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Complementary and Alternative Medicine in the United States
on CAM use, 31–32 , 40 , 44–45
Cochrane Library data, 132–140
cultural considerations, 43–44
on dietary supplements, 28 , 272–274
gaps in CAM research, 146–151 , 161
MEDLINE data, 130–132
national surveys, 6 , 152–154
for outcomes research, 76
recommendations for, 6 , 10–11 , 145–146
sentinel surveillance system, 154–155 , 159–160
sources of CAM information, 1 , 58–60 , 66 , 103 , 130 , 161
Declaration of Helsinki, 174–175
Definition of CAM, ix , 16–20 , 40 , 44–45 , 64
value judgments in, 174
Definition of health, 210–211
Department of Health and Human Services, 7–8 , 29 , 222
Department of Veterans Affairs, 7–8 , 23 , 222
Depression, 64
Diabetes, 46
Diagnostic classification, 126
Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (1994), 4–5 , 20 , 59 , 190 , 257–260 , 271 , 274–275 , 280
Dietary supplements, 18
adherence issues, 61
advertising claims, 58–59 , 258 , 260–261 , 263
consumer beliefs, 256–257
consumer characteristics, 254–256
definition, 257–258
drug interaction risk, 13 , 23 , 35 , 270
good manufacturing processes, 266
label claims, 260–262
NIH research activities, 28
off-label use, 261
patterns of use, 13 , 35 , 44 , 253–257
quality control, 4 , 5 , 265–270 , 274 , 280
recommendations for regulation and research, 4–5 , 274–275
regulation, 4 , 5 , 190–191 , 256–260 , 263–265 , 270–271
research, 272–274
safety, 265–272 , 274
spending, 35 , 253
See also Herbal medicine
Dietetic practices, 43–44
Dose-response relationship, 100
Double-blind trials, 126–127
Drug interactions, 13 , 23 , 35 , 270
E
Echinacea, 133 , 262 , 266
Ecological model of health, 210–211
Economic status of consumers, 41–42
Education and training of health professionals
for AIDS/HIV research, 244–245
in CAM modalities, 237–238
CAM training in medical schools, 17 , 22 , 226–227 , 230–237 , 248 , 279–280
career development grants, 151
core competencies, 228
in geriatric medicine, 242–244
model programs in research training, 150–151
NCCAM funding, 24
in practice-based research networks, 158
rationale for CAM instruction, 228–230
recommendations for, 8–10 , 248 , 249–250
for research, 9 , 239–245 , 248–249
standards of evidence for research and, 100–101
trends, 226
Educational attainment of consumers, 10 , 41 , 42
dietary supplement use and, 254–256
Effect size, 98
Effectiveness of treatment(s)
acceptance of new therapies and, 196–198
AHRQ evidence reports, 141
attribute-treatment interaction analyses, 3 , 118
basic research, 120–121 , 147
challenges in CAM research, 103–105 , 108–111 , 115–116 , 123
Cochrane Library data, 134–140
conventional therapies, 17–18 , 145 , 230
criteria for establishing cause-and-effect relationships, 99–100
determinants of, 79
disincentives to CAM testing, 173 , 273–274