Index
A
AAO-HNS/AMA, 178
Abbreviated Profile of Hearing Aid Benefit (APHAB), 205
ABI. See Auditory brainstem implants
ABR. See Auditory brainstem response
Accidents, and hearing loss, 59
ACE. See Advanced Combination Encoders speech encoding algorithms
Acoustic amplification. See Hearing aids
Acoustic assistive listening devices, 159
Acoustic immittance measures, 45, 73, 91–95
acoustic reflex thresholds, 93
otoacoustic emissions, 93–95
tympanometry, 91–92
Acoustic neuroma, 95
Acoustic reflex thresholds, 93
Acoustic trauma, and hearing loss, 61
ADA. See Americans with Disabilities Act
Admittance, peak, norms for, 92
Adults, 27–29
current disability criteria for hearing for, 31–32
etiology of severe to profound hearing loss in, 63–64
procedures for determining disability in, 27–29
SSA decision flow for adults, 28
Advanced Bionics, 149
Clarion, 151–152
Advanced Combination Encoders (ACE) speech encoding algorithms, 151
AEPs. See Auditory evoked potentials
Age
of amplification in hearing aid use, 206–207
of implantation of cochlear implants, 154
of intervention in children with hearing loss, 186
of second language acquisition, 89
Aging, and hearing loss, 59
AI. See Articulation index
Aided testing of auditory function, performance of, 2
Air conduction, 73
ALDs. See Assistive listening devices
Alerting assistive listening devices, 160
Alport’s syndrome, 62
AMA. See American Medical Association
American Academy of Pediatrics, 154, 190, 216
Task Force on Newborn and Infant Hearing, 216
American Board of Audiology, 110
American Medical Association (AMA), 14, 20, 34, 36–37, 66, 116
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standards, 5, 13, 16, 31–32, 50, 54, 74, 87–88, 91, 111, 122, 129
American Sign Language, 164, 166
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA), 5, 18, 79, 110, 117, 122, 182–183
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990, 33, 165–166, 172
and accommodation, 172
Amikacin, 64
Aminoglycoside antibiotics, 64, 71
Amplified assistive listening devices, 159–160
Amplified telephones, 159
Anatomy of the auditory system, 45
ANSI. See American National Standards Institute standards
Antibiotics, aminoglycoside, 64
Antimetabolites, and hearing loss, 64
Anxiety, 65
Apgar scores, 62–63
APHAB. See Abbreviated Profile of Hearing Aid Benefit
Appealing SSA decisions, 29
Area (Ar), definition of, 43
Articulation index (AI), 54, 87, 138, 207
improving accuracy of, 123
Articulatory errors, 185
ASHA. See American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
Assertiveness, 168
Assessment of ability to identify nonspeech sounds and sound localization, 2
Assessment of hearing disability, handicap, and benefit from interventions, 175–177
appropriate uses of self-assessment instruments, 178
health-related quality of life, 176–177
quality of life, 176
Assessment of the auditory system and its functions, 69–100
assessment of auditory function, 73–100
standard otolaryngological examination, 69–73
Assistive listening devices (ALDs), 140, 159–162, 203
acoustic, 159
alerting, 160
amplified, 159–160
reluctance to utilize, 160
ASSR. See Auditory steady-state response
Audibility of hearing aids, 207–208
procedures for, 118–119
Audiological criteria for implantation in adults, of cochlear implants, 152–153
Audiologists, 66, 90, 111–112, 129
Audiometric diagnostic evaluation, 15, 133, 190–195
auditory brainstem response, 193
auditory steady-state response, 193–194
immittance audiometry, 194–195
otoacoustic emissions, 192–193
protocol for persons not using a hearing aid or cochlear implant, 134–135
protocol for persons using a hearing aid or cochlear implant, 135–136
threshold audiometry, 190–192
Audiometric scores, 185
pure-tone threshold, 74–77
speech, 77–86
Auditory awareness, 205
Auditory brainstem implants (ABI), 159
Auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold, 7, 95–97, 112, 190–192, 193, 214, 221
Auditory cues, speech recognition with, 87–89
Auditory evoked potentials (AEPs), 74, 95–98
infant auditory brainstem response, 97
Auditory feedback, delayed, 99
Auditory function assessment, 73–100
acoustic immittance measures, 91–95
assessment when exaggerated hearing loss suspected, 99–100
auditory evoked potentials, 95–98
listener performance on speech recognition tests, 86–87
multicultural and multilingual issues in evaluation of speech recognition, 89–91
multiple conditions, 100
pure-tone threshold audiometry, 74–77
speech audiometry, 77–86
speech recognition with auditory and visual cues, 87–89
Auditory nerve, 46–47
Auditory neuropathy, 18, 62–63, 95, 214
Auditory perception, 47–59
sound detection, 48–52
sound discrimination, 52–53
sound identification, 53–55
sound localization, 55–58
sound source determination, 58–59
Auditory prostheses, 202–209
hearing aids, 202–209
“Auditory scene analysis,” 58
Auditory steady-state response (ASSR), 96, 98, 191, 193–194
Auditory system, 44–47
anatomy of, 45
Auditory tasks in the workplace, dimensions and difficulty of, 132–133
Auditory therapy, 213
Australia, 14
Autoimmune inner ear disease, and hearing loss, 61, 64
Autosomal dominant disorders, 62
Average hearing levels, 32
in testing children, 7
Azimuth sound localization, 134–135
overhead view of the listener, 56
B
Babbling stages, in children, 181
Background noise, performance of measures of auditory function incorporating, 2, 11
testing speech recognition with noise, 120–124
Bacterial meningitis, 64
Balance tests (optional), 72
Basics of sound, the ear, and hearing, 42–68
auditory perception, 47–59
auditory system, 44–47
causes of hearing loss, 59–64
definitions, 43–44
hyperacusis, 67
introduction to sound, 42–47
tinnitus, 64–67
Beaver Dam (Wisconsin) Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study, 23
Beepers, hearing, 19
Behavioral observation audiometry (BOA), 192
Behavioral tests, of hearing threshold, 1, 191
Behind-the-ear (BTE) model hearing aids, 141, 202–203
Bekesy tracking, 99
Benefit from interventions, assessment of, 175–177
Bilateral implantation, 157
Binaural testing, 136
Binomial probability theorem, 88
Blue Book (of the SSA), 69
BOA. See Behavioral observation audiometry
Bone audiometry, 31
Bone conduction audiometry, 115
Brainstem response, infant auditory, 97
Branchiootorenal syndrome, 62
Brief case history, recommendations regarding, 113–114
Broadband masking stimulus, 54
testing speech in noise, 121, 128.
