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Annex H: Committee and Research Team Bios
The National Academies
Capitalizing on Science, Technology, and Innovation:
An Assessment of the Small Business Innovation Research Program
Steering Committee Background Information
Jacques Gansler: Chairman
Jacques Gansler, former Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics, is the first to hold the
University of Maryland’s Roger C. Lipitz Chair in Public Policy and Private Enterprise. As the third ranking civilian at
the Pentagon from 1997 to 2001, Dr. Gansler was responsible for all research and development activities, acquisition
reform, logistics, advanced technology, environmental security, defense industry, and other programs. Before joining
the Clinton Administration, Dr. Gansler held a variety of positions in government and the private sector, including
those of Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense (Material Acquisition), Assistant Director of Defense Research and
Engineering (Electronics), Vice President of ITT, and engineering and management positions with Singer and
Raytheon Corporations.
Throughout his career, Dr. Gansler has written, published, and taught on subjects related to his work. He is the
author of Defense Conversion: Transforming the Arsenal of Democracy, MIT Press, 1995; Affording Defense, MIT
Press, 1989, and The Defense Industry, MIT Press, 1990. He has published numerous articles in Foreign Affairs,
Harvard Business Review, International Security, Public Affairs, and other journals as well as newspapers and
through the proceedings of Congressional hearings.
David Audretsch
David B. Audretsch is the Ameritech Chair of Economic Development and the Director of the Institute for
Development Strategies at Indiana University. He is also a Research Fellow of the Centre for Economic Policy
Research (London). He was at the Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin fuer Sozialforschung in Berlin, Germany, a
government funded research think tank, between 1984 and 1997, serving as its Acting Director from 1989 to 1991.
In 1991, he became a Research Professor.
Dr. Audretsch’s research has focused on the links between entrepreneurship, government policy, innovation,
economic development, and global competitiveness. He has consulted with the World Bank, National Academy of
Sciences, U.S. State Department, United States Federal Trade Commission, General Accounting Office and
International Trade Commission as well as the United Nations, the Commission of the European Union, the European
Parliament, the OECD, numerous private corporations, state governments, and a number of European Governments.
He is a member of the Advisory Board to a number of international research and policy institutes, including the
Zentrum fuer Europaeisch Wirtschaftsforschung (ZEW, Centre for Economic Research), Mannheim, Germany and the
Hamburgisches Welt-Wirtschafts-Archiv (HWWA, Hamburg Institute of International Economics), and the American
Institute for Contemporary German Studies (AICGS), Washington, D.C.
His research has been published in over one hundred scholarly articles in the leading academic journals. He has
published 25 books including, Innovation and Industry Evolution, with MIT Press. He is founder and editor of the
premier journal on small business and economic development, Small Business Economics: An International Journal.
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He was awarded the 2001 International Award for Entrepreneurship and Small Business Research by the Swedish
Foundation for Small Business Research.
Gene Banucci
Gene Banucci, a founder of Advanced Technology Materials, Inc., has served as Chief Executive Officer, Chairman of
the Board, and as Director since 1986. At its inception, ATMI focused its core expertise on materials for Chemical
Vapor Deposition (CVD) technology and has since developed a unique portfolio of leading-edge materials
technologies for innovative packaging, productive delivery systems, accurate solid-state sensors, low-impact
environmental equipment, and engineered services that are combined into materials solutions.
Before co-founding ATMI in 1986, Gene Banucci served as a Director for American Cyanamid's Chemical Research
Division, where he directed more than 400 scientists and engineers in new product research and development for
this $1 billion unit. He also created and directed Cyanamid's Discovery Research Department where he managed the
creation of new specialty chemical and materials technologies, leading to new business ventures.
Dr. Banucci holds 21 issued U.S. patents and is an author of numerous published scientific articles. He is a founding
member of the Connecticut Technology Council, a member of the Board of Directors of Precision Combustion, Inc.,
and a member of the Board of Trustees of Beloit College. He received his Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from Wayne
State University, and his B.A. in Chemistry from Beloit College.
Jon Baron
Jon Baron is the Executive Director of the Coalition for Evidence-Based Policy, a project launched under the
sponsorship of the Council for Excellence in Government in September 2001 to promote government policymaking
based on rigorous evidence of program effectiveness.
Before joining the Council, he served as the Executive Director of the Presidential Commission on Offsets in
International Trade (2000-2001). In that position, he developed and built consensus for a major Commission report
to Congress that was approved by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, with the concurrence of all
Commission members.
From 1995-2000, he was the Program Manager for the Defense Department's Small Business Innovation Research
(SBIR) program, which provides over a half-billion dollars each year to small technology companies to develop new
commercial/military technologies. In that position, he initiated and led major program reforms that greatly increased
the effectiveness of the program in spawning successful new companies and technologies. The reforms received the
Vice President's Hammer Award for reinventing government and were recognized by Harvard University’s Innovations
Awards Program as one of the top government innovations in the United States.
From May 1993 to May 1994, he was a special assistant for dual-use technology policy in the Office of the Secretary
of Defense. From 1989-1994, he served as counsel to the House of Representatives Committee on Small Business,
where among other activities he initiated, led, and worked successfully to secure enactment of legislation establishing
the federal Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) program. The program funds cooperative R&D projects
involving universities and small technology companies, and was recently reauthorized by Congress and expanded to
$130 million per year.
Mr. Baron holds a law degree from Yale Law School, a master's degree in public affairs from Princeton University,
and a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics from Rice University.
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Michael Borrus
Michael Borrus is a Managing Director of the Petkevich Group, an investment bank focused on the health-care and
information technology industries. Before joining the Petkevich Group, Mr. Borrus was a Co-Director of the Berkeley
Roundtable on the International Economy (BRIE) at the University of California at Berkeley and Adjunct Professor in
the College of Engineering, where he taught Management and Technology.
