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Suggested Citation:"Appendix E Characteristics of Doctorates." National Research Council. 2005. Advancing the Nation's Health Needs: NIH Research Training Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11275.

×

Appendix E
Characteristics of Doctorates

Page 158 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix E Characteristics of Doctorates." National Research Council. 2005. Advancing the Nation's Health Needs: NIH Research Training Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11275.

×

TABLE E-1 Characteristics of Doctorates in the Biomedical Sciences, 1973–2003

	1970	1971	1972	1973	1974	1975	1976	1977	1978	1979
Total Doctorates	2,882	3,132	3,116	3,135	3,013	3,085	3,150	3,050	3,118	3,212
Males	2,420	2,572	2,530	2,474	2,340	2,347	2,424	2,351	2,311	2,351
Females	462	560	586	661	673	738	726	699	807	861
Citizens	2,385	2,591	2,573	2,582	2,381	2,556	2,610	2,528	2,628	2,738
Permanent residents	160	198	215	231	209	194	165	169	147	133
Temporary residents	312	266	256	253	283	256	277	261	259	253
Unknown	25	77	72	69	140	79	98	92	84	88
Minorities	2	1	3	80	84	86	80	78	108	79
Postdoctoral training
Postdoctoral fellowship	1,008	1,016	965	1,000	863	1,102	1,176	1,212	1,313	1,314
Postdoctoral research	317	389	402	435	505	536	503	528	535	500
Postdoctoral traineeship	64	84	83	46	39	54	56	69	75	100
Other training	78	89	148	160	173	199	202	157	163	213
Total postdoctorates	1,467	1,578	1,598	1,641	1,580	1,891	1,937	1,966	2,086	2,127
Percent planning	52.8%	54.0%	55.1%	55.9%	57.5%	65.0%	65.9%	68.5%	71.5%	70.4%
Employment	1,246	1,275	1,246	1,236	1,113	968	962	880	809	877
Other	63	70	59	61	54	49	42	25	24	17
Ph.D. with plans	2,776	2,923	2,903	2,938	2,747	2,908	2,941	2,871	2,919	3,021
Time to degree	5.92	6	6	6.17	6.17	6	6.17	6.25	6.33	6.41
Registered time to degree	5.41	5.42	5.67	5.75	5.67	5.59	5.75	5.75	5.91	5.91
Age at time of degree	28.92	29	29.42	29.58	29.42	29.25	29.25	29.34	29.38	29.41
	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996
Total Doctorates	3,465	3,769	3,793	3,992	4,294	4,442	4,794	4,863	5,079	5,366
Males	2,214	2,377	2,348	2,477	2,655	2,740	2,864	2,887	2,955	3,102
Females	1,251	1,392	1,445	1,515	1,639	1,702	1,930	1,976	2,124	2,264
Citizens	2,670	2,858	2,850	2,899	3,050	3,072	3,264	3,203	3,278	3,291
Permanent residents	153	176	173	183	210	240	296	641	831	801
Temporary residents	455	515	570	814	987	1,078	1,165	980	918	1,173
Unknown	187	220	200	96	62	66	98	57	73	121
Minorities	128	123	135	135	159	162	190	223	243	246
Postdoctoral training
Postdoctoral fellowship	1,470	1,650	1,652	1,766	1,900	2,011	2,243	2,234	2,358	2,380
Postdoctoral research	657	704	679	811	879	894	940	968	994	1,031
Postdoctoral traineeship	75	81	65	76	87	81	99	111	107	115
Other training	217	216	260	233	294	307	332	313	346	406
Total postdoctorates	2,419	2,651	2,656	2,886	3,160	3,293	3,614	3,626	3,805	3,932
Percent planning	74.9%	75.8%	75.1%	77.0%	77.0%	77.2%	78.6%	78.1%	7.9%	77.7%
Employment	776	815	856	820	902	936	939	974	963	1,077
Other	36	32	27	43	40	35	45	40	48	52
Ph.D. with plans	3,231	3,498	3,539	3,749	4,102	4,264	4,598	4,640	4,816	5,061
Time to degree	7.33	7.42	7.42	7.58	7.5	7.59	7.67	7.75	7.83	7.67
Registered time to degree	6.5	6.58	6.5	6.59	6.58	6.75	6.75	6.75	6.83	6.83
Age at time of degree	30.5	30.83	30.92	31.17	31.08	31.17	31.17	31.17	31.25	31.25

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix E Characteristics of Doctorates." National Research Council. 2005. Advancing the Nation's Health Needs: NIH Research Training Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11275.