BTE. See Behind-the-ear models
C
Calibrated headphones, 48
California, workers’ compensation in, 19–20
California Consonant Test, 86
Candidacy
for cochlear implants, 209
for hearing aids, 142–143
CAPD. See Central auditory processing disorder
CapTel, 160
Carboplatin, 71
Carrier sounds, 53
Case histories, recommendations regarding, 113–114
Caseload for hearing impairment, Social Security disability determinations and, 25–27
Causes of hearing loss, 59–64
conductive hearing loss, 59–60
etiology of severe to profound hearing loss, 61–64
sensorineural hearing loss, 60–61
CCC-A. See Certificate of Clinical Competence in Audiology
CE. See Consultative examiner
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 154
Central auditory processing disorder (CAPD), 188
Central Institute for the Deaf Test W-22 (CID W-22), 81, 83, 155
Cerebellar tests (optional), 72
Certificate of Clinical Competence in Audiology (CCC-A), 110
20 CFR §416.924-926a, 30
20 CFR Part 404, 27, 30
recommendations regarding, 112–113
Cherry, Colin, 58
Chief complaint, in a medical history, 70
Children, 29–30
audiometric diagnostic evaluation for, 190–195
babbling stages in, 181
cochlear implants in, 209–214
communication assessment for, 195–202
current disability criteria for hearing for, 32–33
etiology of severe to profound hearing loss in, 62–63
functional domains considered in determining disability for, 31
grammatical development in, 181–182
hearing loss in, 180–223
procedures for determining disability in, 29–30
recommended tests and criteria for, 214–220
SSA decision flow for, 30
a standard otolaryngological examination for, 73
use of auditory prostheses by, 202–209
Children with hearing loss, 182–186
age at intervention, 186
complicating factors, 185
development of perception, speech production, and language in, 182–186
language skills, 184
speech skills, 183–184
unilateral hearing loss, 185–186
Children with normal hearing, 180–182
development of perception, speech production, and language in, 180–182
language skills, 181–182
speech skills, 181
Cholesteatoma, 60
Chronic otorrhea, 60
CIS. See Completely-in-the-canal model hearing aids
CID W-22. See Central Institute for the Deaf Test W-22
Circumaural headphones, 48
CIS. See Continuous interleaved sampling
City University of New York (CUNY) Sentences, 83, 86, 88
Claimants
with hearing aids, separate test protocols for, 6–7
without hearing aids, separate test protocols for, 6–7
Clark, Graeme, 149
Client Oriented Scale of Improvement (COSI), 176
Clinical audiologists, 5
qualifications of, 110
Clinical findings in a standard otolaryngological examination (physical examination), 70–72
balance and cerebellar tests (optional), 72
cranial nerves (optional), 72
head and neck examination, 72
informal observation of communication, 71
otoscopy, 71–72
tuning fork tests (optional), 72
Clinical findings (physical examination), in a standard otolaryngological examination, 71–72
Clinical practices, 148–149
Closed head trauma, 62
Closed-message tests, 86
Closed-set tests, 85–86
CM. See Cochlear microphonic components
Cochlea, 46–47
Cochlear Corporation, 149, 151
Cochlear implant communication outcomes in children, 209–214
demographic factors, 211
speech intelligibility and language, 211–214
spoken word recognition, 209–210
Cochlear implant results, 155–158
bilateral implantation, 157
hybrid (combined acoustic and electrical) stimulation, 157–158
postlingual adult performance, 155–157
Cochlear implants, 127, 129–131, 148–158
age at implantation, 154
audiological criteria for implantation in adults, 152–153
components of, 150
duration of deafness, 155
medical considerations for implantation, 153–154
Cochlear implants in children, 209–214
cochlear implant communication outcomes in, 209–214
determining candidacy for, 209
Cochlear microphonic (CM) components, 63
Cochlear otosclerosis, 64
Cocktail party effect, 58
Cogan’s syndrome, 64
Cognitive factors, 20–22, 156, 197
Committee on Disability Determination for Individuals with Hearing Impairment, 1, 11
Common Phrases Test, 201, 218–219
Communication
barriers to, 170–171
informal observation of, 71
postimplant abilities, 210
Communication access, 164–165
Communication assessment, 195–202
language tests, 201–202
spoken word recognition, 195–201
Communication outcomes, cochlear implant in children, 209–214
Completely-in-the-canal (CIC) model hearing aids, 141
Complex sound, definition of, 44
Complicating factors, in children with hearing loss, 185
Conductive hearing loss, 59–60
ruling out, 110
Congenital hearing loss, 72
Congenital syphilis, 62
Connected Speech Test (CST), 84
Consultative examiner (CE), 69
Continuous interleaved sampling (CIS), 151, 156
Contralateral routing of signal (CROS), 203–204, 209
Cortical evoked potentials, 99–100
COSI. See Client Oriented Scale of Improvement
Cranial nerves testing (optional), 72
Craniofacial anomalies, 62
Criteria for determination of disability, in testing children, 7
Criteria for selecting a speech recognition test for disability determination, 118–123
maximum acceptable test-retest differences, 122
recommendations regarding, 118–123
Criteria for selecting tests for disability determination, recommendations regarding, 109
Critical bands, 51–52
CROS. See Contralateral routing of signal
CST. See Connected Speech Test
CUNY. See City University of New York Sentences
Current disability criteria for hearing, 30–33
criteria for adults, 31–32
criteria for children, 32–33