He is the author of two books and over 60 chapters, articles and monographs on a variety of topics including high-
technology competition, international trade and investment and the impact of new technologies on industry and
society. For the last decade, he has served as consultant to a variety of governments and firms in the U.S., Asia and
Europe on policy and business strategy for international competition in high-technology industries. Mr. Borrus is a
graduate of Harvard Law School and a member of the California State Bar.
Gail Cassell
Gail Cassell is currently Vice President of Infectious Diseases, Eli Lilly and Company. She was previously the Charles
H. McCauley Professor and Chairman of the Department of Microbiology at the University of Alabama Schools of
Medicine and Dentistry at Birmingham, a department that ranked first in research funding from the National
Institutes of Health under her leadership.
She is a current member of the Director's Advisory Committee of the National Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention. She is a past President of the American Society for Microbiology, a former member of the National
Institutes of Health Director's Advisory Committee, and a former member of the Advisory Council of the National
Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of NIH. Dr. Cassell served 8 years on the Bacteriology-Mycology 2 Study
Section and as Chair for 3 years. She also was previously chair of the Board of Scientific Councilors of the Center for
Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control.
Dr. Cassell has been intimately involved in establishment of science policy and legislation related to biomedical
research and public health. She is the chairman of the Public and Scientific Affairs Board of the American Society for
Microbiology; a member of the Institute of Medicine; has served as an advisor on infectious diseases and indirect
costs of research to the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, and has been an invited participant in
numerous Congressional hearings and briefings related to infectious diseases, antimicrobial resistance, and
biomedical research. She has served on several editorial boards of scientific journals and has authored over 250
articles and book chapters. Dr. Cassell has received several national and international awards and an honorary
degree for her research in infectious diseases.
Elizabeth Downing
Elizabeth Downing is President, CEO, and founder of 3D Technology Labs in Sunnyvale, California. She is a winner of
Technology and Innovation awards from Discover Magazine, Industry Week Magazine, and Saatchi & Saatchi, and
was recently featured, along with Hillary Rodham Clinton, Madeleine K. Albright, and Sandra Day O’Connor in
Feminine Fortunes – Women of the New Millennium.
Dr. Downing is well known for her contributions to the field of volumetric visualization and display technology. She
holds more than a dozen patents on optical and laser-based instrumentation, working not only to develop a paradigm
shifting technology, but also to channel it into key initial markets where time-critical visualization of volumetric data
can mean the difference between life and death. A mechanical engineer specializing in systems integration by
training, Dr. Downing not only conceived of the basic concepts, but also has developed the material processing
capabilities and integrated the optical systems to create the world’s first 360-degree walk-around three-dimensional
display. Founded in 1996 with the help of key technical and business experts, her company, 3D Technology Labs has
meticulously pushed the performance envelope of a challenging new visualization frontier.
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Since 1996, Dr. Downing has been invited to speak as an expert in her field by the National Academy of Sciences, the
Optical Society of America, SIGGRAPH, and the U.S. Display Consortium. In addition, she continues to push the
boundaries of field, and is the author of several scientific publications relating to three-dimensional display, nonlinear
optics, non-oxide glasses and their applications.
Kenneth Flamm
Kenneth Flamm is the Dean Rusk Professor of International Affairs at the LBJ School at the University of Texas–
Austin. Before this, he worked at the Brookings Institution in Washington, D.C, where he served eleven years as a
Senior Fellow in the Foreign Policy Studies Program. He is a 1973 honors graduate of Stanford University and
received a Ph.D. in economics from M.I.T. in 1979. From 1993 to 1995, Dr. Flamm served as Principal Deputy
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Economic Security and Special Assistant to the Deputy Secretary of Defense for
Dual Use Technology Policy. He was awarded the Department's Distinguished Public Service Medal by Defense
Secretary William J. Perry in 1995.
Dr. Flamm has been a professor of economics at the Instituto Tecnológico de México in Mexico City, the University of
Massachusetts, and George Washington University. He has also been an adviser to the Director General of Income
Policy in the Mexican Ministry of Finance and a consultant to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development, the World Bank, the National Academy of Sciences, the Latin American Economic System, the U.S.
Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of Justice, the U.S Agency for International Development, and the
Office of Technology Assessment of the U.S. Congress. He has played an active role in the National Research
Council’s committee on Government-Industry Partnerships, under the direction of Gordon Moore, and played a key
role in that study’s review of the SBIR program at the Department of Defense.
Dr. Flamm has made major contributions to our understanding of the growth of the electronics industry, with a
particular focus on the development of the computer and the U.S. semiconductor industry. He is currently working
on an analytical study of the post-Cold War defense industrial base and has expert knowledge of international trade
and high technology industry issues.
Christina Gabriel
Christina Gabriel is Vice Provost for Corporate Partnerships and Technology Development at Carnegie Mellon
University. Dr. Gabriel came to Carnegie Mellon from CASurgica, Inc., a Carnegie Mellon spin-off company focusing
on computer-assisted orthopedic surgery, where she was President and CEO. In earlier university positions, Dr.
Gabriel has served as Director of Collaborative Initiatives at Carnegie Mellon as well as Vice President for Research
and Technology Transfer at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio.
Dr. Gabriel spent five years with the National Science Foundation in Washington, D.C., and Arlington, VA, most
recently serving as Deputy Assistant Director for Engineering, which is the chief operating officer of the Engineering
Directorate, an organization of 140 staff members (half Ph.D.-level) which awards over $300 million to universities
and small businesses for engineering research and education. In earlier assignments at NSF, Dr. Gabriel served as
program director within several engineering research programs, as well as Coordinator for the $50 million university-
industry collaborative Engineering Research Centers program.
Dr. Gabriel spent most of the year 1994 at the United States Senate Appropriations Committee, working as one of
three majority professional staff members for the Subcommittee on VA, HUD and Independent Agencies, chaired by
Senator Barbara Mikulski. This subcommittee was responsible for appropriating about $90 billion annually among 25
federal organizations. Dr. Gabriel was also a researcher for six years at AT&T Bell Laboratories in New Jersey and
spent six months in 1990 as a visiting professor at the University of Tokyo in Japan. She received her masters and
doctorate degrees in electrical engineering and computer science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
and her undergraduate electrical engineering degree from the University of Pittsburgh. She was an AT&T Bell
Laboratories GRPW Fellow and a National Merit Scholar (Richard King Mellon Foundation). Her research publications
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focus on digital optical switching devices and systems exploiting ultra fast optical non-linearities in fibers and wave
guides of glasses, polymers and semiconductors, and she holds three patents.