×

1980	1981	1982	1983	1984	1985	1986
3,396	3,356	3,444	3,338	3,399	3,313	3,369
2,440	2,383	2,417	2,224	2,315	2,192	2,197
956	973	1,027	1,114	1,084	1,121	1,172
2,905	2,898	2,927	2,854	2,868	2,727	2,751
147	125	114	108	109	113	118
273	248	294	291	308	364	343
71	85	109	85	114	109	157
83	91	94	86	99	104	119
1,362	1,364	1,385	1,313	1,446	1,409	1,415
626	616	625	668	625	634	699
103	70	78	70	68	66	58
225	255	275	247	238	200	196
2,316	2,305	2,363	2,298	2,377	2,309	2,368
71.6%	72.3%	72.6%	72.1%	74.2%	73.8%	74.9%
891	865	860	851	791	790	759
29	20	31	37	34	28	36
3,236	3,190	3,254	3,186	3,202	3,127	3,163
6.5	6.5	6.67	7	7.09	7.17	7.25
6	6	6	6.17	6.33	6.42	6.41
29.25	29.33	29.59	29.83	30.25	30.42	30.59
1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003
5,459	5,465	5,340	5,547	5,397	5,375	5,412
3,110	3,113	3,074	3,060	2,984	3,015	2,960
2,349	2,352	2,266	2,478	2,403	2,358	2,439
3,451	3,492	3,438	3,620	3,623	3,563	3,534
562	533	477	364	341	315	266
1,233	1,213	1,224	1,336	1,202	1,222	1,341
243	241	218	227	231	275	366
261	277	308	315	364	367	358
2,293	2,312	2,223	2,340	2,170	2,269	2,343
979	1,027	977	931	882	884	932
87	69	75	148	102	109	172
193	250	476	362	387	273	311
3,552	3,658	3,751	3,781	3,541	3,535	3,758
71.1%	73.0%	75.8%	73.6%	71.0%	71.3%	75.0%
1,288	1,257	1,152	1,276	1,373	1,368	1,193
156	93	43	83	76	58	60
4,996	5,008	4,946	5,140	4,990	4,961	5,011
7.92	7.83	7.59	7.75	7.83	7.59	7.59
6.92	6.92	6.75	6.84	6.92	6.75	6.67
31	30.92	30.83	30.91	30.83	30.67	30.58

Page 160 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix E Characteristics of Doctorates." National Research Council. 2005. Advancing the Nation's Health Needs: NIH Research Training Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11275.

×

TABLE E-2 Employment Characteristics of Biomedical Doctorates from U.S. Institutions, 1973–2001

	1973	1975	1977	1979	1981	1983	1985	1987
Total employed in S&E	34,367	39,661	43,411	48,591	53,357	56,481	61,810	65,800
	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Minority	797	1,066	1,149	1,259	1,566	1,516	1,819	1,906
	2.3%	2.7%	2.6%	2.6%	2.9%	2.7%	2.9%	2.9%
Citizens and permanent residents	32,610	37,958	41,421	46,131	52,492	55,898	61,128	65,120
	94.9%	95.7%	95.4%	94.9%	98.4%	99.0%	98.9%	99.0%
Temporary residents	793	777	1,055	1,645	503	331	473	581
	2.3%	2.0%	2.4%	3.4%	0.9%	0.6%	0.8%	0.9%
Total academics	23,423	27,219	29,889	33,188	36,165	36,797	39,307	41,027
	68.2%	68.6%	68.9%	68.3%	67.8%	65.1%	63.6%	62.4%
Faculty with rank appointments	20,138	22,230	23,515	26,064	27,868	28,510	30,454	31,280
	58.6%	56.1%	54.2%	53.6%	52.2%	50.5%	49.3%	47.5%
Tenured faculty	4,567	13,376	14,345	15,636	17,836	18,884	20,114	19,157
	13.3%	33.7%	33.0%	32.2%	33.4%	33.4%	32.5%	29.1%
Tenure-track faculty (not tenured)	15,571	8,854	9,170	5,952	6,446	5,673	6,644	6,149
	45.3%	22.3%	21.1%	12.2%	12.1%	10.0%	10.7%	9.3%
Academic postdoctorates	1,713	2,615	3,507	4,358	4,722	4,405	4,450	4,784
	5.0%	6.6%	8.1%	9.0%	8.8%	7.8%	7.2%	7.3%
Other academic appointments	1,572	1,706	1,810	3,092	3,575	3,882	4,403	4,963
	4.6%	4.3%	4.2%	6.4%	6.7%	6.9%	7.1%	7.5%
Industry (nonpostdoctorate)	4,470	5,273	5,543	6,286	7,881	9,589	11,841	13,366
	1.3%	13.3%	12.8%	12.9%	14.8%	17.0%	19.2%	20.3%
Industrial postdoctorates	27	53	40	27	70	46	126	222
	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%	0.2%	0.3%
Government (nonpostdoctorate)	3,675	3,785	3,914	4,449	4,545	4,843	5,026	5,725
	10.7%	9.5%	9.0%	9.2%	8.5%	8.6%	8.1%	8.7%
Government postdoctorates	156	245	336	327	286	444	373	529
	0.5%	0.6%	0.8%	0.7%	0.5%	0.8%	0.6%	0.8%
Other sectors (nonpostdoctorate)	2,303	2,624	3,029	3,551	3,778	3,909	4,082	4,199
	6.7%	6.6%	7.0%	7.3%	7.1%	6.9%	6.6%	6.4%
Other-sector postdoctorates	236	431	407	552	525	748	961	648
	0.7%	1.1%	0.9%	1.1%	1.0%	1.3%	1.6%	1.0%
Doctorates with federal research support	19,841	22,152	23,884	26,183	26,640	29,439	27,377	38,171
	57.7%	55.9%	55.0%	53.9%	49.9%	52.1%	44.3%	58.0%