Current formula, limitations of, 4–5
Current measures, nature of, 13–18
Cutoff scores determined to be significant, 218
Cytomegalovirus, 62
D
daPa. See DekaPascals
Dartmouth COOP Functional Health Assessment, 177
dB. See Decibel
Deaf community, perspectives of, 166–167
“Deaf mutism,” alleged, 31
Decibel (dB), 4–5, 7, 14, 18, 105
Degrees of hearing loss, categories of, 76
DekaPascals (daPa), definition of, 44
Delayed auditory feedback, 99
Dementia, 21
Demographic factors, 211
and hearing impairment, 22–24
Detecting tones, thresholds of, 49
Development of perception, speech production, and language, 180–186
in children with hearing loss, 182–186
in children with normal hearing, 180–182
Device efficacy and features in children, audibility of hearing aids, 207–208
DI. See Social Security Disability Insurance(SSDI)
Diagnosis, in a standard otolaryngological examination, 70, 72–73
Dictionary of Occupational Titles, 29
Digital processing, 142
Dihydrostreptimycin, 64
Direct assessment
of performance with assistive devices, 105
of disability, 173–174
Direct measures for toddlers and young children, in hearing aid use, 206
Directional microphones, 208
Disability
models of, 33–34
predicting from clinical tests, 34–40
Disability determination, 172–179
cutoff scores determined to be significant, 218
different perspectives, 172–173
direct assessment, 173–174
indirect assessment, 174–177
pediatric checklist for audiological evaluation for disability determination, 220–221
recommended disability determinations for children who are deaf or hard of-hearing, 215
speech recognition tests for children, 218–219
tests and criteria for children, 214–220
Disability Research Institute, 39
Discomfort and pain, thresholds of, 49
Discontinuity, ossicular, 92
Discrimination, in auditory perception, 14, 52–53
Diseases. See also individual disease conditions and hearing loss, 59
Disequilibrium, 64
Doubly indirect assessment, 175
Duration of deafness, with cochlear implants, 155
E
E-mail, 160
Ear canal, 45
Early-intervention programs, 206–207
Early Speech Perception Test-Low Verbal Version (ESP-Low Verbal), 198, 209
Early versus late onset, of hearing loss, 164
Earphones, 74–75
Education and employment, 164–166
Americans with Disabilities Act, 165–166
communication access, 164–165
Effectiveness of sensory aids, prostheses, and assistive devices, 171
Effects of hearing loss on literacy and education, 186–189
Emissions, otoacoustic, 93–95
Emotional problems, 65
Employer attitude, 171
Employment status of adults with hearing loss, 169–170
Energetic masking, 128
English, nonnative speakers of, 21, 89, 107
Epidemiological study, 23
Equipment for testing, recommendations regarding, 111–112
Equivalent volume, norms for, 92
ESP-Low Verbal. See Early Speech Perception Test-Low Verbal Version
Etiology of severe to profound hearing loss, 61–64
in adults, 63–64
in children, 62–63
Etymotic Research, Inc., 84
EuroQOL, 177
Exaggerated hearing loss, assessment when suspected, 99–100
F
Facial nerve paralysis, 64
False negative (FN) outcomes, 103, 139
False positive (FP) outcomes, 103
Family history, in a medical history, 71
FAPI. See Functional Auditory Performance Indicators
FDA. See U.S. Food and Drug Administration
Feedback, hearing aid, 145
FICA (Social Security tax program), 25
Fire alarms, hearing, 19
Fitting hearing aids, and verification of amplification, 204
FM systems, used in hearing aids, 130, 159, 165, 203, 208, 209
FN. See False negative outcomes
Force (F), definition of, 43
Form SSA-4734-BK (“Physical Residual Functional Capacity Assessment”), 28
FP. See False positive outcomes
Frequency modulation. See FM systems
Frequency-specific hearing thresholds, 96
Functional Auditory Performance Indicators (FAPI), 206
Functional domains considered in determining disability for children, 31
Functional hearing requirements of jobs, 174
G
Gallaudet Research Institute, 23–24
Gallaudet University, 106
Gaucher’s disease, 62
Genetic hearing loss, 59, 62, 64
Gentamicin, 62
Glasgow Hearing Aid Benefit Profile (GHABP), 176
Grammatical Analysis of Elicited Language, 201
Grammatical development, in children, 181–182
Graphic representation, of pure-tone audiogram, 75
Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, 19, 34–35, 66
H
Handicap, assessment of, 175–177
Head and neck examination, 72
Head-related transfer function (HRTF), 56–58
Headphones, calibrated, 48
Health-related quality of life (HRQL), 2, 12, 176–177
Hearing aids, 127, 129–131, 141–148, 202–209
audibility of in children, 207–208
behind-the-ear (BTE) models, 141
behind-the-ear (BTE) models, in children, 202–203
candidacy for, 142–143
candidacy for, in children, 203–204
completely-in-the-canal (CIC) models, 141
fitting and verification of amplification, in children, 204
fitting outcomes in adults, 143, 145–146
high-technology, 147
in children, 202–209
in-the-canal (ITC) models, in children, 205
in-the-ear (ITE) models, 141
in-the-ear (ITE) models, in children, 203
outcomes of using, in children, 204–209
problems not solved by, 144–145
research on outcomes, 146–148
selection and adjustment issues, 143–144
signal processing in, 141–142
special features and assistive devices, in children, 203
styles of, in children, 202–203
Hearing-critical tasks
and everyday activities, 18–19
Hearing disability, assessment of, 175–177
prevalence and demographics of, 22–24
Hearing in daily life, 164–172
ADA and accommodation, 172
effectiveness of sensory aids, prostheses, and assistive devices, 171