Trevor O. Jones
Trevor O. Jones is the Chairman and Founder of BIOMEC Inc., an entrepreneurial company founded in 1998 engaged
in the development and commercialization of biomedical engineered devices and products.
After 7 years, Mr. Jones retired from the Board of Directors of Echlin, Inc. in June 1998 where he served in a number
of capacities as Chairman, Vice Chairman, CEO and Chairman of its European Advisory Committee.
Mr. Jones was appointed Chairman of the Board of Libbey-Owens-Ford Co. in 1987, and assumed the additional
positions of President and CEO in May 1993. Mr. Jones retired from LOF in 1994 but remained a member of the
Board of Directors including Chairman of their Salary and Bonus Committee until 1997.
From 1978 to 1987, Mr. Jones was an officer of TRW, Inc. He joined TRW in 1978 as Vice President, Engineering,
Automotive Worldwide Sector and in 1979 he formed TRW's Transportation Electronics Group and was appointed its
Group Vice President and General Manager. His responsibilities included activities in the United States, United
Kingdom and Japan. In 1985, his responsibilities were further expanded to include Sales, Marketing, Strategic
Planning, and Business Development activities for the entire Automotive Sector.
From 1959 to 1978, Mr. Jones spent 19 years with General Motors. His last position there was Director of General
Motors Proving Grounds, a post to which he was appointed in 1974.
From 1959 to 1970, Mr. Jones was involved in General Motors' aerospace activities at the Delco Electronics Division.
During this period, he directed many major programs, including the B-52 bombing navigational system production
program, advanced military avionic systems, and the Apollo lunar and command module computers. In 1969, he was
selected to direct the application of aerospace technology to automotive safety and electronics systems.
He became the Director, Automotive Electronic Control Systems, a newly organized group at General Motors
Technical Center in 1970 and was appointed Director, Advanced Project Engineering in 1972. In this capacity, he
directed many major vehicle, engine and component development programs.
In 1982 he was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering and was cited for "leadership in the
application of electronics to the automobile to enhance its mechanical performance." He has been a member of a
number of National Research Council (NRC) study committees, including "National Interests in an Age of Global
Technology", "Safety Research for a Changing Highway Environment","Engineering as an International Enterprise",
"Competitiveness of the US Automotive Industry" and "Time Horizons and Technology Investments". In 1993, Mr.
Jones chaired the National Academy of Engineering Committee on the effects of products liability law on innovation.
From 1994 to 2000, Mr. Jones chaired the National Research Council's Standing Committee for the Partnership for a
New Generation Vehicle, which is often referred to as the "80 mile per gallon super car". Mr. Jones continues to be
active in fuel cell developments and is a member of UTC's Fuel Cell Advisory Committee and a member of the
Executive Committee of the Ohio Fuel Cell Coalition.
He is a Fellow of the British Institute of Electrical Engineers and received its Hooper Memorial Prize in 1950. He is a
Life Fellow of the American Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and has been cited for "leadership in the
application of the electronics to the automobile." He is also a Fellow of the Society of Automotive Engineers and
received SAE's Arch T. Colwell Award in 1974 and in 1975, Vincent Bendix Automotive Electronics Engineering Award
in 1976, Buckendale Lecturer Award in 1986, and Edward N. Cole Automotive Engineering Award 1988.
He is a Fellow of the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufacturing and Commerce (FRSA), an
Honorary Fellow, Institution of Mechanical Engineers, a Fellow of the Engineering Society of Detroit and a Life
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Member of the Cleveland Engineering Society.
He received the U.S. Department of Transportation of Safety Award for Engineering Excellence in 1978, and in 1991,
he received the H.H. Bliss Award from The Center for Study of Responsive Law; both awards recognized his
pioneering contributions to inflatable occupant restraint systems development.
Mr. Jones holds many patents, has lectured and authored numerous papers on automotive electronics, occupant
safety, fuel cells and international human resource management.
Mr. Jones was appointed to the National Motor Vehicle Safety Advisory Council by the Secretary of Transportation in
1971, and was appointed vice chairman of the council in 1972. In 1975, President Ford appointed him to a three-year
term on the National Highway Safety Advisory Committee. In 1976, he was appointed the first non-governmental
chairman of the committee.
In 1995, Mr. Jones was appointed to the Secretary of Defense's Defense Science Board's Committee for "Technology
Investments for the 21st Century Military Superiority" and in 1996, to the Task Force on International Arms
Development Cooperation.
Ohio's Governor Taft appointed Mr. Jones a Trustee of Cleveland State University in February 2001. Mr. Jones is also
a member of the Visiting Committee for Biomedical Engineering at Case Western Reserve University and a member of
its Medical School Technology Advisory Council. Mr. Jones is also a member of the Board of the Cleveland Orchestra
and a member of the Development Committee of the Cleveland Clinic Foundation's Heart Center.
A native of Maidstone, England, Mr. Jones completed his formal engineering education in electrical engineering at
Aston Technical College in 1952 and in mechanical engineering in Liverpool Technical College in 1957, prior to
moving to the United States. He is a registered Professional Engineer in the State of Wisconsin and a Chartered
Engineer in the United Kingdom.
Charles Kolb
Charles Kolb is the President and Chief Executive Officer of Aerodyne Research, Inc., (ARI) a position he has held
since 1994. Since 1970, ARI has provided research and development services requiring expertise in the physical and
engineering sciences to commercial and government clients working to solve national and international
environmental problems. These include a wide range of topics such as global and regional environmental quality and
the development of clean and efficient energy and new propulsion technologies.