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix E Characteristics of Doctorates." National Research Council. 2005. Advancing the Nation's Health Needs: NIH Research Training Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11275.

×

	1989	1991	1993	1995	1997	1999	2001
Total employed in S&E	70,593	71,962	76,449	79,077	88,481	95,780	100,224
	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Minority	2,217	2,727	2,840	3,150	3,758	4,385	5,345
	3.1%	3.8%	3.7%	4.0%	4.2%	4.6%	5.3%
Citizens and permanent residents	69,709	70,834	75,023	77,826	87,105	93,100	97,126
	98.7%	98.4%	98.1%	98.4%	98.4%	97.2%	96.9%
Temporary residents	884	945	1,410	1,251	1,376	2,680	3,098
	1.3%	1.3%	1.8%	1.6%	1.6%	2.8%	3.1%
Total academics	43,572	40,581	45,258	48,622	53,026	55,682	57,227
	61.7%	56.4%	59.2%	61.5%	59.9%	58.1%	57.1%
Faculty with rank appointments	31,862	28,672	32,180	33,496	36,122	36,987	38,299
	45.1%	39.8%	42.1%	42.4%	40.8%	38.6%	38.2%
Tenured faculty	19,755	17,106	19,070	19,516	20,326	21,535	21,695
	28.0%	23.8%	24.9%	24.7%	23.0%	22.5%	21.6%
Tenure-track faculty (not tenured)	5,872	7,556	7,722	8,259	8,974	8,909	8,784
	8.3%	10.5%	10.1%	10.4%	10.1%	9.3%	8.8%
Academic postdoctorates	5,993	4,819	6,431	7,701	9,620	10,145	9,692
	8.5%	6.7%	8.4%	9.7%	10.9%	10.6%	9.7%
Other academic appointments	5,717	7,090	6,647	7,436	7,296	8,550	9,236
	8.1%	9.9%	8.7%	9.4%	8.2%	8.9%	9.2%
Industry (nonpostdoctorate)	15,376	18,309	19,538	18,949	21,643	26,216	28,935
	21.8%	25.4%	25.6%	24.0%	24.5%	27.4%	28.9%
Industrial postdoctorates	206	204	376	531	561	591	293
	0.3%	0.3%	0.5%	0.7%	0.6%	0.6%	0.3%
Government (nonpostdoctorate)	5,776	6,157	6,143	6,074	7,212	7,240	7,886
	8.2%	8.6%	8.0%	7.7%	8.2%	7.6%	7.9%
Government postdoctorates	514	432	1057	1111	1437	1180	1050
	0.7%	0.6%	1.4%	1.4%	1.6%	1.2%	1.1%
Other sectors (nonpostdoctorate)	4,363	5,303	3,356	3,028	3,728	4,005	4,213
	6.2%	7.4%	4.4%	3.8%	4.2%	4.2%	4.2%
Other-sector postdoctorates	671	681	721	762	874	866	620
	1.0%	0.9%	0.9%	1.0%	1.0%	0.9%	0.6%
Doctorates with federal research support	40,655	38,490	29,261	31,513	34,678	41,707	42,012
	57.6%	53.5%	38.3%	39.9%	39.2%	43.5%	41.9%

Page 162 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix E Characteristics of Doctorates." National Research Council. 2005. Advancing the Nation's Health Needs: NIH Research Training Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11275.

