 Soldier System Electronics,

 

69

   

 Power for Soldier Communications,

 

70

   

 Overarching Recommendations,

 

70

   

 Future Warrior Goal,

 

71

   

 Determining Energy Needs,

 

71

 

 

REFERENCES

 

72

Page xiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Meeting the Energy Needs of Future Warriors. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11065.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Meeting the Energy Needs of Future Warriors. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11065.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Meeting the Energy Needs of Future Warriors. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11065.
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Figures and Tables

FIGURES

2-1

 

Graph showing the crossover points for battery and fuel cell power systems as functions of available energy and system mass,

 

18

2-2

 

24-hr mission at 20-W average power,

 

20

2-3

 

72-hr mission at 20-W average power,

 

20

2-4

 

24-hr mission at 100-W average power,

 

21

2-5

 

72-hr mission at 100-W average power,

 

21

2-6

 

System mass versus total energy,

 

26

3-1

 

Characteristics of an ideal battery: (a) constant voltage and (b) constant capacity,

 

28

3-2

 

Power source efficiency variation with load,

 

28

3-3

 

Typical voltage discharge profiles,

 

29

3-4

 

Doyle’s Li ion model results for capacity versus average power,

 

30

3-5

 

Power profile of a user interaction with a mobile computer,

 

31

3-6

 

Soldier power demand for 20-W average, 50-W peak 10 percent of the time,

 

34

3-7

 

Performance of hybrid as compared with performance of single components in power load cyclic profile of 9 min, 12 W, and 1 min, 40 W,

 

35

4-1

 

Comparison of various means of exoskeletal actuation on the basis of stress/strain product capabilities,

 

39

4-2

 

Generalized Ragone plot of different power sources,

 

40

5-1

 

Energy and area efficiency of different chips from 1998 to 2002,

 

53

6-1

 

System mass of five energy sources producing 2 W average power for 24- and 72-hr missions,

 

57

C-1

 

The capacity of a battery changes with the rate of discharge,

 

81

C-2

 

Ragone plot comparing the specific energy vs. specific power of various batteries and of an internal combustion engine,

 

82

C-3

 

Variation in efficiency parameters of a 20-W-rated DMFC with variations in the load (net power),

 

84

C-4

 

The maximum allowable system mass (excluding fuel) for two kinds of energy conversion systems,

 

86

C-5

 

The maximum allowable system specific energy for two kinds of energy conversion systems,

 

87

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Meeting the Energy Needs of Future Warriors. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11065.
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D-1

 

Schematic cross section of a battery,

 

90

D-2

 

Schematic of proton exchange membrane fuel cell,

 

96

D-3

 

Mass flow block diagram of a Ball Aerospace PPS-50 50-W hydrogen fuel cell system,

 

98

D-4

 

Specific gravimetric hydrogen densities of select compounds,

 

100

D-5

 

Schematic of Ball Aerospace 20-W DMFC energy converter,

 

102

D-6

 

A DARPA/Ball Aerospace and Technologies operational DMFC-20,

 

103

D-7

 

Free piston Stirling engine showing component parts,

 

109

D-8

 

Conceptual layout for a 20-W Stirling power system for soldier applications,

 

110

D-9

 

1-kW Stirling engine recently purchased by Auburn University,

 

111

TABLES

ES-1

 

Science and Technology Objectives for the Near Term, Mid-Term, and Far Term, in Three Power Regimes,

 

3

ES-2

 

Techniques for Mitigating Energy Issues in Key Land Warrior System Components and Improvements That Could Be Realized,

 

7

1-1

 

Consideration of Relevant Technologies in Previous Studies, the Workshop, and the Present Study,

 

11

2-1

 

Overview of All Power Source Alternatives,

 

15

2-2

 

Devices in 20-W Regime Planned for Objective Force Warrior (OFW)-Advanced Technology Demonstration,

 

17

2-3

 

Comparison of Soldier Power/Energy Sources for 20-W Average Power Missions of 24 and 72 Hours,