Dr. Kolb has received numerous professional honors and has served in a broad range of professional and Academy
related positions. He is currently a member of the Advisory Council for the Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering at Princeton University and has served as a committee member of the Richards Medal Committee for the
American Chemical Society since 1998. He has contributed to a variety of National Academies’ studies and is
currently serving as Chairman on the National Research Council’s Committee on Review and Evaluation of Chemical
Events at Army Chemical Disposal Facilities.
Dr. Kolb holds an S.B. in Chemistry (Chemical Physics option) from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, an
M.S. in Physical Chemistry from Princeton University, and a Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry from Princeton University.
His research interests include: atmospheric, combustion and materials chemistry as well as physics and chemistry of
aircraft and rocket exhaust plumes. In addition to over 200 reports, non-refereed symposia papers, patents, book
reviews, and policy papers, Dr. Kolb has published over 150 archival journal articles and book chapters.
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Henry Linsert
Henry Linsert joined Martek as Chairman of the Board in 1988 and became its Chief Executive Officer in 1989.
Martek Biosciences Corporation develops and sells products from microalgae. Microalgae are microplants. The
Company is engaged in the commercial development of microalgae into a portfolio of high value products and
product candidates consisting of Nutritional Products, Advanced Detection Systems and Other Products, primarily
Algal Genomics. Nutritional products include nutritional oils for infant formula, dietary supplementation and other
products. Advanced Detection Systems products include fluorescent dyes from various algae for use in scientific
applications for detection of certain biological processes.
From 1987 to 1988, he was primarily engaged as President of American Technology Investments Corp. ("ATI"), a
consulting company specializing in the development and financing of early stage companies in the Mid-Atlantic area.
He was President and Chief Executive Officer of Suburban Capital Corporation, a venture capital subsidiary of Sovran
Financial Corporation (now part of Bank of America), from 1983 to 1987. Before 1983, Mr. Linsert was Vice President
of Inverness Capital Corporation, a small business investment company, and Vice President of First Virginia Bank. He
also served as a Captain in the U.S. Marine Corps and as an artillery officer in Vietnam.
Mr. Linsert received an M.A. in economics from George Washington University and a B.A. from Duke University.
Clark McFadden
Clark McFadden, a partner at the law firm Dewey Ballantine, specializes in international corporate transactions,
especially the formulation of joint ventures, consortia, and international investigations and enforcement proceedings.
Mr. McFadden has had a broad background in foreign affairs and international trade, with experience with
Congressional committees, the U.S. Department of Defense and the National Security Council.
In 1986, he was appointed General Counsel, President's Special Review Board, to investigate the National Security
Council system ("Tower Commission"). In 1979, Mr. McFadden served as Special Counsel to the Senate Foreign
Relations Committee on the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT II). Previously, from 1973-1976, he worked as
General Counsel, Senate Armed Services Committee and was responsible to the Committee for all legislative,
investigatory, and oversight activities.
Mr. McFadden has a B.A. from Williams College (1968), M.B.A. from Harvard University (1972), and J.D. from
Harvard Law School (1972).
Duncan T. Moore
Duncan Moore is the Rudolf and Hilda Kingslake Professor of Optical Engineering and Professor of Biomedical
Engineering at the University of Rochester. He is also Special Assistant to the University President and Executive
Director of the University, Industry and Government Partnership for Advanced Photonics. Previously, from 1995 until
the end of 1997, he served as Dean of Engineering and Applied Sciences at the University.
In 1996, Dr. Moore also served as President of the Optical Society of America (OSA), a professional organization of
12,000 members worldwide. From January 2001 to the present, he has served as Senior Science Advisor at OSA.
The U.S. Senate confirmed Dr. Moore in the fall of 1997 for the position of Associate Director for Technology in The
White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP). In this position, which ended December 2000, he
worked with Dr. Neal Lane, President Clinton's Science Advisor, to advise the President on U.S. technology policy,
including the Next Generation Internet, Clean Car Initiative, elder tech, crime tech, and NASA. From January through
May 2001, Dr. Moore served as Special Advisor to the Acting Director of OSTP.
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Dr. Moore has extensive experience in the academic, research, business, and governmental arenas of science and
technology. He is an expert in gradient-index optics, computer-aided design, and the manufacture of optical
systems. He has advised nearly 50 graduate thesis students. In addition, Dr. Moore began a one-year appointment
as Science Advisor to Senator John D. Rockefeller IV of West Virginia in 1993. He also chaired the successful Hubble
Independent Optical Review Panel organized in 1990 to determine the correct prescription of the Hubble Space
Telescope. Dr. Moore is also the founder and former president of Gradient Lens Corporation of Rochester, NY, a
company that manufactures the high-quality, low-cost Hawkeye boroscope.
Dr. Moore was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in February 1998. He has been the recipient of the
Science and Technology Award of the Greater Rochester Metro Chamber of Commerce (1992), Distinguished
Inventor of the Year Award of the Rochester Intellectual Property Law Association (1993), Gradient-Index Award of
the Japanese Applied Physics Society (1993), and an Honorary Doctor of Science degree from the University of Maine
(1995). In 1999, he received the National Engineering Award of the American Association of Engineering Societies
and was recognized as the Engineer of the Year by the Rochester Engineering Society. Most recently, he was the
recipient of the 2001 OSA Leadership Award.
Dr. Moore holds a Ph.D. in Optics (1974) from the University of Rochester. He had previously earned a master's
degree in Optics at Rochester and a bachelor's degree in Physics from the University of Maine.
Kent Murphy
Dr. Kent Murphy is the Founder and CEO of Luna Innovations, a next-generation, employee-owned company. Luna
has built a complete network for driving innovative technologies through the development cycle all the way to fully
functioning separate subsidiary companies. Luna has 200+ working the technology sector in biotechnology,
nanomaterials, optical fiber telecommunications and instrumentation, and control and predictive based maintenance
as well as other key technologies of the future. Luna Innovations has licensed patents from Virginia universities,
government labs, and large industrial partners, and is ranked second only to GM in industrial-funded research at
Virginia Tech.