×

TABLE E-3 Characteristics of Doctorates in the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 1973–2003

	1970	1971	1972	1973	1974	1975	1976	1977	1978	1979
Total doctorates	2,683	3,094	3,220	3,433	3,661	3,835	4,047	4,098	4,082	4,120
Males	2,079	2,352	2,391	2,452	2,549	2,611	2,733	2,634	2,554	2,445
Females	604	742	829	981	1,112	1,224	1,314	1,464	1,528	1,675
Citizens	2,458	2,812	2,928	3,128	3,231	3,461	3,722	3,724	3,676	3,728
Permanent residents	78	88	96	89	85	92	85	92	95	92
Temporary residents	121	150	140	157	165	214	183	167	152	161
Unknown	26	44	56	59	180	68	57	115	159	139
Minorities	0	3	11	84	115	172	202	234	235	266
Postdoctoral training
Postdoctoral fellowship	194	188	189	196	193	227	298	322	349	336
Postdoctoral research	59	67	67	84	84	106	100	114	120	127
Postdoctoral traineeship	22	43	36	35	49	58	51	75	98	78
Other training	21	40	37	52	64	61	85	74	72	63
Total postdoctorates	296	338	329	367	390	452	534	585	639	604
Percent planning	11%	11%	10%	11%	11%	12%	13%	14%	16%	15%
Employment	2,242	2,526	2,590	2,809	2,882	3,095	3,209	3,147	3,014	3,179
Other	49	70	87	68	80	68	83	66	75	53
Ph.D. with plans	2,587	2,934	3,006	3,244	3,352	3,615	3,826	3,798	3,728	3,836
Time to degree	6	6	6	6.17	6.25	6.25	6.33	6.59	6.83	7
Registered time to degree	5.59	5.5	5.58	5.67	5.67	5.75	5.92	5.96	6	6.25
Age at time of degree	29.66	29.58	29.75	30.08	30.08	30.25	30.25	30.58	30.59	31.16
	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996
Total doctorates	3,988	3,844	3,975	4,064	4,087	4,080	4,289	4,185	4,162	4,224
Males	1,912	1,749	1,796	1,745	1,624	1,745	1,720	1,671	1,606	1,555
Females	2,076	2,095	2,179	2,319	2,463	2,335	2,569	2,514	2,556	2,669
Citizens	3,352	3,232	3,221	3,497	3,560	3,490	3,702	3,623	3,587	3,644
Permanent residents	111	107	95	107	124	132	146	155	177	170
Temporary residents	180	194	244	267	296	334	329	311	303	307
Unknown	345	312	415	193	112	133	123	104	101	111
Minorities	255	266	267	320	339	321	349	340	394	419
Postdoctoral training
Postdoctoral fellowship	413	414	432	480	568	585	684	676	725	700
Postdoctoral research	174	173	124	149	155	150	170	187	195	193
Postdoctoral traineeship	65	75	88	104	75	92	77	87	91	86
Other training	64	53	59	51	51	53	75	58	55	84
Total postdoctorates	716	715	703	784	849	880	1,006	1,008	1,066	1,063
Percent planning	18%	19%	18%	19%	21%	22%	24%	24%	26%	25%
Employment	2,785	2,688	2,720	2,842	2,834	2,784	2,888	2,780	2,646	2,675
Other	54	50	55	65	49	62	69	62	77	83
Ph.D. with plans	3,555	3,453	3,478	3,691	3,732	3,726	3,963	3,850	3,789	3,821
Time to degree	8.67	8.92	9.00	9.00	9.00	9.09	9.00	8.91	8.92	8.75
Registered time to degree	7.33	7.58	7.59	7.75	7.67	7.59	7.50	7.50	7.50	7.50
Age at time of degree	33.75	34.33	34.33	34.42	34.66	34.67	34.58	34.17	34.25	33.83

Page 163 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix E Characteristics of Doctorates." National Research Council. 2005. Advancing the Nation's Health Needs: NIH Research Training Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11275.

×

1980	1981	1982	1983	1984	1985	1986
4,015	4,339	4,023	4,263	4,141	3,964	3,979
2,315	2,461	2,240	2,265	2,087	1,993	1,962
1,700	1,878	1,783	1,998	2,054	1,971	2,017
3,630	3,935	3,600	3,799	3,662	3,487	3,426
98	85	82	90	75	91	108
152	173	151	182	190	179	185
135	146	190	192	214	207	260
244	256	269	271	272	261	278
380	389	339	403	396	427	438
118	146	134	132	135	133	139
91	104	95	104	109	97	101
61	76	56	69	59	49	63
650	715	624	708	699	706	741
16%	17%	16%	17%	17%	18%	19%
3,068	3,311	3,063	3,191	3,096	2,910	2,837
55	65	60	60	42	55	54
3,773	4,091	3,747	3,959	3,837	3,671	3,632
7.25	7.5	7.92	8	8.17	8.5	8.59
6.42	6.59	6.91	7	7.16	7.25	7.25
31.33	31.92	32.08	32.5	32.75	33.08	33.58
1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003
4,371	4,481	4,466	4,507	4,230	4,064	4,139
1,565	1,595	1,596	1,595	1,475	1,411	1,411
2,806	2,886	2,870	2,908	2,751	2,649	2,724
3,608	3,757	3,797	3,821	3,548	3,400	3,426
151	142	119	135	114	113	97
292	315	265	310	276	265	323
360	285	301	241	292	286	293
428	494	534	545	537	544	553
713	860	912	919	903	895	942
192	211	197	203	234	199	228
61	74	56	81	71	71	70
22	30	97	57	61	53	72
988	1,175	1,262	1,260	1,269	1,218	1,312
23%	26%	28%	28%	30%	30%	37%
2,564	2,488	2,511	2,632	2,408	2,334	2,212
112	114	75	115	93	80	71
3,664	3,777	3,848	4,007	3,770	3,632	3,595
8.96	8.92	8.91	8.75	8.91	9.00	9.00
7.50	7.50	7.41	7.50	7.59	7.59	7.59
33.42	33.24	33	32.84	32.75	32.75	32.82