hearing in the workplace, 169–171
impact of hearing loss for adults, 164–166
psychosocial impact of hearing loss, 166–168
Hearing in Noise Test (HINT), 84–85, 123, 153, 218–219
Hearing in Noise Test for Children (HINTC), 200, 209
Hearing in the workplace, 169–171
communication barriers, 170–171
employment status of adults with hearing loss, 169–170
prevalence of hearing loss in the workplace, 169
Hearing level (HL), 105
categories of degrees of, 76
causes of, 59–64
conductive hearing loss, 59–60
congenital, 72
etiology of severe to profound hearing loss, 61–64
performance deficits resulting from, 2–3
psychosocial adjustment and, 167–168
sensorineural hearing loss, 60–61
Hearing loss in children, 180–223
audiometric diagnostic evaluation, 190–195
cochlear implants in children, 209–214
communication assessment, 195–202
development of perception, speech production, and language, 180–186
effects of hearing loss on literacy and education, 186–189
infant hearing screening, 189–190
recommendations, 214–223
use of auditory prostheses, 202–209
Hearing Measurement Scale, 175
Hearing protection, 132
behavioral tests of, 191
frequency-specific, 96
Hereditary disorders, and hearing loss, 59, 61–62, 64
Heredity, and hearing loss, 59
Herpes, 62
Hertz (Hz), definition of, 44
High-probability sentences, 83
High-technology hearing aids, 147
HINT. See Hearing in Noise Test
HINT-C. See Hearing in Noise Test for Children
HL. See Hearing level
House, William, 149
HRQL. Health-related quality of life
HRTF. See Head-related transfer function
Hughson-Westlake technique, 74
Hybrid (combined acoustic and electrical) stimulation, 157–158
Hyperacusis, 67
Hyperbilirubinemia, and hearing loss, 62
I
ICF. See International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health
ICIDH. See International Classification of Impairment, Disability, and Handicap
Identification, in auditory perception, 53–55
Idiopathic disorders, and hearing loss, 59, 62, 64
Immittance audiometry, in children, 194–195
Immittance measures, acoustic, 91–95
Immune-mediated disorders, and hearing loss, 63–64
Impact of hearing loss for adults, 164–166
early versus late onset, 164
education and employment, 164–166
Impact of hearing loss on daily life and the workplace, 163–179
disability determination, 172–178
hearing in daily life, 164–172
recommendations, 178–179
Impact of hearing loss on quality of life, 2
Impairment, definitions of, 11n, 36–37
IMSPAC, 206
In-the-canal (ITC) model hearing aids, 141, 203
In-the-ear (ITE) model hearing aids, 141, 203
Indirect assessment, 174–177
disability and assessment, 174–177
of hearing disability, handicap, and benefit from interventions, 175–177
Induction coil (T-coil), 145, 159
Infant auditory brainstem response, 97
Infant hearing screening, 189–190
Infant-Toddler Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale (IT-MAIS), 199, 205, 209
Infections, and hearing loss, 59, 61, 63
Informal observation of communication, 71
Informational masking, 128
Inner ear, 46
Instant messaging, 160
Intelligibility. See Speech intelligibility
Interaural time, 55–56
International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF), 34
International Classification of Impairment, Disability, and Handicap (ICIDH), 33
International Organization for Standardization, 19, 101
International Phonetic Alphabet, 21
Interventions, assessment of benefit from, 175–177, 223
Inventories for pediatric hearing outcome measures, in hearing aid use, 205–206
Iowa Sentence Test, 88
IT-MAIS. See Infant-Toddler Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale
ITC. See In-the-canal model hearing aids
ITE. See In-the-ear models
J
Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, 62
Johns Hopkins University, 157
Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 176
K
Key issues, 11–22
hearing-critical work and everyday activities, 18–19
linguistic, cognitive, and other nonauditory factors, 20–22
nature of current measures, 13–18
prosthetic devices, 19–20
L
Laboratory findings, in a standard otolaryngological examination, 70, 72
Language skills
in children with hearing loss, 184, 212
in children with normal hearing, 181–182
Language tests, in communication assessment, 201–202
Late cortical response (LCR), 95
Late potentials, 100
LCR. See Late cortical response
LDLs. See “Loudness discomfort levels”
Lexical Neighborhood Test (LNT), 82, 200, 209, 218–219
Lexical retrieval, slowed, 184
LIFE. See Listening Inventories for Education
Limitations, of current formula and testing protocol, 4–5
Linguistic factors, 20–22
Listener performance, on speech recognition tests, 86–87
Listening Inventories for Education (LIFE), 205
LNT. See Lexical Neighborhood Test
Localization, in auditory perception, 55–58
Loud sound exposure, and hearing loss, 59–60
“Loudness discomfort levels” (LDLs), 67
Low-probability sentences, 83
Lupus, systemic, 64
M
MAF. See Minimal audible field
“Malingering,” 99
MAP. See Minimal audible pressure
Marital distress, 168
Masking sounds, 51–54
Masking therapy, 66
Maternal prenatal infections, 62
Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale, 205
Measles, 62
Measures of auditory function incorporating background noise, performance of, 2
Measures of outcomes of hearing aids and features, in hearing aid use, 208
Measures of spoken word recognition
for preschool-age children, 198–199
for school-age children, 200–201
implants from, 151