Murphy is a recipient of both the High Tech Entrepreneur Award for the New Century Technology Council and the
Entrepreneur of the Year Award for Virginia Small Business Innovations Research. Murphy holds the B.S. Degree in
Engineering Science and Mechanics and the Master of Science and Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Virginia Tech.
Linda Powers
Linda Powers has more than fifteen years of experience in the fields of corporate mergers and acquisitions (both
hostile and friendly), restructurings, and highly leveraged, structured and specialty finance transactions. She is a co-
founder and Managing Director of Toucan Capital Corporation.
Before co-founding Toucan Capital, Ms. Powers was Senior Vice President, Global Finance, at Enron Corporation.
Before joining Enron, Ms. Powers served as the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Commerce in the Bush, Sr.
Administration. In that capacity, she was responsible for a number of small business programs, mainly concerned
with access to capital. She also assisted financial services, information services and related businesses in entering
foreign markets, and was responsible for government-to-government negotiations to remove foreign market entry
restrictions for U.S. firms. She was co-lead negotiator for the U.S. on the North American Free Trade Agreement,
financial sector agreement, which opened banking, securities, insurance, pension fund and related opportunities in
Canada and Mexico.
During the 1980s, Ms. Powers practiced law, specializing in corporate mergers, acquisitions and financings, and
certain kinds of intellectual property transactions. While working for the headquarters of the European Union in
Brussels, she was responsible for drafting the initial intellectual property rules that now govern know-how licensing in
the European Union.
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Ms. Powers has also taught International Business Transactions and European Business Law at Georgetown Law
School for eight years, as an adjunct professor. She is a graduate, magna cum laude, of both Princeton University
and Harvard Law School.
Patrick Windham
Until April 1997, Patrick Windham served as Senior Professional Staff Member for the Subcommittee on Science,
Technology, and Space of the U.S. Senate’s Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. He helped the
Senators oversee and draft legislation for several major civilian R&D agencies with responsibility for science,
technology, and U.S. competitiveness; industry-government-university R&D partnerships; state economic
development; federal laboratory technology transfer; high-performance computing; and computer encryption. From
1982 to 1984, he served as a legislative aide in the personal office of Senator Ernest Hollings. From 1976 to 1978,
he worked as a Congressional fellow with the Senate Commerce Committee and then returned to California from
1978 to 1982 to pursue graduate studies in political science at the University of California at Berkeley.
Mr. Windham holds a Masters of Public Policy from the University of California at Berkeley and a B.A. from Stanford
University. He is currently an independent, California-based consultant on science and technology policy issues.
Tyrone C. Taylor
Tyrone C. Taylor brings an exceptional combination of hands on experience in technology development and
commercialization. He has held senior management positions in the federal government, worked extensively in the
R&D community. He also is the founder and President of Capitol Advisors on Technology, a technology consulting
firm that serves the Washington, D.C. area, and until recently Mr. Taylor was also the Senior Vice President of
Unisphere. Capital Advisors represents industry, federal, and non-profit clients and assists them in all aspects of
technology commercialization. Mr. Taylor is well known within the federal research and development (R&D)
associations and small business community as an authoritative source with hands-on experience in launching new
initiatives.
Reflecting his broad experience, he has been asked to serve on numerous technology advisory committees such as
the National Science Foundation, National Defense Industrial Association, and the Minority Business Technology
Transfer Consortium. Congressional science and technology committees have also called upon him to assess the
impact of legislation affecting the technology commercialization community.
As an executive on loan, Mr. Taylor represented the entire Federal R&D community as the Washington, D.C.
Representative for the Federal Laboratory Consortium for Technology Transfer, a Congressionally chartered
organization. In this capacity, he provided leadership in developing legislation that governs the private and public
sectors? ability to collaborate in R&D activities, manage intellectual property, and commercialize technologies.
Recognized for his efforts by Congress, Mr. Taylor often addresses audiences throughout the United States and
abroad on technology development, transfer, and commercialization issues.
Until recently Mr. Taylor served as the Senior Vice President for Marketing and Business Development for Unisphere,
Inc., a technology assessment firm aimed at developing dual-use technologies for the defense and commercial
marketplace. In this capacity, he aided in the expansion and growth of small businesses and their clients, helping to
generate about $35 million in revenue and produce over $64 million in cost savings. Due to his broad technology
background, he is able to interact effectively with all aspects of the technology commercialization field including
inventors, attorneys, and acquisition managers as well as aspects of commercialization testing, engineering, and
marketing. His technology management experience covers such areas as medical technologies, energy and
environment, advanced materials, infrared imaging, and aerospace.
Before joining Unisphere, Mr. Taylor served in the Senior Executive Service in a variety of executive management
positions at NASA. He brings extensive program/project experience having managed over $1 billion in contracts and
grants for systems engineering, information systems, facilities management, and technical and administrative
services as a member of the International Space Station program, which included Japan, Canada and the European
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Space Agency and the Space Science management team.
Tyrone Taylor has a Masters in Business Administration from Southeastern University. He earned an A.B. in Business
Administration from Wilmington College, and has served as Adjunct Professor for numerous technology
transfer/commercialization courses. Other activities include serving on the board of Pediatric AIDS/HIV Care in
Washington, D.C. and nurturing businesses in the assistive technology arena.
Charles Trimble
As President, Chief Executive Officer, and as one of the Company’s founders, Charles Trimble guided Trimble
Navigation to its dominant role in the GPS (Global Positioning System) information technology market. Before
founding Trimble, Mr. Trimble was manager of Integrated Circuit Research and Development at Hewlett-Packard’s
Santa Clara Division. During his tenure at HP, he was recognized for developing commercial advances in efficient
signal processing, high-speed analog-to-digital converters, and digital time measurement techniques to the
picosecond level.