Page 164 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix E Characteristics of Doctorates." National Research Council. 2005. Advancing the Nation's Health Needs: NIH Research Training Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11275.

×

TABLE E-4 Employment Characteristics of Behavioral and Social Sciences Doctorates from U.S. Institutions, 1973–2001

	1973	1975	1977	1979	1981	1983	1985	1987
Total employed in S&E	74,570	34,360	39,237	45,532	51,743	58,458	64,616	68852
	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Minority	520	842	1,066	1,517	2,059	2,546	2,897	3166
	0.7%	2.5%	2.7%	3.3%	4.0%	4.4%	4.5%	4.6%
Citizens and permanent residents	26,998	33,978	38,912	44,863	51,490	58,129	64,400	68761
	36.2%	98.9%	99.2%	98.5%	99.5%	99.4%	99.7%	99.9%
Temporary residents	107	172	122	369	168	247	156	59
	0.1%	0.5%	0.3%	0.8%	0.3%	0.4%	0.2%	0.1%
Total academics	18178	22333	24287	26972	29995	32267	34985	34911
	24.4%	65.0%	61.9%	59.2%	58.0%	55.2%	54.1%	50.7%
Faculty with rank appointments	17,095	19,917	21,383	23,888	25,364	27,442	29,079	28678
	22.9%	58.0%	54.5%	52.5%	49.0%	46.9%	4.5%	41.7%
Tenured faculty	3,560	11,606	13,139	14,812	16,982	19,302	19,833	18761
	4.8%	33.8%	33.5%	32.5%	32.8%	33.0%	30.7%	27.2%
Tenure-track faculty (not tenured)	13,535	8,311	8,244	5,336	5,204	4,963	5,623	4989
	18.2%	24.2%	21.0%	11.7%	10.1%	8.5%	8.7%	7.2%
Academic postdoctorates	205	481	594	836	775	798	901	664
	0.3%	1.4%	1.5%	1.8%	1.5%	1.4%	1.4%	1.0%
Other academic appointments	878	915	1,070	3,141	3,856	4,027	5,005	5569
	1.2%	2.7%	2.7%	6.9%	7.5%	6.9%	7.7%	8.1%
Industry (nonpostdoctorate)	2,682	3,666	4,883	6,695	9,357	12,891	15,469	17621
	3.6%	10.7%	12.4%	14.7%	18.1%	22.1%	23.9%	25.6%
Industrial postdoctorates	0	0	4	0	0	4	80	14
	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.1%	0.0%
Government (nonpostdoctorate)	2,680	2,603	3,216	3,718	3,938	4,627	4,632	5390
	3.6%	7.6%	8.2%	8.2%	7.6%	7.9%	7.2%	7.8%
Government postdoctorates	22	15	53	49	88	85	22	51
	0.0%	0.0%	0.1%	0.1%	0.2%	0.1%	0.0%	0.1%
Other sectors (nonpostdoctorate)	3,647	5,609	6,431	7,600	8,134	8,299	9,205	10561
	4.9%	16.3%	16.4%	16.7%	15.7%	14.2%	14.2%	15.3%
Other-sector postdoctorates	113	91	151	180	125	201	177	158
	0.2%	0.3%	0.4%	0.4%	0.2%	0.3%	0.3%	0.2%
Doctorates with federal research support	10,881	12,965	13,790	15,213	15,689	16,648	13,651	21864
	14.6%	37.7%	35.1%	33.4%	30.3%	28.5%	21.1%	31.8%

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix E Characteristics of Doctorates." National Research Council. 2005. Advancing the Nation's Health Needs: NIH Research Training Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11275.