Medical considerations for implantation, of cochlear implants, 153–154
Medical history in a standard otolaryngological examination, 69–71
chief complaint and present illness, 70
family history, 71
past medical history, 71
review of systems, 71
social history, 71
Medical listing criteria, 14–16, 18, 24, 38–39, 104, 126, 172
Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 (SF-36), 177
Mental retardation, 214
Michele deformity, 154
Microphones, directional, 208
dysfunction in, 95
Middle latency response (MLR), 95
Minimal audible field (MAF), 48–49
Minimal audible pressure (MAP), 48–49
MLNT. See Multisyllabic Lexical Neighborhood Test
MLR. See Middle latency response
Models of disability, 33–34
Monosyllabic speech discrimination, 17, 80–82, 156
Multichannel cochlear implants, 151, 155, 157
Multicultural and multilingual issues in evaluation of speech recognition, 89–91
speech recognition materials available in languages other than English, 90
Multimodal spoken word recognition, 197–198
Multisyllabic Lexical Neighborhood Test (MLNT), 199–200, 209, 218–219
Myoclonic epilepsy, 62
N
NALR. See National Acoustics Laboratory Revised procedure
NAM. See Neighborhood Activation Model
National Academies, 169n
National Acoustics Laboratory Revised (NALR) procedure, 143
National Center for Health Statistics, 23
National Family Opinion (NFO) panel, 168
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES-III), 23
National Health Interview Survey, 19, 22
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 221
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, 61
National Institute on Deafness and other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), 23–24, 189, 221
National Institutes of Health, 137, 189, 216, 221
National Research Council (NRC), 1, 11, 24n, 39
National Technical Institute for the Deaf (NTID), 77, 106, 170
Neck. See Head and neck examination
Neighborhood Activation Model (NAM), 199
Neomycin, 64
Nephrotoxicity, 64
“Nerve deafness,” 60
Neural response imaging (NRI), 152
Neural response telemetry (NRT), 152
Neural syphilis, 64
Neurodegenerative diseases, 62
Neurofibromatosis, 62
Type II (NF-2), 159
Neuropathy, auditory, 18
NFO. See National Family Opinion panel
NHANES-III. See National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
NIDCD. See National Institute on Deafness and other Communication Disorders
Niemann-Pick disease, 62
Nitrogen mustard, 64
Noise
definition of, 44
speech recognition testing in, 105, 119–124, 128–129
Nonauditory factors, 20–22
performance deficits resulting from, 2–3
Nonnative speakers of English, 21, 89, 107
Nonsense Syllable Test, 86–87
Nonspeech sounds, in testing adult hearing, 2, 101–102
Nonverbal IQ, 212–213
Norie’s syndrome, 62
Normal hearing, children with, 180–182
Norms, for peak admittance, tympanometric width, and equivalent volume, 92
Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6 (NU6), 81, 88, 107, 120–123, 126–128, 134–136, 139, 155
Northwestern University-Children’s Perception of Speech Test (NUCHIPS), 198, 218–219
NRC. See National Research Council
NRI. See Neural response imaging
NRT. See Neural response telemetry
NTID. See National Technical Institute for the Deaf
NU6. See Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6
NU-CHIPS. See Northwestern University Children’s Perception of Speech Test
Nucleus CI-22, 155–156
Nucleus CI24M, 151–152
O
OAEs. See Otoacoustic emissions
Objective (physiological) testing, 1–2, 6, 18n
in testing adults, 6
in testing children, 192–195
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 61, 131
O*Net, 138
Open-set tests, 80–85
monosyllabic words, 80–82
sentence tests, 82–85
Open-set versus closed-set test formats, for spoken word recognition, 196–197
OSHA. See Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Ossicular chain, 45–47
increased stiffness of, 60
Ossicular discontinuity, 92
Otitis media, with effusion, 92
Otoacoustic emissions (OAEs), 74, 93–95, 189–193, 214
Otolaryngological examination, 31, 70
children, 73
clinical findings (physical examination), 71–72
diagnosis, 72–73
laboratory findings, 72
medical history, 70–71
recommendations regarding, 108–109
standard, 69–73
treatment prescribed with response and prognosis, 73
what the claimant can still do, 73
Otolaryngologists, 66, 70, 108, 112
Otopalatodigital syndrome, 62
Otorrhea, 64
chronic, 60
Otosclerosis, 92
Otoscopy, 71–72
pneumatic, 71
Ototoxic drugs, and hearing loss, 59, 62, 64, 71
Outcomes of hearing aid use, 204–209
age at amplification, in children, 206–207
device efficacy and features in children, 207–208
direct measures for toddlers and young children, 206
FM systems, in children, 208
in adults, 145–148
measuring, in children, 208
outcomes with minimal and unilateral hearing loss, in children, 208–209
surveys and inventories for pediatric hearing outcome measures, 205–206
P
Pain, 64
thresholds of, 49
Paired comparison method, 206
Paired pulsatile sampler (PPS), 156
Past medical history, 71
PB-K. See Phonetically Balanced Kindergarten Word Lists
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, 198
Peak admittance, norms for, 92
Pediatric checklist for audiological evaluation for disability determination, 220–221
Pediatric Speech Intelligibility Test (PSI), 199, 218–219
Pendred’s syndrome, 62
Perception, auditory, 47–59
Performance
of aided testing of auditory function, 2
of measures of auditory function incorporating background noise, 2
of objective (physical) measures of auditory function, 1–2