Mr. Trimble received his B.S. degree in Engineering Physics, with honors, in 1963, and his M.S. degree in Electrical
Engineering, in 1964, from the California Institute of Technology. He was a member of the Vice President’s Space
Advisory Board’s task group on the future of U.S. Space Industrial Base for the National Space Council. In
September of 1994, Mr. Trimble was honored with the Piper General Aviation award from the American Institute of
Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) for pioneering the manufacture and application of affordable GPS.
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SBIR Research Team Background Information
Zoltan Acs
Zoltan J. Acs is the Doris and Robert McCurdy distinguished Professor of Entrepreneurship and Innovation and
director of the Entrepreneurship Program in the Robert G. Merrick School of Business, University of Baltimore. He
has a Ph.D. in Economics from the New School University in New York City. His primary research focus is in the area
of understanding the dynamics of small business growth and failure from a global perspective. He has published
over 100 scholarly articles in leading journals. Dr. Acs is a leading advocate of the importance of entrepreneurship as
an emerging engine of economic growth. He is the recipient of the 2001 Small Business and Entrepreneurship
Research Award given by the Swedish Foundation for Small Business. His most recent publication is Innovation and
the Growth of Cities, Edward Elgar 2002. He is also the founder and editor of Small Business Economics, the leading
international journal in entrepreneurship and small business research.
Philip A. Auerswald
Philip Auerswald is an Assistant Professor at the School of Public Policy, George Mason University, and an Adjunct
Lecturer and Assistant Director of the Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program at the Kennedy School of
Government, Harvard University. He is co-author with Lewis Branscomb of Taking Technical Risk: How Innovators,
Executives and Investors Manage High-Tech Risks, MIT Press, 2001.He is currently a member of the research team
for a multi-year National Academies study of the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program. He has been a
consultant to the Department of Economic Development of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and is principal
author of Competitive Imperatives for the Commonwealth: A conceptual framework to guide the design of state
economic strategy. He has published on topics pertaining to science and technology policy, entrepreneurship, and the
economics of innovation. He is also co-editor with David Auerswald of The Kosovo Conflict: A Diplomatic History
Through Documents, 2001 (foreword by Sen. Joseph Biden Jr.), and since has been Editor of the Foreign Policy
Bulletin: The Documentary Record of United States Foreign Policy. He holds a Ph.D. in economics from the
University of Washington and a B.A. (political science) from Yale University.
Grant Black
Grant Black is an economist at the Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University. He has
contributed to research funded by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, the National
Science Foundation, the South African Revenue Service, and the United States Agency for International
Development. He has participated in national and international conferences on science and technology policy issues
and is a regular participant in the Scientific Workforce Project sponsored by the National Bureau of Economic
Research and Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.
Black's research interests focus on the economics of science, including the transfer of knowledge in the economy, the
geographic dimension of innovation, and the education and careers of scientists. Recent research has examined the
importance of the local knowledge infrastructure to small-firm innovation, patent activity in academe, the location
decision of foreign-born doctorate recipients, industrial placements of new Ph.D.s, and patterns of research
collaboration. Other research has focused on the impact of immigration on scientific labor markets; women and
minorities in the sciences; and educational training and labor market outcomes in the emerging field of
bioinformatics. Black is also knowledgeable about the Small Business Innovation Research Program, the largest
federal R&D program targeting small high-tech businesses.
Black received a B.S. and M.A. in economics from the University of Missouri, St. Louis, and a Ph.D. in economics from
Georgia State University. He has taught economics at the University of Missouri-St. Louis and Georgia State
University, and was a visiting scholar at the University of Pretoria, South Africa, in spring 2002. His collaborative
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work on foreign-born Ph.D. recipients has received considerable media attention. He is the author of The Geography
of Small Firm Innovation forthcoming from Kluwer Academic Publishers (2003).
Pete Cahill
Peter J. Cahill is a Senior Principal Analyst and Program Manager at BRTRC, Inc. In this position he has performed
extensive analysis of and provided support to the Small Business Innovation Research Program (SBIR). Following an
in-depth survey and series of interviews of Department of Defense (DoD) agencies and SBIR awardees, he conducted
a two-year survey and interview study of the entire federal SBIR program for the Small Business Administration
(SBA). He developed and implemented a web-based system to measure past commercialization performance of SBIR
firms as a part of the award evaluation process for DoD SBIR proposals. He conducted the survey and provided
database support as a member of the research team that conducted the NRC study of the DoD SBIR Fast Track
Initiative. Other recent projects have included research and analysis of a number of military systems, including
bridging, mine clearing, and battle simulation models. Prior to joining BRTRC, Inc. in 1993, Mr. Cahill’s U.S. Army
assignments included professor of management engineering at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, Deputy
Commander of the U.S. Army Research Laboratory, and command and staff positions in construction, research,
development, and engineering.
Robert Carpenter
University of Maryland, Baltimore County
Julie Ann Elston
Julie Ann Elston is a professor of economics in the College of Business Administration (CBA) at the University of
Central Florida. She is currently teaching in the graduate and undergraduate programs on comparative markets and
institutions, macroeconomics, and quantitative methods. Dr. Elston is a regular contributor to the field small firm
studies, serving as Review Editor of Small Business Economics since 1998. She has worked as a consultant to a
number of international governmental agencies firms including: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA), Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the Deutsche Bundesbank (German
Central Bank), and the National Academies of Science.
Dr. Elston graduated from the University of Washington’s Department of Economics in June 1992. From 1992-1996
she was a Research Fellow at the Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin (WZB) in Germany. In 1995-1996 she was invited as a
Visiting Scholar to the Hoover Institution, Stanford University, where she participated in the Comparative Institutional
Analysis program sponsored by the Economics Department and the School of Business. 1996-97 she taught at the
California Institute of Technology and has been on the economics faculty here at UCF since 1998. In 2001 Dr. Elston
was selected as a Policy Fellow in the Robert Bosch Foundation Scholars Program in Comparative Public Policy and
Institutions at the American Institute for Contemporary German Policy.