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	1989	1991	1993	1995	1997	1999	2001
Total employed in S&E	74,570	75,420	81,126	84,408	91,662	95,909	99,154
	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Minority	3,713	4,542	4,943	5,609	6,482	7,045	8,534
	5.0%	6.0%	6.1%	6.6%	7.1%	7.3%	8.6%
Citizens and permanent residents	74,348	75,178	80,894	84,200	91,333	95,531	98,725
	99.7%	99.7%	99.7%	99.8%	99.6%	99.6%	99.6%
Temporary residents	194	164	190	195	329	378	429
	0.3%	0.2%	0.2%	0.2%	0.4%	0.4%	0.4%
Total academics	36961	33280	37617	39905	43736	45402	47206
	49.6%	44.1%	46.4%	47.3%	47.7%	47.3%	47.6%
Faculty with rank appointments	30,239	26,852	29,402	30,787	32,941	33,837	34,491
	40.6%	35.6%	36.2%	36.5%	35.9%	35.3%	34.8%
Tenured faculty	20,041	18,201	19,858	20,720	22,266	22,032	22,196
	26.9%	24.1%	24.5%	24.5%	24.3%	23.0%	22.4%
Tenure-track faculty (not tenured)	5,379	5,400	5,956	5,991	6,032	6,364	6,510
	7.2%	7.2%	7.3%	7.1%	6.6%	6.6%	6.6%
Academic postdoctorates	993	416	534	1,329	1,641	1,458	1,543
	1.3%	0.6%	0.7%	1.6%	1.8%	1.5%	1.6%
Other academic appointments	5,729	6,012	7,681	7,789	9,154	10,136	11,194
	7.7%	8.0%	9.5%	9.2%	10.0%	10.6%	11.3%
Industry (nonpostdoctorate)	19,998	23,995	27,236	27,348	28,735	31,318	32,561
	26.8%	31.8%	33.6%	32.4%	31.3%	32.7%	32.8%
Industrial postdoctorates	5	20	50	151	462	211	201
	0.0%	0.0%	0.1%	0.2%	0.5%	0.2%	0.2%
Government (nonpostdoctorate)	5,557	5,565	8,867	9,310	9,692	9,696	9,877
	7.5%	7.4%	10.9%	11.0%	10.6%	10.1%	10.0%
Government postdoctorates	11	84	147	176	267	210	165
	0.0%	0.1%	0.2%	0.2%	0.3%	0.2%	0.2%
Other sectors (nonpostdoctorate)	11,697	11,865	7,129	7,423	8,557	8,804	8,960
	15.7%	15.7%	8.8%	8.8%	9.3%	9.2%	9.0%
Other-sector postdoctorates	166	66	80	95	213	268	184
	0.2%	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%	0.2%	0.3%	0.2%
Doctorates with federal research support	23,831	20,902	12,686	15,385	16,308	20,487	22,549
	32.0%	27.7%	15.6%	18.2%	17.8%	21.4%	22.7%

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix E Characteristics of Doctorates." National Research Council. 2005. Advancing the Nation's Health Needs: NIH Research Training Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11275.

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TABLE E-5 Characteristics of Doctorates in the Clinical Sciences, 1973–2003

	1970	1971	1972	1973	1974	1975	1976	1977	1978	1979
Total doctorates	273	329	306	323	339	340	357	385	387	432
Males	218	271	245	249	252	233	248	266	256	271
Females	55	58	61	74	87	107	109	119	131	161
Citizens	210	263	219	250	239	258	273	296	305	339
Permanent residents	19	20	40	34	37	35	32	41	26	39
Temporary residents	37	30	29	31	33	35	40	42	38	37
Unknown	7	16	18	8	30	12	12	6	18	17
Minorities	0	3	0	8	11	12	14	22	15	22
Postdoctoral training
Postdoctoral fellowship	22	21	37	27	16	29	39	44	31	50
Postdoctoral research	7	7	17	19	26	13	16	24	21	24
Postdoctoral traineeship	2	3	3	.	1	1	2	3	3	3
Other training	7	5	9	12	7	6	7	7	7	14
Total postdoctoral	38	36	66	58	50	49	64	78	62	91
Percent planning	14%	11%	22%	18%	15%	14%	18%	20%	16%	21%
Employment	201	247	200	225	224	255	264	269	285	297
Other	6	9	8	10	10	7	8	7	4	12
Ph.D. with plans	245	292	274	293	284	311	336	354	351	400
Time to degree	6.59	6.21	6.42	6.34	6.75	7	6.63	6.5	7.09	6.92
Registered time to degree	5.25	5.75	5.42	5.59	5.83	5.92	5.75	5.8	6	6.08
Age at time of degree	31.21	29.96	30.33	30.59	30.67	31.83	31.58	30.75	31.67	31.75
	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996
Total doctorates	699	788	881	840	950	1022	1100	1208	1225	1237
Males	290	302	313	322	333	363	396	420	456	435
Females	409	486	568	518	617	659	704	788	769	802
Citizens	527	573	656	630	706	739	803	897	857	865
Permanent residents	33	38	29	34	58	48	63	91	102	87
Temporary residents	84	108	118	145	161	213	202	214	236	253
Unknown	55	69	78	31	29	30	44	15	41	41
Minorities	38	50	38	41	56	49	79	70	90	83
Postdoctoral training
Postdoctoral fellowship	64	71	60	85	79	111	107	156	138	136
Postdoctoral research	27	39	38	51	40	44	50	43	70	70
Postdoctoral traineeship	4	9	6	12	5	12	9	11	11	7
Other training	14	14	12	17	17	25	19	16	17	26
Total postdoctoral	109	133	116	165	141	192	185	226	236	239
Percent planning	16%	17%	13%	20%	15%	19%	17%	19%	19%	19%
Employment	506	561	659	589	725	746	820	840	850	855
Other	16	14	11	14	16	12	14	15	23	30
Ph.D. with plans	631	708	786	768	882	950	1019	1081	1109	1124
Time to degree	9.00	9.00	9.08	9.59	9.17	9.92	9.63	9.50	9.91	9.75
Registered time to degree	7.00	7.00	7.17	7.25	7.25	7.33	7.75	7.42	7.50	7.63
Age at time of degree	35.92	36.42	36.75	37.17	37.83	37.75	38.42	37.79	38.08	38.46