Performance deficits
resulting from hearing loss, 2–3
resulting from nonauditory factors, 2–3
Performance on audiometric tests, and work-related hearing-critical tasks, 125–126
Permanent threshold shift (PTS), and hearing loss, 61
Personnel to conduct the testing, recommendations regarding, 110–111
Phase (q), definition of, 44
Phonetically Balanced Kindergarten Word Lists (PB-K), 200
Phonophobia. See Hyperacusis
“Physical Residual Functional Capacity Assessment” (SSA form), 28
Pitch perception, loss of, 158
Pneumatic otoscopy, 71
Postimplant communication abilities, 210
Postlingual adult performance, 155–157, 168
PPS. See Paired pulsatile sampler
Prediction of disability from clinical tests, 34–40, 172–178
definitions of impairment and disability, 36–37
Prelingual deafness
in children, 211
Presbycusis, and hearing loss, 59–60, 117
Preschool-age children, measures of spoken word recognition for, 198–199
Present illness, in a medical history, 70
Prevalence of hearing impairment, 22–24
in the workplace, 169
Priority, of research needed, 137–139
Problems not solved by hearing aids, 144–145
Procedures
for determining disability in adults, 27–29
for determining disability in children, 29–30
for pure-tone testing, 115–117
for speech threshold testing, 117–118
Profound hearing loss, 61–64
in adults, 63–64
in children, 62–63
Prosthetic correction, 140
Prosthetic devices, 19–20, 140–162
use of auditory, in children, 202–209
Protocol for persons not using a hearing aid or cochlear implant, 134–135
Protocol for persons using a hearing aid or cochlear implant, 135–136
“Pseudohypacusis,” 99
PSI. See Pediatric Speech Intelligibility Test
Psychometric properties, 123, 138
Psychosocial impact of hearing loss, 166–168
adjustment and hearing loss, 167–168
perspectives of the deaf community, 166–167
PTA. See Pure-tone average
PTS. See Permanent threshold shift
Public forum, 40–41
Pure-tone average (PTA), 4, 14–16, 50, 76, 106, 108, 117–118, 124, 126, 214, 216
Pure-tone threshold audiometry, 6, 13, 31, 73, 74–77, 115–116, 129, 191
categories of degrees of hearing loss, 76
graphic representation of pure-tone audiogram, 75
rationale and procedures for, 115–117
in testing adults, 6
Q
QALY. Quality-adjusted life year
QPS. See Quadruple pulsatile sampler
QSIN. See QuickSIN test
Quadruple pulsatile sampler (QPS), 156
Quality-adjusted life year (QALY), 157, 176
R
R-SIN. See Revised speech in noise test
R-SPIN. See Revised Speech Perception in Noise test
Rationale
for pure-tone testing, 115–117
for speech threshold testing, 117–118
Reading achievement, 187
Real ear to coupler difference (RECD), 204
“Reasonable medical certainty,” 73
RECD. See Real ear to coupler difference
Recognition tasks, 53
Recommendations, 108–123, 178–179, 214–223
brief case history, 113–114
the checklist, 112–113
criteria for selecting a speech recognition test for disability determination, 118–123
criteria for selecting tests for disability determination, 109
disability determination, use of self-report in, 178–179
disability determination tests and
criteria for adults, 108–137
disability determination tests and criteria for children, 214–220
equipment for testing, 111–112
general recommendations for all testing, 5
otolaryngological examination, 108–109
personnel to conduct the testing, 110–111
rationale and procedures for pure-tone testing, 115–117
rationale and procedures for speech threshold testing, 117–118
test battery approach, 110
test environment, 111
for testing adults, 6–7
for testing children, 7–8
Recommendations for needed research, 8–9, 137–139, 161–162, 179, 220–223
highest priority, 137–138
related to adult disability determination, 8
related to children’s disability determination, 8–9
secondary priority, 138–139
Recommended disability determinations for children who are deaf or hard of-hearing, 215
Recommended testing protocol and medical listing formula, 124–133
dimensions and difficulty of auditory tasks in the workplace, 132–133
relationships between performance on audiometric tests and on work-related hearing-critical tasks, 125–126
Recorded versus live voice stimulus presentation, for spoken word recognition, 196
Reference-equivalent threshold force level (RETFL), 111–112
Reference-equivalent threshold sound pressure levels (RETSPL), 78, 111–112
Reflex thresholds, acoustic, 93
Rehabilitation Act of 1963, 164
Reliability in testing adult hearing, improving, 102
Reluctance to utilize assistive listening devices, 160
Research on outcomes of hearing aid use, 146–148
Residual Functional Capacity (SSA form), 38
Residual hearing, 156
RETFL. See Reference-equivalent threshold force level
RETSPL. See Reference-equivalent threshold sound pressure levels
Reverberant spaces, 57–58
Review of systems, in a medical history, 71
Revised speech in noise (R-SIN) test, 84
Revised Speech Perception in Noise (RSPIN) test, 83
Reynell Scales of Language Development, 201
Ringing in the ears. See Tinnitus
Ross, Mark, 172
Rubella, 62
S
S/B. See Signal-to-babble ratio
S/N. See Signal-to-noise ratio
SAS. See Simultaneous analog stimulation
School-age children, measures of spoken word recognition for, 200–201
Schools for the deaf, 106
Screening Instrument for Targeting Educational Risk (SIFTER), 205
SDT. See Speech detection threshold
Selection and adjustment issues, with hearing aid use, 143–144
SELF. See Self Evaluation of Life Function scale
Self-assessment instruments, appropriate uses of, 178