David H. Finifter
David H. Finifter is Dean of Research and Graduate Studies in Arts and Sciences and Professor of Economics and
Public Policy at The College of William and Mary. He served as founding director of The Thomas Jefferson Program
in Public Policy at William and Mary, a position he held from 1987 to 2000. He was also founding director of the
Program’s Center for Public Policy Research. His teaching and scholarly interests include the economics of higher
education and public policy, human resource economics, science and technology policy, evaluation and benefit/cost
analysis, labor economics, public health service delivery and finance, and microeconomics and econometrics applied
to public policy analysis. Dr. Finifter has been on the faculty at The College of William and Mary since completing his
Ph.D. in economics from the University of Pittsburgh. He also holds a B.S. degree from Loyola College of Maryland
and an M.A. degree in economics from the University of Pittsburgh.
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Dr. Finifter has published several articles and reports in the area of evaluation of human resources and public policy
on issues including federally subsidized employment and training programs, and veterans' job training programs. He
has also published research on workplace literacy and productivity. He has co-edited two books on higher education
and public policy and a special edition of the Quarterly Review of Economics and Business on health care policy. He
has served as a consultant to several federal government agencies, including the U.S. Department of Labor, the
Veterans Administration, NASA, Sandia National Laboratories, and the Environmental Protection Agency. During
1978-79, he served as a Staff Associate in Employment Policy at the Brookings Institution and the U.S. Department
of Labor. During the summer of 1995, he served as a faculty summer fellow, American Society for Engineering
Education (ASEE) at NASA-Langley Research Center, and worked on technology transfer policy and performance
measurement/metrics.
Dr. Finifter’s research over the past few years has emphasized work in collaboration with Dr. Robert B. Archibald on
the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program. They evaluated the SBIR Program at NASA-Langley
Research Center and for the U.S. Department of Defense as part of the National Academy of Sciences team working
on the SBIR Fast Track Program. Dr. Finifter also has a research interest in the future of graduate and professional
education and the linkages to research funding.
Michael Fogarty
University of Portland
Robin Gaster
Dr. Robin Gaster has been president of North Atlantic Research Inc (a Washington-based consulting firm) since 1991.
Before that he was a fellow at the Congressional Office of technology assessment, worked at the IMF, and was an
associate professor at the University of Virginia.
Dr. Gaster has authored many reports and publications covering a wide arrange of topics broadly related to
technology, trade, and e-commerce. His work has been published in Foreign Policy and The Atlantic, and his
consulting clients include the European Commission, Deloitte and Touche, the Economist Intelligence Unit, the
National Academy of Sciences, and the Electric Power Research Institute, as well as many corporate clients such as
Philips, Olivetti, Mitsubishi Research, and Dataquest.
In addition, Dr. Gaster has founded several companies, covering local and online information services. He received a
Ph.D. from U.C. Berkeley and a B.A. from Oxford University in the U.K.
Rosalie Ruegg
Rosalie Ruegg, managing director of TIA Consulting, Inc., specializes in the economic assessment of new
technologies. Recent accomplishments include development of an evaluation toolkit for public R&D investments; a
composite performance rating system for project and program portfolio analysis; a case-study guide for science
managers; and a benchmarking report comparing evaluation practices in five science and technology programs in the
U.S., and programs in Canada, Israel, and Finland. Clients include government agencies in the U.S. and abroad,
universities, companies, and non-profit institutions.
Ruegg’s prior positions include director of the Advanced Technology Program’s Economic Assessment Office, senior
economist in NIST’s Center for Applied Mathematics, and financial economist for the Federal Reserve System’s Board
of Governors. She has more than 60 publications, including an economics textbook; has served on editorial boards,
most recently as economics editor of Macmillan’s Encyclopedia of Energy; and has served on advisory and steering
committees, such Harvard University’s advisory committee for a study of technical risk management, and the
Department of Energy’s steering committee for benefits estimation. A former member of the Federal Senior Executive
Service, Ruegg received both the Department of Commerce’s Gold and Silver Medal Awards, and also the Institute of
Industrial Engineers’ 2001 Wellington Award for contributions to the field of engineering economics.
Mrs. Ruegg’s degrees in economics are from the Universities of North Carolina (B.A., Phi Beta Kappa, cum laude) and
Maryland (M.A., Woodrow Wilson Fellow), and she holds an M.B.A. (specialty in finance) from The American
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University. She received extensive executive training from The Federal Executive Institute, Georgetown University,
and Harvard University.
Donald Siegel
Donald Siegel is Professor of Economics and Chair of the Department of Economics at Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute. He received his bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees from Columbia University. After receiving his
Ph.D., he was a Alfred P. Sloan Foundation post-doctoral fellow at the National Bureau of Economic Research, under
the supervision of Ernie Berndt at MIT and the late Zvi Griliches at Harvard. He then served as an assistant
professor at SUNY-Stony Brook, a full professor at Arizona State University, and held a chair in industrial economics
at the University of Nottingham in the U.K. He has also been a faculty research fellow of the NBER and an ASA/NSF
Senior Research Fellow at the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Professor Siegel is editor of the Journal of Technology Transfer, an international journal devoted to the managerial
and policy implications of technology transfer. He is also an associate editor of the Journal of Productivity Analysis
and recently co-edited a special issue of Small Business Economics on "Policies to Promote Innovation and
Entrepreneurship in a Knowledge-Based Economy: Evidence from the U.S. and U.K." In 2003-2004, he will be co-
editing special issues of the International Journal of Industrial Organization on the “Economics of Intellectual
Property at Universities", Structural Change and Economic Dynamics on the “Economics of Corporate Social
Responsibility," and the Journal of Business Venturing on "Science Parks and Incubators."
Dr. Siegel’s research interests are the economics of technological change, productivity analysis, and corporate social
responsibility. His papers have appeared in such leading journals as the American Economic Review, Economic
Journal, Review of Economics and Statistics, Journal of Law and Economics, Journal of Financial Economics,
Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Research Policy, Academy of Management Review, Academy of Management
Journal, Strategic Management Journal, IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, and the Journal of
Management. He has also authored or co-authored three books, Skill-Biased Technological Change: Evidence from a
Firm-Level Survey, The Economics of Science and Technology: An Overview of Recent Initiatives to Foster
Innovation, Entrepreneurship, and Economic Growth, and Technological Change and Economic Performance.