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix E Characteristics of Doctorates." National Research Council. 2005. Advancing the Nation's Health Needs: NIH Research Training Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11275.

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1980	1981	1982	1983	1984	1985	1986
464	524	575	526	621	619	677
273	303	319	249	262	244	259
191	221	256	277	359	375	418
370	429	457	401	492	458	489
32	33	33	30	36	32	30
53	48	64	70	66	85	93
9	14	21	25	27	44	65
14	19	30	23	34	31	32
58	45	54	37	64	55	48
27	30	29	21	22	29	38
4	5	6	3	6	2	7
16	19	7	8	12	3	16
105	99	96	69	104	89	109
23%	19%	17%	13%	17%	14%	16%
332	388	435	398	465	461	478
6	10	14	15	10	6	9
443	497	545	482	579	556	596
7.17	7.67	7.5	7.92	8.17	8.83	8.91
6	6.29	6.17	6.59	6.75	6.87	7.00
32	32.37	32.87	34.08	34.33	35.58	35.92
1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003
1354	1425	1338	1527	1558	1579	1574
469	474	480	518	566	510	528
885	951	858	1007	981	1069	1039
911	1003	925	1070	1036	1058	1115
77	85	81	74	76	63	60
256	266	250	275	293	300	299
126	77	92	108	153	158	100
85	97	105	116	112	106	137
131	145	137	139	190	201	219
75	66	70	65	85	74	90
10	10	18	14	11	12	24
9	9	38	26	21	16	36
225	230	263	244	307	303	369
17%	16%	20%	16%	20%	19%	26%
910	943	906	1095	1017	1024	1019
30	48	24	37	26	49	38
1165	1221	1193	1376	1350	1376	1426
10.09	10.50	10.00	10.00	10.00	10.75	10.00
7.92	8.00	7.75	7.92	7.59	8.00	7.92
38.58	38.25	37.24	38.33	36.92	38.17	37.08

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix E Characteristics of Doctorates." National Research Council. 2005. Advancing the Nation's Health Needs: NIH Research Training Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11275.

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TABLE E-6 Employment Characteristics of Clinical Sciences Doctorates from U.S. Institutions, 1973–2001