Self Evaluation of Life Function (SELF) scale, 177
Self Help for Hard of Hearing People (SHHH), 172
Sensory aids, devices, and prostheses, 140–162
assistive listening devices (ALDS), 159–161
auditory brainstem implants, 159
cochlear implants, 148–158
hearing aids, 141–148
recommendations for research, 161–162
high-probability, 83
low-probability, 83
Separate test protocols, in testing adults, 6–7
SES. See Socioeconomic status factors
Severity scale classification scheme, 76
Sex-linked syndromes, and hearing loss, 62
SF-36. See Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 (SF-36)
SGA. See Substantial gainful activity
SHARP. See Situational hearing aid response profile
SHHH. See Self Help for Hard of Hearing People
Sickness Impact Profile, 177
SIFTER. See Screening Instrument for Targeting Educational Risk
Signal processing in hearing aids, 141–142
Signal-to-babble (S/B) ratio, 83
Signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, 51, 54, 81–82, 86, 120, 127–128, 147
Significance, of cutoff scores, 218
SII. See Speech intelligibility index
Silastic pad, 159
Simmons, Blair, 149
Simultaneous analog stimulation (SAS), 156
SIN. See Speech in noise test
Situational hearing aid response profile (SHARP), 208
Skin cysts, 60
Sleep disturbance, 65
Slowed lexical retrieval, 184
Social Adequacy Index, 17
Social history, in a medical history, 71
Social Security Act
Social Security Administration (SSA), 1, 11–12, 24–33, 36–41, 69, 102, 172, 217, 219, 222
beneficiaries in current pay status, 26
current disability criteria for hearing, 30–33
decision flow for adults, 28
decision flow for children, 30
disability determinations and caseload for hearing impairment, 25–27
procedures for determining disability, 27–30, 64–65, 103
protocol for persons not using a hearing aid or cochlear implant, 135
protocol for persons using a hearing aid or cochlear implant, 136
Social Security Advisory Board, 38
Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI), 24–27, 73, 165
Socioeconomic status (SES) factors, 187–188, 213
Sound, the ear, and hearing, 42–68
auditory perception, 47–59
auditory system, 44–47
causes of hearing loss, 59–64
definitions, 43–44
hyperacusis, 67
introduction to sound, 42–47
tinnitus, 64–67
Sound detection, 48–52
in auditory perception, 48–52
thresholds of detecting tones and for discomfort and pain, 49
Sound discrimination, in auditory perception, 52–53
Sound identification, in auditory perception, 53–55
Sound intensity (I), definition of, 44
Sound localization, 55–58, 105
in auditory perception, 55–58
azimuth—overhead view of the listener, 56
Sound pressure (p), definition of, 43
Sound pressure level (SPL), definition of, 44, 48–50
Sound source determination, in auditory perception, 58–59
Sound waves, 42–43
Source determination, in auditory perception, 58–59
Sources of variability in the speech signal, in spoken word recognition, 197
Spanish bisyllabic words, lists of, 90
SPEAK. See Spectral Peak speech encoding algorithms
Special features, for hearing aids, 203
Spectral notches, 56–57
Spectral Peak (SPEAK) speech encoding algorithms, 151, 156
Spectrum, definition of, 44
Speech audiometry, 77–86
closed-set tests, 85–86
open-set tests, 80–85
speech thresholds, 78–79
suprathreshold speech recognition, 79–80
“Speech babble,” 44
Speech detection threshold (SDT), 78–79, 117–118
Speech discrimination, medical listing criteria , 16, 31
Speech feature cueing, 223
Speech in noise (SIN) test, 84
revised, 84
Speech intelligibility, and language, 211–214
Speech intelligibility index (SII), 54, 87–88, 138, 146
improving accuracy of, 123
Speech Perception in Noise (SPIN) test, 83, 87
revised, 83
Speech perception tests, 157
in testing children, 7, 214–220
Speech production outcome measures, and spoken word recognition, 201
“Speech reading,” 21, 88, 156, 223
Speech recognition testing, 6, 119–120, 127, 146
with auditory and visual cues, 87–89
for children, 218–219
materials available in languages other than English, 90
in noise, 105
suprathreshold, 79–80
Speech recognition threshold (SRT), 31, 54, 73, 78, 85, 117–118
Speech skills
in children with hearing loss, 183–184
in children with normal hearing, 181
Speech therapy, 213
Speech threshold testing, 6, 78–79
rationale and procedures for testing, 117–118
in testing adults, 6
Speed of sound (c), definition of, 44
SPIN. See Speech Perception in Noise test
SPL. See Sound pressure level
Spoken word recognition, 195–201, 209–211
in communication assessment, 195–201
measures for preschool-age children, 198–199
measures of spoken word recognition for school-age children, 200–201
multimodal spoken word recognition, 197–198
open-set versus closed-set test formats, 196–197
recorded versus live voice stimulus presentation, 196
sources of variability in the speech signal, 197
speech production outcome measures, 201
SRT. See Speech recognition threshold
SSA. See Social Security Administration
SSDI. See Social Security Disability Insurance
SSEP. See Steady-state evoked potential
SSI. See Supplemental Security Income
disability benefits;
Synthetic Sentence Identification test
Standard otolaryngological examination, 69–73
children, 73
clinical findings (physical examination), 71–72
diagnosis, 72–73
laboratory findings, 72
medical history, 70–71
treatment prescribed with response and prognosis, 73
what the claimant can still do, 73
Standardized language processing measures, 217
in testing children, 7
Standards. See American National Standards Institute
