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Freear, J. and W. E. Wetzel, Jr. 1990. âWho bankrolls high-tech entrepreneurs?â Journal of Business Venturing 5:77â89. Freeman, Chris and Luc Soete. 1997. The Economics of Industrial Innovation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Galbraith, J. K. 1957. The New Industrial State. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Gans, J. S. and S. Stern, 2003. When does funding research by smaller firms bear fruit?: Evidence from the SBIR program. Economic Innovation and New Technology, Vol. 12 No. 4, pp. 361-384 Garcia-Quevedo, J. 2004. âDo public subsidies complement business R&D? A meta-analysis of the econometric evidence.â Kyklos, Vol. 57. Geroski, Paul A. 1995. "What do we know about entry?" International Journal of Industrial Organization 13(4):421â440. Gompers, P. A., 1995. âOptimal investment, monitoring, and the staging of venture capital.â Journal of Finance 50:1461â1489. Gompers, P. A. and J. Lerner. 1996. âThe use of covenants: An empirical analysis of venture partnership agreements.â Journal of Law and Economics 39:463â498. Gompers, P. A. and J. Lerner. 1999. âAn analysis of compensation in the U.S. venture capital partnership.â Journal of Financial Economics 51(1):3â7. Gompers, P. A. and J. Lerner. 1998a. âCapital formation and investment in venture markets: A report to the NBER and the Advanced Technology Program.â Unpublished working paper, Harvard University. Gompers, P. A. and J. Lerner. 1998b. âWhat drives venture capital fund-raising?â Unpublished working paper, Harvard University. Gompers, P. A. and J. Lerner. 1999. The Venture Cycle. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Good, M. L. 1995. Prepared testimony before the Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee, Subcommittee on Science, Technology, and Space (Photocopy, U.S. Department of Commerce). Graham, O. L. 1992. Losing Time: The Industrial Policy Debate. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Greenwald, B. C., J. E. Stiglitz, and A. Weiss, 1984. âInformation imperfections in the capital market and macroeconomic fluctuations.â American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings 74:194â199. Griliches, Z. 1990. The Search for R&D Spillovers. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Hall, Bronwyn H. 1992. âInvestment and research and development: Does the source of financing matter?â Working Paper No. 92-194, Department of Economics, University of California at Berkeley. Hall, Bronwyn H. 1993. "Industrial research during the 1980s: Did the rate of return fall?" Brookings Papers: Microeconomics 2:289â343. Hamberg, Dan. 1963. "Invention in the industrial research laboratory.â Journal of Political Economy (April):95â115. Hao, K. Y. and A. B. Jaffe, 1993. âEffect of liquidity on firmsâ R&D spending.â Economics of Innovation and New Technology 2:275â282. Hebert, Robert F. and Albert N. Link. 1989. "In search of the meaning of entrepreneurship.â Small Business Economics 1(1):39â49. 51
Himmelberg, C. P. and B. C. Petersen, 1994. âR&D and internal finance: A panel study of small firms in high- tech industries.â Review of Economics and Statistics 76:38â51. Hubbard, R. G. 1998. âCapital-market imperfections and investment.â Journal of Economic Literature 36:193â225. Huntsman, B. and J. P. Hoban, Jr. 1980. âInvestment in new enterprise: Some empirical observations on risk, return, and market structure.â Financial Management 9 (Summer): 44â51. Jaffe, A. B. 1996, âEconomic analysis of research spilloversâImplications for the Advanced Technology Program.â Washington, D.C.: Advanced Technology Program, National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of Commerce. Jaffe, A. B. 1998. "The importance of 'spillovers' in the policy mission of the Advanced Technology Program.â Journal of Technology Transfer (Summer). Jaffe, A. B. and M. Trajtenberg. 2002. Patents, Citations, and Innovations: A Window on the Knowledge Economy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Jewkes, J., D. Sawers, and R. Stillerman. 1958. The Sources of Invention. New York: St. Martin's Press. Kleinman, D. L.. 1995. Politics on the Endless Frontier: Postwar Research Policy in the United States. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Kortum, Samuel, and Josh Lerner. 1998. "Does Venture Capital Spur Innovation?â NBER Working Papers 6846, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. Krugman, P. 1990. Rethinking International Trade. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Krugman, P. 1991. Geography and Trade. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Lach, S. âDo R&D subsidies stimulate or displace private R&D? Evidence from Israel, Journal of Industrial Economics December 2002, pp. 369-390 Langlois, Richard N. and Paul L. Robertson 1996. âStop Crying over Spilt Knowledge: A Critical Look at the Theory of Spillovers and Technical Change.â Paper prepared for the MERIT Conference on Innovation, Evolution, and Technology. Maastricht, Netherlands, August 25-27. Lebow, I. 1995. Information Highways and Byways: From the Telegraph to the 21st Century. New York: Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering. Lerner, J. 1994. âThe syndication of venture capital investments.â Financial Management 23 (Autumn):16â 27. Lerner, J. 1995. âVenture capital and the oversight of private firms.â Journal of Finance 50:301â318. Lerner, J. 1996. âThe government as venture capitalist: The long-run effects of the SBIR programâ (Working paper no. 5753, National Bureau of Economic Research). Lerner, J. 1998. âAngel financing and public policy: An overviewâ Journal of Banking and Finance 22(6â 8):773â784. Lerner, J. 1999. "The government as venture capitalist: The long-run effects of the SBIR program.â Journal of Business 72(3):285â297. Lerner, J. 1999. âPublic venture capital: Rationales and evaluation,â in SBIR: Challenges and Opportunities. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. 52
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