Professor Siegel has received grants from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, NSF, W. E. Upjohn Institute for
Employment Research, the U.S. Department of Labor, and the Samuel Neaman Institute for Advanced Studies in
Science and Technology at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology. He has also served as a consultant to the
United Nations, the National Research Council, the United Nations, Her Majesty's Customs and Excise, Chase
Manhattan, the Securities Industry Association, Morgan Stanley, Goldman Sachs & Co, Deloitte and Touche, and the
National Association of Manufacturers.
Paula E. Stephan
Paula Stephan is Professor of Economics, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University. Her
research interests focus on the careers of scientists and engineers and the process by which knowledge moves
across institutional boundaries in the economy. Stephan's research has been supported by the Alfred P. Sloan
Foundation, the Andrew Mellon Foundation, the Exxon Education Foundation, the National Science Foundation, the
North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the U.S. Department of Labor. She has served on several National Research
Council committees including the committee on Dimensions, Causes, and Implications of Recent Trends in the
Careers of Life Scientists, Committee on Methods of Forecasting Demand and Supply of Doctoral Scientists and
Engineers, and the Committee to Assess the Portfolio of the Science Resources Studies Division of NSF. She is a
regular participant in the National Bureau of Economic Research's meetings in Higher Education and has testified
before the U.S. House Subcommittee on Basic Science. She currently is serving a three-year term as a member of
CEOSE, the National Science Foundation's Committee on Equal Opportunity in Science and Engineering and is a
member of the SBE Advisory Committee, National Science Foundation.
Dr. Stephan graduated from Grinnell College (Phi Beta Kappa) with a B.A. in Economics and earned both her M.A.
and Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Michigan. She has published numerous articles in journals such as The
American Economic Review, Science, The Journal of Economic Literature, Economic Inquiry and Social Studies of
Science. Stephan coauthored with Sharon Levin Striking the Mother Lode in Science, published by Oxford University
Press, 1992. The book was reviewed in Science, Chemical and Engineering News, Journal of Economic Literature, The
Southern Economic Journal and The Journal of Higher Education. Her research on the careers of scientists has been
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the focus of articles in The Economist, Science and The Scientist. Stephan is a frequent presenter at meetings such
as The American Economic Association, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the Society
for the Social Studies of Science. Stephan reviews regularly for the National Science Foundation and a number of
academic journals including The American Economic Review, The American Sociological Review, Economic Inquiry,
The Journal of Political Economy, and The Journal of Human Resources.
Dr. Stephan has lectured extensively in Europe. She was a visiting scholar at the Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für
Sozialforschung, Berlin, Germany, intermittently during the period 1992-1995.
Nicholas Vonortas
Nick Vonortas is the director of the Center for International Science and Technology Policy and of the Science,
Technology and Public Policy graduate program of George Washington University’s Elliott School of International
Affairs. He is also an Associate Professor at the Department of Economics. He holds a Ph.D. in Economics from New
York University, an M.A. in Economic Development from Leicester University (U.K.), and a B.A. in Economics from the
University of Athens.
Professor Vonortas’ teaching and research interests are in industrial organization, the economics of technological
change, and science and technology policy. He is currently working on several research topics including technology
licensing agreements, strategic partnerships, innovation networks, intellectual property rights protection mechanisms
in research collaborations, R&D program evaluation, and the knowledge based economy.
Charles Wessner
Dr. Charles (Chuck) Wessner is recognized as a national and international expert on public private partnerships, early
stage financing for new firms, and the special needs and benefits of high technology industry. He regularly testifies
to the U.S. Congress and major national commissions, acts as an advisor to agencies of the Executive Branch of the
U.S. Government, and lectures at major universities in the U.S and abroad. He is frequently asked to address policy
issues of shared international interest with foreign governments, universities, and research institutes. In this capacity,
he serves as an advisor to the 30-nation OECD Committee on Science and Technology Policy.
Dr. Wessner’s work focuses on the linkages between science-based economic growth, new technology development,
university-industry clusters, regional development, and small firm finance. He has also addressed policy issues
associated with international technology cooperation and investment as well as trade in high technology industries.
Dr. Wessner’s work at the National Academies has included a study for the White House on U.S. aerospace
competitiveness and a major cooperative review of international competition and cooperation in high-technology
industry. Currently, he directs a portfolio of activities centered on government measures to support the development
of new technologies and the policies that may be required to continue the productivity gains characteristic of the New
Economy.
Specifically, the Academy leadership has given him responsibility for three high-profile studies. A major study, now in
its concluding phase, is the first program-based review of Public-Private Partnerships, carried out under the direction
of Gordon Moore, Chairman Emeritus of Intel and Bill Spencer, Chairman Emeritus of SEMATECH. The second area of
work focuses on the New Economy. The Chairman of the NRC Board on Science, Technology, and Economy Policy,
Dale Jorgenson of Harvard University, has charged him with a major research program focused on Measuring and
Sustaining the New Economy. In addition, the successful review of the Small Business Innovation Research Program
at the Department of Defense led the Congress to task the NRC with a major study, to be led by Dr. Wessner, of this
$1.2 billion R&D program at the five agencies responsible for 96 percent of the program’s expenditures. A better
understanding of early stage finance for new firms, a key phase in the U.S. innovation system, should improve our
ability to capitalize on the nation’s substantial R&D investment.
Dr. Wessner holds degrees in International Affairs from Lafayette College (Phi Beta Kappa) and the Fletcher School of
Law and Diplomacy where he obtained an M.A., an M.A.L.D. and a Ph.D. as a Shell Fellow. He began his career in the
Office of the Secretary at the Department of the Treasury, joined the OECD to work on economic development
issues, served in the Diplomatic Corps, and directed the Office of International Technology Policy in the Department
of Commerce.
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
innovation research