Stapedius muscle, 93
State workers’ compensation law, 36–37
Steady-state evoked potential (SSEP), 193
Stickler’s syndrome, 62
Streptomycin, 62
Study process, 40–41
Subjective tests. See Behavioral tests
Substantial gainful activity (SGA), 25
ability to engage in, 103
Supplemental Security Income (SSI) disability benefits, 24–25, 27, 29, 73, 165
Supra-aural earphones, 74–75
Suprathreshold speech recognition, 73, 79–80, 100
Surveys for pediatric hearing outcome measures, in hearing aid use, 205–206
Symptoms of ear disorders, 64
Synthetic Sentence Identification (SSI) test, 86
neural, 64
Systemic infections, and hearing loss, 62
Systemic lupus, 64
T
T-coil. See Induction coil
Tangible reinforcement audiometry (TROCA), 192
Task Force on Newborn and Infant Hearing, 216
Tay-Sachs disease, 62
Telephones, amplified, 159
Temporary threshold shift (TTS), and hearing loss, 61
Terminology defined, 43–44
area (Ar), 43
complex sound, 44
decibel (dB), 44
DekaPascals (daPa), 44
force (F), 43
Hertz (Hz), 44
noise, 44
phase (q), 44
sound intensity (I), 44
sound pressure (p), 43
sound pressure level (SPL), 44
spectrum, 44
speed of sound (c), 44
time (t), 44
tone, 44
white noise, 44
Test battery approach
recommendations regarding, 110
in testing adults, 6
Test environment, recommendations regarding, 111
Test protocols, 6–7
claimants with hearing aids, 6–7
claimants without hearing aids, 6–7
Test-retest differences, maximum acceptable, 122
Test-retest reliability, 83, 199
Testing adult hearing, 6–7, 101–139.
See also Otolaryngological examination
checklist completion, 6
general recommendations, 106–108
improving reliability, 102
key issues, 101–104
limitations of current formula and testing protocol, 105–106
objective (physiological) testing, 6, 102
predictive validity, 102–104
protocol for persons not using a hearing aid or cochlear implant, 134–135
pure-tone threshold audiometric testing, 6
recommended protocol and medical listing formula, 124–133
research needed, 137–139
separate test protocols, 6–7
specific recommendations, 108–123
speech recognition testing, 6
speech threshold, 6
step-by-step protocols, 133–136
summary of criteria for hearing disability, 134
test battery, 6
Testing children’s hearing, 7–8
average hearing levels, 7
audiometric diagnostic evaluation, 190–195
checklist completion, 8
communication assessment, 195–202
criteria for determination of disability, 7
effects of hearing loss on literacy and education, 186–188
infant hearing screening, 189–190
speech perception tests, 7
standardized language processing measures, 7
tests and protocols varying with age of child, 7
Testing protocols
closed-set, 85–86
limitations of, 4–5
open-set, 80–85
in testing children, varying with age of child, 7
Threshold audiometry, 190–192
behavioral tests of hearing threshold, 191
in children, 190–192
Thresholds of detecting tones and for discomfort and pain, 49
Time (t), definition of, 44
Tinnitus, 64–67
distribution of suffering from, 65
TN. See True negative outcomes
Tone, definition of, 44
Tonotopic organization, 46
TP. See True positive outcomes
Transducers, 94
Trauma, and hearing loss, 59, 64
Treacher Collins syndrome, 62
Treatment, prescribed with response and prognosis, in a standard otolaryngological examination, 70, 73
TROCA. See Tangible reinforcement audiometry
Trouble concentrating, 65
True negative (TN) outcomes, 103, 139
True positive (TP) outcomes, 103
“True score,” 16
TTS. See Temporary threshold shift
Tuning fork tests (optional), 72
TW. See Tympanometric width
mobility of, 194
Tympanograms, 91–92
Tympanometric width (TW), norms for, 92
Tympanometry, 91–92
norms for peak admittance, tympanometric width, and equivalent volume, 92
U
Unilateral hearing loss, in children with hearing loss, 185–186
United Kingdom, 14
University of California at San Francisco, 149
U.S. Census Bureau, 129
U.S. Department of Defense, 19
U.S. Department of Education, 137, 221
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 23
U.S. Department of Transportation, 19
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 106, 151–152, 154, 159
U.S. Public Health Service, 23
Usher syndrome, 62
V
VA. See Veterans Administration
Validity, predictive, testing adult hearing, 102–104, 179
Verification, 144
Vertigo, 64
Veterans Administration (VA), 81, 107, 120–123, 126–128, 134–136, 139, 155
Video recordings, 138
Viral meningitis, 64
Visual acuity, loss of, 100
Visual cues, speech recognition with, 21–22, 87–89, 223
Visual Impairments: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits, 24n, 33n
Visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA), 191, 214
Vocational grids, 38
Volume. See Equivalent volume
VRA. See Visual reinforcement audiometry
W
Waardenburg’s syndrome, 62
WDRC. See Wide dynamic range compression
Wegener’s granulomatosis, 64
White noise, definition of, 44
Whole nerve action potential measures, 152
Wide dynamic range compression (WDRC), 141, 203
Wildervaank’s syndrome, 62
WIPI. See Word Intelligibility by Picture Identification test
Word Intelligibility by Picture Identification (WIPI) test, 200, 218–219
Work-related hearing-critical tasks, performance on audiometric tests and, 125–126
Workplace issues in hearing loss, 169–171
communication barriers, 170–171
employment status of adults with hearing loss, 169–170
prevalence of hearing loss in the workplace, 169
World Health Organization, 33–34, 36–37, 172, 177–178
World War II testing, 14
X
X-linked disorders, 62