 

19

2-4

 

Comparison of Soldier Power/Energy Sources for 100-W Average Power Missions of 24 and 72 Hours,

 

19

2-5

 

Power Source Development Goals for Soldier Systems,

 

22

3-1

 

Comparison of Single Battery versus Hybrids for Attributes of Importance in Military Applications,

 

33

5-1

 

Comparison of Estimated Power Requirements of Land Warrior System, by Function (All Peak Power),

 

47

5-2

 

Comparison of Estimated Peak and Average Power and Their Ratios for Land Warrior Systems,

 

47

5-3

 

Description of Chips Used in the Analysis,

 

53

6-1

 

Techniques for Mitigating Energy Issues in Key Land Warrior System Components and Improvements That Could Be Realized,

 

58

6-2

 

Advantages and Disadvantages of Centralized and Distributed Power Distribution for Use by the Dismounted Soldier,

 

59

6-3

 

Subsystems in Objective Force Warrior with Estimated Duty Cycle of 0.98 W,

 

60

6-4

 

Subsystems in Stryker with Average/Peak Active Power Ration Greater Than 0.50 W,

 

60

6-5

 

Computational Requirements to Support Different Forms of User Interfaces,

 

62

6-6

 

Sample Attributes of User Interfaces,

 

62

6-7

 

Interactions Between User Interface and Data Types with Respect to Energy Required for Computing and Data Transmission,

 

63

6-8

 

Design-for-Wearability Attributes for Computers,

 

64

Page xvii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Meeting the Energy Needs of Future Warriors. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11065.
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7-1

 

Science and Technology Objectives for the Near Term, Mid-Term, and Far Term, in Three Power Regimes,

 

68

7-2

 

Techniques for Mitigating Energy Issues in Key Land Warrior System Components and Improvements That Could Be Realized,

 

70

C-1

 

Criteria for Technology Readiness Levels,

 

85

C-2

 

Energy and Total System Weights for 24-Hour Missions,

 

86

C-3

 

Energy and Total System Weights for 72-Hour Missions,

 

86

D-1

 

Overview of All Power Source Alternatives,

 

89

D-2

 

Attributes of Advanced Primary Batteries,

 

91

D-3

 

Attributes of Leading Secondary Batteries,

 

91

D-4

 

Attributes of Metal/Air and Carbon/Air Batteries,

 

93

D-5

 

Overall Comparison of Electrochemical Capacitor and Battery Characteristics,

 

95

D-6

 

Attributes of Electrochemical Capacitors,

 

95

D-7

 

Attributes of Fuel Cells for Portable Power,

 

96

D-8

 

Specific Energy and Energy Density of Various Fuels,

 

97

D-9

 

Dependence of Select Hydrogen Sources on Fuel Cell Resources,

 

99

D-10

 

Characteristics of Butane-Fueled 20-W Solid Oxide Fuel Cell System by Adaptive Materials, Inc.: Breadboard Versus Projected Attributes,

 

106

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Acronyms and Abbreviations

ACRONYMS


AMTEC

alkali metal thermal to electrical conversion

ARL

Army Research Laboratory

ASB

Army Science Board

ASIC

application-specific integrated circuit

ATD

advanced technology demonstration


BOP

balance-of-plant


CECOM

Communications-Electronics Command

CMOS

complementary metal-oxide semiconductor

CO

carbon monoxide

COTS

commercial off-the-shelf

CPOX

catalytic partial oxidation

CPU

central processing unit


DARPA

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

DMFC

direct methanol fuel cell

DOD

U.S. Department of Defense

DOE

U.S. Department of Energy

DRAM

dynamic random access memory

DSP

digital signal processing


EC

electrochemical capacitor

EOD

end of discharge


FPGA

field programmable gate array


GPS

Global Positioning System


HHV

higher heating value

HIA

high integration actuator

HMMWV

high-mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicle

HPC

high performance computing

HUD

heads-up displays

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Meeting the Energy Needs of Future Warriors. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11065.
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IC