	1973	1975	1977	1979	1981	1983	1985	1987
Total employed in S&E	2,682	3,475	3,748	4,489	5,312	6,003	7,188	7,669
	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Minority	95	132	146	183	198	250	273	342
	3.5%	3.8%	3.9%	4.1%	3.7%	4.2%	3.8%	4.5%
Citizens and permanent residents	2,522	3,320	3,585	4,266	5,261	5,986	7,106	7,614
	94.0%	95.5%	95.7%	95.0%	99.0%	99.7%	98.9%	99.3%
Temporary residents	69	83	86	133	44	8	79	55
	2.6%	2.4%	2.3%	3.0%	0.8%	0.1%	1.1%	0.7%
Total academics	1,478	1,856	2,064	2,564	2,963	3,225	3,938	4,164
	55.1%	53.4%	55.1%	57.1%	55.8%	53.7%	54.8%	54.3%
Faculty with rank appointments	1,359	1,615	1,774	2,259	2,642	2,922	3,413	3,675
	50.7%	46.5%	47.3%	50.3%	49.7%	48.7%	47.5%	47.9%
Tenured faculty	276	931	1,031	1,271	1,424	1,516	1,968	1,960
	10.3%	26.8%	27.5%	28.3%	26.8%	25.3%	27.4%	25.6%
Tenure-track faculty (not tenured)	1,083	684	743	565	780	921	1,002	931
	40.4%	19.7%	19.8%	12.6%	14.7%	15.3%	13.9%	12.1%
Academic postdoctorates	40	107	108	105	139	100	177	90
	1.5%	3.1%	2.9%	2.3%	2.6%	1.7%	2.5%	1.2%
Other academic appointments	79	78	104	231	182	203	348	399
	2.9%	2.2%	2.8%	5.1%	3.4%	3.4%	4.8%	5.2%
Industry (nonpostdoctorate)	536	739	733	992	1,259	1,485	1,793	1,940
	20.0%	21.3%	19.6%	22.1%	23.7%	24.7%	24.9%	25.3%
Industrial postdoctorates	0	0	0	0	0	8	5	14
	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.1%	0.1%	0.2%
Government (nonpostdoctorate)	383	491	462	446	527	585	689	745
	14.3%	14.1%	12.3%	9.9%	9.9%	9.7%	9.6%	9.7%
Government postdoctorates	5	9	8	11	35	34	14	8
	0.2%	0.3%	0.2%	0.2%	0.7%	0.6%	0.2%	0.1%
Other sectors (nonpostdoctorate)	257	358	437	422	489	585	724	747
	9.6%	10.3%	11.7%	9.4%	9.2%	9.7%	10.1%	9.7%
Other-sector postdoctorates	23	22	18	14	12	60	25	13
	0.9%	0.6%	0.5%	0.3%	0.2%	1.0%	0.3%	0.2%
Doctorates with federal research support	1,416	1,804	1,836	2,041	2,179	2,416	2,307	3,272
	52.8%	51.9%	49.0%	45.5%	41.0%	40.2%	32.1%	42.7%

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix E Characteristics of Doctorates." National Research Council. 2005. Advancing the Nation's Health Needs: NIH Research Training Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11275.

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	1989	1991	1993	1995	1997	1999	2001
Total employed in S&E	8,736	9,506	10,748	11,996	14,069	15,268	17,180
	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Minority	533	574	760	899	1,092	1,347	1,497
	6.1%	6.0%	7.1%	7.5%	7.8%	8.8%	8.7%
Citizens and permanent residents	8,669	9,422	10,573	11,938	13,875	14,933	16,822
	99.2%	99.1%	98.4%	99.5%	98.6%	97.8%	97.9%
Temporary residents	53	84	175	58	194	335	358
	0.6%	0.9%	1.6%	0.5%	1.4%	2.2%	2.1%
Total academics	4,600	5,065	5,827	6,684	7,609	8,855	9,730
	52.7%	53.3%	54.2%	55.7%	54.1%	58.0%	56.6%
Faculty with rank appointments	4,046	4,402	5,084	5,705	6,325	7,374	8,124
	46.3%	46.3%	47.3%	47.6%	45.0%	48.3%	47.3%
Tenured faculty	1,925	2,156	2,341	2,770	3,081	3,507	3,647
	22.0%	22.7%	21.8%	23.1%	21.9%	23.0%	21.2%
Tenure-track faculty (not tenured)	1,424	1,339	1,784	1,988	1,878	2,138	2,384
	16.3%	14.1%	16.6%	16.6%	13.3%	1.4%	13.9%
Academic postdoctorates	99	169	144	342	416	324	321
	1.1%	1.8%	1.3%	2.9%	3.0%	2.1%	1.9%
Other academic appointments	455	494	599	637	868	1,157	1,285
	5.2%	5.2%	5.6%	5.3%	6.2%	7.6%	7.5%
Industry (nonpostdoctorate)	2,341	2,530	2,869	2,923	3,568	3,731	4,413
	26.8%	26.6%	26.7%	24.4%	25.4%	24.4%	25.7%
Industrial postdoctorates	3	4	4	17	49	10	21
	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.1%	0.3%	0.1%	0.1%
Government (nonpostdoctorate)	1,034	946	1,144	1,309	1,467	1,250	1,604
	11.8%	10.0%	10.6%	10.9%	10.4%	8.2%	9.3%
Government postdoctorates	18	0	67	101	47	50	30
	0.2%	0.0%	0.6%	0.8%	0.3%	0.3%	0.2%
Other sectors (nonpostdoctorate)	717	890	816	936	1,311	1,349	1,339
	8.2%	9.4%	7.6%	7.8%	9.3%	8.8%	7.8%
Other-sector postdoctorates	8	10	21	26	18	23	43
	0.1%	0.1%	0.2%	0.2%	0.1%	0.2%	0.3%
Doctorates with federal research support	3,896	4,125	3,016	3,323	3,849	5,172	5,822
	44.6%	43.4%	28.1%	27.7%	27.4%	33.9%	33.9%

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix E Characteristics of Doctorates." National Research Council. 2005. Advancing the Nation's Health Needs: NIH Research Training Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11275.

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