internal combustion

IEEE

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

IP

Internet Protocol


JP

jet propellant

JTRS

Joint Tactical Radio System


LHV

lower heating value

LLNL

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

LTI

lead technology integrator

LW

Land Warrior

LW-AC

Land Warrior-Advanced Capability

LW-SI

Land Warrior-Stryker Interoperable


MBITR

multiband intra/inter team radio

MCC

microclimate cooling

MEA

membrane electrode assembly

MEMS

microelectromechanical systems

MIMO

multiple-input, multiple-output

MURI

Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative


NASA

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NRC

National Research Council

NTRS

National Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors


OCV

open circuit voltage

OFW

Objective Force Warrior (aka Future Force Warrior)


PAN

primary area network

PC

personal computer

PEM

proton exchange membrane

PEMFC

proton exchange membrane fuel cell

PEO

Program Executive Office

PMMEP

Project Manager Mobile Electric Power


R&D

research and development

RF

radio frequency


S&T

science and technology

SI

Stryker Interoperable

SIA

Semiconductor Industry Association

SOA

state of the art

SoC

system-on-a-chip

SOF

special operations forces

SOFC

solid oxide fuel cell

SRAM

static random access memory


TE

thermoelectrics

TPV

thermophotovoltaics

TRADOC

Training and Doctrine Command

TRL

technology readiness level


UAW

universal access workstation

UWB

ultrawideband

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Meeting the Energy Needs of Future Warriors. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11065.
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VGA

video graphics array

VTB

virtual testbed


WLAN

wireless local area network


YSZ

yttria-stabilized zirconia

ABBREVIATIONS

μm

micrometer


A

ampere

Ah

ampere-hour

Al/air

aluminum/air


C

coulomb

C/air

carbon/air

cc

cubic centimeter

Cd/NiOOH

cadmium/nickel

(CF)x

carbon monofluoride


dB

decibel


g

gram

GHz

gigahertz


hp

horsepower


I

current


J

joule


kg

kilogram

kJ

kilojoule

kW

kilowatt

kWh

kilowatt-hour


L

liter

Li

lithium

Li/air

lithium/air

Li/(CF)x

lithium/carbon monofluoride cell

LiCoO2

lithium cobalt oxide

LiFePO4

lithium iron phosphate

Li/MnO2

lithium/manganese dioxide

LiMn2O4

lithium manganese oxide

LiNiO2

lithium nickel oxide

Li/S

lithium/sulfur

Li/SO2

lithium/sulfur dioxide


MeOH

methanol

Mg

magnesium

MH/NiOOH

nickel/metal hydride

Page xxii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Meeting the Energy Needs of Future Warriors. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11065.
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MHz

megahertz

MIPS

million instructions per second

mJ

millijoule

MKS

meter-kilogram-second

mol

mole

MOPS

million operations per second

mW

milliwatt


NaBH4

sodium borohydride

nm

nanometer


ppm

parts per million

psi

pounds per square inch

PvdF

polyvinylidene fluoride


V

volt


W

watt

W/cc

watts per cubic centimeter

W/g

watts per gram

Wh

watt-hour

Wh/cc

watt hours per cubic centimeter

W/kg

watts per kilogram

W/L

watts per liter


Zn/air

zinc/air

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The central characteristic of the evolution of the combat soldier in recent years is an increasingly sophisticated array of sensing, communications, and related electronics for use in battlefield situations. The most critical factor for maintaining this evolution will be the development of power supply systems capable of operating those electronics effectively for missions up to 72 hours long. To address the challenge, it is important that new approaches be sought on how to integrate and power these electronics. To assist in addressing this problem, the Army requested the National Research Council to review the state of the art and to recommend technologies that will support the rapid development of effective power systems for the future warrior. This report presents the results of that review. It provides an assessment of various technology options for different power level requirements, power system design, and soldier energy sinks. The report also describes future design concepts, focusing on low-power systems. Recommendations for technology development and system design are presented.

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